Artículos de revistas: "Degradation"

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Gupta, Bina y Himanshu Gupta. "Iron Oxide Mediated Degradation of Mutagen Pyrene and Determination of Degradation Products". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, n.º 12 (2015): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.720.

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Janoško, I. y M. Čery. "Degradation of animal malodour". Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, Special Issue (2 de junio de 2016): S60—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2015-rae.

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Animal waste represents a significant threat to the environment. Degradation of waste from dead animals is in general carried out in specialized facilities (rendering plants) under specific rules and guidelines. In plant proximity, undesirable malodour is usually produced during the combustion process. This odour can be effectively reduced so that it does not negatively affect the environment and society. Degradation of animal waste malodour can be processed in ozonisers, thermal combustion devices or in bio washers. The purpose of this paper is to determine the limits of exhausts that are produced during direct combustion of animal waste malodour. The level of ammonia in the combustion air is dependent on the quality of raw material processed at rendering plants where the measurements were carried out. In order to reduce the economic costs, the use of alternative fuels (animal fat, heavy fuel oil) is recommended.

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Priyanga, U. y M. Kannahi. "Lignin Degradation: A Review". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (30 de abril de 2018): 2374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11556.

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4

Haskevych, Volodymyr H., Nadiia M. Lemeha y Yaroslav Y. Vitvitskyi. "Soil-degradation zoning of Lviv Oblast". Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2022): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112205.

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We propose a scheme of soil-degradation zoning of Lviv Oblast, which comprehensively illuminates the problem of degradation and focuses on regional differences in the manifestation and complexity of dominant degradation processes. The highest taxonomic unit of soil-degradation zoning is the soil-degradation country, which in turn is divided into a soil-degradation zone, province, county and district. This classification is based on the landscape features of the study area, the dominant types and kinds of degradation processes. In accordance with the zoning of Lviv Oblast, we have identified the following soil degradation taxa: 2 countries, 3 zones, 5 provinces, 14 counties and 31 districts. The soil-degradation country of the East European Plain unites two soil-degradation zones: Polissia mixed forests and broad-leaved forest zones. The soil-degradation zone (Polissia mixed forests) is best characterized by the processes of deflation and physical degradations. The processes of water erosion and physical degradation of soils dominate within the soil degradation zone (broad-leaved forest zone). Those zones also manifest pyrogenic and chemical degradations. The Carpathian soil-degradation country within Lviv Oblast (the Ukrainian Carpathian zone) is characterized by the distribution of geo-ecological anomalies, mechanical and physical soil degradations. The complex lithological features and geomorphology of the territory in the context of uneven anthropogenic impact determine the intensity of manifestation of degradation. Disturbing the natural stability of the soil cover in the conditions of the mountainous terrain contributes to the activation of the manifestation of degradation processes of geo-ecological anomalies. The problem of soil degradation in Lviv Oblast in the conditions of long-term, intense, and often consumer-orientated agricultural use is considered one of the most urgent tasks of modern agricultural production, soil science, ecology, land management, and environmental protection in general. In addition to arable land, the soils of the Carpathians are degrading due to excessive and often predatory deforestation, recreation and pressure from tourists. As evidenced by numerous scientific publications and our own research, soils are subject to water and wind erosions, overconsolidation and loss of structure, dehumification, depletion, desiccation and aridisation, pyrogenic degradation, contamination by agrochemicals, domestic and industrial wastes, etc. The status of the soils and land resources of the study area is close to critical.

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I. Prabha, I. Prabha y S. Lathasree S. Lathasree. "Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency of Nanoparticle For The Degradation of Azo Dye in Wastewater Effluents". Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, n.º 3 (1 de octubre de 2011): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2014/13.

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Beynon, R. J. y J. S. Bond. "Catabolism of intracellular protein: molecular aspects". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 251, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1986): C141—C152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.251.2.c141.

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All living cells regulate the content and composition of their resident proteins, but the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are not understood. The process of protein degradation has an important role in determining steady state and fluctuations of protein concentrations in mammalian cells. This process may be regulated by innate properties of the protein substrates, by factors that interact or "brand" proteins for degradation or by the degradative machinery of the cell. For a specific protein, there appears to be a committed step, an irreversible event that leads to rapid and extensive degradation. That initial event may or may not involve 1) proteolysis, 2) a nonproteolytic covalent modification or branding event (e.g., oxidation, ubiquitin conjugation), 3) denaturation or unfolding of the protein, or 4) sequestration. The degradative machinery of cells may either recognize proteins committed to degradation or initiate degradation, but the process must be selective because there is great heterogeneity in the rates of degradation for different proteins of one cell. The degradative process certainly requires proteases, and it is probable that lysosomal and extralysosomal proteases are involved in the catabolism of cellular proteins. We review here briefly what is currently known about the factors that may determine the half-life of a protein in a mammalian cell, the role of the protein substrate and sequestration in the process, the proteolytic and nonproteolytic enzymes that may initiate the degradative process, and the regulation of extensive degradation of proteins in cells.

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7

DOĞAN, Mustafa y Yaşar ALUÇ. "Stentin İn vitro bozunma hızı ve toksik bozunma ürünleri". Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi 14, n.º 2 (31 de julio de 2022): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29137/umagd.1089249.

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Medical stents are tubes made of a metal or plastic wire mesh. They are inserted into a hollow structure of a body part to keep an anatomic vessel or passageway open. Stents placed in the body can cause toxic effects by releasing metal ions into the body, and can also cause harmful effects on the body by creating corrosion products. In this study, the decomposition rate and release of corrosion products in artificial body fluid (PBS) of a stent sample with a nitinol structure produced for medical purposes were examined. If any metal decomposes in the body, it can endanger human life and can damage the body via heavy metal residues and toxic radical products that accumulate over long periods in the body. An in vitro degradation test was performed according to the standard 10993-13 and metal release values were found after short periods (one month) for nitinol. In the present study, the release values and possible toxic effects of nickel and titanium within the body with long-term intra-body use were examined. By calculating the mass loss caused by degradation, its relationship to heavy metal release inside the body and the possible side effects on human health of heavy metal residues were evaluated. Low metal ion release values of heavy metals resulting from degradation were determined by the ICP-OES device. Physical changes (diameter) in the surface of stent parts were also measured to compare and evaluate with the degradation rates.

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Müller, M., R. Chotěborský y P. Hrabě. "Degradation processes influencing bonded joins". Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 1 (11 de febrero de 2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/17/2008-rae.

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Degradation processes cause huge material and economic losses all over the world. On one hand, in today’s globalised society, various climatic changes occur affecting products in different ways. On the other hand, different specific degradation media exist in specific branches of the human activity. Due to the influence of the degradation environment (media), destruction can set in. The aim of the laboratory experiments was to evaluate the influence of the degradation environment occurring mainly in agriculture. The adhesive bond strength properties as well as the influence on adhesive bonded materials were evaluated. For the degrading environment tested, a natural and an artificial fertilisers, machine oil, and water were selected. Also, the influence of corrosion was tested on the bonded material. The surfaces of adhesive materials debased by corrosion inevitably stop fulfilling their functions. The degree of the corrosion effect depends mainly on the type, the material structure, and of course, on the corrosion environment.

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9

Sorokin, V. M. "Degradation processes in LED modules". Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 19, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2016): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo19.03.248.

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10

Valliappan, S. "Ageing Degradation of Mechanical Structures". Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2006.19 (2006): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2006.19.5.

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11

Böhm, A., I. Kaiser, A. Trebstein y T. Henle. "Heat-induced degradation of inulin". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (1 de enero de 2004): S90—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10623-cjfs.

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Abstract: Heat treatment of inulin at 135 to 190°C leads to a decrease in the measurable amount of the fructan, when quantified as fructose after enzymatic hydrolysis. Using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, degradation of the fructan chains and concomitant formation of low-molecular products was observed, most likely representing di-D-fructose dianhydrides. Heat-induced degradation of inulin during thermal processing of foods like bakery products must be taken into account within the discussion about possible prebiotic properties of the fructan.

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12

Wang, Yinhuai, Yujie Hu y Jian Zhang. "Panini-Net: GAN Prior Based Degradation-Aware Feature Interpolation for Face Restoration". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, n.º 3 (28 de junio de 2022): 2576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i3.20159.

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Emerging high-quality face restoration (FR) methods often utilize pre-trained GAN models (i.e., StyleGAN2) as GAN Prior. However, these methods usually struggle to balance realness and fidelity when facing various degradation levels. Besides, there is still a noticeable visual quality gap compared with pre-trained GAN models. In this paper, we propose a novel GAN Prior based degradation-aware feature interpolation network, dubbed Panini-Net, for FR tasks by explicitly learning the abstract representations to distinguish various degradations. Specifically, an unsupervised degradation representation learning (UDRL) strategy is first developed to extract degradation representations (DR) of the input degraded images. Then, a degradation-aware feature interpolation (DAFI) module is proposed to dynamically fuse the two types of informative features (i.e., features from input images and features from GAN Prior) with flexible adaption to various degradations based on DR. Ablation studies reveal the working mechanism of DAFI and its potential for editable FR. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our Panini-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance for multi-degradation face restoration and face super-resolution. The source code is available at https://github.com/jianzhangcs/panini.

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13

Totsuka, Takuya, Hitoshi Aoki, Fumitaka Abe, Yukiko Arai, Shunichiro Todoroki, Masaki Kazumi, Masashi Higashino y Haruo Kobayashi. "Bias and 1/f Noise Degradation Modeling of 90 nm n-Channel MOSFETs Induced by Hot Carrier Stress". Key Engineering Materials 698 (julio de 2016): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.698.100.

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The goal of this research is to model the drain current and 1/f noise degradation characteristics of n-channel MOSFETs. In this paper, we present the implementation of hot carrier degradation into drain current equations of BSIM4 model. We show simulation results of the DC drain current degradation, and then 1/f noise voltage density simulation results affected by the drain current degradation. We have extracted BSIM4 model parameters extensively with the measured data including I-V and 1/f noise measurement of our TEGs. Especially for 1/f noise degradation characterizations, the input referred noise has been calculated after extracting the 1/f noise parameter degradations.

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14

Peng, Hong, Yong Sun, Junhua Zhang y Lu Lin. "Degradation of cellooligosaccharides in oxidative medium and alkaline medium: HPLC, FTIR, and GC-MS analyses". BioResources 5, n.º 2 (15 de febrero de 2010): 616–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.2.616-633.

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The chemical degradations of highly-purified cellotriose, cellotetraose, and cellopentaose in H2O2 and NaOH media were studied, respectively. The degradation products were analyzed by HPLC, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques. The results show that for the three oligosaccharides the main oxidative degradation products are 2, 3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid, 2-keto-gluconic acid, glucopyranose, D-glucose, D-gluconic acid, and cellooligosaccharides with lower DP. A small amount of arabinose is formed during the oxidation of cellotriose. The main alkaline degradation products for the three oligomers include 3-deoxy-isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone and 3-deoxy-hexonic acid-1,4-lactone. Arabinose coumpounds are found to be an accidental degradation product of cellotriose. Finally, the possible formation mechanisms are proposed, including 2,3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid, 2-keto-gluconic acid, D-gluconic acid, arabinose, 3-deoxy-isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone, and 3-deoxy-hexonic acid-1,4-lactone. The radical attack from H2O2 is probably at the glycosidic linkage, resulting in the formation of a series of degradation products. Degradations of cellooligosaccharides in alkaline solution are elucidated to follow an enediol anion reaction mechanism.

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15

Sankar, Balaji, Brijeshkumar Jayesh Shah, Soumendu Jana, R. K. Satpathy y Gantayata Gouda. "Modeling of Degradation in Gas Turbine Engine by Modified Off Design Simulation". Defence Science Journal 72, n.º 2 (11 de mayo de 2022): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.72.15428.

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Legacy turbojet engines suffer degradation in performance with usage. Degradations in engine components show different observable symptoms based on the control mode of the engine. Hence, to accurately model the engine and its degradations, a novel off-design modeling method that considers the control settings of the engine is presented. The improvement in degradation modeling due to the modified scheme is presented in detail. The mathematical model used in the degradation simulation is validated by comparing the model outputs to the engine mounted sensor measurements at various ratings in the engine test bed. The estimation component parameters used in the model through nonlinear gas path analysis and optimisation-based routines is also presented.

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16

Fu, Lianwu y Elizabeth Sztul. "Traffic-independent function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in proteasomal sorting of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator". Journal of Cell Biology 160, n.º 2 (20 de enero de 2003): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200210086.

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Newly synthesized proteins that do not fold correctly in the ER are targeted for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) through distinct sorting mechanisms; soluble ERAD substrates require ER-Golgi transport and retrieval for degradation, whereas transmembrane ERAD substrates are retained in the ER. Retained transmembrane proteins are often sequestered into specialized ER subdomains, but the relevance of such sequestration to proteasomal degradation has not been explored. We used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a model ERAD substrate, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), to explore whether CFTR is sequestered before degradation, to identify the molecular machinery regulating sequestration, and to analyze the relationship between sequestration and degradation. We report that CFTR is sequestered into ER subdomains containing the chaperone Kar2p, and that sequestration and CFTR degradation are disrupted in sec12ts strain (mutant in guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Sar1p), sec13ts strain (mutant in the Sec13p component of COPII), and sec23ts strain (mutant in the Sec23p component of COPII) grown at restrictive temperature. The function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in CFTR sequestration and degradation is independent of its role in ER-Golgi traffic. We propose that Sar1p/COPII-mediated sorting of CFTR into ER subdomains is essential for its entry into the proteasomal degradation pathway. These findings reveal a new aspect of the degradative mechanism, and suggest functional crosstalk between the secretory and the degradative pathways.

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17

Chang, Yanjun, Gopal Achari y Cooper H. Langford. "Protocols for the analysis of transformer oil and its degradation in soil by hydrogen peroxideA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2009): 1547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-065.

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Conventional gas chromatography (GC) analysis of hydrocarbons displaying one broad peak provides limited information. Two GC analytical protocols using two-peak and three-peak approaches were developed to investigate transformer oil components and their degradation in soil by hydrogen peroxide. The two-peak method revealed transformer oil to be composed of 27 wt.% F2 fraction and 73 wt.% F3 fraction hydrocarbons. The three-peak method segregated the transformer oil into 40 wt.% light, 40 wt.% medium, and 20 wt.% heavy hydrocarbon fractions. In contrast to reports of success with several classes of lighter hydrocarbons, only limited degradations of transformer oil in soils by 15% and 30% hydrogen peroxide treatment was indicated by conventional one-peak analysis; two-peak analysis showed varying F2 and F3 fraction degradations with F2 fraction degradation being higher; three-peak analysis offered a richer understanding of the relative degradations of light, medium, and heavy fractions. The effect of a low pH environment on the degradation of transformer oil by hydrogen peroxide was evaluated using the three-peak method. It emerged that the degradation of the medium and heavier fractions of transformer oil was higher at pH 2.0.

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18

Jakubus, Monika. "WYBRANE ASPEKTY DEGRADACJI GLEB". Zarządzanie ochroną przyrody w lasach XII (30 de junio de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2814.

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The paper presents the problems of various type of forest soil degradations. Soil degradation is characterized by a decline in quality and decrease in ecosystems goods and it is unfavorable phenomenon. Soil is a non-renewable resource and its vulnerability to degradation depends on complex interactions between processes, factors and causes occurring at spatial and temporal scales. Both natural and antropogenic factors and processes are listed as possible causes of soil degradation. Erosion, depletion of the soil organic carbon, loss of soil fertility and biodiversity as well as acidification are particularly fast and noticeable among the major soil degradation processes.

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19

McManus, Jim. "Degradation". Philosophers' Magazine, n.º 10 (2000): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20001046.

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Šuk, Jaroslav, Miroslav Jursík, Marie Suchanová, Dana Schusterová y Kateřina Hamouzová. "Dynamics of herbicide degradation in cauliflower". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/312/2018-pse.

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The aim of this work was to compare the dynamics of the degradation of herbicides commonly used in brassica vegetables. Series of plot field experiments were carried out in planting cauliflower in 2012–2014. The amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level (MRL) determined by the Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 and with requirements of non-residue production (up to 10 µg/kg of active ingredient in harvested product) was compared. Napropamide, clomazone and dimethachlor were applied before planting and pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, pyridate, ethametsulfuron, dimethenamid, metazachlor, quinmerac, picloram, clopyralid, cycloxydim, fluazifop, propaquizafop and quizalofop were applied after planting the cauliflower. Besides fluazifop and quizalofop, all tested herbicides showed a fast degradation and can be recommended for non-residue production. The amount of fluazifop residues did not fall below the MRL even 6 weeks after application. Residues of post-emergently applied quizalofop were detected in cauliflower 10–44 days after application in most of the samples at concentration 9–73 µg/kg(below the MRL).

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21

Samarel, A. M., M. L. Spragia, V. Maloney, S. A. Kamal y G. L. Engelmann. "Contractile arrest accelerates myosin heavy chain degradation in neonatal rat heart cells". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1992): C642—C652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.3.c642.

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Mechanical forces influence the growth and metabolism of a variety of cells, including cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. To determine whether mechanical activity affected the synthesis and turnover of myosin heavy chain (MHC) in these striated muscle cells, MHC fractional degradative rates were measured in spontaneously beating cells and in arrested myocytes in which contractile activity was prevented by L-channel blockade (with verapamil, nifedipine, nisoldipine, and diltiazem) or K+ depolarization. MHC degradative rates were measured as the difference between rates of MHC synthesis and accumulation and in pulse-chase biosynthetic labeling experiments. Both methods indicated that contractile arrest markedly increased MHC degradation. Contractile arrest produced by L-channel blockade accelerated MHC degradation to a greater extent than K+ depolarization. The signal transduction pathway linking contractile activity to alterations in MHC degradation did not involve protein kinase C (PKC), because MHC degradation was unaffected by activating PKC in arrested cells or inhibiting PKC in spontaneously beating cells. Chloroquine and E-64 did not suppress the accelerated MHC degradation, suggesting that the rate-limiting step in MHC turnover occurred before degradative processing by cellular proteinases. Using a computer simulation, we hypothesize that the rate-limiting step in MHC turnover preceded (or was coincident with) MHC release from thick filaments. Thus mechanical forces may influence MHC half-life by regulating the rate of myosin disassembly.

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Clarke, B. L. y P. H. Weigel. "Differential effects of leupeptin, monensin and colchicine on ligand degradation mediated by the two asialoglycoprotein receptor pathways in isolated rat hepatocytes". Biochemical Journal 262, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 1989): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2620277.

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We have shown that degradation of asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR) in isolated rat hepatocytes occurs by two different intracellular pathways [Clarke, Oka & Weigel (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17384-17392] mediated by two subpopulations of cell surface galactosyl (Gal) receptors, designated State 1 or State 2 receptors. In the present study, several inhibitors were tested for their effects on ligand degradation by the State 1 or State 2 pathway. Leupeptin, monensin and chloroquine completely inhibited degradation of 125I-labelled ASOR in both pathways. Dose-response studies showed, however, that the State 2 pathway was more sensitive to leupeptin or monensin than the State 1 pathway. No differences were observed with chloroquine. For example, the onset of inhibition in the State 2 and State 1 pathways occurred at about 0.05 and 0.3 microM-leupeptin respectively, a 6-fold difference. At 3.5 microM-monensin, 125I-ASOR degradation in the State 2 pathway was completely blocked, whereas degradation in the State 1 pathway was essentially unaffected. Colchicine was observed to give the largest differential sensitivity between the two pathways. The State 2 degradation pathway was about 30-fold more sensitive to colchicine than the State 1 pathway. Lumicolchicine had no affect. The onset of inhibition of the rate of 125I-ASOR degradation in the State 2 and State 1 pathways occurred at approximately 0.1 and 3.0 microM-colchicine respectively. At very high concentrations (greater than 0.1 mM), the State 1 pathway could be completely inhibited. We conclude that intracellular 125I-ASOR processing or delivery to degradative compartments in both the State 1 and State 2 Gal receptor pathways requires low pH. Ligand delivery to the degradative compartment does not require microtubules in the State 1 pathway, consistent with the very rapid onset of degradation in this pathway. The State 2 degradation pathway does require microtubules.

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Guan, Yuan Yuan, Xiao Guang Zhao, Xing Hua Ou y Shi Jie Song. "Situ Monitoring and Numerical Analyzing of Soil Degradation Kinetic Parameter". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (diciembre de 2012): 3048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3048.

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Immanent factors and change process in land degradation through soil degradation process is reflected, the main types of soil degradation are soil erosion and land desertification. This article take soil erosion as main degenerated form research land degradation intrinsic major effect factor. But soil erosion's major indexes are soil anti-scouring, soil anti-scouring macroscopic representation is soil anti-shear strength. How in situ testing, the quantitative reflection soil degradation's intrinsic factor is the soil degradation new problem. To solve this problem, the research and development has been able to reflect the soil degradation major effect factor the apparatus of mensurated soil anti-shear strength. This instrument has functions and so on man-machine interface, data storage, serial port communication, and uses the least square method analysis and digital filtering in order to the data analysis, the curve fitting. After and the traditional experiment's result contrast, has confirmed instrument's feasibility, the usability and the accuracy. Research on prevention of soil degradation in the main factors providing new ideas and concepts; can be a new index for monitoring soil degradation; and monitoring of soil degradation, provides a new technological means.

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DONOSO, Gerda, Volker HERZOG y Anton SCHMITZ. "Misfolded BiP is degraded by a proteasome-independent endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation pathway". Biochemical Journal 387, n.º 3 (26 de abril de 2005): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041312.

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Misfolded proteins are removed from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) by retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system in a process designated ERAD (ER-associated degradation). Analysing the turnover of a misfolded form of the ER-resident chaperone BiP (heavy-chain binding protein) (BiPΔA), we found that the degradation of BiPΔA did not follow this general ERAD pathway. In transfected cells, BiPΔA was degraded, although proteasome-dependent ERAD was inactivated either by proteasome inhibitors or by ATP depletion. In semi-permeabilized cells, which did not support the degradation of the proteasomal substrate α1-antitrypsin, the degradation of BiPΔA was still functional, excluding the Golgi apparatus or lysosomes as the degradative compartment. The degradation of BiPΔA was recapitulated in biosynthetically loaded brain microsomes and in an extract of luminal ER proteins. In contrast with proteasome-dependent ERAD, degradation fragments were detectable inside the microsomes and in the extract, and the degradation was prevented by a serine protease inhibitor. These results show that the degradation of BiPΔA was initiated in the ER lumen by a serine protease, and support the view that proteasome-independent ERAD pathways exist.

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Nakayama, Koji, Yoshitaka Sugawara, Yoichi Miyanagi, Katsunori Asano, Shuuji Ogata, Shinichi Okada, Toru Izumi y Atsushi Tanaka. "Behavior of Stacking Faults in TEDREC Phenomena for 4.5 kV SiCGT". Materials Science Forum 600-603 (septiembre de 2008): 1175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.1175.

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The behavior of stacking faults with regard to Vf degradations and TEDREC phenomena for 4.5 kV SiCGT have been investigated through the use of light emission images. Stacking faults, which cause Vf degradations, are expanded when current densities are increased. A novel phenomena of Vf degradation reduction, TEDREC phenomena, was found, which can reduce degradation by increasing operating temperature. It was observed for the first time that stacking faults become inactive by elevating temperatures to more than 150 oC in spite of existing stacking faults, which is a factor that contributes to TEDREC phenomena.

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26

Cardak, Osman y Musa Dikmenli. "Student Science Teachers’ Ideas about the Degradation of Ecosystems". International Education Studies 9, n.º 3 (24 de febrero de 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n3p95.

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<p class="apa">The aim of this research is to investigate student science teachers’ opinions about the causes of degradation of ecosystems and the effects of such degradations on the environment. This research focuses on the following questions: What kind of descriptions do student science teachers ascribe to the reasons of degradation in ecosystems? What are the effects of ecosystem degradations on the environment? What are the misconceptions in relation to degradations in ecosystems? A total of 130 participating students, who were studying to become science teachers at Faculty of Education of Necmettin Erbakan University in Turkey, participated in this study. To reveal the participating students’ opinions about the reasons for degradations in ecosystems and their effects on the environment, they were asked to answer two open questions: (1) What are the reasons for degradations in ecosystems? (2) What are the effects of degradations in ecosystems on the environment? The participants were asked to answer these two questions. Data obtained from the questions were analyzed and the frequencies of the answers were classified in different categories. Moreover, these included some misconceptions such as ‘the greenhouse effect can lead to skin cancer’ and ‘ozone layer depletion leads to global warming’. The findings are compared with related literature and suggestions are presented.</p>

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27

Głuch, Jerzy. "Fault detection in measuring systems of power plants". Polish Maritime Research 15, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 2008): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-007-0096-8.

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Fault detection in measuring systems of power plants This paper describes possibility of forming diagnostic relations based on application of the artifical neural networks (ANNs), intended for the identifying of degradation of measuring instruments used in developed power systems. As an example a steam turbine high-power plant was used. And, simulative calculations were applied to forming diagnostic neural relations. Both degradation of the measuring instruments and simultaneously occurring degradation of the measuring instruments and thermal cycle component devices, were taken into account. Good quality of diagnostic neural relations was stated. They make it possible to distinguish degradation of measuring instruments from degradation of thermal cycle components. The calculated errors of identification of dergraded devices and measuring instruments in the case of simultaneous occurence of three different degradations were on the level of 0.25 %. Performance of the relations was presented by using an example based on industrial practice.

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Vetcher, Alexandre A. y Alexey L. Iordanskii. "Natural Degradation: Polymer Degradation under Different Conditions". Polymers 14, n.º 17 (31 de agosto de 2022): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173595.

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Xie, Qingjun, Simon Michaeli, Hadas Peled-Zehavi y Gad Galili. "Chloroplast degradation: one organelle, multiple degradation pathways". Trends in Plant Science 20, n.º 5 (mayo de 2015): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.013.

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30

Kinyua, Esther, George Nyakairu, Emmanuel Tebandeke y Nelson Odume. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Microplastics: Parameters Affecting Degradation". Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 04, n.º 03 (20 de julio de 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2303039.

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Recently, microplastics have emerged as a major environmental pollutant and have been documented globally. Several studies have shown that microplastics can accumulate heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants as they pass through the environment due to their functional groups interacting with and complex these substances. While conventional wastewater treatment methods can reduce a significant amount of microplastics, many still make their way into rivers and oceans worldwide from their effluents. One of the promising approaches to wastewater cleaning is photocatalysis. Although it has demonstrated a great potential for microplastic degradation, most trials are still lab-based and need to be scaled up for actual use. A crucial factor in determining the technology's capital cost for practical implementation is having a solid grasp of the kinetics and rate of degradation. In order to scale up the approach, it is necessary to optimize several operational parameters, such as surface area, temperature, the impact of pH, and light. This research examines various developed photocatalysts for the breakdown of microplastics. An in-depth understanding of the best variables for future designs of photocatalytic degradation of microplastic for industrial applications will result from analyzing these variables.

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Koga, Eiichi y Noriko Sawada. "Electrical Degradation Caused by Electro-Static Discharge Pulse in ZnO-Based Multilayer Varistor". Key Engineering Materials 388 (septiembre de 2008): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.15.

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The degradation of ZnO-based multilayer ceramic varistors (MLCV) caused by electro-static discharge (ESD) and its mechanism on Schottky barriers formed at grain boundaries were examined. ESD is an extremely fast pulse which rise time is less than 1 n sec, and the typical voltage is around 8kV. Two degradations of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics occurred depending on ESD-voltage. The minor degradation at the early stage was caused only in the low-current region by a slight ESD pulse (=0.4kV). In contrast, the major degradation occurred over the wide current range of 1μ to 1mA by a highly ESD-voltage (= 8kV). The failure of Schottky barriers by ESD was produced partially in the microstructure. The large degradation was probably caused by the extension of region of broken barriers. The properties of barriers among boundaries and the microstructure play a crucial role in the degradation. In addition, using C-V analysis was found to be extremely valuable for the detection of degradation in MLCV than I-V property.

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32

Cai, Shaokang, Shurong Zhang, Canzhu Gao y Zhongfa Cheng. "Degradation of fluorescent dye-Solvent Green 7 (HPTS) in wastewater by advanced oxidation process". Water Science and Technology 82, n.º 11 (4 de noviembre de 2020): 2525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.534.

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Abstract Solvent Green 7 (HPTS) is a widely used fluorescent dye. As a kind of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) derivative, HPTS would cause pollution when it is discharged into the environment. This study adopted advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2) to degrade the HPTS in aqueous solution and investigated the effects of various factors on the degradation. The results showed that: the initial concentration and the fluorescence characteristics of HPTS reduced the degradation efficiency. When the oxidant concentration of H2O2 was 3 mg/L, the degradation efficiency and cost of HPTS (20 mg/L) were the most appropriate; when there were various inorganic anions in the solution, the degradations were not affected, but when the solution was strong acid and there existed a lot of chloride ions, the degradation of HPTS was inhibited. The degradation pathways indicated HPTS degraded into naphthalene derivatives, benzene derivatives through oxidation and decarboxylation reactions, finally into water and carbon dioxide. Further research for substances similar to HPTS structure will make progress in understanding the degradation process of PAHs.

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33

Wang, Le, Wei Huang, Yu Sha, Haicheng Yin, Ying Liang, Xin Wang, Yan Shen, Xingquan Wu, Dapeng Wu y Jinshui Wang. "Co-Cultivation of Two Bacillus Strains for Improved Cell Growth and Enzyme Production to Enhance the Degradation of Aflatoxin B1". Toxins 13, n.º 7 (22 de junio de 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070435.

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Bacillus sp. H16v8 and Bacillus sp. HGD9229 were identified as Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degrader in nutrient broth after a 12 h incubation at 37 °C. The degradation efficiency of the two-strain supernatant on 100 μg/L AFB1 was higher than the bacterial cells and cell lysate. Moreover, degradations of AFB1 were strongly affected by the metal ions in which Cu2+ stimulated the degradation and Zn2+ inhibited the degradation. The extracellular detoxifying enzymes produced by co-cultivation of two strains were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration. The molecular weight range of the detoxifying enzymes was 20–25 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The co-culture of two strains improved the total cell growth with the enhancement of the total protein content and detoxifying enzyme production. The degradation efficiency of the supernatant from mixed cultures increased by 87.7% and 55.3% compared to Bacillus sp. H16v8 and HGD9229, individually. Moreover, after the degradation of AFB1, the four products of the lower toxicity were identified by LC-Triple TOF-MS with the two proposed hypothetical degradation pathways.

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Jayaprakash, R., G. K. Ayyadurai, A. Shajahan y S. Rathika. "Thickness based Degradation Study of Commercial Polyethylene Waste Carry Bags using Galleria mellonella Worms". Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 28, n.º 5 (30 de marzo de 2024): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/285rjce1000105.

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Modern world is facing lot of polymers which degrade land and will reduce agricultural yield .in many ways. Thus, the cost-effective degradation or recycling is being studied by the researchers. This study reformed settings to study the Galleria mellonella wax worm's impact on polyethylene polymer degradation. This work isolated the worms from waste honey comb and treated five worms with the collected polymers. Trials were conducted at different seasons and monitored the degradation. Trials results showed minimum average degradation of 86 mg over 216 h with five matured worms. The results showed that worm saliva degraded polymers. In addition to coverings, rough and flexible textile Cary bags disintegrates quickly. Despite diverse settings, matured larvals degrade rapidly at night and in summer. The trials showed that larval angriness and worm quantity caused degradation inconsistency. Waxworm mediated degradations are effective for small polymer quantities with countless worms. This work proposed that the waste honeycomb with worms can be mixed along with the small village dumping yards for the minimum polymer waste degradation which is simple and easy.

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Salame, C., F. Pelanchon y P. Mialhe. "Degradation of VDMOSFET by Heavy Ion Irradiations". Active and Passive Electronic Components 22, n.º 4 (2000): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/90585.

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This article focuses on the effect of the heavy ions irradiations on the electrical characteristics of VDMOSFET (Vertical Diffusion Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) devices. A summary of the total dose effects and the single event effects is covered to evaluate the experimental observations. Device degradations due to the hot carriers junction avalanche are studied by a physical parameters extraction method, leading to an understanding of the degradation processes. Results show that a protective resistor load can reduce the degradation effect in the device.

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36

Chu, Yuezhong, Xuefeng Zhang y Heng Liu. "Decoupling Induction and Multi-Order Attention Drop-Out Gating Based Joint Motion Deblurring and Image Super-Resolution". Mathematics 10, n.º 11 (26 de mayo de 2022): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10111837.

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Resolution decrease and motion blur are two typical image degradation processes that are usually addressed by deep networks, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, since real images are usually obtained through multiple degradations, the vast majority of current CNN methods that employ a single degradation process inevitably need to be improved to account for multiple degradation effects. In this work, motivated by degradation decoupling and multiple-order attention drop-out gating, we propose a joint deep recovery model to efficiently address motion blur and resolution reduction simultaneously. Our degradation decoupling style improves the continence and the efficiency of model construction and training. Moreover, the proposed multi-order attention mechanism comprehensively and hierarchically extracts multiple attention features and fuses them properly by drop-out gating. The proposed approach is evaluated using diverse benchmark datasets including natural and synthetic images. The experimental results show that our proposed method can efficiently complete joint motion blur and image super-resolution (SR).

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MOHAMMED, ASHIRU, Yusuf Dada Amartey, ABDULFATAI ADINOYI Murana y Adamu Lawan. "EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF TRAIN AXLE LOAD ON RAILWAY BALLAST DEGRADATION AND AXIAL DEFORMATION". FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0601-871.

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Degradation and axial deformations of railway ballast bed are highly influenced by stresses induced by moving trains. Hence, this study evaluate the influence of train axle load on the rate of degradation and axial deformation of railway ballast bed. Series of cyclic loading test were conducted at intervals of 200,000 load cycles up to 1,000,000 cycles. Two trains with capacities of 30 ton and 24 tons for freight and passengers respectively were simulated at a typical moving speed of 120 km/hr which is equivalent to a frequency of 16.5 Hz. It was observed that with an increase in both axle load and number of load cycles, the degradation index and the axial deformation increased. It was also observed that ballast degradation has a strong influence on the ballast bed deformation. Hence, ballast degradation is highly influenced by train axle load and the axial deformation of the ballast bed has a strong correlation with the rate of ballast particles degradations

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38

Wang, Qing, Tao Liu, Xindong Xu, Hualei Chen y Shan Chen. "Dextran degradation by sonoenzymolysis: Degradation rate, molecular weight, mass fraction, and degradation kinetics". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 169 (febrero de 2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.091.

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39

Priya, V. S. y Ligy Philip. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous VOCs Using N Doped TiO2: Comparison of Photocatalytic Degradation under Visible and Sunlight Irradiation". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, n.º 4 (2015): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.605.

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40

Fleck, Sven, Benjamin May, Gwen Daniel y Chris Davies. "Data driven degradation of automotive sensors and effect analysis". Electronic Imaging 2021, n.º 17 (18 de enero de 2021): 180–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.17.avm-180.

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Autonomous driving plays a crucial role to prevent accidents and modern vehicles are equipped with multimodal sensor systems and AI-driven perception and sensor fusion. These features are however not stable during a vehicle’s lifetime due to various means of degradation. This introduces an inherent, yet unaddressed risk: once vehicles are in the field, their individual exposure to environmental effects lead to unpredictable behavior. The goal of this paper is to raise awareness of automotive sensor degradation. Various effects exist, which in combination may have a severe impact on the AI-based processing and ultimately on the customer domain. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) type approaches are used to structure a complete coverage of relevant automotive degradation effects. Sensors include cameras, RADARs, LiDARs and other modalities, both outside and in-cabin. Sensor robustness alone is a well-known topic which is addressed by DV/PV. However, this is not sufficient and various degradations will be looked at which go significantly beyond currently tested environmental stress scenarios. In addition, the combination of sensor degradation and its impact on AI processing is identified as a validation gap. An outlook to future analysis and ways to detect relevant sensor degradations is also presented.

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Gardner, Richard, Stephen Cronin, Benjamin Leader, Jasper Rine y Randolph Hampton. "Sequence Determinants for Regulated Degradation of Yeast 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase, an Integral Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Protein". Molecular Biology of the Cell 9, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1998): 2611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.9.9.2611.

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The degradation rate of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-R), a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, is regulated through a feedback mechanism by the mevalonate pathway. To discover the intrinsic determinants involved in the regulated degradation of the yeast HMG-R isozyme Hmg2p, we replaced small regions of the Hmg2p transmembrane domain with the corresponding regions from the other, stable yeast HMG-R isozyme Hmg1p. When the first 26 amino acids of Hmg2p were replaced with the same region from Hmg1p, Hmg2p was stabilized. The stability of this mutant was not due to mislocalization, but rather to an inability to be recognized for degradation. When amino acid residues 27–54 of Hmg2p were replaced with those from Hmg1p, the mutant was still degraded, but its degradation rate was poorly regulated. The degradation of this mutant was still dependent on the first 26 amino acid residues and on the function of the HRD genes. These mutants showed altered ubiquitination levels that were well correlated with their degradative phenotypes. Neither determinant was sufficient to impart regulated degradation to Hmg1p. These studies provide evidence that there are sequence determinants in Hmg2p necessary for degradation and optimal regulation, and that independent processes may be involved in Hmg2p degradation and its regulation.

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42

Husein, Saddam, Erika Indah Safitri y Yovita Endah Lestari. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PETAI SELONG (Leucaena leucocephala) USING DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl)". Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati 5, n.º 2 (3 de enero de 2023): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jfm.v5i2.8783.

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Petai selong or petai china (leucaena leucocephala) is populary consumed in southeast asia, such as indonesia, thailand, the philippines and malaysia. This paper aims to anlayze the antioxidant activity of petai selong (leucaena leucocephala) using DPPH(1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl). The antioxidant activity is shown from the phytochemical analysis, degradation of DPPH, and kinetics degradation. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by dripping petai selong extract with various reagent.DPPH was conducted by mixing the DPPH and extract petai selong with 8 ppm, 12 ppm, 16 ppm, 20 ppm, and 24 ppm. The degradation analysis was conduted using spectrofotometer UV-Vis, and the kinetics degradation were calculated using Langmuir Hinshelwood (L-H). The results show that the petai selong has an antioxidant acitivty. It is stated that the highest degradation occurs at 24 ppm where it degrades about 10 ppm of DPPH, or approximatly about96.14 percent, and the lowest degradation occurs at 8 ppm where it degrades about 2 ppm of DPPH, or approximatly about 0.98 percent. The Langmuir Hinselwood calculations show that the kinetics degradations of DPPH increase with petai selong concentration. It is stated that the higher of petai selong concentrations, the higher of antioxidant effect.

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Lockwood, T. D. "Distinction between major chloroquine-inhibitable and adrenergic-responsive pathways of protein degradation and their relation to tissue ATP content in the Langendorff isolated perfused rat heart". Biochemical Journal 251, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 1988): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510341.

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In the Langendorff isolated perfused rat heart, 36% of total basal protein degradation was inhibited by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (30 microM), after elimination of rapid turnover proteins during a 3 h preliminary degradation period. Prior inhibition of degradation with chloroquine was additive to the 30% inhibition caused by simultaneous infusion of 50-200 nM-isoprenaline. This additivity suggests that the adrenergic-controlled process is independent of the lysosomal degradative pathway. After discontinuation of drug infusions, the isoprenaline-inhibited degradation rate returned to the previous baseline; however, the chloroquine-inhibited degradation rate transiently exceeded the previous baseline. NaN3 (0.3 mM) caused a decrease of left-ventricular myocardial ATP content of approx. 60% at 14 min and extreme impairment of contractile function; however, the total lysosomal and non-lysosomal protein degradation was not changed at this time. Conversely, left-ventricular tissue ATP content was not changed during proteolytic inhibition by 10 nM-isoprenaline or 10 microM-chloroquine at 14 min. The results indicate that depletion of myocardial energy stores in this preparation is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause inhibition of the total of lysosomal and non-lysosomal protein degradation.

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44

Baritussio, Aldo, Antonella Alberti, Decio Armanini, Federica Meloni y Daniela Bruttomesso. "Different pathways of degradation of SP-A and saturated phosphatidylcholine by alveolar macrophages". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 279, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2000): L91—L99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.1.l91.

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Alveolar macrophages degrade surfactant protein (SP) A and saturated phosphatidycholine [dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)]. To clarify this process, using rabbit alveolar macrophages, we analyzed the effect of drugs known to affect phagocytosis, pinocytosis, clathrin-mediated uptake, caveolae, the cytoskeleton, lysosomal pH, protein kinase C, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) on the degradation of SP-A and DPPC. We found the following: 1) SP-A binds to the plasma membrane, is rapidly internalized, and then moves toward degradative compartments. Uptake could be clathrin mediated, whereas phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or the use of caveolae are less likely. An intact cytoskeleton and an acidic milieu are necessary for the degradation of SP-A. 2) Stimulation of protein kinase C increases the degradation of SP-A. 3) PI3K influences the degradation of SP-A by regulating both the speed of internalization and subsequent intracellular steps, but its inhibition does not prevent SP-A from reaching the lysosomal compartment. 4) The degradation of DPPC is unaffected by most of the treatments able to influence the degradation of SP-A. Thus it appears that DPPC is degraded by alveolar macrophages through mechanisms very different from those utilized for the degradation of SP-A.

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45

Nascimento, Graziele Elisandra do, Marcos André Soares Oliveira, Rayany Magali da Rocha Santana, Beatriz Galdino Ribeiro, Deivson Cesar Silva Sales, Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz, Daniella Carla Napoleão, Mauricio Alves da Motta Sobrinho y Marta Maria Menezes Bezerra Duarte. "Investigation of paracetamol degradation using LED and UV-C photo-reactors". Water Science and Technology 81, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2020): 2545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.310.

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Abstract This work investigates the efficiency of LED and UV-C photo-reactors for paracetamol degradation using advanced oxidative processes. Among the evaluated processes, photo-Fenton was the most efficient for both radiations. Degradations greater than 81% (λ 197 nm) and 91% (λ 243 nm) were obtained in the kinetic study. These degradations were also observed by means of the reduction in the peaks in both spectral scanning and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The good fit of the Chan and Chu kinetic model shows that the degradation reaction has pseudo-first order behavior. Toxicity tests did not indicate the inhibition of growth of Lactuca sativa seeds and Escherichia coli bacterium. However, the growth of strains of the Salmonella enteritidis bacterium was inhibited in all the samples, demonstrating that only this bacterium was sensitive to solutions. The proposed empirical models obtained from the 24 factorial designs were able to predict paracetamol degradation. These models could, at the same levels assessed, be used to predict the percentage of degradation in studies using other organic compounds. The LED and UV-C photo-reactors were, when employing the photo-Fenton process, able to degrade paracetamol, thus highlighting the efficiency of LED radiation when its power (three times smaller) is compared to that of UV-C radiation.

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46

Bulygina, M. E. y S. Yu Bulygin. "Soil degradation – the result of anthropogenic factors". MECHANICS and AUTOMATICS of AGROINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, n.º 2(116) (2023): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/2786-7765-2023-2-3.

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Annotation Purpose. To develop a matrix for the classification of degradation processes, regarding the possibility of soil restoration according to their list, which will allow to create a system of indicators of the degree of soil degradation, which in most cases will determine the probability of their restoration. To determine the diagnostic criteria of the degree of soil degradation. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. The degree of soil degradation means a certain change in the characteristics of their condition, which quantitatively reflects the deterioration of the composition and properties. The concept of soil degradation due to human economic activity is revealed, to which the evolution of soils under the influence of changes in soil formation factors does not apply.. The consequences of soil degradation in the natural and ecological aspect are revealed. A common feature of modern approaches to the classification of degradation processes is their grouping by the nature of the prevailing negative process, or a group of soil parameters that change as a result of degradation. The degree of the process reversibility depends on the degree of the soil system transformation into its degradations. The proposed classification matrix of degradation processes provides an opportunity to assess the reversibility of a certain type of degradation. For a complete assessment of the degradation process, a system of indicators for the degree of soil degradation, which in most cases determine the probability of their reversal, and diagnostic criteria for the degree of soil degradation have also been developed Conclusions 1. Soil degradation is defined as the deterioration of useful properties and soil fertility due to the influence of anthropogenic factors. 2. Soil is a single system of closely related components, that is, none of the degradation processes occurs in the soil independently, each of them to one degree or another affects the soil body in general, causing its negative changes, and therefore the development of other degradation processes processes. 3. According to the degree of transformation of the soil system in its degradation (which, in fact, depends on the degree of reversibility of the process), it is possible to distinguish: processes that have an oscillatory character. (changes in the content of humus, nutrients, species composition of microflora, soil compaction and loosening, etc.). Such processes, if they are not secondary, are usually completely reversible, since when optimal conditions are created for the functioning of the soil system, it quickly self-restores; processes that cause (or are accompanied by) complete destruction of the soil (erosion, mechanical movement of the soil layer). This is, accordingly, absolutely irreversible soil degradation. 4. To assess the degree of degradation, we developed a classification matrix, which was created by supplementing the classical division of degradation into types based on the main parameters of the soil. Keywords: degradation processes, degradation reversibility, degradation irreversibility, diagnostic criteria, degradation matrix.

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47

JB, Hughes. "Key Enzymes in the Nitroglycerin Degradation Pathway". Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 4, n.º 1 (26 de enero de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000155.

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Nitroglycerin (NG), widely used in explosives, propellants and pharmaceuticals, can be found in contaminated groundwater and soil and poses potential hazards to the environment. Arthrobacter sp. JBH1 was the first bacterial isolate able to grow on nitroglycerin (NG) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The initial reaction and some of the enzymes involved in the NG transformation pathway were proposed, but the genes that encode the initial enzymes and the mechanism of release of the third nitrate group were unknown. In order to rigorously establish the degradation pathway, four old yellow enzyme (OYE) homologs from the genome of JBH1, and a glycerol kinase homolog, MngP, involved in the lower NG transformation pathway were overexpressed and purified from E. coli. The enzyme assays showed that the old yellow enzyme, PfvA, was 8 times more effective than PfvC in catalyzing the initial step of NG transformation. In addition to 1,2-dinitroglycerin (1,2-DNG), 1,3-DNG was a major denitration product. PfvA could also catalyze the transformation of both DNG isomers to 1-MNG and/or 2-MNG. 1-MNG was then subject to phosphorylation by MngP. Another key finding of this study is that the phosphorylated 1-MNG is a substrate for PfvC, which can catalyze removal of the last nitro group to produce glycerol-3-phosphate that enters central metabolism

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Anjali, Karkagari, G. Kumara Swamy y M. Preethi. "A Performance Degradation Tolerance Way Tagged Cache". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (31 de agosto de 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15729.

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Venodha, P. M. "Landscape Degradation and Restoration — A Planning Approach". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, n.º 3 (2016): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.774.

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50

Valášek, P. y M. Brožek. "Degradation of polymer particle systems in agrocomplex". Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 2 (31 de mayo de 2013): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/12/2012-rae.

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One of the possibilities of recycling waste from blasting processes is the application of these secondary materials in polymeric matrix, where the primary material is replaced with the secondary one. By this quite specific recycling process a new material arises – polymeric particle composite. It is a case of two phase system, properties of which are defined by the mutual interaction of single components. One of the possible applications of these systems is agrocomplex. Systems used in agrocomplex environment can be subjected to specific influences, which change their mechanical properties in some time – degradation occurs. This contribution occupies with degradation processes of polymeric particle composites on the basis of waste-corundum after exposure to chosen degradation media, which are typical for agrocomplex environment. Changes of hardness, abrasive wear resistance and tensile strength in dependence on exposure time were tested.  

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