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1
Crawford, Adrian C. "The deformation of channel sand bodies". Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326973.
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CILONA, ANTONINO. "Deformation processes in porous carbonates: field and laboratory observations". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401795.
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Pope, Dan J. "Response prediction of plate-reinforced concrete panels exposed to near field blast". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269322.
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Yamaguchi, Masashi. "Phase-field simulation of dendritic growth under externally applied deformation". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2792.
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Defects, i.e. hot tears, macrosegragation, and pores, formed in metal castings are a result of stresses and strains in the solid-liquid mushy zone. Numerical simulation of solidification of deforming dendrite crystal promises to improve insight into the mechanical behavior of mushy zones under an applied load. The primary goal of this thesis is to develop numerical methodologies for performing solidification simulation of deforming dendrites. Such simulation encounters difficulties associated with the interface dynamics due to phase change or interaction among the dendrites, and large visco-plastic deformation applied to them. Phase-field simulation of dendritic solidification is promising for the treatment of the complex interface dynamics. Free energy based formulation allows the model to incorporate bridging and wetting phenomena occurring at grain boundaries through an extra energy term which arises from a mismatch of the crystallographic orientation. The particle method would be attractive to handle large inelastic deformation without suffering mesh entanglement. In order to investigate the effect of solid deformations on the evolving microstructure, the material point method with elasto-visco-plasticity constitutive model is developed to couple to a phase-field model of solidification. The changes in the crystallographic orientation of a growing dendrite crystal due to solid deformation are carefully accounted for through the coupling methodology. The developed numerical framework is applicable to the simulation for single and multiple crystals, and is capable of handling complex morphological change. The wide variety of validations and practical problems solved in this thesis demonstrates the capability of investigating deformation behavior of growing crystals.
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Agrawal, Chandra Prakash. "Full-field deformation measurement in wood using digital image processing". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43078.
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A digital image processing system was used to non-destructively measure the full-field deformation on aluminum and wood specimens loaded in compression and bending. The measurement technique consisted of creating a random speckle pattern on the specimen surface, recording images before deformation and after deformation, and computing the relative displacements of small image subsets. Two methods for producing speckle patterns on the specimens were studied: spray paint and adhesive-backed photographic film.
Baseline tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of signal noise on the measurement system. Uniform translation tests were conducted to evaluate the capability of the system for measuring finite motion. the technique was used to monitor the full-field deformation response of aluminum and wood specimens tested in bending and static compression. Moderate duration compression creep tests were conducted, on the wood specimens to investigate the suitability of the system for monitoring the creep response of materials. The results obtained from the two speckle techniques were also. compared. The results showed that for the magnification and speckle patterns tested displacement measurements smaller than 3.29x10-4 inch may be unreliable due to signal noise.
Master of Science
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Edwards, Alexander P. "An experimental and field study of ductile deformation in clastic rocks". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506862.
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Naturally deformed clastic rocks such as breccias and conglomerates provide a useful way to study strain and, indh:ectly, the rheology of rocks. However plastic deformation processes may potentially compromise many of the commonly used methods of determining strain in such rocks at high temperatures, since many of these strain analysis techniques rely upon changes in object e.g. grain shape, orientation and distribution. The work reported in this. thesis explores this matter quantitatively by performing a number of deformation experiments on synthetic calcite 'conglomerates' at temperatures where the rate-dependence of grain size-sensitive deformation processes in the clast and matrix can beú varied. In order to control the microstructures of the experimental samples, specimens were fabricated by mixing granulated Solnhofen limestone with powders of Chelometric grade calcite. The mixtures were tumbled for 3 hours duration to ensure uniform intermixing of the powders, and were then hot-isostatically pressed at a temperature of 700úC under a confining pressure of 190 MPa for 72 hours. The resulting samples were fully dense and consisted of sub-angular Solnhofen limestone clasts 60-90J.Ull in diameter, in a foam-textured matrix of Chelometric grade calcite with a grain size of22.2J.Ull ñ7.5J.Ull. All experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging between 400ú -700úC, and at a constant confining pressure (158 MPa) and strain rate (3.0xlO-4 S-I). An initial set of deformation experiments were performed upon pure Solnhofen limestone and Chelometric grade calcite to establish the flow behaviour of the clasts and matrix, respectively. Subsequent experiments were performed upon samples in which the volume fraction of clasts and matrix varied in the range 9:91 to 37:63. In order to assess the accuracy of strain measurements made on deformed conglomerates and, in particular, the potential complicating influence of grain size-sensitive flow on those measurements, the Rf/J and Fry techniques have been used to determine the clast and matrix strains, respectively, in the experimental samples. Detailed microstructural analyses were performed using an automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique. The experimental results obtained emphasize the significant role that viscosity contrasts, volume fraction and microstructure have in controlling the bulk strengths of polyphase materials. The results also show that at 550úC there is no strain partitioning between the clast and matrix despite the large viscosity contrast between them whereas at 700úC there is a small but consistent strain partitioning. A rigorous interrogation of the results using the law of mixtures has shown that the component of strain which is accommodated by grain boundary sliding can be quantified in these experiments. Microstructural analysis has shown clearly a temperature dependent change in the development of fabric intensity with strain which may provide a new insight into inferring true bulk strains in rocks deformed at high temperatures.
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Morachkovsky, Oleg K. y D. V. Lavinsky. "The Nonlinear Deformation of the Body System Under Electromagnetic Field Action". Thesis, NTU "KhPI", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/23684.
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The paper discusses issues concerning the deformation of a system of conductive bodies under the action of the electromagnetic field. Problem of nonlinear deformation of technological system for electromagnetic forming is considered as a practical application. The problem is solved by the finite element method. Spatial-temporal distributions of the main components of the electromagnetic field are obtained. The ability to review the problem of deformation in the quasi-stationary formulation is justified. The distribution of the main component of the stress-strain state is presented. The influence of the current magnitude at the maximum stresses is evaluated.
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Hollenstein, Christine. "GPS deformation field and geodynamic implications for the Hellenic plate boundary region /". Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16593.
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Cox, I. D. "Deformation of free surface in magnetohydrodynamic flows in a strong magnetic field". Thesis, Coventry University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492361.
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Thermocapillary motion is considered in an electrically conducting fluid with a free and open surface, and in the presence of a strong vertical magnetic field. The motion is considered initially without specifying the geometry of the fluid. Any walls are electrically insulating. Applications are discussed, for situations such as crystal growth, where thermocapillary motion affects the distribution of dopants, or the use of liquid metal in fusion reactors, where heat and magnetic field are both very large causing potentially significant thermocapillary motions. An inertialess approximation is made, and the characteristic velocity of the fluid is selected so that the surface tension forces governing the thermocapillary motion are as significant as the Lorentz force. Asymptotic solutions are obtained for high values of the Hartmann Number Ha in both the two dimensional and three dimensional cases. The equation of the free surface is found for two dimensional flow in a cavity for various arbitrary temperature distributions. This and the pressure within the fluid is found to be dependent on the dynamic boundary conditions at the surface. The equations governing the free surface of a rivulet flowing in a strong vertical magnetic . field are similar to those obtained using the lubrication approximation for the rivulet where there is no magnetic field. . In the three dimensional case the fluid velocity in the core may be an order higher in Ha than in the two dimensional case. This higher velocity is induced by a ,(relatively) large electric potential, and is two dimensional horizontal flow following .the Contours of the free surface, superimposed on a slower three dimensional flow. 'fhelatter flow returns the fluid back to the free surface to supply the thermocapillary motion The condition for the higher order flow is that vertical cnrrent flow in the core is non-zero, and that this current flow enters and leaves the Hartmann layer that is adjacent to the fluid surface. Jf the heating is synuuetric in the two horizontal coordinate directions, the Hartmann layer is passive, and the vertical current is zero. Flow in the core is slow, and there is a radial flow to supply the thermocapillory motion at the free surface. Electric current lines are in concentric horizontal circles.
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Hodge, Kirsten FitzGerald. "Field and experimental constraints on the deformation and breakup of injected magma". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42849.
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Understanding the growth and differentiation of silicic magma chambers is a central issue in volcanology. Specifically, the injection, deformation and breakup of new pulses of magma can influence how the chamber evolves thermally and chemically, as well as the potential for eruption. Magmatic structures (e.g. enclaves, ladder dikes, and schlieren) preserved in plutonic and volcanic rocks record information about the physical processes that occur within the chamber prior to solidification. A key outstanding issue is how to use magmatic structures to extract information about magma rheology and host chamber dynamics within the chamber and during magma ascent--processes that are inherently inaccessible to direct observation. This thesis is an attempt to elucidate the fundamental physics that governs the breakup of an injected magma into a preexisting chamber. One major obstacle for the popular model that mafic inputs trigger big eruptions (Pallister et al., 1992, Murphy et al., 1998) and govern the long-term growth of silicic chambers is the way the new magma is injected. In particular, the scale length at which thermal and compositional heterogeneity is introduced controls how efficiently heat is transferred and the extent to which chamber convection causes mixing. This thesis provides a new understanding of how injections breakup to such small sizes, which can lead to a greater efficiency for mixing and remobilization of an otherwise immobile magma.
I use field and experimental studies to investigate specific magmatic features preserved in plutonic and volcanic rocks that can be used to constrain the magma rheology within the chamber at the time of deformation. First, I use experiments and scaling theory to investigate the mechanical and rheological conditions leading to the deformation and breakup of analog crystal-rich dikes. Second, I use field observations of ``ladder dikes'' from the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, together with experiments and scaling theory to demonstrate that prior to solidification, these features are deformed and broken by shearing motions in the magma chamber. And third, using experimental results along with thermodynamic and modeling constraints on key physical properties of the injected and host magmas, I use size distributions of enclaves preserved in lava flows to characterize the flow regime governing enclave formation.
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Kent, Tyler. "Comparing Deformation at Soda Lake Geothermal Field from GPS and 3D Seismic". Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1540191.
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The transition between the two distinct structural regimes of the Walker Lane and the Basin and Range allows for complex transtensional fault interactions. The Carson Sink is the surface expression of the interaction of shear and extensional strains that cause both crustal extension and block rotation. This study investigates this tectonic shift at the Soda Lake geothermal field by comparing the direction and rate of deformation from both regional GPS and a 34 sq km 3D seismic survey. The GPS stations in the region estimate the strain field by comparing tensor solutions that show changing direction and magnitude of strain across the Carson Sink. Using stations surrounding the Soda Lake 3D seismic survey, the strain tensor produced is comparable in orientation to Basin and Range strain but has larger magnitudes. To quantify deformation within the Soda Lake 3D seismic survey, we calculate fault dip and offset of a deformed paleo-planer lacustrine mudstone. Plotting the mean dip direction of the faults in the seismic reflectivity, matches the mean surrounding GPS extensional direction, suggesting fault displacement is likely to be normal dipslip. Using a minimum age of 0.51 Ma from nearby sedimentation rates, the measured extension across the 5.4 km length of this study has a rate of 0.19 mm/yr. This is quite a high value for Basin and Range extension and it is likely a result of some influence from the Northern Walker Lane. The lack of an obvious piercing point for shear observed within the seismic volume precludes a clear estimate of strike-slip related motion within the Soda Lake 3D seismic survey. Clear extension and a large fault bend, indicates a localized relay ramp model. With focused extension indicated by two late Quaternary extrusive volcanic bodies, a model of a transtensional pull-apart basin is also considered. Given the few mapped intrabasinal faults at the surface, this study gives a unique view into fault offsets inside the Carson Sink.
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Sjödahl, Mikael. "Electronic speckle photography applied to in-plane deformation and strain field measurements". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17150.
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Non-contacting measurements of deformation and strain fields are of great importance in experimental mechanics. This thesis describes the development and applications of a video-based, computerized system called electronic speckle photography that measures the in-plane deformation of a strained body. The physical restrictions that limits the performance of the system have been carefully analysed. The system determines the deformation of a characteristic pattern, somehow attached onto the object surface. A FFT based cross-correlation of subimages from the two object states of interest is calculated. Subpixel accuracy is obtained through a Fourier serie expansion of the discrete correlation surface. For a pattern to be considered characteristic it has to be completely random, be of a high contrast and high frequent enough so that a small portion of the digitized image gets typical for its position. A good example of a characteristic pattern is a laser speckle pattern, but any pattern that fulfills the requirements can be used. For a good correlated pattern the system manages to calculate each displacement vector in the field with an accuracy of 1 % of a pixel. The accuracy decreases with increased speckle size and increased speckle decorrelation. An application in which the ESP-system has succesfully been used is to measure the deformation field caused by hygroexpansion in paper. Of primary interest in experimental mechanics is the strain field. There are two possibilities to determine the in-plane strain field with the use of the ESP-system. The first is to differentiate the measured deformation field obtained using either a laser speckle pattern or a white light speckle pattern. For this to be a feasable alternative the random error in the deformation field has to be decreased even further through the use of some filter. It seems difficult to obtain better accuracies than 100 μ strain in the strain fields through the differentiation process without losses in the spatial resolution. The second possibility relies on the motion of defocused laser speckle patterns. By combining the measured deformation fields obtained from four different illumination directions, all components of the in-plane strain field can be determined with an accuracy comparable to that of an electrical strain gauge (10 μ strain with retained spatial information. In measurements using laser speckle patterns to produce reliable results, a careful analysis of the behaviour of these patterns concerning speckle displacement, decorrelation and image point-object point correspondence have to be made. A telecentric imaging system has many positive qualities concerning these parameters for use in a defocused system and is the one that has been used in the measurements.Godkänd; 1995; 20070426 (ysko)
13
Du, Jing. "Geophysical inversion of far-field deformation for hydraulic fracture and reservoir information /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Collini, Giovanni. "Fedosov Quantization and Perturbative Quantum Field Theory". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224698.
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Fedosov has described a geometro-algebraic method to construct in a canonical way a deformation of the Poisson algebra associated with a finite-dimensional symplectic manifold (\\\"phase space\\\"). His algorithm gives a non-commutative, but associative, product (a so-called \\\"star-product\\\") between smooth phase space functions parameterized by Planck\\\'s constant ℏ, which is treated as a deformation parameter. In the limit as ℏ goes to zero, the star product commutator goes to ℏ times the Poisson bracket, so in this sense his method provides a quantization of the algebra of classical observables. In this work, we develop a generalization of Fedosov\\\'s method which applies to the infinite-dimensional symplectic \\\"manifolds\\\" that occur in Lagrangian field theories. We show that the procedure remains mathematically well-defined, and we explain the relationship of this method to more standard perturbative quantization schemes in quantum field theory.
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Чорноус, Анатолій Миколайович, Анатолий Николаевич Чорноус, Anatolii Mykolaiovych Chornous, Лариса Валентинівна Однодворець, Лариса Валентиновна Однодворец, Larysa Valentynivna Odnodvorets, Іван Юхимович Проценко et al. "Magneto-deformation effect in double-layer nanodimentional film systems". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20537.
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Münster, Korbinian [Verfasser] y Ivo [Akademischer Betreuer] Sachs. "String field theory : algebraic structure, deformation properties and superstrings / Korbinian Münster. Betreuer: Ivo Sachs". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042147493/34.
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Johansson, Teddy. "Artificial Ground Freezingin Clayey Soils : Laboratory and Field Studies of Deformations During Thawing at the Bothnia Line". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11177.
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Artificial ground freezing as a method to temporarily stabilize and create hydraulic sealing in urban as well as in rural areas has been used in a number of Swedish construction projects, particularly during the last decade. One problem with the freezing of soil and rock is that fine-grained clayey types of soils have showed a tendency to under certain circumstances, during the thawing process, create a pore water overpressure and to consolidate, despite a change in the external loading conditions. In certain cases, this condition can be a desired effect as the soil mass after a freeze- and thaw cycle acquires overconsolidated properties. The main objectives of this study are, to describe and review the knowledge and current state of practice of artificial ground freezing, to increase the understanding about the conceptual behaviour for prognosis of the vertical deformation concerning artificial ground freezing and to compare and discuss results from laboratory and field studies concerning vertical deformation during thawing process for Bothnia soil. The field studies and the laboratory tests in this research study have been performed with soil from the freezing of the Bothnia Line in the vicinity of Stranneberget. The Bothnia Line is the railway link between Nyland, north of Kramfors, and Umeå. This thesis relates to a part of the Bothnia Line. It deals with the behaviour of soil during thawing by means of temporary stabilization and hydraulic sealing of fine-grained soil through artificial freezing using brine as the cooling agent. However, the reason behind the problem consists of the final deformations due to the thawing process. The general conclusions of this study are; the Bothnia soil water content decreased in mean approximately 14 % after a freeze-thaw cycle, which approximately corresponds to; wth = 0.8w – 1.5 the decrease of the water content has no correlation to the depth below ground surface, in contrast, there is a strong correlation between the undisturbed soil water content and the magnitude of the decrease in water content the soil liquid limit decreases after a freeze-thaw cycle, simultaneously as the relative share of clay and fine silt grains decreases while the relative share of more coarse grains increases the coarser and denser soil created after a freeze-thaw cycle obtains an increased preconsolidation pressure and an increased undrained shear strength.QC 20100721
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Smith, Alister. "Quantification of slope deformation behaviour using acoustic emission monitoring". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18593.
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Early warning of slope instability will enable evacuation of vulnerable people and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure. However, currently available warning systems are too expensive for wide-scale use or have technical limitations. The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring approach using active waveguides (i.e. a steel tube with granular backfill surround installed in a borehole through a slope), in conjunction with the Slope ALARMS AE measurement system, has the potential to be an affordable early warning system for slope instability. However, the challenge has been to develop strategies to interpret and quantify deformation behaviour from measured AE. The development of an approach to quantify slope deformation behaviour from measured AE will enable the AE monitoring system to provide early warning of slope instability through detecting, quantifying and communicating accelerations in slope movement. Field monitoring and full-scale physical modelling have been conducted to characterise the AE response from the system to both reactivated slope movements and first-time slope failure. Definitive field evidence has been obtained showing AE monitoring can measure slope movements and generated AE rates are proportional to slope displacement rates, which was confirmed through comparisons with both conventional inclinometer and continuous ShapeAccelArray deformation measurements. A field monitoring case study demonstrated that the AE approach can detect very slow slope movements of 0.075 mm/day. In addition, the concept of retrofitting inclinometer casings with active waveguides to convert the manually read instrument to a real-time monitoring system has been demonstrated using a field trial. Dynamic strain-controlled shear tests on active waveguide physical models demonstrated that AE monitoring can be used to quantify slope displacement rates, continuously and in real-time, with accuracy to within an order of magnitude. Large-scale first-time slope failure experiments allowed the AE response to slope failure to be characterised. AE was detected after shear deformations of less than a millimetre in previously un-sheared material, and AE rates increased proportionally with displacement rates as failure occurred. The AE rate-displacement rate relationship can be approximated as linear up to 100 mm/hour and shear surface deformations less than 10-20 mm. At greater velocities and larger deformations the gradient of the relationship progressively increases and is best represented using a polynomial. This is because complex pressure distributions develop along the active waveguide analogous to a laterally loaded pile, and the confining pressures increase. Variables that influence the AE rate-displacement rate relationship have been quantified using physical model experiments and empirical relationships. A framework has been developed to allow AE rate-displacement rate calibration relationships to be determined for any AE system installation. This provides a universal method that can be used by practitioners when installing AE systems, to calibrate them to deliver alarm statuses/warning levels that are related to slope displacement rates. Use of this framework has been demonstrated using a case study example, and decision making protocols have been suggested that use trends in alarms with time to trigger decisions, which could be to send an engineer to inspect the slope, manage traffic, or evacuate people.
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Anselmsson, Matts Ola. "Inverkan av hjullast och ringtryck på tryck och deformation i jordprofilen, främst i matjorden /". Uppsala : Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://www.mv.slu.se/jb/Publikationer/exjobb/Ex-jobbMattsOla.pdf.
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Wang, Lei. "Coseismic Deformation Detection and Quantification for Great Earthquakes Using Spaceborne Gravimetry". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1331098701.
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Davey, Robert Michael. "SMJ analysis of monodromy fields". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184357.
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The connection discovered by M. Sato, T. Miwa and M. Jimbo (SMJ) between the monodromy-preserving deformation theory of the two-dimensional Euclidean Dirac operator and quantum fields is rigorously established for the case of nonreal S¹ monodromy parameters. This connection involves the expression of the associated n-point functions in terms of solutions to deformation equations which arise as necessary conditions for the monodromy exhibited by a class of multivalued solutions of the Euclidean Dirac equation to be preserved under perturbations of branch points. Our approach utilizes recent results involving infinite-dimensional group representations. A lattice version of the n-point function is introduced as a section of a determinant bundle defined over an infinite dimensional Grassmannian. A trivialization for this bundle is singled out so that the corresponding n-point functions behave like Ising correlations in the massive scaling regime. Then the SMJ n-point functions are recovered as the scaled functions. A parallel scaling analysis is carried out with lattice analogues of the Euclidean Dirac wave functions which scale to square-integrable multivalued solutions of the Euclidean Dirac equation and the connection between the SMJ deformation theory and the n-point functions is rigorously established in terms of local Fourier expansion coefficients of these wave functions. These results are presented in detail for two-point functions with the same monodromy associated to each site.
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Hofmann, Tobias [Verfasser] y Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Andrä. "Phase-Field Methods for Deformation Processes in Lithium-Ion Batteries / Tobias Hofmann ; Betreuer: Heiko Andrä". Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156901499/34.
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Lindmark, Jenny. "Tensile Strain Monitoring in Reinforced Concrete Using Non-Contact Full-Field Optical Deformation Measurement Systems". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70090.
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As traffic loads increase and bridges age the need for structural health monitoring is growing. With the digitalization of our society, new non-contact full-field measurement techniques have been developed. These techniques have the potential to be used in monitoring of existing bridges. Today visual inspections are carried out every sixth year. These only give a rough estimate of the structure's health and only provide information about the surface of the structure. In addition to these inspections, traditional sensors like linear variable differential transformers and strain gauges are used to measure parameters such as displacement and strain. For existing bridges in reinforced concrete it is especially important to monitor reinforcement strains, as high strains could be indicative of overloading of the structure or even that a failure is about to occur. The methods available to measure reinforcement strain in existing bridges today are not very effective and have some limitations. The aim of this thesis is thus to evaluate the possibility to predict reinforcement strain based on surface strain measurements obtained by a non-contact full-field optical measurement system. In this study the software ARAMIS was used to measure surface strains, and traditional strain gauges were used to measure reinforcement strain. Strain distribution were evaluated at the initiation of cracks, during sections of cyclic loading and at a load close to the yielding point of the reinforcement. A correlation factor between the strain registered in the software and the strain obtained from the strain gauges was introduced. Based on the results in this study it is not possible to predict exact reinforcement strain based on surface measurements. Digital image correlation does however show potential to be used as a non-contact full-field measurement technique for in-situ measurements. Before this is reality there is still a need for further research in this area.
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Melin, L. Gunnar. "Moiré techniques for measurement of the deformation field at crack tips in fiber composite materials". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26502.
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Camargo, Felipe Filizzola. "Field and laboratory performance evaluation of a field-blended rubber asphalt". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-01072016-111905/.
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Rubber asphalt has been used in Brazil as early as 2001. Among the fabrication processes of rubber asphalt, the most widely used in Brazil is the terminal blend. However, the use of field-blended rubber asphalt has been around in the United States for decades, especially in the state of Arizona. This process results in a highly viscous material with enhanced engineering properties, but requires specific equipment that is typically installed at the job site, or close to the supplying asphalt plant. Thus, keeping in mind the possible technological advantages of using a field blended rubber asphalt mixture and the lack of information regarding this technique in Brazil, there is a necessity to develop studies to assess the performance of this type of material in our environmental conditions and axle loading configurations. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to determine the rheological properties of a field-blended rubber asphalt and compare them to those of typical binders used in Brazil (an AC 30/45 penetration grade and a binder modified with SBS, an elastomeric polymer). Binder permanent deformation was determined using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, whereas binder fatigue behavior was determined using the Time Sweep and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests. Subsequently, the permanent deformation and fatigue behavior of a gap-graded mixture using the field-blended rubber asphalt were assessed in the laboratory and in the field. The permanent deformation of the mixture was determined in the laboratory using the LCPC wheel track test, whereas the fatigue behavior was determined using the four point bending flexural test. A test section was built after the rehabilitation job of highway RJ-122, where a field-blended rubber asphalt mixture was first used in the country. The mixture performance was studied in situ through accelerated pavement tests using a full scale, large mobile traffic simulator. The results were used to model the performance of the structure with the rubber asphalt mixture by means of the Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4) cracking and permanent deformation models, calibrated to local conditions. Accelerated pavement tests were validated through periodic pavement monitoring campaigns conducted for four years in a test section in Highway RJ-122. The field-blended rubber asphalt showed a good performance in terms of permanent deformation and fatigue determined in the laboratory at the binder and mixture levels, which confirms what was verified in the field.No Brasil, o asfalto-borracha vem sendo utilizado desde meados de 2001. Dentre os processos de fabricação do asfalto-borracha, o mais utilizado no Brasil é o asfalto-borracha estocável ou terminal blend. Contudo, o asfalto-borracha do tipo não estocável (field blend) vem sendo bastante difundido nos Estados Unidos há décadas, principalmente no estado do Arizona. Este processo resulta em um asfalto-borracha de alta viscosidade, com alto desempenho, porém requer um equipamento de fabricação de asfalto-borracha específico, instalado no canteiro de obras, ou muito próximo à usina de asfaltos fornecedora da obra. Tendo em vista as possíveis vantagens tecnológicas do asfalto-borracha field blend e o conhecimento ainda pequeno sobre esta técnica no Brasil, há a necessidade de desenvolver estudos para a avaliação deste tipo de material frente às condições climáticas e de solicitação pelas cargas viárias em nosso país. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo em laboratório para verificar as propriedades reológicas de um asfalto-borracha field blend e compará-las com as características de ligantes típicos empregados no Brasil (um CAP 30-45 e um ligante modificado por polímero elastomérico do tipo SBS). Elegeu-se o Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) para verificar a deformação permanente e o Time Sweep e Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) para verificar o comportamento na fadiga dos ligantes. Na sequência, determinou-se a deformação permanente e o comportamento à fadiga de uma mistura asfáltica descontínua (gap-graded) empregando o asfalto-borracha field blend em laboratório e no campo. A deformação permanente da mistura foi verificada por meio do simulador de tráfego LCPC, enquanto a vida de fadiga foi determinada utilizando o ensaio de flexão em viga (4 pontos). Por fim, foi construída uma seção teste após a conclusão da obra de restauração dos pavimentos da rodovia RJ-122, local onde se elegeu a utilização desta tecnologia pela primeira vez no país. O desempenho da mistura foi estudado in loco com o emprego de ensaios acelerados do pavimento utilizando-se o simulador de tráfego linear móvel em tamanho real. Os resultados obtidos foram utilizados para modelar o desempenho da estrutura com o revestimento asfáltico constituído pela mistura com o asfalto-borracha por meio dos modelos de trincamento e de deformação permanente do Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4), podendo-se verificar o desempenho desta mistura calibrado para as condições locais. Os ensaios acelerados foram validados em campo por meio de campanhas de monitoramento periódicas realizadas ao longo de quatro anos na rodovia RJ-122. Pelos ensaios de laboratório no ligante e na mistura foi possível concluir que o asfalto-borracha field blend apresenta um bom desempenho quanto à deformação permanente e à fadiga, corroborando o que foi verificado no campo.
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Akturk, Ozgur. "Assessment Of Tunnel Induced Deformation Field Through 3-dimensional Numerical Models (necatibey Subway Station, Ankara, Turkey)". Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612539/index.pdf.
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In heavily settled areas, deformations induced by the tunnel excavation may cause
serious damage to nearby structures. In this study it is aimed to model ground
deformations induced by main tunnels and connection tunnels excavations as well
as groundwater drainage. Therefore, it is necessary to study effective means of
controlling tunnel induced deformations. The main parameters affecting the
failure and deformation state of the soil around a circular underground opening
are the physical characteristics of the soil, the diameter of the opening, and the
support pressure. During the construction stage of Necatibey Station of KizilayÇayyolu metro line (Ankara, Turkey), challenging ground conditions involving highly heterogeneous and locally water saturated foundation soils have been encountered. Possibility of damage at the surface and/or on the underground structures can be estimated using finite difference method (FDM) of analysis. In this study, two geophysical methods namely Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were utilized to distinguish soil types at the study area. By correlating these geophysical survey results with the boring v logs, 3-Dimensional soil profile was revealed at the study area to build up a basis for numerical models. 3-Dimensional (3D) FDM analyses were conducted to assess tunneling induced deformations, along with movements around shallow soft ground main tunnels and connection tunnels. During sequential excavations, temporary and permanent shotcrete lining was also simulated. The soil behavior is assumed to be governed by an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relation based on the Mohr&ndash
Coulomb criterion. The computed deformations around these openings have been compared with the in-situ measurements. The results of the study revealed that the 3-D elasto-plastic analyses yield comparably good correlation with the in-situ measurements. Also, in this study, the effects of main tunnels excavations on each other and the effects of connection tunnels excavations on main tunnels were identified in terms of ground deformations. In order to simulate induced surface settlement due to groundwater withdrawal at the site 3-D fully coupled (fluidmechanical) numerical models were run using different time durations. The model studies revealed that deformations monitored at the ground surface are directly related with the tunnel construction practice. Pumping groundwater has very little or no effect on the measured deformations.
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Wang, Xiaogang. "Study of plastic deformation in oligo- and single crystals based on kinematic-thermal full-field measurements". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10057/document.
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Cette étude examine la déformation plastique sur la base de mesures de champs cinématiques et thermiques en utilisant des éprouvettes oligo- et monocristallines pour profiter de leurs structures simples. Dans un premier temps, la métrologie associée à la corrélation d’images numériques et la thermographie infrarouge est présentée. Ensuite, les deux techniques sont couplées à la fois dans l’espace et dans le temps en vue de suivre les évolutions de la déformation et de la température de chaque point matériel lors de la déformation de l’éprouvette (Thermographie Lagrangienne). Cette mesure couplée cinématique-thermique a ensuite été mise en œuvre lors d’essais de traction sur des oligocristaux d’aluminium et sur monocristaux de nickel, et les résultats sont analysés en lien avec leurs structures cristallographiques respectives. Le premier phénomène constaté est l’apparition, durant l’essai, de déformations hors-plan notables à l’échelle de la microstructure. Cette effet modifie l’émissivité apparente de l’éprouvette ce qui perturbe les mesures thermiques à l’échelle locale démontré par la présence d’une corrélation entre l’émissivité et le relief apparu en surface. Le second phénomène est l’apparition de bandes de déformation durant les essais sur les monocristaux de nickel. Les mesures cinématiques ont alors nécessité le développement d’une approche de projection basée sur la cristallographie qui permet une bonne évaluation de l’évolution du champ de déformation. Les hétérogénéités de déformation sont étroitement liées aux activations du glissement selon trois régimes distinctifs bien déterminés correspondant de façon biunivoque aux trois stades classiques d’écrouissageThis study investigates the plastic deformation based on kinematic and thermal full-field measurements and using oligo- and single crystal specimens to take advantage of their simple structures. Firstly, a metrology associated with the digital image correlation and infrared thermography is presented. Then the two techniques are coupled both in space and in time in order to follow the strain and temperature evolution of each material point during the deformation of specimen (Lagrangian Thermography). This kinematic-thermal coupled measurement has subsequently been applied to aluminum oligocrystals and nickel single crystals in the tensile tests, and the results are analyzed with respect to their respective crystallographic structures. The first phenomenon observed is the appearance, during the test, of out-of-plane deformation noticeable at the microstructure scale. This effect changes the apparent emissivity of the specimen, which disrupts thermal measurements at the local scale demonstrated by the presence of a correlation between the emissivity and the surface relief. The second phenomenon is the appearance of the bands of deformation during the tests on nickel single crystals. The kinematic measurements have then necessitated the development of a crystallographic-based projection approach which allows a good evaluation of strain field evolution. The strain heterogeneities are closely related to the slip activations according to the three distinctive regimes well determined corresponding biuniquely to the three conventional work hardening stages
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Lv, Duchao. "A Multi-Scale Simulation Approach to Deformation Mechanism Prediction in Superalloys". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469009668.
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Abele, Nathan Daniel. "A Field Study of Construction Deformations in a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall". Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etd/etdc/view?accnum=toledo1165597471.
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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2006.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Civil Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 53-55.
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Ivaneiko, Dmytro. "Microscopic theory and analysis of the mechanical properties of magneto-sensitive elastomers in a homogeneous magnetic field". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-211871.
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Magneto-sensitive elastomers (MSEs) establish a special class of smart materials, which are able to change their shape and mechanical behavior under external magnetic field. Nowadays, MSEs are one of the most perspective smart materials, since they can be used for design of functionally integrated lightweight structures in sensors, robotics, actuators and damper applications.
MSEs typically consist of micron-sized magnetizable particles (e.g. carbonyl iron) dispersed within a non-magnetic elastomeric matrix. The spatial distribution of magnetic particles in MSEs can be either isotropic or anisotropic, depending on whether they have been aligned by an applied magnetic field before the cross-linking of the polymer. Depending on the magnetic properties of the particles, their shape, size and spatial distribution, the MSEs can exhibit different mechanical behavior. Most experimental studies show that MSEs with isotropic distribution of magnetic particles demonstrate a uniaxial expansion along the magnetic field. On the other side, it was shown experimentally that MSEs with anisotropic particle distributions demonstrate a uniaxial contraction along the magnetic field. Also, the experimental works show that the shear moduli of MSEs increase with increasing strength of the magnetic field and depend on the magnetic properties, volume fraction and spatial distribution of particles.
Different analytical approaches were used in theoretical studies of the mechanical behavior of MSEs. They can be roughly classified as phenomenological, continuum-mechanics and microscopic approaches. In the phenomenological approaches, the expansion into a series of the shear modulus as a function of the strength of the magnetic field has been proposed, the coefficients of the expansion being considered as phenomenological fitting parameters. In the continuum-mechanics approach, an MSE is considered as continuous magnetic media. It allows us to determine the shape and the change in volume of a spherical MSE sample, placed in a uniform magnetic field. However, this approach is restricted to homogeneous particle distributions. The microscopic approach has a clear advantage, while a discrete particle distribution and pair-wise interactions between induced magnetic dipoles can be considered explicitly.
The aim of the present work is to develop a microscopic theory, which properly describes the mechanical behavior of MSEs in the external magnetic field. The theory takes a microscopic structure, finite shape of the samples and magneto-mechanical coupling between particle positions and sample deformation explicitly into account.
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Zhang, Xiaohan. "Field Dislocation Mechanics with Applications in Atomic, Mesoscopic and Tectonic Scale Problems". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/649.
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This thesis consists of two parts. The first part explores a 2-d edge dislocation model to demonstrate characteristics of Field Dislocation Mechanics (FDM) in modeling single and collective behavior of individual dislocations. The second work explores the possibility of modelling adiabatic shear bands propagation within the timespace averaged framework of Mesoscopic Field Dislocation Mechanics (MFDM). It is demonstrated that FDM reduces the study of a significant class of problems of discrete dislocation dynamics to questions of the modern theory of continuum plasticity. The explored questions include the existence of a Peierls stress in translationally-invariant media, dislocation annihilation, dislocation dissociation, finite-speed-of-propagation effects of elastic waves vis-a-vis dynamic dislocation fields, supersonic dislocation motion, and short-slip duration in rupture dynamics. A variety of dislocation pile-up problems are studied, primarily complementary to what can be dealt by existing classical pile-up models. In addition, the model suggests the possibility that the tip of a shear band can be modelled as a localized spatial gradient of elastic distortion with the dislocation density tensor in continuum dislocation mechanics; It is demonstrated that the localization can be moved by its theoretical driving force and forms a diffuse traveling band tip, thereby extending the thin layer of the deformation band. A 3-d, parallel finite element framework of MFDM is developed in a geometrically nonlinear context for the purpose of modelling shear bands. The numerical formulations and algorithm are presented in detail. Constitutive models appropriate for single crystal plasticity response and J2 plasticity with thermal softening are implemented.
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Parsons, Martha Mary. "Field and Microstructural Constraints on Deformation Conditions and Shear Zone Kinematics in the Burlington Mylonite Zone, Massachusetts:". Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107375.
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Thesis advisor: Seth C. KruckenbergThe Burlington Mylonite Zone (BMZ) is a northeast-trending, greenschist- to amphibolite-facies shear zone located entirely within the Boston Avalon terrane in Eastern Massachusetts along the tectonic boundary with the Nashoba terrane (the trailing marginal terrane of Ganderia). The juxtaposition of these terranes, and the development of the BMZ, is hypothesized to represent the amalgamation of Avalon and Laurentia during the late Silurian-early Devonian Acadian orogeny, but the timing of its formation and its structural evolution remain largely unconstrained. Field observations and microstructural analysis using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of 24 samples from 16 field sites throughout the BMZ provide new constraints on the kinematics and conditions of deformation that facilitated the development of this large-scale crustal shear zone. The BMZ samples comprise a heterogeneous mix of quartzofeldspathic +/- hornblende-bearing gneisses and quartzites with varying microstructures. Nearly all samples contain abundant mixed, but predominantly sinistral, kinematic indicators (e.g., asymmetric porphyroclasts, tiled feldspars) and a strong crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Quartz – the dominant mineral by mode in all of the samples analyzed – is known from experimental deformation studies to develop distinct patterns of CPO which vary as a function of deformation kinematics, temperature, and strain geometry. Patterns of CPO in quartz are used to determine the dominant intracrystalline deformation mechanisms that accommodated the formation of the BMZ. Quartz CPO patterns in the BMZ samples are characterized by variably developed c- and a-axis distributions, broadly consistent with patterns expected for mixed to prism slip at intermediate temperatures of deformation. Corresponding intragranular misorientation axis plots are more diagnostic and indicate dominant prism slip in all of the shear zone samples analyzed, consistent with microstructures observed in thin section (e.g., undulose extinction, subgrain development, grain boundary migration, dynamic recrystallization) and metamorphic conditions inferred from shear zone mineral parageneses. Application of the quartz recrystallized grain size piezometer places additional constraints on deformation conditions, indicating that the BMZ rocks record differential stresses ranging from ~44 to 92 MPa. Field and microstructural observations of shear sense indicators are combined with two analytical methods for determining aspects of kinematic vorticity and deformation geometry in the BMZ. This study applies a new analytical method - crystallographic vorticity axis (CVA) analysis - that leverages rotational statistics on crystallographic orientations within the interiors of grains to constrain the dominant axis of material rotation in deformed samples. This dominant axis provides a uniquely objective proxy for the vorticity normal reference frame required for further quantitative kinematic vorticity analyses. The rotational axis of kinematic vorticity, and its relationship to structural fabrics (i.e. foliation and lineation), provides an important constraint on the geometry of the deforming zone (e.g., monoclinic versus triclinic shear zones). The results of the CVA analysis are invariable across the entire length of the BMZ; the kinematic vorticity axis lies within the plane of mylonitic foliation perpendicular to lineation – the pattern expected for monoclinic deformation geometries. The mean kinematic vorticity number (Wm: a measure of the relative contribution of pure and simple shear) is calculated using Rigid Grain Net (RGN) analysis for the BMZ mylonites and ranges from 0.4-0.5, indicating general shear. Combined field, microstructural, and vorticity analyses are interpreted to suggest that crustal strain localization along the Avalon-Nashoba boundary, as recorded in the BMZ mylonites, involved the combined effects of pure and simple shear in a predominantly sinistral, monoclinic transpressional shear zone. Rock microstructures, patterns of crystallographic preferred orientation, and paleostress estimates suggest that mylonitization occurred at or near the brittle-ductile transition under relatively high stress conditions. This study demonstrates the power of new microstructural methods, such as CVA analysis of electron backscatter diffraction data, to augment traditional field-based methods of kinematics and deformation analysis in enigmatic, large-scale crustal shear zones
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Scherzer, M. y A. Meyer. "Zur Berechnung von Spannungs- und Deformationsfeldern an Interface-Ecken im nichtlinearen Deformationsbereich auf Parallelrechnern". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 1998. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-199800902.
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Using material models on the basis of the flow theory of plasticity the asymptotic behaviour of solid mechanics solutions in crack tips, interface corners etc. strongly depends on the local realized load trajectory. For incrementally proportional load paths the equations determining the asymptotic fields are very simple ones. The paper considers two-dimensional statements in the neighbourhood of an interface corner consisting of two material ranges. At a distance from the corner the finite element nodes of a regular net are established in a polar co-ordinate system together with the displacement degrees of freedom. The main idea of the presented singular and non-singular stress and deformation field calculation at interface corners characterizes an replacement of the corner neighbourhood effect to the surrounding body by introducing stiffness actions which in usual manner can be assembled together with the other element stiffness matrices to the global stiffness matrix of the body. According to this there exists an in teresting invariant stiffness independence in corner and crack neighbourhoods. The applied technique allows extensions to non-proportional local load increments simplifying the mathematical calculations for the presentation of stress and strain fields in this general case. All computations are made on modern parallel computers. Concrete examples show the advantages of the presented approach.
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Ruch, Joël. "Volcano deformation analysis in the Lazufre area (central Andes) using geodetic and geological observations". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4736/.
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Large-scale volcanic deformation recently detected by radar interferometry (InSAR) provides new information and thus new scientific challenges for understanding volcano-tectonic activity and magmatic systems. The destabilization of such a system at depth noticeably affects the surrounding environment through magma injection, ground displacement and volcanic eruptions. To determine the spatiotemporal evolution of the Lazufre volcanic area located in the central Andes, we combined short-term ground displacement acquired by InSAR with long-term geological observations. Ground displacement was first detected using InSAR in 1997. By 2008, this displacement affected 1800 km2 of the surface, an area comparable in size to the deformation observed at caldera systems. The original displacement was followed in 2000 by a second, small-scale, neighbouring deformation located on the Lastarria volcano. We performed a detailed analysis of the volcanic structures at Lazufre and found relationships with the volcano deformations observed with InSAR. We infer that these observations are both likely to be the surface expression of a long-lived magmatic system evolving at depth. It is not yet clear whether Lazufre may trigger larger unrest or volcanic eruptions; however, the second deformation detected at Lastarria and the clear increase of the large-scale deformation rate make this an area of particular interest for closer continuous monitoring.Vulkanische Deformationen in großem Maßstab, die mittels InSAR gemessen wurden, liefern neue Informationen und dadurch einen neuen Blickwinkel auf vulkan-tektonische Aktivitäten und das Verständnis von langlebigen, magmatischen Systemen. Die Destabilisierung eines solchen Systems in der Tiefe beeinflusst dauerhaft die Oberfläche durch Versatz des Bodens, magmatische Einflüsse und vulkanische Unruhen. Mit der Kombination aus kleinräumigem Bodenversatz gemessen mittels InSAR, numerischer Modellierung und langfristigen geologischen Beobachtungen, analysieren wir die Gegend um den Vulkan Lazufre in den Zentralanden, um die raumzeitliche Entwicklung der Region zu bestimmen. Bodenversatz wurde hierbei im Jahr 1997 mittels Radar-Interferrometrie (InSAR) gemessen, was eine Fläche von 1800 km² ausmacht, vergleichbar mit der Größe der Deformation des Kraters. Im Jahr 2000 wurde zusätzlich eine kleinräumige Deformation am Nachbarvulkan Lastarria entdeckt. Wir sehen räumliche als auch zeitliche Verbindungen zwischen der Deformation des Vulkans und vulkanischen Strukturen innerhalb der betroffenen Gegend. Wir folgern daraus, dass diese Beobachtungen der Ausdruck eines langlebigen, magmatischen Systems in der Tiefe an der Oberfläche sind. Es ist noch nicht klar, ob Lazufre größere vulkanische Unruhen, wie zum Beispiel Eruptionen auslösen könnte, aber die Deformation am Vulkan Lastarria und ein Anstieg der großräumigen Deformationsrate, machen diese Region interessant für eine zukünftige, kontinuierliche Überwachung.
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Brown, Clint M. "Structural Analysis of the Mitten Park Reverse Fault and Related Deformation in Dinosaur National Monument, Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah". DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6704.
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An integrated field and structural analysis of the Mitten Park fault-fold structure, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, examines its structural origin. The Mitten Park structure is a modified fault-propagation-fold. This new model incorporates faulting, folding, and fracturing in one deformational event to produce the Mitten Park fault and associated monocline.
The largest structure in the study area is the Mitten Park fault and associated monocline. The Mitten Park fault has approximately 127 meters (415 feet) of net slip, strikes S28°W and dips 55°WNW. In the footwall, net shortening was accommodated by reverse and normal faulting. Faulting was the result of northwest-southeast directed shortening. Reverse faulting accommodated the majority of the fault-related strain along the fault's trace and resulted in net shortening. However, normal faults in the overturned limb of the footwall of the Mitten Park fault also accommodated northwest-southeast directed shortening.
Folds in the study area are asymmetrical and statistically cylindrical in both the footwall and the hanging wall. Folding facilitates northwest-southeast directed shortening. There is a direct correlation between changes in the strike and dip of the fault plane and changes in the trend and plunge of fold axis in the footwall.
Fracture orientations show no significant variation in geometry from hanging wall to footwall. Fracture intensity increases with proximity to the Mitten Park fault.
Balanced cross sections of the Mitten Park area use a modified fault-propagation- fold model and are also constrained by field observations and interlimb angles of folds. Total shortening in the study area is 13.5% and was accommodated by the hanging wall, the footwall, and the Mitten Park fault. The hanging wall accommodated 70.8% of total shortening, the footwall accommodated 14.9% of total shortening, and the Mitten Park fault accommodated 14.3% of total shortening. The significant amount of strain in the footwall of the fault is different from classical models of fault-propagation-folds, which depict a rigid undeformed footwall.
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Emamy, Nehzat [Verfasser] y Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Oberlack. "Numerical simulation of deformation of a droplet in a stationary electric field using DG / Nehzat Emamy. Betreuer: Martin Oberlack". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1110977484/34.
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Gilbert, John Bennett. "Crustal Deformation During Arc-Flare Up Magmatism: Field And Microstructural Analysis Of A Mid-Crustal, Melt Enhanced Shear Zone". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/699.
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This study combines structural field data with microstructural observations in an analysis of a mid-crustal shear zone related to the emplacement of the Misty pluton during a high-flux magmatic event in Northern Fiordland, New Zealand. These high-flux magmatic events transport massive amounts of heat and material as they develop along accretionary continental margins, and represent a primary source of continental crust. Fiordland, New Zealand possesses, perhaps, the most extensive middle and lower crustal exposure of these systems on earth. Therefore, this study area provides a significant opportunity to understand processes of continental crust formation in the mid-crust and how these events relate to the broader construction of continents.
Herein, I document the four-stage geologic history of the Cozette Burn field area. Pre-existing structures along the Gondwana accretionary margin hosted a regional flare-up magmatic event that produced the Misty pluton and several other large plutons of the West Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO). This study primarily focuses on the mid-crustal emplacement of the Misty pluton during oblique convergence along the accretionary margin, forming the upper-amphibolite facies Misty Shear Zone (MSZ). The exposures of the MSZ within the Cozette Burn preserve rare structural relationships between host rock and the intrusive Misty pluton. Together, these structures developed during end-stage contractional tectonics that constructed a long-lived (~270+ Ma) composite batholith.
Heterogeneous ductile shearing defines the MSZ, with microstructural evidence indicating an interplay of high-temperature crystal plastic deformation along with partial melting of host rock and melt channeling. This resulted in focused, melt-assisted shearing under regional transpressive deformation. These accommodative processes provided an efficient mechanism for moving heat, fluids and magma sourced from the lower crust/mantle boundary into the mid-crust during 15-25 km of crustal thickening related to arc flare-up magmatism.
This flare up magmatism and MSZ formation occurred during the final stages of crustal thickening along Gondwana continental margin. High-strain, mylonitic- ultramylonitic shear zones developed in a later phase of deformation, cutting MSZ fabrics near contacts between the Misty pluton and host rock. These more localized shear zones can be attributed to either accommodation of localized melt-pressure buildup or the shift to extensional tectonics. Brittle faulting cut these structures with oblique-thrust in the Tertiary. These mid-crustal structures carry economic relevance: thickened-crust events along accretionary continental margins produce deep-crustal sourced, metal-bearing magmas that are transferred into mid-crust prior to their hydrothermal emplacement as ore deposits in the upper crust. The lasting influence of these processes warrants consideration when assessing continental crust architecture at all scales.
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Al-Gasous, K. A. "The deformation behaviour of the collapsing and destructured soils of the Sana'a area and their response to field treatment". Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14258/.
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Previous work has indicated the presence of collapsing and structured soils in the surface layers underlying Sana's, the capital of Yemen Republic. This study set out initially to define and, ultimately, to alleviate the problem by investigating the deformation behaviour of these soils through both field and laboratory programmes. The field programme was carried out in Sana'a while the laboratory work consisted of two parts, an initial phase at Sana's University carried out in parallel with the field programme on natural and treated soils and the major phase at Aston University carried out on natural, destructured and selected treated soils. The initial phase of the laboratory programme included classification, permeability, and single (collapsing) and double oedometer tests while the major phase, at Aston, was extended to also include extensive single and double oedometer tests, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrum analysis. The mechanical tests were carried out on natural and destructed samples at both the in situ and soaked moisture conditions. The engineering characteristics of the natural intact, field-treated and laboratory destructured soils are reported, including their collapsing potentials which show them to be weakly bonded with nil to severe collapsing susceptibility. Flooding had no beneficial effect, with limited to moderate improvement being achieved by preloading and roller compaction, while major benefits were achieved from deep compaction. From these results a comparison between the soil response to the different treatments and general field remarks were presented. Laboratory destructuring reduced the stiffness of the soils while their compressibility was increasing. Their collapsing and destructuring mechanisms have been examined by studying the changes in structure accompanying these phenomena. Based on the test results for the intact and the laboratory destructured soils, a simplified framework has been developed to represent the collapsing and deformation behaviour at both the partially saturated and soaked states, and comments are given on its general applicability and limitations. It has been used to evaluate all the locations subjected to field treatment. It provided satisfactory results for the deformation behaviour of the soils destructed by field treatment. Finally attention is drawn to the design considerations together with the recommendations for the selection of potential improvement techniques to be used for foundation construction on the particular soils of the Sana's region.
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Codeglia, Daniela. "Development of an acoustic emission waveguide-based system for monitoring of rock slope deformation mechanisms". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33500.
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Hundreds of thousands of landslides occur every year around the world impacting on people's lives. Monitoring techniques able to foresee imminent collapse and provide a warning in time useful for action to be taken are essential for risk reduction and disaster prevention. Acoustic emission (AE) is generated in soil and rock materials by rearrangement of particles during displacement or increasing damage in the microstructure preceding a collapse; therefore AE is appropriate for estimation of slope deformation. To overcome the high attenuation that characterise geological materials and thus to be able to monitor AE activity, a system called Slope ALARMS that makes use of a waveguide to transmit AE waves from a deforming zone to a piezoelectric transducer was developed. The system quantifies acoustic activity as Ring Down Count (RDC) rates. In soil applications RDC rates have been correlated with the rate of deformation, however, the application to rock slopes poses new challenges over the significance of the measured AE trends, requiring new interpretation strategies. In order to develop new approaches to interpret acoustic emission rates measured within rock slopes, the system was installed at two trial sites in Italy and Austria. RDC rates from these sites, which have been measured over 6 and 2.5 years respectively, are analysed and clear and recurring trends were identified. The comparison of AE trends with response from a series of traditional instruments available at the sites allowed correlation with changes in external slope loading and internal stress changes. AE signatures from the limestone slope at the Italian site have been identified as generated in response to variations in the groundwater level and snow loading. At the conglomerate slope in Austria, AE signatures include the detachment of small boulders from the slope surface caused by the succession of freeze-thaw cycles during winter time. Consideration was also given to laboratory testing of specific system elements and field experiments. A framework towards strategies to interpret measured acoustic emission trends is provided for the use of the system within rock slopes.
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Farquharson, James. "Permeability evolution in volcanic systems : field, laboratory, and numerical investigations". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH018/document.
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La perméabilité est une propriété essentielle notamment pour déterminer la nature explosive des volcans, ainsi que pour de nombreuses autres applications scientifiques et industrielles dans les environnements où l'écoulement du fluide est une préoccupation majeure. Combinant des méthodes expérimentales de déformation des roches en laboratoire, des approches de terrain, de la modélisation numérique, et des analyses systématiques de microstructure, ce travail a mis en évidence le caractère complexe de la formation et la destruction des réseaux poreux dans le magma et des roches volcaniques. La compétition entre les processus dilatants (qui augmentent la porosité) et compactants (qui la diminuent) exerce une influence sur les propriétés de transport des fluides à la fois dans le magma et dans la roche volcanique solidifiée. Ces processus incluent la vésiculation et la croissance des bulles dans le conduit, la rupture et la compression du magma, la fracturation issue du refroidissement et fracturation induite par le transport, ainsi que la déformation pendant ou après la mise en place des matériaux, et la densification par frittageThe permeability of various volcanic materials is an essential parameter governing the explosive behaviour of volcanic systems, as well as being important in many other scientific and industrial applications in environments where fluid flow is a major concern. Combining experimental rock deformation methods with field measurements, numerical modelling, and systematic analyses of rock microstructure, this work explores the complexities involved in the formation and destruction of porous networks in magma and volcanic rocks, addressing how permeability can evolve in volcanic systems. Competition between dilatant processes (which increase porosity) and compactant processes (which decrease porosity) influences the fluid transport properties both in the conduit-dwelling magma and in solidified edifice rock. These processes include (but are not limited to) vesiculation and bubble growth in the conduit, fracture and compaction of magma, post-emplacement thermal or mechanical fracturing, strain-induced deformation, and viscous sintering
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Tarama, Mitsusuke. "Dynamics of active deformable particle - Two types of active spinning motions and dynamics in external flow field -". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199091.
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Shreedharan, Srisharan. "Stability Investigations of Tunnels in a Coal Mine in China Through 3D-Discontinuum Numerical Modeling and Field Deformation Monitoring Data". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612541.
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An imperative task for successful underground mining is to ensure the stability of underground structures, since it influences the safety, and in turn, the production capacity and economic performance of the mine. This is more so for deep excavations in soft rock which may be under significantly high stresses. In this thesis, stability studies on two tunnels, a horseshoe-shaped and an inverted arch-shaped tunnel, have been presented. The tunnels, running at a depth of 1325 m, are part of the Xiezhuang Coal Mine, in the Xinwen mining area, in China. Using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures, in-situ stress measurements and geo-mechanical properties of intact rock and discontinuity interfaces, a three-dimensional numerical model has been built using the 3DEC 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Code to simulate the stress conditions around the tunnels. Based on available discontinuity geometry constraints, the rock mass has been modelled as a mixture of a discontinuum medium close to the tunnels and as an equivalent-continuum in the far field. Due to the unavailability of field measurements for rock mass mechanical parameters, the parameters have been estimated by incorporating the available intact rock mechanical properties and field deformation monitoring data into a strength reduction model calibration procedure. This back-analysis (calibration) has been carried out through a pseudo-time dependent support installation routine which incorporates the effect of time through a stress-relaxation mechanism. The results from the back-analysis indicate that the rock mass cohesion, tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus values are about 35-45 % of the corresponding intact rock property values. Additionally, the importance of incorporating stress relaxation before support installation in numerical modeling has been illustrated, for the first time in literature, through the increased support factors of safety and reduced grout failures. The calibrated models have been analyzed for different supported and unsupported cases in an attempt to quantify the effect of supports in stabilizing the tunnels and to estimate the adequacy of the existing supports being used in the mine. A direct outcome is that the findings indicate that longer supports may be better suited for the existing geo-mining conditions around the tunnels since they have fractured zones that are larger than the supports currently in use at the mine. The effects of supports have been demonstrated using changes in deformations and yield zones around the tunnels, and changes in the average factors of safety and grout failures of the supports. The use of longer supports and floor bolting has provided greater stability for the rock masses around the tunnels. A comparison between the closure strains in the two differently shaped tunnels indicates that the inverted arch tunnel may be more efficient in reducing roof sag and floor heave for the existing geo-mining conditions. Additional analyses focusing on parametric sensitivity studies on the rock and joint mechanical properties show that the tunnel stability is highly sensitive to changes in cohesion and internal friction angle of the intact rock, and changes in joint basic friction angle. Tunnel stability is seen to not be very sensitive to changes in intact rock tensile strength and joint shear stiffness for the tunnels being studied. Finally, support optimization studies conducted by studying the effect of changing cable diameters and grout uniaxial compressive strengths on support factors of safety and grout failures show the trade-off that is necessary in selecting cable strength vis-à-vis grout strength. The results indicate that simply increasing either one of cable or grout strength parameters without considering their interactions and compatibilities could be detrimental to the stability of the support system.
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Caudal, Gérard. "Sur la facon dont le plasma piege a l'interieur des magnetospheres planetaires deforme le champ electrique et le champ magnetique qui y regnent". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077101.
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Description du magnetodisque de jupiter dans laquelle les gradients de pression et les forces d'inertie agissent sur le plasma et engendrent des courants perpendiculaires au champ magnetique et le deforment. Les observations effectuees par les sondes spatiales sont en accord avec cette description. La ou les courants perpendiculaires sont divergents ils creent des courants alignes qui se referment dans l'ionosphere conductrice en deformant le champ electrique. On propose un mecanisme tenant compte de la perte d'electrons par diffusion en angle d'attaque, compatible avec les observations du radar eiscat de la distorsion du champ electrique
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Mohamed, Mohamed Saleh Ahmed [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bald y Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Lange. "Recent Strain Rate and Deformation Field of Egypt by GPS and InSAR / Mohamed Saleh Ahmed Mohamed. Betreuer: Stefan Bald ; Jörg Lange". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/111191124X/34.
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Mansard, Nicolas. "The role of metamorphic reactions for strain localization in the middle and lower crust : Insights from field observations and deformation experiments". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3103.
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Les zones de cisaillement résultent de la localisation de la déformation dans les roches de la croûte et du manteau supérieur au cours de la déformation de la lithosphère. En accommodant une importante quantité de déformation, ces zones de cisaillement exercent un contrôle direct sur la rhéologie et la dynamique de la lithosphère. En s’appuyant sur des observations de terrain et des expériences de déformation, cette étude aspire à élargir les connaissances actuelles sur la rhéologie et le développement des zones de cisaillement. Dans cette étude, nous mettons en évidence que le comportement rhéologique des matériaux polyphasés est extrêmement sensible à la composition minéralogique, dans la mesure où de faibles variations chimiques peuvent initier la localisation de la déformation – même à faible contrainte de cisaillement – et induire de larges différences de résistance. Nos résultats exposent également la capacité dont fait preuve la déformation pour faciliter les réactions minérales, la nucléation, la formation de mélange de phases à grains fins et, inversement, comment une telle évolution des microstructures aboutit à la localisation de la déformation et à l’affaiblissement des matériaux. La composition des phases minérales, dans la mesure où elles régissent la réactivité, participe grandement à l’initiation de l’affaiblissement et à l’évolution à long terme de la résistance des zones de cisaillement. Globalement, notre étude atteste que la rhéologie des roches ne peut se résumer au comportement rhéologique des matériaux monophasés. Afin de recourir à l’utilisation de modèles rhéologiques pour prédire la résistance de la lithosphère, il semble nécessaire de prendre en compte à la fois la complexité des structures régionales (comme les zones de cisaillement) et la nature complète des roches qui les composent, notamment la rhéologie des matériaux polyphasés en présence — ou non — de la rétroaction entre la déformation et les réactionsShear zones arise from strain localization into rocks of the crust and uppermost mantle during deformation of the lithosphere. By accommodating a large amount of strain, these shear zones have a direct control on rheology and dynamics of the lithosphere. Based on field observations and deformation experiments, this study aims at extending the current knowledge about the rheological behavior and the development of shear zones. In this study, we highlight that the rheological behavior of polyphase materials is extremely sensitive to their mineralogical composition and that small chemical variations can initiate strain localization – even at small shear strain - and induce large differences in resistance. Our results also show the ability of deformation to enhance mineral reactions, nucleation, the development of fine-grained mixed zones and, conversely, how such an evolution in microstructures eventually results in strain localization and weakening of polyphase aggregates. Phase compositions, in as much they control the reactivity, play a first-order role on both the initiation of weakening but also on the long-term evolution and strength of shear zones. Overall, our study illustrates that the rheology of rocks cannot be summarized as being controlled by monophase materials. In order to further use the rheological models as a predictive tool for lithospheric rheology, it seems essential to take into account both the complexity of regional structures (such as shear zone areas) and the complete nature of rocks that compose them, including the rheology of polyphase material in presence—or in absence—of feedback between deformation and reactions
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Keele, Dustin J. "The Marriage of Eolian Rock Properties and Deformation of the Nugget Formation; Anschutz Ranch East Field: Northeast Utah and Southwest Wyoming". DigitalCommons@USU, 2007. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6020.
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The Nugget Formation in the Anschutz Ranch East field, northeast Utah and southwest Wyoming, provides an exceptional example of how primary eolian rock properties have a considerable influence on the style of structural deformation. Both new and existing subsurface data were integrated for an overall characterization of sedimentologic and diagenetic heterogeneities, which demonstrate relationships with different styles of structural compartmentalization in reservoirs. The Anschutz Ranch East field is a large asymmetric anticlinal trap in the Utah-Wyoming thrust belt. Three cores were analyzed in order to investigate brittle deformation in eolian facies: dune, apron, and interdune. Selected cores are located along the back limb of the main structure and are nearly perpendicular to the fold axis. Each eolian facies appears to have an associated style of deformation that generally occurs within this tectonic setting. Within the dune facies, deformation bands are the most common style of deformation, unless a fault is present; when faults are present open fractures and breccia occur. In the apron facies, open fractures are more prevalent; however deformation bands are still very frequent. The primary styles of brittle deformation observed in interdune facies are breccias and closed fractures. This relationship between facies and rheology also correlates with porosity. These results support a hypothesis that high porosity rocks tend to be weaker and develop deformation bands, while low porosity rocks have a greater strength and will deform brittlely.
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Göllner, Paul Leon [Verfasser]. "Kinematic partitioning of deformation in the Southern Andes inferred from remote sensing, thermochronology, scaled analogue modelling, and field observations / Paul Leon Göllner". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234658410/34.
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Lanata, Patrizia. "Full-field experimental characterization of mechanical behaviour and failure in a porous rock in plane strain compression : homogeneous deformation and strain localization". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI040/document.
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Ce travail présente une caractérisation expérimentale du comportement mécanique et de la rupture par localisation de la déformation dans un grès des Vosges. L'évolution temporelle de la localisation a été caractérisée par des mesures de champs. Une nouvelle cellule triaxiale vraie a été développée au Laboratoire 3SR (Grenoble), qui permet une visualisation des échantillons sous chargement pour réaliser de la corrélation d'image numérique (CIN). Les essais ont été réalisés par compression en déformation plane (confinement de 20 à 50 MPa). La transition d'une déformation diffuse à localisée a été finement étudiée. Une analyse comparative a été ensuite effectuée entre les mesures de champs et la microstructure à l'échelle des grains observée par microscope (MEB). Enfin, une étude théorique basée sur une analyse en bifurcation a été menée pour comparer observations des bandes de cisaillement et prédiction sur la localisation de la déformationThis work aims an experimental characterization of the mechanical behaviour and failure by strain localization on a Vosges sandstone. The time evolution of strain localization has been characterized by full-field measurements. A new true-triaxial apparatus has been developed at Laboratoire 3SR (Grenoble), which enables the observation of the specimens during mechanical loading for application of digital image correlation (DIC). Tests have been performed in plane strain compression (confining pressure from 20 to 50 MPa). The transition from diffuse to localised deformation regimes has been extensively studied. Then, a comparative analysis has been done between the strain fields (DIC) and microscope (SEM) observations to determine how closely the DIC fields are related to deformation mechanisms detected at the grain scale. Finally, a theoretical bifurcation analysis is presented to compare the experimental observations of shear bands with strain localization prediction
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Chen, Meichuan. "Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction Study on Microstructural and Crystallographic Characteristics of Deformation-Induced Martensitic Transformation in SUS304 Austenitic Stainless Steel". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215535.
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Salour, Farhad. "Moisture Influence on Structural Behaviour of Pavements : Field and Laboratory Investigations". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-162076.
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The structural behaviour of pavements in cold regions can considerably be affected by seasonal variation in environmental factors such as temperature and moisture content. Along with the destructive effect of heavy traffic loads, climatic and environmental factors can considerably contribute to pavement deterioration. These factors can influence the structural and functional capacity of the pavement structures which, as a result, can trigger and accelerate pavement deterioration mechanisms. Studies on the influence of variation of the environmental factors on the response and behaviour of pavement materials have shown that proper consideration to these factors must be given in realistic pavement design and analysis. In flexible pavement structures, particularly with a thin hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer, unbound materials and subgrade soil largely contribute to the overall structural behaviour of the pavement system. In unbound materials, moisture content and its variation can significantly affect pavement layer stiffness and permanent deformation characteristics. Therefore, the moisture condition of pavements and its influence on the mechanical behaviour of pavement materials has been of interest among the pavement research community. A proper understanding of moisture transformation in pavement systems and its effects on pavement performance are important for mechanistic pavement design. The present summary of this doctoral thesis is based on four main parts. The first part of the thesis covers field measurements and findings from a test section along county road 126 in southern Sweden and consists of two journal papers (paper I and II) tackling different aspects of the research topic. This test section is located in a relatively wet ground condition and consists of a thin flexible pavement structure with a deep drainage system. It is instrumented with subsurface temperature, volumetric moisture content and groundwater probes. The mechanical response of the pavement structure was investigated using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) measurements. The second part of the thesis (paper III and IV) are based on laboratory experiments and investigates different recent approaches that have been proposed to apply principles of unsaturated soil mechanics for incorporating seasonal variation of moisture content into the resilient modulus models using matric suction. The third part of the thesis (paper V) builds a bridge that spans between the laboratory and field investigations with an attempt to evaluate one of the predictive models presented in Paper III. The fourth part of the thesis (paper VI) mainly focuses on the laboratory-based investigation of the permanent deformation characteristic of subgrade soils. In this part, the permanent deformation characteristics of two different silty sand subgrade soils were investigated and modelled using the data obtained from repeated load traxial tests. Paper I mainly focuses on the spring-thaw weakening of the pavement structure. The environmental data collected using different sensors and the FWD tests were used to investigate variations in moisture content with thaw penetration and its influence on the stiffness of unbound layers and the pavement’s overall bearing capacity. Using the backcalculated layer stiffness and corresponding in situ moisture measurements in the unbound layers, a degree of saturation-based moisture-stiffness model was developed for the granular material and the subgrade. In Paper II, the drainage system of the structure was manually clogged during a three month period in summer to raise the groundwater level and increase the moisture content of the layers. Along with the subsurface groundwater level and moisture content monitoring, the structural response of the pavement was studied. In this research work, the FWD tests were conducted at three different load levels. The stress dependent behaviour of the unbound granular layer and the subgrade soil were further studied using the multilevel loads FWD test data. Additionally, parameters of a nonlinear stress-dependent stiffness model were backcalculated and their sensitivity to in situ moisture content was studied. In Paper III and IV, series of suction-controlled repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were conducted on two silty sand (SM) subgrade materials. Several resilient modulus prediction models that account for seasonal moisture content variation through matric suction were summarized and after optimizing the model parameters, the capability of the prediction models in capturing the material response were evaluated. In Paper V, an attempt was made to evaluate the proficiency of one of the suction-resilient modulus models using the field moisture content and FWD measurements from the Torpsbruk test site. The backcalculated subgrade stiffness dataset at different moisture contents were compared with resilient modulus models obtained from the suction-resilient modulus predictive model. Paper VI presents an evaluation of several permanent deformation models for unbound pavement materials that incorporate the time-hardening concept using a series of multistage repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests conducted on silty sand subgrade materials. The permanent deformation tests were conducted at four different moisture contents with pore suctions measurement throughout the test. The effect of moisture content (matric suction) on the permanent deformation characteristics of the materials and the predictive model parameters were further investigated.QC 20150324