Tesis sobre el tema "Defense investment"

More than fifty investor-state arbitration claims have been filed by foreign investors against the Republic of Argentina due to the country's adoption of measures to mitigate the consequences of a severe financial crisis that struck the country in the early 2000s. Argentina invoked the Non-Precluded Measures (NPM) clause in the U.S.-Argentina Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and the necessity defence in customary international law as its defense in these arbitrations. As a result of taking divergent approaches to interpreting the NPM clause in the U.S.-Argentina BIT, the tribunals reached inconsistent decisions on Argentina’s liability for damages incurred by foreign investors, which intensified the legitimacy crisis in the investment arbitration regime. Consequently, the tribunals’ approaches to interpreting the nexus requirement of the treaty NPM clause (the "necessary for" term) caused a fierce academic debate among scholars. This thesis studies the issues related to the inconsistent interpretation of treaty NPM clauses and the customary necessity defense in the investment arbitration regime. It presents a detailed examination of the necessity defense in customary international law and treaty NPM clauses through the lens of regime theory. By applying relevant concepts of regime theory, such as regime formation, regime attributes, regime consequences and regime dynamics, this work explores the origins and evolution of the necessity doctrine, and provides a comparative analysis of the attributes, structural elements and the consequences of invoking the customary necessity defense and treaty NPM clauses. This thesis analyses the interpretative issues in the Argentine cases, and based on the dynamics of developments in the practice of states, it arrives at concrete proposals that will contribute to the coherent practice of investment arbitration tribunals in interpreting treaty NPM clauses. By applying the concept of interaction of regimes, this thesis provides a comparative analysis of tests suggested by scholars for interpreting Article XI of the U.S.-Argentina BIT. It examines whether the interpretative testsmargin of appreciation, proportionality and less restrictive meansused by dispute settlement bodies in other specialized treaty regimes have the potential to serve as an optimal standard for interpreting Article XI. This work explains the contents of these tests and inquires as to the advantages and criticisms related to their application in the investment arbitration regime. This thesis further advances the argument that the interpretation of treaty NPM clauses (Article XI of the U.S.-Argentina BIT) should be performed with strict adherence to the general rules of interpretation as established under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Specifically, it argues that in cases when tribunals fail to define the meaning of a treaty provision under Article 31 (1) and (2) of VCLT, they should not look for guidance from other specialized treaty regimes, but rather, must have recourse to general international law, specifically, customary rules of international law. As a methodology for performing this interpretation, this thesis proposes to apply a systemic integration approach through operationalizing Article 31(3)(c) of VCLT. Furthermore, this thesis advances the argument that the interpretation of the only means requirement of the customary necessity defense (Article 25 of Articles on the Responsibility of States) does not accurately reflect the contemporary customary rules on necessity. Thus, by applying the concept of regime dynamics, it proposes to reconceptualise the interpretation of the only means requirement through incorporating the elements of a more progressive version, which is found in the international trade regime. Unlike the scholars who rejected the application of the customary necessity elements, and proposed the direct importation of the LRM test from the international trade regime to interpret Article XI, this thesis proposes a different approach to taking advantage of the WTO jurisprudence. Specifically, it argues that WTO jurisprudence can be incorporated into the investment regime indirectly by serving as a source from which we can identify the development of state practice in examining the "only means" nature of state measures adopted in emergency (necessity) circumstances. It is contended that such state practice represents a more progressive and practical approach to interpreting the only means requirement of customary necessity defense, and thus, should be incorporated into the interpretation practice of investment arbitral tribunals.

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Sophisticated cyber threats represent a significant adversary in the evolving world of the cyber domain. Furthermore, determining whether or not an attack has taken place and the extent of the damage caused requires significant resources. In order to guarantee reliable detection, prevention and mitigation of these advanced threats, the Department of Defense (DoD) must invest in advanced information security technologies that increase the defensive capabilities of its information networks. This thesis focuses on Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems as an enabling technology that possesses the advanced security capabilities required to address sophisticated, evolving cyber threats. The research explores the capabilities of this technology in terms of the speed of detection, depth of investigative power, and additional value provided. Additionally, this research attempts to quantify the return on investment that a SIEM solution could provide when deployed in a notional DoD network architecture. Ultimately, the research provided in this thesis endeavors to justify DoD investment in SIEM technology. The focus of this research revolves around a qualitative description of the inherent capabilities of SIEM products and utilizes several Return on Security Investment models in an attempt to quantitatively define the value of these capabilities in a DoD network.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
Joint Advanced Missile Instrumentation (JAMI), a 1997 new-start multi-year Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP), is developing advanced telemetry system components that can be used in an integrated instrumentation package for tri-service small missile test and training applications. JAMI will provide telemetry, Time-Space-Position Information (TSPI), flight termination and end-game vector scoring in a low cost, modular package that will allow world-wide test and training- eliminating, in most cases, the need for range-specific (or multi-system) facilities. JAMI will incorporate Global Positioning System (GPS)-based technology as the TSPI and vector scoring engine, and is completing the development of a solid state programmable safe and arm device for flight safety applications. The JAMI program has progressed into Phase 2 and full-scale development of advanced GPS technologies. This paper discusses the progress of the program during the past year and the efforts planned for fiscal year 2000. Testing of GPS receivers and problems encountered in programming GPS simulator for missile flight profiles are discussed.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Joint Advanced Missile Instrumentation (JAMI), a Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP) initiative, is developing advanced telemetry system components that can be used in an integrated instrumentation package for tri-service small missile test and training applications. JAMI has made significant progress in the development of Global Positioning System (GPS) based Time-Space- Position Information (TSPI) tracking hardware, flight termination equipment and end-game vector scoring technology in low cost, modular packages that will allow world-wide test and training. The JAMI program is in full-scale development of advanced GPS technologies to reduce the cold start Time- To-First-Fix (TTFF) to less than 3 seconds. This paper discusses the progress of the program during the past year and the efforts planned for fiscal year 2001. Testing results of GPS receivers to levels of over 50 Gs and problems encountered in programming GPS simulator for missile flight profiles are discussed.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Joint Advanced Missile Instrumentation (JAMI), a 1997 new-start multi-year Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP), is developing advanced telemetry system components that can be used in an integrated instrumentation package for tri-service small missile test and training applications. JAMI will provide telemetry, Time-Space-Position Information (TSPI), flight termination and end-game vector scoring in a low cost, modular package that will allow world-wide test and training- eliminating, in most cases, the need for range-specific (or multi-system) facilities. JAMI will incorporate Global Positioning System (GPS)-based technology as the TSPI and vector scoring engine, and address the feasibility of a solid state programmable safe and arm. This paper discusses the progress of the program during the Test Technology Development and Demonstration (TTD&D) phase and the efforts planned for fiscal year 1999. Preliminary testing of GPS receivers and conformal GPS antennas on missile platforms are discussed.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estratégia
A proposta do presente trabalho de Mestrado em Estratégia, do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, consiste em estudar as Estratégias e Políticas de Desenvolvimento para a Diversificação da Economia Angolana: A Promoção do Investimento Privado. Neste quadro, pretendemos analisar o Investimento Direto Estrangeiro e os desafios que este apresenta para o desenvolvimento económico nacional do Estado angolano. Nesta dinâmica e de acordo com diversos autores, o IDE tem tido um papel cada vez mais importante, impulsionando o desenvolvimento económico e social de diversos países. O presente estudo procurou averiguar a evolução das estruturas produtivas angolanas, compreender as estratégias de negócio do interesse dos agentes em operação no mercado, a tipologia da intervenção do Estado na economia e a necessidade de se passar de um modelo de especialização primária para um modelo alternativo de desenvolvimento económico. Este estudo visou ainda responder a seguinte questão de partida: Qual a estratégia de desenvolvimento económico a implementar pelo Estado angolano, tendo em vista o adequado aproveitamento dos recursos existentes e a satisfação das necessidades da população em geral? Concluímos que a diversificação é uma preocupação das economias e a economia angolana não constitui exceção. As transformações para que tal aconteça exigem infraestruturas de recursos humanos e de capital e políticas consistentes e, na verdade, Angola continua, ainda, muito dependente da receita petrolífera, o que dificulta tal processo. Por fim concluímos que Angola tem sido o destino de uma boa parte do IDE orientado para África, sendo o setor petrolífero o que mais tem beneficiado desta evolução, pelo que entendemos que o país precisa de fazer mais para diversificar a atividade económica, melhorando o ambiente de negócios a fim de atrair mais investimentos para os diversos setores, implementando-se, um modelo de substituição de importações, o qual é para alguns autores, o mais adequado para economias em transição.
The purpose of this Master's work Strategy, presented in the Institute of Social and Political Sciences, is to study the strategies and development policies for the diversification of the Angolan Economy: Promotion of Private Investment. In this context, we intend to analyze the Foreign Direct Investment and the challenges it poses to the national economic development of the Angolan State. In this dynamic, according to several authors, FDI has played an increasingly important role in boosting economic and social development of many countries. This study aimed to investigate the evolution of the Angolan production structures, understand the business strategies in the interest of agents operating in the market, the type of state intervention in the economy and the need to move from a primary specialization model to an alternative economic development model. This study aimed to further answer the question of departure: What is the economic development strategy to be implemented by the Angolan State, in view of the proper use of existing resources and meeting the needs of the general population? We conclude that diversification is a concern of economies and the Angolan economy is no exception. The changes for this to happen require infrastructure of human resources and capital and consistent policies and, in fact, Angola has been the target of much-oriented FDI to Africa, with the oil sector that has benefited most from this trend, so we understand that the country needs to do more to diversify economic activity, improving the environment business in order to attract more investment to the various sectors, by implementing a replacement model imports, which is for some authors the most appropriate for economies in transition.
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Гoспoдарська діяльність підприємств різних фoрм власнoсті супрoвoджується складнoю системoю грoшoвих віднoсин, щo ствoрюють фінансoві ресурси. Фoрмуються фінансoві ресурси у всіх підрoзділах вирoбництва, пoтім відбувається їх рoзпoділ і цілеспрямoване викoристання через грoшoві фoнди цільoвoгo призначення.

This master thesis deals with topic of efficiency and possibilities of financing of flood defense in the Czech Republic. First part describes general terms related to economical calculations. The methods of calculating of efficiency in common sense take place in this part of thesis. There are also described differences in counting of efficiency of public good. Theoretical part continues with basic information about floods and types of flood defense in the Czech Republic. Last part of theory describes method of calculating efficiency for flood defense. The main aim of the practical part is to apply this methodology to particular case of flood defense in the Czech Republic.

Магістерська дисертація освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «магістр» на тему «Організаційно-економічний механізм забезпечення стійкого розвитку підприємства» містить 118 сторінок, 18 таблиць, 7 рисунків, 11 додатків. Перелік посилань нараховує 69 найменувань. Метою дослідження є виявлення особливостей функціонування організаційно-економічного механізму забезпечення стійкого розвитку підприємства, зовнішніх та внутрішніх факторів впливу на стійкий розвиток підприємства. Об’єкт дослідження: управління стійким розвитком підприємства. Предмет дослідження: науково-методичні засади формування організаційно-економічного механізму забезпечення стійкого розвитку підприємства. Для досягнення поставленої і зазначеної мети, і вирішення розв’язання поставлених задач, завдань при проведенні дослідження в роботі використано загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи, та систему сучасних методів, які ґрунтуються на сучасних теоретико-методологічних підходах. Основним загальнонауковим методом, який використано в роботі, є структурно-функціональний метод. Крім того, у дослідженні використано: метод порівняльного аналізу, абстрактно-логічний метод, історичний метод, методи аналізу і синтезу, індексний метод та метод теоретичного узагальнення. У магістерській дисертації запропоновано практичні напрямки оптимізації стратегії стійкого розвитку ДП «ХХХ», які повністю відповідають стратегічним цілям розвитку оборонно-промислового комплексу України. Розроблений проект з модернізації доповнює стратегічні цілі підприємства щодо забезпечення сталих економічних результатів діяльності, розширення експорту та оновлення технологічної бази функціонування.
The master's dissertation of the educational-qualification level "master" on the topic "Organizational and economic mechanism of sustainable development of the enterprise" contains 118 pages, 18 tables, 7 figures, 11 appendices. Тhe List of references includes 69 items. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the organizational and economic mechanism for sustainable development of the enterprise, external and internal factors influencing the sustainable development of the enterprise. Object of research: management of sustainable development of the enterprise. Subject of research: scientific and methodological principles of formation of organizational and economic mechanism for sustainable development of the enterprise. In order to achieve the set and stated goal, and to solve the solution of the set tasks, tasks in the research, general scientific and special methods and a system of modern methods based on modern theoretical and methodological approaches were used. The main general scientific method used in the work is the structural-functional method. In addition, the study used: method of comparative analysis, abstract-logical method, historical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, index method and method of theoretical generalization. In the master's dissertation the practical directions of optimization of strategy of sustainable development of SE "Ukroboronservice" which completely correspond to the strategic purposes of development of a defense-industrial complex of Ukraine are offered. The developed modernization project complements the strategic goals of the company to ensure sustainable economic performance, expand exports and upgrade the technological base of operation.

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os impactos causados no Porto de Salvador, no segmento da carga conteineirizada, a partir das mudanças institucionais ocorridas nos portos brasileiros com a promulgação da Lei 8.630, também conhecida como Lei de Modernização dos Portos Brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo de caso a respeito dos resultados alcançados e dos problemas surgidos após a promulgação da lei, no porto de Salvador, a partir da visão dos representantes do Conselho de Autoridade Portuária. Utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados entrevistas com representantes de cada bloco que compõe este Conselho, concluiu-se que, a partir da promulgação da Lei 8.630, houve aumento da produtividade e uma redução de custos na movimentação da carga conteineirizada, fruto dos investimentos que foram realizados no porto de Salvador pela iniciativa privada. No entanto, esses avanços, segundo os entrevistados, não se distribuíram uniformemente entre os diversos elos da cadeia logística que utilizam o modal marítimo. Sendo esse um estudo exploratório, não se pretende esgotar a análise das deficiências e desvios identificados como resultado do fim do monopólio estatal na operação da carga conteineirizada, mas contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a importância de portos eficazes como um dos pólos catalisadores do desenvolvimento econômico regional e local.
Salvador

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Reproduction is a costly phase of the life cycle and in order to maximize reproductive success organisms are faced with trade-offs between different life history traits. While the presence of these trade-offs is obvious, there might be key differences in how they are solved within a population. Suppression or clearance of parasite infection requires investment in immunological responses, which leads to a reduction in investment in other costly functions. Parasite infection and parasite load may therefore cause changes in host’s behaviour, including parental care behaviours, such as nest defence. However, whether infection affects these behaviours differently, depending on the age of the parent remains largely unexplored, especially in wild systems. Behavioural data and blood samples were collected from 206 collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). We found a significant effect of the interaction between parental age and malaria infection on nest defence behaviours. One year old, infected birds had a lower frequency of nest defence behaviours than uninfected one year old ones, whereas the opposite pattern was present in older specimens. As previous studies suggest that young individuals may suffer more from acute infection, we argue that our findings imply that young infected individuals are in such a poor shape that they need to lower their activity level (i.e. we observe a direct cost of infection in term of lowered activity). In older individuals, a shift towards increased investment in current reproduction (i.e.terminal investment) is a likely explanation to increased risk-taking.
RESUMO - A fase reprodutiva tem um elevado custo energético no ciclo de vida e, de forma a garantir o sucesso reprodutivo, os indivíduos são confrontados com conflitos de escolha. Apesar da existência destes conflitos ser evidente, podem existir diferenças na forma como são resolvidos dentro de uma população. A supressão ou eliminação de uma infeção parasitária requer investimento em resposta imunitária, o que leva a menor investimento disponível para outras actividades de elevado custo energético. A infeção e a carga parasitária podem, portanto, causar alterações no compor-tamento do hospedeiro, inclusive nos cuidados parentais, tais como a defesa do ninho. No entanto, permanece por explorar se a infecção parasitária afecta de forma diferenciada estes comportamentos dependendo da idade do progenitor, em particular em populações selvagens. Foram colhidos dados de observação de comportamento e colhidas amostras de sangue de 206 papa-moscas-de-colar (Ficedula albicollis). Os resultados revelam um efeito significativo da interação entre a idade dos progenitores e a infecção por malária nos comportamentos de defesa de ninho. Indivíduos juvenis infectados apresentam uma frequência de defesa de ninho inferior a indivíduos não infectados, enquanto o contrário se verifica em indivíduos mais velhos. Tal como estudos anteriores sugerem que indivíduos jovens podem ser mais afectados por infecção aguda, sugere-se aqui que estes resultados implicam que indivíduos jovens infectados se encontram em condição geral diminuída de tal forma, que necessitam diminuir o seu nível de atividade (i.e. observa-se um custo direto da infeção em termos de diminuição de atividade). Em indivíduos mais velhos, um aumento no investimento na reprodução (i.e. investimento terminal) pode explicar o aumento nos comportamentos de risco.
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This thesis considers the intersection of international investment law and international human rights law in ICSID arbitration by reference to the ‘fragmentation’ of public international law. More specifically, it argues that it is possible to establish a procedural basis for a host state human rights defence in ICSID arbitration. Utilising a systemic conception of public international law driven by state consent, it is posited that regime conflict between international investment law and international human rights law in ICSID arbitration justifies the introduction of a host state human rights defence. By reference to the ICSID Arbitral Rules, this thesis establishes a viable basis for the introduction of international human rights law into ICSID arbitration by a host state. Finally, it is argued that a procedural basis for a host state human rights defence in ICSID arbitration has the ability to ‘de-fragment’ international investment law and international human rights law.

This thesis investigates and compares the performance and characteristics of defensive and cyclical sectors on the Swedish stock market during 2003-2020 and the financial crisis in2007-2008, taking monthly price developments from nine sectors. The purpose is to examine the differences in sector performances based on the estimations of systematic risk. Using the relationship between risk and return, we aim to find the most beneficial investment strategy for investors with a long-term investment horizon and provide knowledge to investors who may want to change investment schemes during stock market crises to protect their portfolios from risk. To determine the sectors' classifications, the beta coefficient from CAPM is used. Moreover, alpha and Sharpe ratios are used as performance measures with the aim to find evidence of differences in performance between the classifications. The results show that beta is inconstant over time, and sectors behave differently depending on their dependence to business conditions, demonstrated by different patterns in beta for the two different classifications when comparing the crisis to the full period. The empirical evidence indicates that a defensive investment strategy is beneficial when considering the relationship between risk and return.

“The Protection of the European Strategic Sectors”. The kind of protection that is at the heart of this doctoral thesis is the defence of the strategic companies established in the European Union (EU) from takeovers by foreign investors, that is to say investors from countries which are not part of the European Economic Area. This work aims, on the one hand, at outlining the main features of a screening mechanism of foreign investments at the EU level and, on the other, at identifying the proper legal basis in the EU Treaties for its establishment. Chapter 1 contains a non-exhaustive list of the European strategic sectors which consist in all the economic sectors in which the EU or its Member States have adopted rules to limit foreign investors’ right to acquire participations in strategic companies for reasons of public security. Indeed, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) used the expression “strategic sectors” in relation to undertakings whose activities are deeply linked to the protection of public security. The EU notion of public security contains both internal and external security, but also the production of goods and the supply of services which are essential for the very existence of a country. Chapter 2 provides a comparative study of the present situation of strategic enterprises’ protection in three EU Member States (Germany, Italy and France). It shows that a fragmented landscape of foreign investment control rules adopted by national authorities represents both a constraint to an efficient internal market of capital movements, and a limit to an effective protection of the European strategic sectors. By contrast, an EU foreign investment control mechanism could lead to a less fragmented system of strategic companies’ protection, which would be able to encourage foreign investments. At the same time, a single EU body of foreign investment control should be more efficient in order to protect EU public security. Moreover, unlike Member States measures such as “golden shares”, this mechanism could enjoy a greater degree of compatibility with the fundamental freedoms of the Treaties. In effect, the CJEU recognises a “presumption of conformity” with the freedoms of movement to the EU secondary legislation which pursues objectives of general interest like the protection of public security. Chapter 3 analyses the most significant experience of foreign investment control at the global level, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, in order to understand if it could be a suitable model for the establishment of a similar body in the EU, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the EU (CFIEU). Once outlined the key aspects of the CFIEU, chapter 3 focuses on the search of the most proper legal basis in the EU Treaties for its establishment. The study tries to demonstrate that Article 207(2) TFEU on unilateral measures of Common Commercial Policy (CCP) could be the right legal basis for the creation of the CFIEU. Indeed, after the Lisbon Treaty, the CCP has become an exclusive competence of the EU which also encompasses the admission and the treatment of foreign direct investments. In conclusion, chapter 3 tries to figure out the implications of the establishment of the CFIEU both on Member States competences (especially their exclusive competence on national security by virtue of Article 4 TEU), and on the international obligations undertaken by the EU towards third countries, with particular reference to the World Trade Organisation rules and international investment law.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти сутністі інноваційно- інвестиційної діяльності підприємства, функції та види інновацій, методика оцінки інноваційної активності підприємства. Був проведений аналіз та дана оцінка інноваційного розвитку ТОВ «НВП Спайтек», надані пропозиції щодо покращення його інноваційної активності. Проаналізовано фінансово-господарська діяльність та інноваційний розвиток ТОВ «НВП Спайтек». Запропоновано заходи, спрямовані на підвищення інноваційної активності підприємства.
The paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the essence of innovation and investment activities of the enterprise, functions and types of innovations, methods of assessing the innovative activity of the enterprise. An analysis was conducted and an assessment of the innovative development of NVP Spitek LLC was given, and suggestions for improving its innovation activity were provided. The financial and economic activity and innovative development of NVP Spitek LLC are analyzed. Measures aimed at increasing the innovative activity of the enterprise are proposed.

Avant le déclenchement des affrontements armés, l'Artillerie est équipée en cohérence avec une doctrine inadaptée au regard des conflits récents et des possibilités techniques. Lorsque la guerre courte imaginée se mue en une guerre longue offrant la possibilité d'adapter les armements et nécessitant des consommations massives de projectiles, la gouvernance de la fonction de production entre en crise. Une évolution des schémas mentaux s'impose. L'institution d'un Sous-secrétariat d’État de l'artillerie et des munitions constitue une première manifestation de cette transformation. Albert Thomas adapte la gouvernance de la fonction de production des matériels d'artillerie en mettant en place une programmation des besoins, des fabrications et des facteurs de production, une politique industrielle, ainsi que des instruments de pilotage et de contrôle. Cette nouvelle gouvernance constitue le cœur de l'activité gouvernementale de pilotage de l'économie de guerre, mais cette dernière ne s'y limite pas : elle comprend aussi l'administration de toutes les ressources de la nation, qu'il s'agisse de la main-d'œuvre, des matières premières, de l'énergie, des transports ou des capacités d'innovation. Dans le contexte du parlementarisme de guerre, il est loisible d'affirmer que la concrétisation de l'idée d'une guerre industrielle conduit le pays à se doter peu à peu d'un nouveau régime politico – économique. En contrepoint de cette évolution, les entreprises adaptent leurs modes de fonctionnement pour produire en grandes séries ; les Armées industrialisent leurs fonctions de destruction, de protection, de logistique et de restauration des forces
Before the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions

Cette thèse analyse la question relative au cas où, dans l'arbitrage international en matière d'investissements, dont le but principal est l'application des normes visées à la protection des investisseurs, l’État défendeur soutient que l'investissement pour lequel la protection est demandée a été obtenu au moyen d'une forme de criminalité. Dans ce contexte, la défense de l'illégalité soulevée par les État dans les contentieux d'investissement est de plus en plus courante. Cette défense fonctionne selon le schéma suivant : un État hôte enfreint les dispositions de fond que le droit international accorde aux investissements effectués dans un pays étranger, par exemple en expropriant un investisseur étranger de son investissement sans indemnité. Dans le différend qui s'ensuit devant un tribunal arbitral d'investissement, l'État défendeur invoque l'illégalité commise par l'investisseur lors de la réalisation de l'investissement pour se défendre contre la procédure arbitrale intenté contre lui. Le but principal de cette étude est celui de démontrer que des considérations systématiques de nature strictement juridique, aussi bien que de politique juridique, exigent que la défense d'illégalité dans l'arbitrage d'investissement soit strictement restreinte et qu'un tribunal ne puisse décliner d'exercer sa compétence / juridiction que dans des cas exceptionnels. Cette étude aboutit à la conclusion d'après laquelle les tribunaux d'arbitrage devraient plutôt examiner au cas par cas au stade du fond l'ensemble des circonstances soumises devant lui et procéder à une mise en balance appropriée entre les comportements de l'investisseur et ceux de l'État hôte
This thesis addresses the question as to how an investment Tribunal is to react if, in the context of a case brought before it for breach of standards of protection of an investment, the respondent argues that the investment for which protection is sought has been secured by resorting to some form of criminality. Against this background, a defence by the Host State that has become increasingly common is the so-called Defence of Illegality. It operates on the basis of the following scheme : a Host State breaches the substantive provision that international law accord to investments made in a foreign Country, for instance by means of expropriating without compensation the investor's investment. In the ensuing dispute before an investment Tribunal, the defendant Host State raises the illegality committed by the investor in the making of the investment as defence against the breach of the substantive provisions on the protection of the investment, of which it is accused, to avoid responsibility. This thesis intends to demonstrate that both legal and policy consideration dictate that the Defence of Illegality in investment arbitration should be strictly curtailed and that a Tribunal should only decline to exercise its jurisdiction in exceptional cases. Rather, Tribunals should look at the entire set of circumstances at the merits stage and perform a proper balancing test between the conduct of the investor and the Host State

碩士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系工程碩士在職專班
97
With the fast development of science and technology, the requirements for resources and funds are rising successively all over the world. In view of this situation, using systematic planning and analysis to decide the most necessary and beneficial project is the most important subject in planned management of the development in science and technology at present. This research has set up a set of measurement criteria which accord with the case company characteristic, and uses the analytic network process (ANP) to aid decision, in order to avoid different opinions which are caused of personal specialty, standpoint, experience, and so on. Using the result of this research to decision method of the case company can be more comprehensively and credibly.

碩士
龍華科技大學
商學與管理研究所
100
Construction works in the military have a long tradition, but thrive only in recent times, the economic management mechanism innovation and Vietnam have many changes in all aspects. At present construction needs are great, but in fact, process management, quality and efficient management of construction projects is very limited and difficult. Situation may stem from many different causes, but mainly due to the incomplete structure management, process management is not tight, not high professionalism and quality of staff in the management of the construction project did not meet the actual requirements. Project: "To improve the management system construction project in the General Staff - Department of Defense" focus on a theoretical basis for the management of investment projects in construction, analysis causes the implementation of capital construction investment inefficiencies and propose some solutions to improve the management system of capital construction investment in the General Staff - Department of Defense. The study included the main content : - Introduction to research (Reason selected topic, research question, scope of research, structural studies) - Rationale for investment management mechanism construction. - Research methods, research data sources: General assessment of investment in construction of the General Staff - Department of Defense. - Data analysis: Analysis and evaluation of the actual management of investment projects for construction of the General Staff - Department of Defense. - Proposed: A number of measures to improve the management system construction project in the General Staff - Department of Defense Research results and solutions proposed in the dissertation complete the system of management of construction projects in the General Staff - Department of Defense has many contributions to the theory and practice.

碩士
輔仁大學
金融與國際企業學系金融碩士在職專班
105
Title of thesis：A Study on the Defense of Real Estate Investment Trust Take Hong Kong H¬-REITs as an example Department of Finance and International Business (Master’s Program in Finance) Fu Jen Catholic University Student：Hsu, Mu-Te Advisor：Lee, Ah-Yee Total pages：45 Key words：Hong Kong REITs、 Real estate investment trust、 defensive stock、 volatility、risk、 regression analysis、 generalized self - regression condition heterogeneous variance Abstract： The real estate investment trusts (REITs) have been issued for a long time in the United States, however the development of real estate securitization in Asia is much slower. The real estate investment trusts are often seen as defensive and risk-averse against stocks. This thesis focuses on the linkage between Hong Kong's stock market and its REITs, particularly on whether Hong Kong's REITs exhibit resilience during stock market declines. This thesis uses regression analysis and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model to study the effect of a decline in stock index. I hope to find the evidence of the Hong Kong H-REITs risk characteristics and to provide investors with an objective advice for investment.

碩士
國立中山大學
行銷傳播管理研究所
104
To enhance the youth’s understanding of national defense, build a public consensus on national defense, and raise public awareness of national defense are the main objectives of the All-out Defense Military Summer Camps held by the Ministry of National Defense. The events have been well-received by the youth and the general public; however, whether this means that National Defense Education policies are promoted effectively is yet to be determined. Different from past studies which mostly focused on the motivation and level of satisfaction regarding National Defense Education events, the current study utilizes the relationship investment model as its theoretical framework and surveys participants of the 2014 Amphibious Warriors Battle Camp with questionnaires to analyze how participants’ brand satisfaction, perceived quality of substitute brands, direction relationship investment, and indirect relationship investment affect long-term relationship behaviors. To enlarge the original model, this study also takes into account the effects of possibly moderating variables such as motivation and gender. Analytical results reveal that participants’ brand satisfaction positively affects their interest and attention concerning national defense and willingness to participate in future events. Perceived quality of substitute brands does not appear to have any significant effect on relationoship behaviors. Direct relationship investment positively affects the public’s interest and attention concerning national defense and willingness to join the military, while indirect relationship investment positively affects willingness to participate in future events. As to the relative effects of the relationship antecedents on different relationship behaviors, the public’s interest and attention concerning national defense and willingness to join the military are most significantly affected by direct relationship investment, followed by brand satisfaction. Participants’ willingness to participate in future events is most significantly affected by indirect relationship investment, followed by brand satisfaction. Furthermore, motivation is indeed a moderating factor that influences how brand satisfaction, direct relationship investment, and indirect relationship investment affect relationship behaviors; gender of the participants also influences how brand satisfaction and perceived quality of substitute brands affect relationship behaviors. The study adapts the relationship investment model for NPO brands to further expand existing model framework, providing new research direction and insight for subsequent studies on national defense education. On a pragmatic level, this study can also serve as an important reference for organizing future camps and promoting national defense education by allowing planning and adjustment based on participant motivation and gender.

碩士
開南大學
財務金融學系
97
Finance resources are limited, the specified amount of defense budget decreases year by year, in which the personnel and operation expense are very difficult to cut down, therefore the amount of National Defense investment budget was pushed aside directly. In the recent 10 years, Defense investment occupies a big portion of the defense budget; it went down from 36 % to 25 % in the year 2000 to 2008. Under such circumstances, we hope by planning strategy, to build a Defense investment option analysis model, and to adjust the combination of Defense investment option to create the benefit of Defense investment value. This research uses FAHP to process effectively of the characteristic of the fuzziness of policy-making issues, and also provides the solution to multi-criterion decision-making of the Defense investment proposals. First, by establishing five targets of Defense investment, and following the experts’ questionnaires, we take out the crucial element in each target. Secondly, we use another questionnaire to calculate the significance of each target to decide the relative importance. Thirdly, we apply the crucial target on case to valuate best solution to the branch of armed services (army, navy and air force), the job position and the service (missions), and analyze the differences and priorities from various views in each case. Finally, we provide new decision- making model to the Defense investment.

This study examines the evolution of the modern necessity defenses in ICSID arbitration claims against Argentina arising from the 2001/2 economic crisis. To date, ICSID tribunals have been fractured in their approaches to Argentina’s necessity defenses. The high degree of inconsistency among the tribunals has provoked criticism and threatens to tarnish the legitimacy of the ICSID system, especially in Latin America. Recent developments indicate that a more coherent and legally sound alternative is emerging with a “two-step” approach that is moving away from reliance on customary international law and towards language in the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) between the Argentina and the United States. The BIT-based “two-step” approach is superior to the other two approaches available in terms of legal justifications and policy implications. Adherence to the “two-step” approach in future tribunals will allow for greater consistency, predictability, and stability for states and investors. Abstract: This study suggests that a weak press establishment was key among factors that enabled the excesses of the government’s response to domestic terrorism during Argentina’s most recent military dictatorship, the Proceso of 1976-1983, which resulted in gross human rights violations. The paper examines the role of the Buenos Aires Herald, which played an exceptional role in reporting violence during the Proceso and was the only major Argentine daily to take a confrontational editorial posture vis-à- vis the government. In researching this topic, the author used the archives of the Herald, primary source documents and press clips from the era, interviews with key figures in Argentine journalism, and a variety of academic sources on the issue. The paper considers political and historical factors as they shaped the Argentine media and set the stage for the events of the Proceso.
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Oggetto della tesi di dottorato é l’analisi del concetto di “necessità” come applicato nel diritto internazionale degli investimenti. La tematica ha attratto l’attenzione della dottrina solo recentemente. Infatti, il diritto internazionale degli investimenti si è sviluppato soprattutto negli ultimi vent’anni, con un numero sempre crescente di accordi internazionali di promozione e protezione degli investimenti. Ad oggi, oltre 2.500 trattati bilaterali di investimento (BITs, secondo l’acronimo inglese – Bilateral Investment Treaties) garantiscono protezione agli investitori stranieri negli Stati di investimento. Negli ultimi anni si inoltre assistito ad un aumento di arbitrati internazionali in materia di investimenti. In particolare, l’ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States) si è rivelato il forum privilegiato di soluzione di controversie tra Stati e investitori stranieri che lamentavano violazioni di BITs. I tribunali arbitrali chiamati a dirimere le relative controversie si sono trovati così ad affrontare questioni sostanziali in materia di diritto degli investimenti. Nel sistema ICSID, più di 40 procedimenti (alcuni dei quali tuttora pendenti) sono stati iniziati contro la Repubblica argentina. I ricorrenti, per lo più investitori americani, hanno sostenuto che le misure adottate dal Governo argentino per far fronte alla grave crisi economica e finanziaria che aveva colpito il paese alla fine del 2001 avevano violato una serie di obblighi internazionali garantiti dai BITs. In molti dei casi già decisi, l’Argentina ha invocato lo stato di necessità per giustificare le presunte violazioni dei BITs, basandosi sia sulle clausole di emergenza contenute nei trattati applicabili, che sulla regole consuetudinaria dello stato di necessità. La presente tesi di ricerca offre uno studio sistematico della materia. In via preliminare, occorre verificare se esista una definizione condivisa di “necessità” a livello di diritto internazionale generale. La Commissione di diritto internazionale delle Nazioni Unite (CDI) ha codificato lo stato di necessità come circostanza escludente l’illiceità nell’articolo 25 dell’“Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts” del 2001 (Articoli della CDI). Si trattato del primo (e unico) tentativo di codificare lo stato di necessità a livello di diritto internazionale generale. In particolare, l’articolo 25 afferma che uno Stato non può invocare la necessità come causa escludente l’illiceità di una condotta non in conformità con un obbligo internazionale, a meno che tale condotta costituisca l’unico modo per lo Stato di salvaguardare un interesse essenziale a fronte di un pericolo grave ed imminente. Oggi si considera che tale articolo rifletta la regola di diritto internazionale consuetudinario sullo stato di necessitá. Quando si passa a considerare come il concetto di “necessità” venga applicato nei diversi settori del diritto internazionale, di particolare interesse sono le interazioni che si creano tra la norma consuetudinaria relativa allo stato di necessità e i diversi tipi di clausole di emergenza che si ritrovano nei trattati internazionali. Queste ultime, infatti, permettono agli Stati di derogare ai propri obblighi convenzionali in determinate circostanze. In questo senso, la necessità opera come norma primaria, dal momento che la condotta dello Stato è lecita nei limiti in cui vengono rispettati i requisiti stabiliti dalla clausola di necessità. Solo nel caso in cui la clausola di necessità non possa essere applicata e vi sia una violazione di obblighi internazionali, si può applicare l’articolo 25 degli Articoli della CDI, codificato come norma secondaria di diritto internazionale (che viene quindi in considerazione solo quando si accerti una violazione di un obbligo internazionale). Questo è vero anche quando si passano ad esaminare i casi arbitrali in materia di investimenti. In particolare, la lettura dei decisioni arbitrali relative all’Argentina consente di mettere in luce i punti fondamentali della questione. Come già ricordato, in molti casi già decisi nel quadro del sistema di soluzione delle controversie dell’ICSID, l’Argentina ha invocato lo stato di necessità per escludere la sua responsabilità per le presunte violazioni del BIT applicabile. I tribunali arbitrali chiamati a decidere sulla corretta applicazione delle norme nei casi di specie sono giunti a decisioni discordanti. Alcuni hanno infatti escluso l’applicazione dell’esimente della necessità (basandosi per lo più sull’articolo 25 degli Articoli della CDI), altri sono invece giunti a conclusioni opposte (applicando in modo pressochè esclusivo la clausola di emergenza contenuta nel BIT). Tuttavia, partendo da una riflessione generale sul rapporto tra norme primarie e norme secondarie nel diritto internazionale generale, sembra possibile trovare una soluzione interpretativa che riesca a tener conto della specifica natura e funzione delle previsioni normative coinvolte. In particolare, occorre considerare le clausole di emergenza contenute nei trattati come norme primarie del diritto internazionale, distinte dalla difesa della necessità di diritto consuetudinario (qualificabile come norma secondaria). In tal modo, si giustifica l’approccio che privilegia l’applicazione delle clausole di emergenza nel caso concreto, rendendo così lecita l’azione dello Stato alla luce degli obblighi derivanti dal BIT applicabile, senza dover ricorrere alla difesa della necessità ex articolo 25 degli Articoli della CDI.
The thesis focuses on the analysis of the state of necessity under international investment law, in particular in the light of the recent case law. The interest in this topic is strictly related to the recent attention devoted to international investment law by international scholars. International investment law has developed mainly in the last two decades, particularly through the extraordinary increase of international investment agreements, with over 2500 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) granting protection to foreign investors in host State. The last few years have also witnessed a rise of investment arbitration. In this regard, the ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States) system has turned out to be a forum for adjudicating claims arising from the alleged violations of BITs. Today 147 States are parties to the ICSID Convention and investors in those State may bring claims directly to host Sates. Arbitral tribunals have thus come to deal with substantive issue of investment protection in the efforts of solving disputes between private investors and host States. In the ICSID context, more than 40 cases actually pending have been brought against the Republic of Argentina. Claimants (for the most part American private investors) have alleged that the Argentine Government’s regulatory measures adopted to cope with financial crisis that hit the country in late 2001 had breached a number of BITs obligations. In most of the cases already decided, Argentina invoked the necessity defence to justify the alleged violations of the applicable BITs, relying on both the emergency clause included in the applicable US-Argentina BIT and on the customary rule of necessity. Arbitral tribunals did not deal with the necessity defence in the same way and this situation led to inconsistent decisions. The present work offers a systemic study of this issue. The first task of the research is to outline the concept of necessity under general international law. Indeed, under general international law, the concept of necessity has been subject to an evolving interpretation. The United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) has codified the state of necessity as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in article 25 of its 2001 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ILC Articles). This work has been the first (and only) attempt at codifying the state of necessity under international law. In particular, article 25 affirms that a State may not invoke necessity as a ground for precluding the wrongfulness of an act not in conformity with an international obligation, unless the act is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a grave and imminent peril. Article 25 has come to be considered as reflecting customary international law on necessity. When considering how the concept of ‘necessity’ is applied in the different fields of international law, the role of the emergency clauses included in international treaties and their relationship with the necessity defence under customary international law is worth mentioning. Since such provisions refer to a situation of ‘emergency’, which is similar to the concept of ‘necessity’, they are frequently interpreted through reliance on article 25 of the ILC Articles. However, the ILC has drafted ‘necessity’, as a secondary rule of international law. Article 25 is indeed a circumstance precluding the wrongfulness of a conduct which is in breach of an international obligation. Instead, emergency clauses are primary rules of international law. Such clauses justify the non performance of certain treaty obligations under exceptional circumstances. Consequently, an act of the State which meets the requirements of such provisions is lawful under the treaty. It follows that article 25 of the ILC Articles and the treaty-based emergency clauses operate at different levels and deal with different situations. Therefore, the former cannot be relied upon for interpreting the latter. This thesis aims at demonstrating that the primary-secondary rule approach may be also relied upon in the framework of investment arbitration. As a matter of fact, the ICSID Tribunals in the above mentioned cases involving Argentina had to face the question of invocation of the necessity defence both under article 25 of the ILC Articles and under the emergency clause of the applicable BIT and came to different conclusions as to the relationship between these two provisions. While some Tribunals have excluded the application of the necessity defence (relying almost exclusively on article 25 of the ILC Articles), others have come to divergent conclusions (applying instead the emergency clause included in the US-Argentina BIT). In this respect, the thesis shows that treaty-based emergency clauses should be considered as primary rules of international law, distinct from the customary rule of necessity defence (qualified as secondary rule of law). Accordingly, a State may derogate from its treaty obligations under the specific circumstances provided in the emergency clause, without relying on the state of necessity as codified in article 25 of the ILC Articles. This thesis is mainly devoted to the analysis of the case law relating to the Argentine economic crisis. As a matter of fact, the issue of the necessity defence has been dealt with in such instances. Nevertheless, the aim of the research is to offer a systemic framework of the matter. This is also an effort to define a matter of public international law in the context of investment protection.

碩士
國防管理學院
國防財務資源研究所
95
The national defense spending subject has been extensively discussed in the recent years. This study proposes a new research direction in the resource allocation respect. We define “national defense dependence” from the ration of the national government general budget and the national defense budget, and base on this foundation to investigate the relationship between the national characters (such as “national development level”, “social welfare level”, “democracy level”, the human rights level for citizens”, “economic growth rate” etc..) and the national defense dependence. In addition, we also incorporate the investment development subject into our study, which is utilized to study the correlation between the national defense and the general national development.

碩士
國立臺北大學
經濟學系
91
This article examines the impact of defensive foreign direct investment (FDI) on R&D levels, as well as the effects of R&D activities and technological spillovers generated from FDI on firms’ decision-making of FDI. Previous research concerning the relationship between R&D and FDI only focus on the domain of expansionary FDI. In contrast, we try to analyze the relationship between defensive FDI and R&D. A three-stage game is considered in this paper. At the first stage, home firm determines whether to undertake FDI or not. At the second stage, both home and foreign firms decide how much to invest in R&D. At the third stage, they decide how much to produce. It is found that FDI reduces firms’ R&D levels in the host country, while the impact of FDI on firms’ R&D levels in the source country depends on parameter values of the model. Moreover, R&D activities and spillovers from FDI reduce the likelihood of undertaking FDI.