Artículos de revistas: "Deep Green Resistance"

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LeVasseur, Todd. "Decisive Ecological Warfare: Triggering Industrial Collapse via Deep Green Resistance". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 11, n.º 1 (6 de marzo de 2017): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.29799.

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Paparella, Andrea Nicola, Serena Perrone, Antonio Salomone, Francesco Messa, Luciana Cicco, Vito Capriati, Filippo Maria Perna y Paola Vitale. "Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Plastic Depolymerization". Catalysts 13, n.º 7 (25 de junio de 2023): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071035.

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Polymeric materials are widely used in every human endeavor (bottles, clothes, containers, toys, tools, etc.) due to their unique properties of chemical and mechanical resistance. They are, however, almost non-biodegradable, and their chemical recycling into monomers is difficult and costly, thereby allowing their accumulation into the environment. This review highlights recent advances in the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as catalysts and/or green solvents in plastics degradation, with the aim of designing greener processes for polymers’ chemical recycling, by reusing their monomers. These greener processes, in combination with other catalytic approaches, are aimed at introducing plastics as feedstock into the synthesis of other materials, according to the circular economy principles.

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Deng, Xiaonan, Lingzhong Wan, Hui Sun, Changfeng Li, Fangzhi Liu, Xiaoming Yan, Kun Liu y Sihong Ye. "Preparation of nanocellulose from cotton fibers in deep eutectic solvent (DES) and its application in paper". BioResources 17, n.º 1 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.714-724.

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The bond strength and stability of the intermolecular network structure of cellulose play a decisive role in the tensile strength and rupture resistance of paper. In this work, the surface morphology, the chemical composition, and the crystal structure of nanocellulose prepared from cotton fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to prepare cotton fiber nanocellulose by green solvent deep-eutectic solvent pretreatment combined with the ultrasonic method. Nanocellulose of different morphology and structure was used as a papermaking additive to explore its effect on the strength performance of the paper. The results show that the burst resistance index of the paper handsheets could be increased by 6.1% and 9.8%. The burst resistance index improved as the added amount of the NFC was increased.

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Rashid, Muhammad Imran. "Editorial on Emerging Trends in Polymeric Materials Research and Applications". Non-Metallic Material Science 5, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/nmms.v5i1.5328.

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Polymeric materials especially nanocomposites (Graphene, MXene based) are widely used in food, electronics, biomedical, batteries, energy storage, fuel cells, wastewater treatment, and automotive. Nanocomposites are stronger, lighter, and stiffer and can improve properties such as mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, flame retardancy, surface appearance, optical clarity and chemical resistance. Current research is focusing on nanocomposites applications, CO2 capturing polymers, making polymers degradable especially developing bio composites and green compositeswhich are degradable, use of deep eutectic solvents for biomass pretreatment to manufacture bio composites or green composites and polymeric composites as drilling fluids and their use in developing ceramics and to construct sequence-controlled and complex topological structures through control of polymerization methodologies.

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Lubell, J. D., M. H. Brand y J. M. Lehrer. "Susceptibility of Eastern Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.) Cultivars to Powdery Mildew". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.3.105.

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Abstract Powdery mildew disease severity was assessed on ten eastern ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.) cultivars. The green foliage cultivar ‘Nanus’ was resistant to powdery mildew. Among the deep purple foliage cultivars, ‘ Seward’ Summer Wine® exhibited better resistance than ‘Monlo’ Diablo® and was nearly as resistant as ‘Nanus’. ‘Seward’ Summer Wine® is a hybrid between ‘Nanus’ and ‘Monlo’ Diablo® and probably derives its mildew resistance from ‘Nanus’. ‘Monlo’ Diablo® had reasonably good mildew resistance. Yellow foliage cultivars ‘Dart's Gold’, ‘Morning Star’ and ‘Nugget’, which were highly susceptible to powdery mildew, were unattractive due to substantial leaf drop, leaf disfigurement and shoot brooming. ‘Luteus’ exhibited better powdery mildew resistance than the other yellow foliage cultivars. ‘Mindia’ Coppertina® and ‘Center Glow’, two recent purple foliage introductions with orange-copper new foliage, exhibited levels of mildew intermediate between purple and yellow foliage cultivars. These ‘Monlo’ Diablo® × ‘Dart's Gold’ hybrids probably owe their reduced mildew resistance to their ‘Dart's Gold’ lineage.

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Wright, Amy E., Jennifer E. Collins, Bracken Roberts, Jill C. Roberts, Priscilla L. Winder, John K. Reed, Maria Cristina Diaz, Shirley A. Pomponi y Debopam Chakrabarti. "Antiplasmodial Compounds from Deep-Water Marine Invertebrates". Marine Drugs 19, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040179.

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Novel drug leads for malaria therapy are urgently needed because of the widespread emergence of resistance to all available drugs. Screening of the Harbor Branch enriched fraction library against the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain (Dd2) followed by bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification of two potent antiplasmodials; a novel diterpene designated as bebrycin A (1) and the known C21 degraded terpene nitenin (2). A SYBR Green I assay was used to establish a Dd2 EC50 of 1.08 ± 0.21 and 0.29 ± 0.02 µM for bebrycin A and nitenin, respectively. Further analysis was then performed to assess the stage specificity of the inhibitors antiplasmodial effects on the Dd2 intraerythrocytic life cycle. Exposure to bebrycin A was found to block parasite maturation at the schizont stage if added any time prior to late schizogony at 42 hours post invasion, (HPI). In contrast, early life cycle exposure to nitenin (prior to 18 HPI) was identified as crucial to parasite inhibition, suggesting nitenin may target the maturation of the parasite during the transition from ring to early trophozoite (6–18 HPI), a novel property among known antimalarials.

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Jin, Dan, Philippe Henry, Jacqueline Shan y Jie Chen. "Identification of Phenotypic Characteristics in Three Chemotype Categories in the Genus Cannabis". HortScience 56, n.º 4 (abril de 2021): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15607-20.

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Modern Cannabis cultivars are morphologically distinguished by their leaflet shapes (wide for “Indica” and narrow for “Sativa”) by users and breeders. However, there are no scientific bases or references for determining the shape of these leaflets. In addition, these two categories contained mostly THC dominant (high THC) cultivars while excluded CBD dominant (high CBD) and intermediate (intermediate level of both THC and CBD) cultivars. This study investigated the phenotypic variation in 21 Cannabis cultivars covering three chemical phenotypes, referred to as chemotypes, grown in a commercial greenhouse. Thirty morphological traits were measured in the vegetative, flowering, and harvest stages on live plants and harvested inflorescences. The collected data were subjected to correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and canonical correlation analysis with preassigned chemotypes. Canonical correlation analysis assigned individual plants to their chemotypes with 92.9% accuracy. Significant morphological differences were identified. Traits usable as phenotype markers for CBD dominant cultivars included light-green and narrow leaflets, a greater number of primary and secondary serrations, loose inflorescences, dense and resinous trichomes, and Botrytis cinerea resistance. Traits for intermediate cultivars included deep-green and medium-wide leaflets, more primary and secondary serrations, medium compact inflorescences, trichomes that are less dense and less resinous, and Botrytis cinerea resistance. Traits for THC dominant cultivars included deep-green and wide leaflets, large and compact inflorescences, dense and resinous trichomes, and Botrytis cinerea susceptibility. The results of this study provide a comprehensive profile of morphological traits of modern Cannabis cultivars and provides the first such profile for CBD dominant and intermediate cultivars. Additionally, this study included the traits of inflorescences, which have not been compared between three chemotypes in the literature. Phenotype markers identified in this study can facilitate preliminary cultivar identification and selection on live plants before or as a supplement to chemical and genetic analysis.

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Tang, Changbin, Xue Li, Jingang Tang, Kang Ren y Juanqin Xue. "Electropolishing with Low Mass Loss for Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V in Zinc Chloride-Urea Deep-Eutectic Solvent". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 171, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2024): 051504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad4b60.

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A novel electropolishing approach for Ti6Al4V was developed involving a zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-urea deep-eutectic polishing system, with current density of 0.6 A cm−2, temperature of 90 °C, stirring speed of 260 rpm, and polishing time of 10 min. The system achieved a polished surface with 73% reduction in surface roughness. Compared with other electropolishing processes, the system decreased material mass loss rate following electropolishing of titanium alloys, making it suitable for surface polishing of additively or conventionally melt-cast fabricated titanium alloys. Using the deep-eutectic solvent for electropolishing of Ti6Al4V not only improves surface hydrophobicity, but also enhances electrochemical corrosion resistance. Furthermore, compared with electropolishing behaviour in green nonaqueous solvents, a similar electropolishing mechanism occurred in deep-eutectic solvents, but the electropolishing efficiency in the ZnCl2-urea deep-eutectic system was higher, and its surface mass loss become lower than that of the sodium chloride-glycol electropolishing systems. The developed system provided a new approach for surface finishing of titanium alloys and has great potential for engineering applications.

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Zhang, Jiyu, Tao Wang, Zhanhui Jia, Xiaodong Jia, Yongzhi Liu, Jiping Xuan, Gang Wang y Fan Zhang. "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Comprehensive Virus Resistance Response Mechanism in Pecan Infected by a Novel Badnavirus Pecan Virus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 21 (5 de noviembre de 2022): 13576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113576.

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Pecan leaf-variegated plant, which was infected with a novel badnavirus named pecan mosaic virus (PMV) detected by small RNA deep sequencing, is a vital model plant for studying the molecular mechanism of retaining green or chlorosis of virus-infected leaves. In this report, PMV infection in pecan leaves induced PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PMV infection suppressed the expressions of key genes of fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1), and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) biosynthesis, indicating that fatty acids-derived signaling was one of the important defense pathways in response to PMV infection in pecan. PMV infection in pecans enhanced the expressions of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). However, the transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) were downregulated, indicating that salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis was blocked in pecan infected with PMV. Meanwhile, disruption of auxin signaling affected the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Thus, C18:1 and JA signals are involved in response to PMV infection in pecan. In PMV-infected yellow leaves, damaged chloroplast structure and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) inhibited photosynthesis. Cytokinin and SA biosynthesis was blocked, leading to plants losing immune responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The repression of photosynthesis and the induction of sink metabolism in the infected tissue led to dramatic changes in carbohydrate partitioning. On the contrary, the green leaves of PMV infection in pecan plants had whole cell tissue structure and chloroplast clustering, establishing a strong antiviral immunity system. Cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling transductions were remarkably strengthened, activating plant immune responses. Meanwhile, cytokinin accumulation in green leaves induced partial SA biosynthesis and gained comparatively higher SAR compared to that of yellow leaves. Disturbance of the ribosome biogenesis might enhance the resistance to PMV infection in pecan and lead to leaves staying green.

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Kostylev, Pavel, Nataliya Kalinina, Nataliya Vozhzhova, Valentina Golubova y Natalya Chertkova. "Creation of Rice Doubled Haploids Resistant to Prolonged Flooding Using Anther Culture". Plants 12, n.º 21 (25 de octubre de 2023): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12213681.

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Flood resistance in rice is very important in weed control, as weeds cannot overcome deep water. At present, there are no released varieties in Russia that would meet these requirements. The creation of such varieties will reduce production costs and pesticide load on the ecosystem. The object of the study was second-generation rice hybrids obtained by crossing the best varieties for economically valuable traits with samples carrying genes for resistance to prolonged flooding with water. To create double rice haploids resistant to prolonged flooding, the anther culture method was used, followed by molecular genetic evaluation of dihaploids for the presence of genes for resistance to prolonged flooding. An estimate of the growth energy under deep flooding was carried out according to our own method. As a result of the cultivation of anthers, 130 androgenic regenerated plants were obtained in 14 hybrid combinations. In terms of responsiveness to neoplasms, 60% of the panicles showed a positive result, while the rest 40% did not demonstrate callus formation. In total, 30 green regenerative lines were obtained from four rice hybrids, differing in visual morphological assessment. Large genotypic differences between the samples were revealed. These lines carry long-term flood resistance genes and can be used in rice breeding programs using dihaploids. As a result of the assessment of the growth energy in a number of obtained samples, the potential for rapid elongation of the first leaves, overcoming a large layer of water and accumulation of vegetative mass, was revealed.

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Jakobs, Inga, Oliver Schmittmann, Miriam Athmann, Timo Kautz y Peter Schulze Lammers. "Cereal Response to Deep Tillage and Incorporated Organic Fertilizer". Agronomy 9, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060296.

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This study examined the effect of stripwise subsoiling and subsoiling combined with the incorporation of organic material on crop development in a two-year field trial with typical weather in the first year and hot, dry weather in the second. Subsoiling and its combination with incorporated organic materials had strong effects on plant development and crop yield of spring barley (2017) and winter wheat (2018). The subsoil was loosened in 30 cm wide furrows down to a depth of up to 60 cm with a tine (DL) or a spader machine (SM) and was compared with the same methods of subsoil loosening combined with the incorporation of compost from biological household wastes (DLB and SMB). Furthermore, green waste compost (SMG), chopped straw (SMCS) and sawdust (SMS) were incorporated with the spader machine only. DL successfully reduced penetration resistance underneath the furrow and enhanced root growth underneath and near the furrow over the whole experimental period. Grain protein content above the furrow was enhanced compared with the untreated control (C) in the first year, but grain yield did not increase. DLB also reduced penetration resistance and increased root growth, but furthermore caused considerable increases in soil mineral nitrogen underneath the furrow throughout the vegetation period. Consequently, both yield and grain protein content above the furrow were tendentially increased as compared with the C. In SMB, grain yield increased even more than in DLB, compared to C, in 2017 (84% for SMB vs. 19% for DLB) and nearly equally in 2018 (65.4% vs. 65.2%) while all other treatments tendentially decreased grain yield above the furrow as compared with C. The results indicate that subsoiling with the introduction of organic material can reduce mechanical impedance and increase soil nitrogen and thereby ensure stable yields during dry periods, which become more frequent under climate change.

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Zheng, Mao, Xin Li, Yu Bai, Shijun Tang, Peiyang Li y Qi Zhu. "Sunlight-Activated Long Persistent Luminescent Coating for Smart Highways". Coatings 13, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2023): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061050.

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With the whole society’s demand for intelligence, the smart highway has become the inevitable trend of road development. Luminescent road marking made of long persistent luminescent coating is a new type of functional marking that is designed with long afterglow luminescent material as the raw material and has many features such as safety, beauty and energy saving. Here, SrA12O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ green long afterglow phosphors were prepared using a high-temperature solid state method. The green phosphors obtained at 1350 °C have two traps with a shallow trap depth of 0.66 eV and a deep trap depth of 0.8 eV. The green afterglow can be seen in the dark for more than 8 h after sunlight excitation for 2 h. The green long persistent luminescent coatings were synthesized using the blending method. The uniformity of each component can be improved by adding 1.25% SiO2 into the luminescent coatings. The addition of 3.5% CaCO3 will improve the compactness of the coatings and reduce water absorption. After soaking in water for 120 h, the afterglow intensity of the coating decreases to 76% of the original, showing good water resistance. After daylight excitation in different weather conditions (cloudy, sunny, rainy), the afterglow can reach more than 5 h; therefore, it can be applied to a smart highway.

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Yang, Wenhua, Qiuya Gu, Jianli Zhou, Xiaobo Liu y Xiaobin Yu. "High-Value Bioconversion of Ginseng Extracts in Betaine-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Preparation of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides". Foods 12, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 2023): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030496.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DES), as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents in biocatalysis, not only activate proteins but even increase the efficiency of enzymatic reactions. Here, DES were used in a combinatorial enzyme-catalyzed system containing β-glucosidase BGLAt and β-galactosidase BGALAo to produce deglycosylated ginsenosides (De-g) from ginseng extracts (GE). The results showed that DES prepared with betaine and ethylene glycol (molar ratio, 1:2) could significantly stimulate the activity of the combinatorial enzymes as well as improve the acid resistance and temperature stability. The DES-based combinatorial enzyme-catalyzed system could convert 5 g of GE into 1.24 g of De-g (F1, F2, 20 (S)-PPT, and CK) at 24 h, which was 1.1 times that of the buffer sample. As confirmed by the spectral data, the changes in the conformations of the combinatorial enzymes were more favorable for the binding reaction with the substrates. Moreover, the constructed DES-based aqueous two-phase system enabled the recovery of substantial amounts of DES and De-g from the top phase. These results demonstrated that DES shows great application as a reaction solvent for the scale-up production of De-g and provide insights for the green extraction of natural products.

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Geierlehner, Alexander, Raymund E. Horch, Ingo Ludolph y Andreas Arkudas. "Intraoperative Blood Flow Analysis of DIEP vs. ms-TRAM Flap Breast Reconstruction Combining Transit-Time Flowmetry and Microvascular Indocyanine Green Angiography". Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, n.º 3 (16 de marzo de 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030482.

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Background: Vascular patency is the key element for high flap survival rates. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the blood flow characteristics of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (ms-TRAM) flaps for autologous breast reconstruction. Methods: This prospective clinical study combined Transit-Time Flowmetry and microvascular Indocyanine Green Angiography for the measurement of blood flow volume, vascular resistance, and intrinsic transit time. Results: Twenty female patients (mean age, 52 years) received 24 free flaps (14 DIEP and 10 ms-TRAM flaps). The mean arterial blood flow of the flap in situ was 7.2 ± 1.9 mL/min in DIEP flaps and 11.5 ± 4.8 mL/min in ms-TRAM flaps (p < 0.05). After anastomosis, the mean arterial blood flow was 9.7 ± 5.6 mL/min in DIEP flaps and 13.5 ± 4.2 mL/min in ms-TRAM flaps (p = 0.07). The arterial vascular resistance of DIEP flaps was significantly higher than that of ms-TRAM flaps. The intrinsic transit time of DIEP flaps was 52 ± 18 s, and that of ms-TRAM flaps was 33 ± 11 s (p < 0.05). The flap survival rate was 100%. One DIEP flap with the highest intrinsic transit time (77 s) required surgical revision due to arterial thrombosis. Conclusion: In this study, we established the blood flow characteristics of free DIEP and ms-TRAM flaps showing different blood flow rates, vascular resistances, and intrinsic transit times. These standard values will help to determine the predictive values for vascular compromise, hence improving the safety of autologous breast reconstruction procedures.

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Holt, Ben F. y Ivan K. Smith. "Small-scale, intensive cultivation methods: The effects of deep hand tillage on the productivity of bush beans and red beets". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007591.

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AbstractThis study examined how one aspect of intensive cultivation, double digging by hand (loosening the planting bed to 50 cm deep), contributed to crop productivity and nutrient uptake in bush beans (1994 and 1995) and red beets (1995 only). Comparison beds were prepared with the soil cultivated to 25 cm (single dig) and 6 cm (surface cultivation). Although there were significant differences (1994 beans) between the surface cultivated beds and other cultivation types for leaf mass and chlorophyll content, there were no significant differences in the total mass of beans (whole fruit) produced. There were no significant differences in beet green or root (edible portion) biomass among cultivation methods. Levels of Ca, Mg, and K in the bean fruits and beet roots were not significantly different among cultivation methods. This study demonstrated that deep cultivation significantly alters the soil profile as measured by penetrometer resistance, but that this change does not necessarily alter productivity or nutrient uptake. We suggest that deep hand tillage has little effect on crop productivity in well-watered and moderate to high fertility soils. These results are similar to those found in mechanically subsoiled systems.

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Park, Chan-Woo, Song-Yi Han, Ji-Soo Park, Eun-Ah Lee, Rajkumar Bandi, Ramakrishna Dadigala, Jeong-Ki Kim, Gu-Joong Kwon, Nam-Hun Kim y Seung-Hwan Lee. "Deep eutectic-like solvent-assisted isolation of lignin from Pinus densiflora and its characteristics". BioResources 17, n.º 4 (5 de agosto de 2022): 5600–5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.5600-5611.

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Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, has great potential to replace petrochemical-based polymers in the production of value-added products. However, lignin is difficult to extract from lignocellulose because of the recalcitrance of the latter. Herein, the extraction of lignin from lignocellulose using deep eutectic-like solvents (DESs) as green solvents was investigated. Three types of DESs were used, and the effects of treatment temperature (100, 110, and 130 °C) and time (6, 12, and 24 h) on lignin yield and its characteristics were studied. For each DES, the yield of DES-lignin increased with reaction temperature and time. At the same time, the lignin yield obtained using different DESs decreased in the order of choline chloride/lactic acid > betaine/lactic acid > K2CO3/glycerol. At higher temperatures and longer reaction times, lignin with a high molecular weight was produced, which was attributed to the recondensation of lignin fragments. Furthermore, the methoxyl and hydroxyl group contents decreased with increasing reaction temperature and time. Thermal stability studies revealed that the increased molecular weight of DES-lignin enhanced its thermal resistance.

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Edwards, Rob. "New Technologies to Combat Herbicide Resistance". Outlooks on Pest Management 31, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2020): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v30_apr_09.

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Herbicide resistance in problem weeds is now a major threat to global food production, being particularly widespread in wild grasses affecting cereal crops. In the UK, black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) holds the title of number one agronomic problem in winter wheat, with the loss of production associated with herbicide resistance now estimated to cost the farming sector at least £0.5 billion p.a. Black-grass presents us with many of the characteristic traits of a problem weed; being highly competitive, genetically diverse and obligately out-crossing, with a growth habit that matches winter wheat. With the UK’s limited arable crop rotations and the reliance on the repeated use of a very limited range of selective herbicides we have been continuously performing a classic Darwinian selection for resistance traits in weeds that possess great genetic diversity and plasticity in their growth habits. The result has been inevitable; the steady rise of herbicide resistance across the UK, which now affects over 2.1 million hectares of some of our best arable land. Once the resistance genie is out of the bottle, it has proven difficult to prevent its establishment and spread. With the selective herbicide option being no longer effective, the options are to revert to cultural control; changing rotations and cover crops, manual rogueing of weeds, deep ploughing and chemical mulching with total herbicides such as glyphosate. While new precision weeding technologies are being developed, their cost and scalability in arable farming remains unproven. As an agricultural scientist who has spent a working lifetime researching selective weed control, we seem to be giving up on a technology that has been a foundation stone of the green revolution. For me it begs the question, are we really unable to use modern chemical and biological technology to counter resistance? I would argue the answer to that question is most patently no; solutions are around the corner if we choose to develop them.

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Jovičević-Klug, Patricia, Matic Jovičević-Klug y Bojan Podgornik. "Unravelling the Role of Nitrogen in Surface Chemistry and Oxidation Evolution of Deep Cryogenic Treated High-Alloyed Ferrous Alloy". Coatings 12, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020213.

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The role of nitrogen, introduced by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), has been investigated and unraveled in relation to induced surface chemistry changes and improved corrosion resistance of high-alloyed ferrous alloy AISI M35. The assumptions and observations of the role of nitrogen were investigated and confirmed by using a multitude of complementary investigation techniques with a strong emphasis on ToF-SIMS. DCT samples display modified thickness, composition and layering structure of the corrosion products and passive film compared to a conventionally heat-treated sample under the same environmental conditions. The changes in the passive film composition of a DCT sample is correlated to the presence of the so-called ghost layer, which has higher concentration of nitrogen. This layer acts as a precursor for the formation of green rust on which magnetite is formed. This specific layer combination acts as an effective protective barrier against material degradation. The dynamics of oxide layer build-up is also changed by DCT, which is elucidated by the detection of different metallic ions and their modified distribution over surface thickness compared to its CHT counterpart. Newly observed passive film induced by DCT successfully overcomes the testing conditions in more extreme environments such as high temperature and vibrations, which additionally confirms the improved corrosion resistance of DCT treated high-alloyed ferrous alloys.

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Cevallos-Morillo, Carlos, Pablo Cisneros-Pérez, Roxana Llive, Marvin Ricaurte, Carlos Reinoso, Miguel Angel Meneses, Maria del Cisne Guamán y Alex Palma-Cando. "Croton lechleri Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors of Admiralty Brass in Hydrochloric Acid". Molecules 26, n.º 24 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 7417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247417.

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Croton lechleri, commonly known as Dragon’s blood, is a tree cultivated in the northwest Amazon rainforest of Ecuador and Peru. This tree produces a deep red latex which is composed of different natural products such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and others. The chemical structures of these natural products found in C. lechleri latex are promising corrosion inhibitors of admiralty brass (AB), due to the number of heteroatoms and π structures. In this work, three different extracts of C. lechleri latex were obtained, characterized phytochemically, and employed as novel green corrosion inhibitors of AB. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) was determined in an aqueous 0.5 M HCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel plots) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, measuring current density and charge transfer resistance, respectively. In addition, surface characterization of AB was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Chloroform alkaloid-rich extracts resulted in IE% of 57% at 50 ppm, attributed to the formation of a layer of organic compounds on the AB surface that hindered the dezincification process. The formulation of corrosion inhibitors from C. lechleri latex allows for the valorization of non-edible natural sources and the diversification of the offer of green corrosion inhibitors for the chemical treatment of heat exchangers.

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Бочкарева, Н. И., А. М. Иванов, А. В. Клочков y Ю. Г. Шретер. "Токовый шум и падение эффективности светодиодов при туннелировании носителей из квантовой ямы InGaN/GaN с участием дефектов". Физика и техника полупроводников 53, n.º 1 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.01.46996.8847.

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AbstractThe current dependences of the spectral noise density and quantum efficiency in green and blue light-emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) are measured. It is shown that the noise level greatly increases at high currents at which there is a quantum efficiency droop. The mechanism by which the current noise is formed is associated with hopping transport via the deep states of color centers in GaN across the n barrier of an InGaN/GaN QW. The source of the noise is the hopping resistance of the space-charge region, which limits the current of thermally activated electrons into the QW. The efficiency droop and the increase in noise level are attributed to a change in the electric-field direction near the QW at high injection levels and to an increase in the tunneling leakage of holes from the QW. It is shown that the experimental frequency-related noise spectra having the shape of a Lorentzian spectrum at the working currents are related to the frequency of hopping between deep centers near the InGaN/GaN QW and to Maxwell relaxation in the space-charge region.

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21

Di Pietro, Marisa, Simone Filardo, Roberto Mattioli, Giuseppina Bozzuto, Agnese Molinari, Luciana Mosca y Rosa Sessa. "Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Based Formulations: A “Green” Strategy against Chlamydia trachomatis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 16 (11 de agosto de 2023): 12701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612701.

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In recent decades, antibiotic misuse has emerged as an important risk factor for the appearance of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, and, recently, antimicrobial resistance has also been described in Chlamydia trachomatis as the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Herein, we investigated, for the first time, the antibacterial activity against C. trachomatis of a polyphenolic extract of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), alongside purified oleocanthal and oleacein, two of its main components, in natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES), a biocompatible solvent. The anti-chlamydial activity of olive-oil polyphenols (OOPs) was tested in the different phases of chlamydial developmental cycle by using an in vitro infection model. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed for investigating potential alterations of adhesion and invasion, as well as morphology, of chlamydial elementary bodies (EBs) to host cells. The main result of our study is the anti-bacterial activity of OOPs towards C. trachomatis EBs down to a total polyphenol concentration of 1.7 μg/mL, as shown by a statistically significant decrease (93.53%) of the total number of chlamydial-inclusion-forming units (p < 0.0001). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis supported its anti-chlamydial effect, suggesting that OOP might damage the chlamydial outer layers, impairing their structural integrity and hindering EB capability to infect the host cell. In conclusion, OOPs may represent an interesting alternative therapeutic option toward C. trachomatis, although further studies are necessary for exploring its clinical applications.

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22

Wang, Xiao Nan, Dong Wei Xie, Lian Shuang Fu, Zhuo Fu Li y Ying Lu Sun. "Plasma Membrane Stability Analysis of Cold-Area Winter Wheat". Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (abril de 2013): 1094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1094.

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Four varieties of winter wheat with different return green rates were used to analyze the plasma membrane stability and the factors that affect cold-area winter wheat during winter. The removal of reactive oxygen species, the degree of plasma membrane impairment, water content in the crowns, which contain the growing point, were studied during cold acclimation to the deep freezing period. The results show that electrical conductivity reflects the degree of plasma membrane damage under low temperatures was significantly correlated with the free water and the total water content. The MDA content, which reflects the degree of membrane peroxidation, was very significantly correlated with SOD, peroxidase, and ascorbic acid. During this period, the MDA stability, SOD, GSH, and total water and free water content may be used to identify the cold resistance of winter wheat varieties.

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23

Kasimov, Botir, Normamat Namozov y Sokhib Islamov. "Effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the growth and development of African millet". E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337101042.

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African millet is small, about 1000 seeds 5-10 gram and is the best feed for birds. The stalk is superior to all other fodder crops in silage and dry state in terms of its nutritive value and high protein content. Alcohol is extracted from grain and used in the production of beer in the food industry, flour is made from grain and added to wheat flour to make high-quality bread containing various minerals. Another fact is that grain yield is around 0.7-1.2 t/ha, and in some conditions, it reaches 1.8-2.0 t/ha. The root reaches more than 2 meters deep, which ensures drought resistance and wind resistance. The important biological properties of African millet are its high yield, disease resistance, rapid reproduction, high fodder and nutritional properties of the grain, drought resistance, high temperature deficiency resistance, green mass gives an abundant yield. Furthermore, it is less affected by pests and diseases than other cereal crops. African millet “HHVBC tall” and “EEBC” varieties were investigated in eight variants with three iterations according to feeding standards. According to the results, on May 22, 2015, the plant height was 44-45 cm in the EEBC variety and 47-48 cm in the HHVBC tall variety. It was found that when the phenological observations were made on June 20, the average plant height was 130-125 cm in the EEBC variety, whereas it was 95-120 cm in the HHVBC tall variety. It can be seen that the height of EEBC variety compared to HHVBC tall variety was greater.

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24

Rautemaa, Riina, Gary A. Jarvis, Pertti Marnila y Seppo Meri. "Acquired Resistance of Escherichia coli to Complement Lysis by Binding of Glycophosphoinositol-Anchored Protectin (CD59)". Infection and Immunity 66, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1998): 1928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.5.1928-1933.1998.

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ABSTRACT Protectin (CD59) is a glycophosphoinsitol (GPI)-anchored defender of human cells against lysis by the membrane attack complex of complement. In this study, we examined whether protectin released from human cell membranes can incorporate into the surface of gram-negative bacteria. Analysis by using radiolabeled protectin, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that protectin bound to nonencapsulated Escherichia coli EH237 (Re) and EH234 (Ra) in a calcium-dependent manner. The incorporation required the GPI-phospholipid moiety since no binding of a phospholipid-free soluble form of protectin was observed. Mg2+ did not enhance the binding, and a polysialic acid capsule prevented it (strain IH3080 [O18:K1:H8]). Bound protectin inhibited the C5b-9 neoantigen expression on complement-treated bacteria. Protection against complement lysis was observed in both a colony counting assay and a bioluminescence assay, where viable EH234 bacteria expressing the luciferase gene emitted green light in the presence of the luciferine substrate. In general, two- to four-times-higher serum concentrations were needed to obtain 50% lysis of protectin-coated versus noncoated bacteria. The results indicate that protectin can incorporate in a functionally active form into the cell membranes of the two nonencapsulated deep rough E. coli strains studied.

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25

Boonyaoudomsart, Natthapol. "Away from Home Are Some and I—Homeplace in Fannie Flagg’s Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Café: A Black Feminist Lens". English Language and Literature Studies 8, n.º 1 (3 de febrero de 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p20.

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This article aims to explore the centrally essential notion of homeplace as a site of resistance presented in Fannie Flagg’s Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe (1987). Close reading of the novel advances the argument that both the symbolic Whistle Stop and the cafe represent the counteractive force against sexist, classist and racist ideologies that basically undermine self-esteem and empowerment of literary characters in the text. Despite gender, class and race, the discussed characters, however they are marginalized, can safely take refuge, heal and recover themselves in the guarded icons connoting deep meanings. By directing a critical gaze at rootedness, the discussion is grounded in Black feminist criticism that, while largely exclusive to the experiences of women of color, values the significant role of homeplace and informs how the novel responds to this feminist perspective. In the collective effort to offset discrimination, it is stressed that one is to regain a sense of self in the marginal space by embracing Black feminism.

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26

Taylor, Peter W. "Interactions of Tea-Derived Catechin Gallates with Bacterial Pathogens". Molecules 25, n.º 8 (23 de abril de 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081986.

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Green tea-derived galloylated catechins have weak direct antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and are able to phenotypically transform, at moderate concentrations, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal pathogens from full β-lactam resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration 256–512 mg/L) to complete susceptibility (~1 mg/L). Reversible conversion to susceptibility follows intercalation of these compounds into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, eliciting dispersal of the proteins associated with continued cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics. The molecules penetrate deep within the hydrophobic core of the lipid palisade to force a reconfiguration of cytoplasmic membrane architecture. The catechin gallate-induced staphylococcal phenotype is complex, reflecting perturbation of an essential bacterial organelle, and includes prevention and inhibition of biofilm formation, disruption of secretion of virulence-related proteins, dissipation of halotolerance, cell wall thickening and cell aggregation and poor separation of daughter cells during cell division. These features are associated with the reduction of capacity of potential pathogens to cause lethal, difficult-to-treat infections and could, in combination with β-lactam agents that have lost therapeutic efficacy due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, form the basis of a new approach to the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

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27

Brunetti, Leonardo, Rosalba Leuci, Maria Antonietta Colonna, Rossana Carrieri, Francesco Emanuele Celentano, Giancarlo Bozzo, Fulvio Loiodice, Maria Selvaggi, Vincenzo Tufarelli y Luca Piemontese. "Food Industry Byproducts as Starting Material for Innovative, Green Feed Formulation: A Sustainable Alternative for Poultry Feeding". Molecules 27, n.º 15 (25 de julio de 2022): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154735.

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Rising global populations and enhanced standards of living in so-called developing countries have led to an increased demand of food, in particular meat, worldwide. While increasing the production of broiler meat could be a potential solution to this problem, broiler meat is plagued by health concerns, such as the development of antimicrobial resistance and lower meat quality. For this reason, the supplementation of poultry feed with vitamins and antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols, has become an attractive prospect for research in this sector. Such supplements could be obtained by extraction of agricultural byproducts (in particular, grape pomaces and artichoke leaves and bracts), thus contributing to reductions in the total amount of waste biomass produced by the agricultural industry. In this review, the effects of poultry feed supplementation with bioactive extracts from grape pomace (skins and/or seeds), as well as extracts from artichoke leaves and bracts, were explored. Moreover, the various methods that have been employed to obtain extracts from these and other agricultural byproducts were listed and described, with a particular focus on novel, eco-friendly extraction methods (using, for example, innovative and biocompatible solvents like Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)) that could reduce the costs and energy consumption of these procedures, with similar or higher yields compared to standard methods.

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28

Kosiński, Piotr y Aldona Skotnicka-Siepsiak. "Possibilities of Adapting the University Lecture Room to the Green University Standard in Terms of Thermal Comfort and Ventilation Accuracy". Energies 15, n.º 10 (19 de mayo de 2022): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103735.

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Numerous classrooms at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, built in the years 1960–1980, require deep modernization to implement the idea of the green university there. The paper presents an energy analysis of possible scenarios of modernization of a selected lecture hall and an indication of the optimal variant in terms of the user’s thermal comfort. The conditions of the room were experimentally measured. Authors compared the energy effects of typical thermorenovation activities, such as increased thermal resistance of external walls (reduction of the primary energy (EP) demand by about 45%), with more advanced measures, such as replacement of natural ventilation with mechanical with heat recovery (indicated in the course of numerical studies as necessary for health and comfort of users). The authors also compared the effectiveness of the heat network and individual sources that could be implemented in the building. The heat pump, in combination with photovoltaic panels, turned out to be optimal (reduction of the EP by 97%, utility energy by 69%). As the problem of modernizing facilities to a similar standard is also faced by many campuses, school facilities, and assembly rooms in Central and Eastern Europe, the presented results can be a reference point for similar activities in other locations.

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29

Cho, Eunjin, Csanad Gurdon, Rebecca Zhao, Hui Peng, Alexander Poulev, Ilya Raskin y Ivan Simko. "Phytochemical and Agronomic Characterization of High-Flavonoid Lettuce Lines Grown under Field Conditions". Plants 12, n.º 19 (2 de octubre de 2023): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12193467.

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Flavonoids are antioxidant phytochemicals that confer a beneficial effect on human health. We have previously developed and characterized eight lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) lines that accumulated high levels of diverse flavonoids and their precursors in controlled environment conditions. Three Rutgers Scarlet lettuce (RSL) lines selected in tissue culture for deep-red color (RSL-NAR, RSL-NBR, RSL-NFR) accumulate anthocyanins and quercetin, three lines identified in a chemically mutagenized red lettuce population accumulate kaempferol (KfoA and KfoB) or naringenin chalcone (Nco), and two lines that were spontaneous green mutants derived from the red line RSL-NAR (GSL, GSL-DG) accumulate quercetin. These eight lines were field-grown in the Salinas Valley of California for four years together with seven control accessions of varying colors (light green, dark green, red, and dark red). At market maturity, a substantial variation in plant composition was observed, but the three RSL lines consistently accumulated high levels of cyanidin, GSL and GSL-DG accumulated the highest levels of quercetin, KfoA and KfoB accumulated kaempferol, and Nco amassed naringenin chalcone, confirming that these mutant lines produce high levels of beneficial phytochemicals under field conditions. Mutant lines and control accessions were also assessed for their biomass production (plant weight, height, and width), overall content of pigments (leaf chlorophyll and anthocyanins), resistance to diseases (downy mildew, lettuce drop, and Impatiens necrotic spot virus), postharvest quality of processed tissue (deterioration and enzymatic discoloration), and composition of 23 mineral elements. All but one mutant line had a fresh plant weight at harvest comparable to commercial leaf cultivars; only Nco plants were significantly (p < 0.05) smaller. Therefore, except for Nco, the new, flavonoid hyperaccumulating lines can be considered for field cultivation.

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30

Liu, Bin y Yan Ren. "A design of laser array harp based on multi-dimensional wavelet transform and audio signal reconstruction". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012059.

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Abstract This paper introduces a design scheme of laser array harp based on multi-dimensional wavelet transform and audio signal reconstruction. The green light beams from multiple high-power lasers simulate harp strings, use photoresistors as the signal receiving end, and use a signal conditioning system composed of analog circuits and LM393 comparators to collect and adjust the resistance signal of the laser sensor[1], and finally it is adjusted to a level signal that can be recognized by the CPU. After receiving the signal, the CPU core board analyzes the string signal, and sends control commands to the audio processing system through the industrial bus according to the analyzed digital signal. After receiving the control command, the audio processing system uses the audio signal reconstruction technology composed of multi-dimensional wavelet packets, deep learning and other algorithms to simulate the audio signals of various string music, so as to achieve the purposes of using the lasers as virtual strings and imitating musical instruments for musical performance.[2]

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31

Singh, Anupam y Manoj Kumar Pandey. "Advances in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Breeding: Integrating Genomics for Enhanced Crop Improvement". Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, n.º 5 (13 de abril de 2024): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5799.

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Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) holds significant importance as a vegetable crop, thriving in tropical and subtropical regions globally, especially in the warmer areas of temperate zones. Traditional breeding approaches tailored for self-pollinated crops have been utilized to enhance the genetic diversity of okra. These methods encompass various techniques such as plant introduction, pure line selection, hybridization combined with selection, mutation breeding, and heterosis breeding. Particularly in countries like India, pedigree selection and heterosis breeding have led to the development of numerous okra varieties and hybrids, significantly impacting local agricultural practices. Contemporary okra breeding focuses on traits crucial for optimal performance, including high yield potential, resistance to prevalent diseases like Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) and Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus (OELCV), tolerance to sucking pests and borers, ease of harvest, deep green fruit coloration, and desirable plant architecture. Public sector institutions have played a pivotal role in introducing and disseminating improved okra varieties and hybrids, with more than 33 cultivars introduced in recent decades. Some of these varieties have demonstrated substantial improvements in okra production across India. This review offers an overview of the current state of okra breeding, encompassing genetic resources, cytogenetic relationships, breeding goals, varietal development processes, efforts in resistance breeding, biotechnological interventions, and future improvement strategies. By consolidating existing knowledge and highlighting ongoing research initiatives, this article aims to provide guidance and inspiration for further advancements in okra breeding and genomics, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and productivity of this essential vegetable crop.

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32

Jerkovic, Zoran, Radivoje Jevtic, Mirjana Lalosevic y Zeljana Prijic. "Integrated protection from prevalent wheat parasites in semiarid region". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 58, n.º 1 (2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1301001j.

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This paper is aimed at presenting contemporary knowledge in the field of integral wheat protection against parasites, i.e. the use of cultural measures and genetic analyses directed at adequate use of breeding results, monitoring and forecasting of prevalent parasite growth and development with the aim of rational fungicide application. In addition, the paper suggests the proper use of biological measures through artificial infection with Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Ptr) in years not favourable for facultative parasite development. Growing of the varieties not lower than 85 cm with optimal stem growth ratio in regions with 550-650 mm precipitation, deep and complete soil cultivation plus nutrition before sowing in late October reduced the risk of facultative parasite appearance on lower and middle leaves by over 15%, which was considered useful because of the antagonism to obligate parasites. Severity of Puccinia triticina on last two leaves when facultative parasites were absent was increased at 60-70% as maximal level according to suggested SAGR. Nevertheless, we suggest growing of varieties with prolonged latency period resistant to Puccinia triticina. The aim is to avoid overaccumulation of resistance genes consequential through the decrease of wheat grain yielding potential. Genes facilitating toxin from Ptr spreading have to be excluded because of necessary antagonistic effect from the middle leaves. This implies gene for the obligate parasite specific resistance diversity of varieties in order to reduce the probability of simultaneous overcoming of resistance and avoid insurmountable changes in seed production. The final result of the proposed system should be the last two leaves with mostly minimal parasite appearance and the possibility of economical and efficient single curative treatment application once in ten years when facultative parasites are absent in spring or after the resistance of variety is overcome in standard conditions. The practical aim was also dependent on leaf rust development and green leaf area dissapearence forecasting models as well as balance between the size of the farm and equipment due to short deadlines.

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33

TASSOULA, Lamprini, Maria PAPAFOTIOU, Georgios LIAKOPOULOS y George KARGAS. "Water use efficiency, growth and anatomic-physiological parameters of Mediterranean xerophytes as affected by substrate and irrigation on a green roof". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2021): 12283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212283.

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The water use efficiency, growth and anatomic-physiological parameters of Mediterranean medicinal xerophytes on a green roof was investigated, under the effect of water stress and different types of substrate. Rooted cuttings of Convolvulus cneorum, Origanum dictamnus, Sideritis athoa, Atriplex halimus and Lomelosia cretica were planted on a roof in Athens, Greece. Two substrate types, 10 cm deep, were used, i.e. grape marc compost: perlite: soil: pumice (3:3:2:2, v/v) and a lighter one, i.e. grape marc compost: perlite: pumice (3:3:4, v/v). Two irrigation frequencies were applied during the dry period (summer), normal and sparse, when substrate moisture was 17-20% and 5-11%, respectively. Water use efficiency was increased by sparse irrigation in A. halimus and L. cretica and by soil substrate in C. cneorum. Sparse irrigation reduced dry weight in O. dictamnus, S. athoa and L. cretica and in A. halimus in combination with soilless substrate. It increased leaf thickness in all species and reduced Chlολ in all species, other than S. athoa, while in C. cneorum, O. dictamnus and L. cretica this was evident only in the presence of soil in the substrate. In summer, one d before irrigation, stomatal resistance (Rleaf) was increased and maximum quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSIIο) decreased indicating water limitation, while both parameters were restored to normal levels one d after irrigation indicating that both can serve as sensitive indicators of the onset of water stress. ΦPSIIο values, never fell to critical levels, excluding irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Therefore, all five plant species are recommended for use on extensive green roofs in semi-arid areas.

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34

Kaufmann, Florian, Mihail Strugulea, Christian Höltgen, Stephan Roth y Michael Schmidt. "Seam Properties of Overlap Welding Strategies from Copper to Aluminum Using Green Laser Radiation for Battery Tab Connections in Electric Vehicles". Materials 16, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2023): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031069.

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Laser beam welding of metals has progressed dramatically over the last years mainly arising from joining applications in the field of electromobility. Allowing the flexible, automated manufacturing of mechanically, electrically, and thermally stressed components, the process is more frequently applied for joining highly reflective materials, for example for battery tab and busbar connections. The local, non-contact energy input favors this welding technology; however, joining of copper and aluminum sheets still poses a challenge due to the physical properties of the joining partners and intermetallic phases from dissimilar metal interaction, which reduce seam performance. The use of green laser radiation compared to infrared laser radiation offers the advantage of a significantly increased absorptivity for copper materials. A changed incoupling behavior is observed, and a lower deep penetration threshold has been already proven for 515 nm wavelength. When copper and aluminum are welded with the former as top sheet, this welding mode is essential to overcome limited aspect ratios from heat conduction welding. However, the opportunities of applying these beam sources in combination with spatial power modulation to influence the interconnection area of copper-aluminum joints have not yet been studied. The aim of this work is therefore to investigate the seam properties and process stability of different overlap welding strategies using green laser radiation for dissimilar metal welding. A microstructural analysis of the different fusion zones and mechanical strength of the joints are presented. In addition, the experimental parameter sets were analyzed regarding their application in battery module busbars by examining the electrical resistance and temperature distribution after welding. A parameter window was identified for all investigated welding strategies, with the stitched seam achieving the most stable results.

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35

Rose-Harvey, Keisha, Kevin J. McInnes y James C. Thomas. "Water Flow Through Sand-based Root Zones Atop Geotextiles". HortScience 47, n.º 10 (octubre de 2012): 1543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1543.

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An alternative to the time-tested gravel drainage layer beneath a sand-based root zone of a sports field or golf putting green can be constructed from a geotextile atop a highly porous drainage material or structure. The geotextile serves to support the root zone mixture on the drainage layer whose pores can be too large for the sand to support itself by bridging. In such an application, the geotextile should have high enough strength and resistance to stretching to support the root zone mixture atop the pores of the drainage layer and should contain internal pores of appropriate size to retain the bulk of particles in the root zone mixture and to allow free passage of drainage water and eluviating fine particles. The objective of this study was to determine whether geotextiles selected to meet these criteria affect the drainage rates of sand-based root zones and whether they affect the size of particles lost from the root zone–geotextile systems. In a 1-year laboratory study that made use of 150-mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) test cells, measurements of drainage rates and saturated hydraulic conductivities were made on replicated combinations of 10 geotextiles and three 300-mm deep root zone mixtures. Size distributions and total masses of particles that passed from the root zones through the geotextiles were measured. Statistical analyses showed that drainage rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and size distribution and mass of eluviated particles were unaffected by the properties of the geotextiles. The results gave of no reason to prohibit the use of geotextiles to support sand-based root zones in golf putting greens or sports fields.

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36

Jia, Yun Hai, Yan Hua Cia y Qin Jian Zhang. "Research on Micro-Size Electrical Discharge Grinding Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride Based on Single Pulse". Materials Science Forum 1035 (22 de junio de 2021): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.778.

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Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) was a high temperature and high pressure composite material with high hardness. With its high wear resistance and good chemical stability, it conforms to the basic characteristics of modern advanced cutting technology of "high efficiency, high precision, high efficiency and green". Currently, it was widely used in the field of ferrous metal cutting tools. Electrical discharge grinding was one of the most effective methods for machining polycrystalline cubic boron nitride cutters. It was especially suitable for machining complex shapes and thin edge cutters. Single pulse electrical discharge grinding is the basis of continuous EDG machining and an effective method to study micro-scale electrical discharge grinding. In this study, the morphology of single pulse discharge corrosion pits and the relationship between discharge parameters and material removal rate, such as the deep-diameter ratio of the corrosion pits, the pulse width and the deep-diameter relationship of the corrosion pits, were studied with the polycrystalline cubic boron nitride composite sheet of 2 micron particle size as the test material and the independently developed single pulse discharge power supply as the device. The experimental results show that the radius and heat affected area of the discharge corrosion pit increase rapidly, then slowly, and finally gradually with the extension of pulse duration. The corrosion depth generally varies gently in the range of 0.2 ~ 0.5 micron, and the pulse duration has no obvious effect on the depth of the discharge corrosion pit. With the extension of pulse duration, the ratio of radius to depth of the corrosion pit changed in the range of 13 ~ 20, and the ratio basically declined.

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37

Ueda, Yuki, Yuhei O. Tahara, Makoto Miyata, Akira Ogita, Yoshihiro Yamaguchi, Toshio Tanaka y Ken-ichi Fujita. "Involvement of a Multidrug Efflux Pump and Alterations in Cell Surface Structure in the Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Nagilactone E and Anethole against Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Antibiotics 10, n.º 5 (6 de mayo de 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050537.

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Nagilactone E, an antifungal agent derived from the root bark of Podocarpus nagi, inhibits 1,3-β glucan synthesis; however, its inhibitory activity is weak. Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, enhances the antifungal activity of nagilactone E. We aimed to determine the combinatorial effect and underlying mechanisms of action of nagilactone E and anethole against the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analyses using gene-deficient strains showed that the multidrug efflux pump PDR5 is associated with nagilactone E resistance; its transcription was gradually restricted in cells treated with the drug combination for a prolonged duration but not in nagilactone-E-treated cells. Green-fluorescent-protein-tagged Pdr5p was intensively expressed and localized on the plasma membrane of nagilactone-E-treated cells but not in drug-combination-treated cells. Quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy revealed the smoothening of intertwined fiber structures on the cell surface of drug-combination-treated cells and spheroplasts, indicating a decline in cell wall components and loss of cell wall strength. Anethole enhanced the antifungal activity of nagilactone E by enabling its retention within cells, thereby accelerating cell wall damage. The combination of nagilactone E and anethole can be employed in clinical settings as an antifungal, as well as a food preservative to restrict food spoilage.

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38

Cutler, Paul M., Douglas R. MacAyeal, David M. Mickelson, Byron R. Parizek y Patrick M. Colgan. "A numerical investigation of ice-lobe–permafrost interaction around the southern Laurentide ice sheet". Journal of Glaciology 46, n.º 153 (2000): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756500781832800.

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AbstractPermafrost existed around and under marginal parts of the southern Laurentide ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. The presence of permafrost was important in determining the extent, form and dynamics of ice lobes and the landforms they produced because of influences on resistance to basal motion and subglacial hydrology. We develop a two-dimensional time-dependent model of permafrost and glacier-ice dynamics along a flowline to examine: (i) the extent to which permafrost survives under an advancing ice lobe and how it influences landform development and hydrology, and (ii) the influence of permafrost on ice motion and surface profile. The model is applied to the Green Bay lobe, which terminated near Madison, Wisconsin, during the Last Glacial Maximum. Simulations of ice advance over permafrost indicate that the bed upstream of the ice-sheet margin was frozen for 60–200 km at the glacial maximum. Permafrost remained for centuries to a few thousand years under advancing ice, and penetrated sufficiently deep (tens of meters) into the underlying aquifer that drainage of basal meltwater became inefficient, likely resulting in water storage beneath the glacier. Our results highlight the influence of permafrost on subglacial conditions, even though uncertainties in boundary conditions such as climate exist.

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Baranova, Margarita N., Polina A. Babikova, Arsen M. Kudzhaev, Yuliana A. Mokrushina, Olga A. Belozerova, Maxim A. Yunin, Sergey Kovalchuk, Alexander G. Gabibov, Ivan V. Smirnov y Stanislav S. Terekhov. "Live Biosensors for Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening of Antimicrobial Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria". Antibiotics 10, n.º 10 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101161.

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Gram-negative pathogens represent an urgent threat due to their intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. Many recent drug candidates display prominent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria being inefficient against Gram-negative pathogens. Ultrahigh-throughput, microfluidics-based screening techniques represent a new paradigm for deep profiling of antibacterial activity and antibiotic discovery. A key stage of this technology is based on single-cell cocultivation of microbiome biodiversity together with reporter fluorescent pathogen in emulsion, followed by the selection of reporter-free droplets using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Here, a panel of reporter strains of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli was developed to provide live biosensors for precise monitoring of antimicrobial activity. We optimized cell morphology, fluorescent protein, and selected the most efficient promoters for stable, homogeneous, high-level production of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in E. coli. Two alternative strategies based on highly efficient constitutive promoter pJ23119 or T7 promoter leakage enabled sensitive fluorescent detection of bacterial growth and killing. The developed live biosensors were applied for isolating potent E. coli-killing Paenibacillus polymyxa P4 strain by the ultrahigh-throughput screening of soil microbiome. The multi-omics approach revealed antibiotic colistin (polymyxin E) and its biosynthetic gene cluster, mediating antibiotic activity. Live biosensors may be efficiently implemented for antibiotic/probiotic discovery, environmental monitoring, and synthetic biology.

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Shan, Wenjun, Xiaoqing Duan, Guancheng Jiang, Jinsheng Sun, Xianglong Meng y Bingqian Song. "Key Technology of 240°C High-Temperature Drilling Fluid". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2679, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2024): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2679/1/012034.

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Abstract Hot dry rock (HDR) is a renewable green and clean energy source from the depths of the earth. It has the characteristics of high efficiency, environmental protection, safety, and stability, and is not restricted by seasons and climates. Difficulties in exploration and development include deep burial, formation fragmentation, abnormal pressure, high well temperature gradient, and high hole bottom temperature (usually >200°C), key technical issues such as sticking. This paper analyzes the difficulties of high-temperature resistant drilling fluid in dry hot rock: temperature resistance of treatment agents and systems, foaming, leakage, wellbore instability, and other problems. The optimization and experiment of treatment agents such as loss reducers, high-temperature protective agents, etc., and research on drilling fluid technology resistant to high temperature of 240°C in hot dry rock drilling has been carried out, through the optimization experiment of pulping materials and high temperature treatment agent. The main formula is: 3%-4% Sodium bentonite + 2%-3% HPS + 3%-4% SPNH + 2%-4% GJA + 3%-4% JSJ-1 + 0.5%-1.0% GGDP + 1% GBHJ. The drilling fluid formula has good rheology after hot rolling at 240°C, API filtrate loss<5ml, the viscosity recovery rate is over 90%. It provides effective technical support guarantee for promoting the exploration and development of hot dry rock resources in China.

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41

Deeb, Maha, Michel Grimaldi, Thomas Z. Lerch, Anne Pando, Agnès Gigon y Manuel Blouin. "Interactions between organisms and parent materials of a constructed Technosol shape its hydrostructural properties". SOIL 2, n.º 2 (22 de abril de 2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-163-2016.

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Abstract. There is no information on how organisms influence hydrostructural properties of constructed Technosols and how such influence will be affected by the parent-material composition factor. In a laboratory experiment, parent materials, which were excavated deep horizons of soils and green waste compost (GWC), were mixed at six levels of GWC (from 0 to 50 %). Each mixture was set up in the presence/absence of plants and/or earthworms, in a full factorial design (n = 96). After 21 weeks, hydrostructural properties of constructed Technosols were characterized by soil shrinkage curves. Organisms explained the variance of hydrostructural characteristics (19 %) a little better than parent-material composition (14 %). The interaction between the effects of organisms and parent-material composition explained the variance far better (39 %) than each single factor. To summarize, compost and plants played a positive role in increasing available water in macropores and micropores; plants were extending the positive effect of compost up to 40 and 50 % GWC. Earthworms affected the void ratio for mixtures from 0 to 30 % GWC and available water in micropores, but not in macropores. Earthworms also acted synergistically with plants by increasing their root biomass, resulting in positive effects on available water in macropores. Organisms and their interaction with parent materials positively affected the hydrostructural properties of constructed Technosols, with potential positive consequences on resistance to drought or compaction. Considering organisms when creating Technosols could be a promising approach to improve their fertility.

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42

Barker, Emilia, Joanna Shepherd y Ilida Ortega Asencio. "The Use of Cerium Compounds as Antimicrobials for Biomedical Applications". Molecules 27, n.º 9 (21 de abril de 2022): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092678.

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Cerium and its derivatives have been used as remedies for wounds since the early 20th century. Cerium nitrate has attracted most attention in the treatment of deep burns, followed later by reports of its antimicrobial properties. Its ability to mimic and replace calcium is presumed to be a major mechanism of its beneficial action. However, despite some encouraging results, the overall data are somewhat confusing with seemingly the same compounds yielding opposing results. Despite this, cerium nitrate is currently used in wound treatment in combination with silver sulfadiazine as Flammacérium. Cerium oxide, especially in nanoparticle form (Nanoceria), has lately captured much interest due to its antibacterial properties mediated via oxidative stress, leading to an increase of published reports. The properties of Nanoceria depend on the synthesis method, their shape and size. Recently, the green synthesis route has gained a lot of interest as an alternative environmentally friendly method, resulting in production of effective antimicrobial and antifungal nanoparticles. Unfortunately, as is the case with antibiotics, emerging bacterial resistance against cerium-derived nanoparticles is a growing concern, especially in the case of bacterial biofilm. However, diverse strategies resulting from better understanding of the biology of cerium are promising. The aim of this paper is to present the progress to date in the use of cerium compounds as antimicrobials in clinical applications (in particular wound healing) and to provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of cerium at both the cellular and molecular level.

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Purkanti, Ramya y Mukund Thattai. "Ancient dynamin segments capture early stages of host–mitochondrial integration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 9 (17 de febrero de 2015): 2800–2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407163112.

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Eukaryotic cells use dynamins—mechano-chemical GTPases—to drive the division of endosymbiotic organelles. Here we probe early steps of mitochondrial and chloroplast endosymbiosis by tracing the evolution of dynamins. We develop a parsimony-based phylogenetic method for protein sequence reconstruction, with deep time resolution. Using this, we demonstrate that dynamins diversify through the punctuated transformation of sequence segments on the scale of secondary-structural elements. We find examples of segments that have remained essentially unchanged from the 1.8-billion-y-old last eukaryotic common ancestor to the present day. Stitching these together, we reconstruct three ancestral dynamins: The first is nearly identical to the ubiquitous mitochondrial division dynamins of extant eukaryotes, the second is partially preserved in the myxovirus-resistance-like dynamins of metazoans, and the third gives rise to the cytokinetic dynamins of amoebozoans and plants and to chloroplast division dynamins. The reconstructed sequences, combined with evolutionary models and published functional data, suggest that the ancestral mitochondrial division dynamin also mediated vesicle scission. This bifunctional protein duplicated into specialized mitochondrial and vesicle variants at least three independent times—in alveolates, green algae, and the ancestor of fungi and metazoans—accompanied by the loss of the ancient prokaryotic mitochondrial division protein FtsZ. Remarkably, many extant species that retain FtsZ also retain the predicted ancestral bifunctional dynamin. The mitochondrial division apparatus of such organisms, including amoebozoans, red algae, and stramenopiles, seems preserved in a near-primordial form.

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44

S., TIMOSHENKO, SMIRNOV O., KOLLAROV Oleksandr y NIEMTSEV Eduard. "Increasing of energy efficiency of electric arc furnaces in the contest of decarburization of steel production in Ukraine." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 30, n.º 1 (27 de junio de 2024): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2024-1-30-39.

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The EU green deal policy envisages the gradual decarbonization of metallurgy through the priority development of hydrogen technologies for iron recovery and electrical steelmaking. Increasing the energy efficiency of electric arc furnaces (EAF), as a powerful (up to 100-150 MW) consumer of electricity, against the background of an average thermal efficiency of 75%, is an urgent task. The method of numerical modeling provides an assessment of energy-efficient EAF solutions based on the improvement of the workspace geometric parameters. The solutions consist in reducing the form factor of the steel melting bath from the traditional 5.0-5.5 to 2.5-1.8 at a given capacity of the arc furnace and increasing the relative electrodes pitch diameter from the traditional 0.2 of inside frame diameter by approximately two times. The greatest effect of the "deep" bath is achieved in the "flat bath" process due to the features of charging and in DC EAF due to one electrode scheme and consists in reducing radiation heat losses by 49 and 20%, respectively. In the conditions of forced mixing, a "deep" bath makes it possible to reduce the time of steel heating to tapping temperature by 12-16% with corresponding energy savings. In the "deep" bath of DC EAF, the mixing power increases by 1.3-8.4 times compared to the basic bath, which will reduce the heat time by 9- 10% and save up to 70-80 kWh/ton. Optimizing the electrodes pitch diameter increases the relative time of the most energy-efficient stage of melting the charge in the wells. Because of the change in the melting regime, electricity savings of 2.5-7.5% within the energy period are expected, more pronounced in large-tonnage (120-250 ton) AC EAF. The assessment of the energy efficiency of modernizing the geometry of the workspace of the EAF as a whole, taking into account the specifics of the influence of bath parameters (technology period) and electrode decay (energy period) is expected to be at least 10-12% for 100-120 ton AC EAF. The concept of modernization of foundry class EAF with a capacity of 6-12 tons is substantiated, which consists in increasing the specific electrical power by approximately two times due to a corresponding reduction in capacity while maintaining productivity. A special solutions for given EAF are mainly aimed at reducing energy losses due to the accumulation of heat by the refractory lining due to its local replacement with water-cooled elements with increased thermal resistance. With the available power transformer, the specific power of the furnace increases to 1 MW/ton, which, thanks to the intensification of heat exchange processes in the "deep" bath, ensures quantitative and qualitative production indicators with lower heat losses compared to basic units, and reduces electricity consumption within 75 kWh/ton.

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45

Deeb, M., M. Grimaldi, T. Z. Lerch, A. Pando, A. Gigon y M. Blouin. "Interactions between organisms and parent materials of a constructed Technosol shape its hydrostructural properties". SOIL Discussions 2, n.º 2 (17 de diciembre de 2015): 1309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-1309-2015.

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Abstract. Constructed Technosols provide an opportunity to recycle urban waste, and are an alternative to the uptake of topsoil from the countryside. Despite potential problems of erosion, compaction or water holding capacity, their physical properties and the resulting water regulation services are poorly documented. In a laboratory experiment, excavated deep horizons of soils and green waste compost (GWC) were mixed at six levels of GWC (from 0 to 50 %). Each mixture was set up in the presence/absence of plants and/or earthworms, in a full factorial design (n = 96). After 21 weeks, hydrostructural properties of constructed Technosols were characterized by soil shrinkage curves. Organisms explained the variance of hydrostructural characteristics (19 %) a little better than parent-material composition (14 %). The interaction between the effects of organisms and parent-material composition explained the variance far better (39 %) than each single factor. To summarize, compost and plants played a positive role in increasing available water in macropores and micropores; plants were extending the positive effect of compost up to 40 and 50 % GWC. Earthworms affected the void ratio for mixtures from 0 to 30 % GWC and available water in micropores, not in macropores. Earthworms also acted synergistically with plants by increasing their root biomass and the resulting positive effects on available water in macropores. Organisms and their interaction with parent materials thus positively affected the hydro-structural properties of constructed Technosols, with potential positive consequences on resistance to drought or compaction. Considering organisms when creating Technosols could be a promising approach to improve their fertility.

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46

Buu-Sao, Doris. "Mining Hopes in Andalusian Wastelands: The Promises and Materiality of Greened Extraction". Anthropological Quarterly 97, n.º 2 (marzo de 2024): 329–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2024.a929492.

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ABSTRACT: Drawing on discourses on "sustainable," "green" or "climate-smart" mining, public and private actors in the sector are justifying the (re)opening of metal mines in certain rural areas of Europe. Andalusia, a Southern region of Spain, is a pioneer territory in this regard. In this region, mining revival is framed as a paradoxical remedy to the current economic but also ecological crisis, despite the regional history of mining environmental disasters and deep social crisis caused by economic bubbles. How are the new mines made desirable in a context where the local economic, social, and environmental history could jeopardize these projects? The article explores mining revival in Andalusia, from urban centers to mining installations, approaching this process as a combination of promises and material practices. It analyzes the multiple expectations and activities supporting mining redeployment, both from above and from below. Ethnography helps to unpack the plurality of the social conditions that enable the materialization of extractive promises as industrial activities: beyond the top-down imposition of these activities, the article argues that it hinges on the local expectations of the people on the frontline of extraction. At the same time, these expectations are partly shaped by corporate and public policy. People's hopes can thus be thought of as being "mined": aspirations, desires, and anxieties are extracted from societies and processed through media discourses, political speeches, and corporate practices. However, just like ores can oppose physical resistance to extraction due to their biophysical characteristics, so too can local aspirations and hopes come into conflict with the reality of mining.

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Góngora, Carmenza E., Zulma Nancy Gil, Luis Miguel Constantino y Pablo Benavides. "Sustainable Strategies for the Control of Pests in Coffee Crops". Agronomy 13, n.º 12 (29 de noviembre de 2023): 2940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122940.

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Coffee is a worldwide commodity, and both coffee-producing and coffee-consuming countries have real concerns about environmental problems and economic growth strategies based on the efficient use of resources. Because this crop is a perennial, pests can significantly affect coffee production, causing considerable yield losses and threatening coffee supply and security. The presence of insects and control strategies for coffee pests is becoming a challenge. Environmental sustainability, conservation of biodiversity, and safety of the coffee seed must go hand in hand with the economic sustainability of coffee growers. This is especially important, as there has been an increase in demand for coffee and new consumer interest in differentiated quality coffee. Regular pest control methods based only on the use of synthetic pesticides are no longer effective or sustainable due to the development of insecticide resistance and negative effects on the environment, human health, and biodiversity. Thus, to ensure better control and ecological sustainability, it is crucial to reduce pesticide use by adopting original alternative strategies to maintain pest populations below the economic threshold level and towards reaching the European Green Deal. In this review, we collect information available for sustainable control of the principal coffee pests in Colombia: coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei; Monalonion velezangeli; coffee root mealybugs; coffee leaf miner: Leucoptera coffeella; and the coffee red spider mite: Oligonychus yothersi. The control strategies include deep knowledge of the biology of insects and the coffee plant, their relationship with weather and habitats, as well as natural controllers. These control strategies do not involve the use of insecticides, are ecologically friendly and novel, and can be applied in other coffee-producing countries.

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Dong, Yang, Zhang Yi, Ren Yongqiang, Zhang Wei, Wei Zhihong y Wu Shuhe. "Research and Application of Temporary Plugging Agent Technology for High-Pressure Wells in Gas Storage Facilities". Science Discovery 12, n.º 3 (13 de junio de 2024): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241203.11.

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Before various construction of gas storage well, in order to ensure safety, the reservoir must be temporarily blocked, degassed by circulation and no gas in the well can be operated. There are many temporary plugging methods for oil and gas wells. This paper studies the more advanced micro mesh gel temporary plugging technology in the industry and its application in gas storage wells, which mainly solves the problems of poor degradation backflow effect and difficult permeability recovery caused by weak formation stability after temporary plugging of gas storage wells. Research points: (1) On the basis of ordinary gel, through the fusion with cross-linking agent with special structure, a micron network polymer with significant steric hindrance effect on water molecules is finally formed, which improves the strength and stability of the gel system. (2) Add hexamethylene tetramine, bisphenol propane, delayed cross-linking agent and stabilizer into the polymer aqueous solution. It is verified by laboratory tests that the micron mesh gel can be formed after constant temperature coagulation for 3h~70h at ambient temperature of 90°C~170°C. (3) The temperature resistance, permeability and gel breaking of micron mesh gel are tested in the laboratory, and the results can meet the construction requirements. (4) After the temporary plugging operation of Well Su 49K-2X in the gas storage reservoir of Huabei Oilfield is completed, the degradation products of gel breaking will flow back smoothly to ensure that the well can be put into normal injection and production quickly. The test results show that: (1) Micron mesh gel has the advantages of long plugging validity, high temperature resistance, low viscosity after gel breaking, no residue, thorough gel breaking, no formation plugging pollution, and no impact on the original reservoir permeability. It is a new green plugging technology suitable for deep buried high-temperature depleted oil and gas reservoirs. (2) Before construction, the well temperature shall be measured to conduct test injection, so as to prevent gas invasion from affecting the construction effect. The pump injection displacement is designed to be redundant, so as to prevent the low molecular solution from not reaching the design position in the well on time, and the formation of solid rubber plugs at other positions in the well from affecting the construction.

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49

Koni, Arkid, Zhiqiao Zeng, Leonard J. Bonville, Stoyan Bliznakov y Radenka Maric. "Reactive Spray Deposition Technology for Deposition of Protective Metal Layers on Porous Transport Layers in PEM Water Electrolyzers". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 38 (28 de agosto de 2023): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01382252mtgabs.

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Hydrogen today plays a key role in everyday life. Nearly all of the hydrogen consumed in the United State alone are used for the treatment of metals, processing food, petroleum refining, and fuel for aircraft and vehicles [1]. However, the methods of generating this resource revolves around methane pyrolysis, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and electrolysis [2]. The green option of all these methods is electrolysis, but this process accounts for only 4% of the total hydrogen generated [3]. Within this study, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzers (PEMWEs) have been studied as alternative green energy technology for Hydrogen production. PEMWE technology is known for using a cell with solid polymer electrolytes to conduct protons and separating liquid water into product gases of hydrogen and oxygen [4]. A key component within a PEMWE is the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). Within this MEA, there consists of carbon cloth, catalyst coated membrane (CCM), and a porous transport layer (PTL) [5, 6]. For the purposes of this research, we will focus on the PTL as it plays important roles in the cell since it contributes to charge transfer resistance, mass transport, and interfacial contact resistance. However, the PTL is subjected to the highly oxidative environment and overpotentials from the anode side of the electrolyzer which leads to passivation of surface layers and lowering the life expectancy of the PTL as well as cell performance [6]. To combat this, protective layers are applied to the surface of the PTL to mitigate the formation of titanium oxide layers (TiOx). Most coatings applied are platinum, iridium, or gold through magnetron sputter coating. The limitations of most commercial coatings lie in that only surfaces with a direct line of sight to the source material are coated, leaving much of the PTL exposed to oxidation. To combat this, we will use a technique called Reactive Spray Deposition Technology (RSDT). RSDT is a unique and novel open-to-air vapor-phase deposition method developed at UConn’s Center for Clean Energy Engineering [7]. By controlling parameters within the deposition such as quench flow rate, distance of flame, and propane concentrations; we can control particle size, distribution, and coagulation to the surface of the substrate with our precursor layers [8]. This technique allows for a deposition that penetrates deep into the volume of the PTL and provides layer coatings that cover all surfaces with a layer that is uniform, dense and continuous. These layers are further studied and optimized using Focused Ion Beam, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma, and Interfacial Contact Resistance. References: [1] “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Use of Hydrogen - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 20 Jan. 2022, [2] Liu, Ke; Song, Chunshan; Subramani, Velu, eds. (2009). Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies. doi:10.1002/9780470561256. ISBN 9780470561256. [3] Press, Roman J.; Santhanam, K. S. V.; Miri, Massoud J.; Bailey, Alla V.; Takacs, Gerald A. (2008). Introduction to hydrogen Technology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-471-77985-8. [4] Carmo, M; Fritz D; Mergel J; Stolten D (2013). "A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 38 (12): 4901–4934. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151. [5] Novel components in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolyzers (PEMWE): Status, challenges, and future needs. A mini review, Electrochemistry Communications, Volume 114, 2020, 106704 [6] Liu, Chang. Noble Metal Coated Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis. No. FZJ-2022-00346. Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2021. [7] Ryan J. Ouimet, Alanna M. Gado, Stoyan Bliznakov, Leonard J. Bonville, Radenka Maric, Advanced electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices fabricated by reactive spray deposition technology, Electrochemistry Communications, Volume 133, 2021, 107162, ISSN 1388-2481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107162. [8] Liu Chang, RWTH Aachen University 2021Noble metal coated porous transport layers for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

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Pricl, Sabrina, Don L. Gibbons, Paola Posocco, Erik Laurini, Maurizio Fermeglia, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Moshe Talpaz et al. "The Novel BCR-ABL1 V304D Mutation Induces Pan-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance by a Unique Kinase Lateral Escape Mechanism and Is Associated with Very Poor Prognosis In Patients (PTS) with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)." Blood 116, n.º 21 (19 de noviembre de 2010): 3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3402.3402.

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Abstract Abstract 3402 We discovered a novel BCR-ABL1 mutation (V304D) in pts with CML failing imatinib by DNA expansion of specific clones followed by DNA sequencing of ≥10 clones. BCR-ABL1V304D was detected in a median of 37% (range, 20% to 80%) resistant clones from 13 (18%) of 70 imatinib-resistant pts with CML in chronic phase (CP). Pts received imatinib for a median of 35 months (range 2 to 66) at doses ≥600 mg/d. No pt achieved a cytogenetic response. Four received nilotinib: 3 had hematologic resistance and 1 progressed to blast phase (BP). All pts died with negligible response to second-line TKIs: 8/12 pts on dasatinib had disease progression and 4 responded (2 hematologic and 2 transient minor cytogenetic responses). BCR-ABL1V304D failed to induce cytokine-independence or activate Stat5 in Ba/F3 cells. Phosphorylation of CrkL and specific BCR-ABL1 substrates were detectable but diminished compared to unmutated BCR-ABL1-transduced cells. BCR-ABL1V304D failed to catalyze autophosphorylation and the catalytic domain of ABL1V304D demonstrated deficient kinase activity. Enforced expression of BCR-ABL1V304Din CML cells induced quiescence and protection from imatinib-induced apoptosis. In vitro analyses of cells from a pt in CP expressing BCR-ABL1V304D in 50% of clones failed to detect CrKL phosphorylation in the presence of normal BCR-ABL1 protein levels, suggesting that BCR-ABL1V304D encodes a kinase-deficient protein and is associated with remarkable TKI resistance and extremely poor prognosis. To determine the mechanism of resistance imposed by BCR-ABL1V304D, we modeled this mutation in water and counterions and compared it to unmutated and mutant BCR-ABL1 isoforms. We first correlated the free energy of binding (DGbind) to the corresponding IC50 (DGbind = -RT lnIC50) and calculated the difference in free energy of binding between wild-type and mutant kinases (DDGbind = DGbind(WT) – DGbind(MUT)). DGbind <0 indicates a tighter binding to a TKI of the unmutated kinase relative to the mutant kinase. A negative increase of 1.4 kcal/mol in DGbind corresponds to a decrease by a factor of 10 in the IC50 value. The DGbind (IC50) values of imatinib for wild-type, Y253H, and T315I kinases were -10.47kcal/mol (21nM), -7.45 kcal/mol (3.4mM), and -6.38 kcal/mol (21mM), similar to published experimental data (25nM, 1.8–3.9mM, and >10mM, respectively), thus validating our modeling. DGbind and IC50 values for imatinib and dasatinib against V304D are -9.86kcal/mol (59nM) and -12.27 kcal/mol (1.02nM), respectively. 3D images generated from an equilibrated frame of 10 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that the 304 position is not in direct contact with imatinib, nor does it directly alter imatinib binding. Rather, V304D disturbs the position of the regulatory αC helix (Figure1). Longer standard molecular dynamics simulations coupled with steered MD recipes indicate that V304D induces a rearrangement of the ATP/drug binding pocket and water-mediated disruption of some fundamental hydrogen bonds regulating the transition of the activation loop to a “semi-open” conformation and the apt overall conformation of the SH3-binding segment of the TK (residues K294-F311). Furthermore, a decrease in the number of total interactions causes unidirectional drug translation toward the binding site exit. Iterative simulations revealed significant ATP/inhibitor diversion with subsequent complete imatinib expulsion. Thus, the V304D-induced semi-opened conformation of the activation loop favors 1) the lateral escape of imatinib, thus increasing the rate of TKI dissociating from the kinase and 2) does not allow the passage of ATP to reach deep into the binding pocket, thus hampering tyrosine phosphorylation. A similar phenomenon is observed in the activation loop in the active conformation of the V304D kinase bound to dasatinib, which results in greater exposure to water solvent of a part of the binding site and almost complete loss of hydrophobic contacts in the opposite end of the binding site. Fig. 1 MD snapshots of Imatinib (colored sticks) bound to (top) and “escaped” from (bottom) SCTABLIV304D. The mutant residue D304 is highlighted in yellow. Note the rearrangement of the activation loop, the SH3 binding region, and the helix C, colored blue, spring green, and orange in the lower panel. Some waters and counterions are shown as colored spheres. Fig. 1. MD snapshots of Imatinib (colored sticks) bound to (top) and “escaped” from (bottom) SCTABLIV304D. The mutant residue D304 is highlighted in yellow. Note the rearrangement of the activation loop, the SH3 binding region, and the helix C, colored blue, spring green, and orange in the lower panel. Some waters and counterions are shown as colored spheres. In summary, BCR-ABL1V304D results in kinase inactivation, pan-TKI resistance mediated by a novel mechanism of lateral escape at the kinase domain, less control of protein autoinhibition via perturbation of the SH3 binding domain and very poor prognosis. Complete modeling data against a panel of novel TKIs and potential modes of overcoming this novel mechanism of resistance will be presented. Disclosures: Kantarjian: Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Nerviano: Research Funding. Cortes:Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Nerviano: Research Funding.

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