Artículos de revistas: "Decadale trends"

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Nissanka, Nuwanthi, Erandathie Lokupitiya y Shiromani Jayawardena. "Trends in climate change observed under tropical wet and tropical montane climates; A case study from Sri Lanka". MAUSAM 74, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2023): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v74i3.5993.

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Climate change-related changes in temperature and precipitation trends must be investigated at local, regional and global levels. Temperature and precipitation trends in two selected regions having tropical wet and tropical montane climates (i.e., Colombo and Nuwara Eliya respectively) in Sri Lanka were studied for a 30 year period from 1989 to 2019, to evaluate the temporal dynamics of climate change. Precipitation trends were analyzed on annual, monthly, and seasonal scales, while the trends in mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures were examined on annual and monthly scales. Decadal time series plots were used to study decadal variations in average temperature and precipitation. The trends in extreme temperature and precipitation events were also evaluated. In addition, the trends in diurnal temperature range (DTR), cool and warm nights, and heat index (HI) were studied. The significance of trends was evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test, while the magnitude of the slope was assessed by Sen’s slope estimator. Clear statistically significant increasing trends were observed for the mean annual temperatures under the tropical wet and tropical montane climates, and no clear trends were observed in annual precipitation in both districts. There were decreasing trends in south-west monsoon rainfall, with a significant decrease in Nuwara Eliya under the tropical montane climate. Increasing trends were observed for the average monthly precipitation in November (i.e., during the inter-monsoonal rains) and average monthly temperature in April (i.e., the hottest month) over the last decade (i.e., 2010-2019) in Colombo. The DTR has significantly decreased over the last three decades in Colombo. A significant upward trend was observed for HI values during the last decade in Colombo. Colombo also showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in the number of cool nights and a statistically significant decreasing trend in the number of warm nights over the last decade.

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Johnson, Gregory C., John M. Lyman y Sarah G. Purkey. "Informing Deep Argo Array Design Using Argo and Full-Depth Hydrographic Section Data". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2015): 2187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0139.1.

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AbstractData from full-depth closely sampled hydrographic sections and Argo floats are analyzed to inform the design of a future Deep Argo array. Here standard errors of local decadal temperature trends and global decadal trends of ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level anomalies integrated from 2000 to 6000 dbar are estimated for a hypothetical 5° latitude × 5° longitude × 15-day cycle Deep Argo array. These estimates are made using temperature variances from closely spaced full-depth CTD profiles taken during hydrographic sections. The temperature data along each section are high passed laterally at a 500-km scale, and the resulting variances are averaged in 5° × 5° bins to assess temperature noise levels as a function of pressure and geographic location. A mean global decorrelation time scale of 62 days is estimated using temperature time series at 1800 dbar from Argo floats. The hypothetical Deep Argo array would be capable of resolving, at one standard error, local trends from <1 m °C decade−1 in the quiescent abyssal North Pacific to about 26 m °C decade−1 below 2000 dbar along 50°S in the energetic Southern Ocean. Larger decadal temperature trends have been reported previously in these regions using repeat hydrographic section data, but those very sparse data required substantial spatial averaging to obtain statistically significant results. Furthermore, the array would provide decadal global ocean heat content trend estimates from 2000 to 6000 dbar with a standard error of ±3 TW, compared to a trend standard error of ±17 TW from a previous analysis of repeat hydrographic data.

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SUDEVAN, S., N. T. NIYAS, K. SANTHOSH y RAMESH CHAND. "Study on hourly temperature features over Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy during 1969-2012". MAUSAM 67, n.º 3 (8 de diciembre de 2021): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i3.1382.

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Amongst all the climatic elements, temperature plays a major role in detecting and analyzing climatic change and its impact. The variability in resident time of the surface temperature is studied to investigate whether any change in temperature has taken place. Analysis of the results is presented for Mumbai, a mega city with large change in land-use pattern, Thiruvananthapuram, a semi-urban city with moderate changes in land-use pattern and Minicoy, an Island city without much change in land-use pattern. These three places representing varying geographical locations and climatic conditions are unique in nature, however having uniform maritime influence. It is revealed that the change is large in Mumbai in comparison with others as expected. The study proposes a new methodology based on the resident time of temperatures and its trend and could be used as a tool for relative ranking of cities and to gauge the source and sink regions of climate change forcing. The resident time of temperatures shows increasing trend above the mean temperature and decreasing trend below the mean temperature of the initial decade. Decadal linear increasing trends in mean temperatures are 0.256 °C, 0.159 °C and 0.146 °C per decade for Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy respectively. This confirms the effect of global warming unequivocally irrespective of urban effect. Decadal linear increasing trends in mean temperature during non-monsoon season for Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy are 0.315 °C, 0.155 °C and 0.181 °C per decade respectively. The rate of increase of mean temperature for Mumbai and Minicoy during monsoon season is 0.143 °C and 0.081 °C per decade respectively, are significantly less than the decadal trend in annual mean, which suggests that rainfall activity seems to be the correction factor for the increasing trend in the annual mean temperature which otherwise would have been a higher value. However, the rate of increase of mean temperature for Thiruvananthapuram during monsoon season for the study period is 0.172 °C per decade, which is slightly higher than the decadal trend in annual mean. Noticeable changes in resident time during monsoon season are in conformity with change in rainfall patterns.

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Al-Taisan, Wafa’a A. "A Remote Sensing Approach for Displaying the Changes in the Vegetation Cover at Az Zakhnuniyah Island at Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia". Scientifica 2022 (17 de marzo de 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2907921.

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In the terrestrial ecosystem, vegetation is the important component of exchanging of water and energy in biogeochemical and climate cycle. A study was conducted to detect the vegetation cover change at Az Zakhnuniyah island by using remote sensing techniques. It includes vegetation analysis using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) while comparing with climatological data including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. A clear trend was seen in climatological parameters where temperature and humidity were rising decade by decade although NDVI did not show. In addition, increasing soil salinization over the years was observed when soil salinity index was used. NDVI-based long-term decadal analysis on vegetation cover based on Landsat surface reflectance data showed increase of vegetation cover which was also linked to precipitation trends. Also, the short-term demi-decadal comparison using PROBA-V showed the vegetation cover reduction between 2015 and 2019. Nevertheless, the sea level surrounding the island also showed an increasing trend of 0.34 cm/y, which could be the cause of inundation in some parts of the island in future. Furthermore, all these trends need to be observed in entirety as many of those trends can be interlinked.

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Yela, Margarita, Manuel Gil-Ojeda, Mónica Navarro-Comas, David Gonzalez-Bartolomé, Olga Puentedura, Bernd Funke, Javier Iglesias et al. "Hemispheric asymmetry in stratospheric NO<sub>2</sub> trends". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, n.º 21 (10 de noviembre de 2017): 13373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13373-2017.

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Abstract. Over 20 years of stratospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) data from ground-based zenith DOAS spectrometers were used for trend analysis, specifically, via multiple linear regression. Spectrometers from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) cover the subtropical latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (Izaña, 28° N), the southern Subantarctic (Ushuaia, 55° S) and Antarctica (Marambio, 64° S, and Belgrano, 78° S). The results show that for the period 1993–2014, a mean positive decadal trend of +8.7 % was found in the subtropical Northern Hemisphere stations, and negative decadal trends of −8.7 and −13.8 % were found in the Southern Hemisphere at Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively; all trends are statistically significant at 95 %. Belgrano only shows a significant decadal trend of −11.3 % in the summer/autumn period. Most of the trends result from variations after 2005. The trend in the diurnal build-up per hour (DBU) was used to estimate the change in the rate of N2O5 conversion to NO2 during the day. With minor differences, the results reproduce those obtained for NO2. The trends computed for individual months show large month-to-month variability. At Izaña, the maximum occurs in December (+13.1 %), dropping abruptly to lower values in the first part of the year. In the Southern Hemisphere, the polar vortex dominates the monthly distributions of the trends. At Marambio, the maximum occurs in mid-winter (−21 %), whereas at the same time, the Ushuaia trend is close to its annual minimum (−7 %). The large difference in the trends at these two relatively close stations suggests a vortex shift towards the Atlantic/South American area over the past few years. Finally, the hemispheric asymmetry obtained in this work is discussed in the framework of the results obtained by previous works that considered tracer analysis and Brewer–Dobson circulation. The results obtained here provide evidence that the NO2 produced by N2O decomposition is not the only cause of the observed trend in the stratosphere and support recent publications pointing to a dynamical redistribution starting in the past decade.

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Bernhard, Germar y Scott Stierle. "Trends of UV Radiation in Antarctica". Atmosphere 11, n.º 8 (28 de julio de 2020): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080795.

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The success of the Montreal Protocol in curbing increases in harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface has recently been demonstrated. This study also provided evidence that the UV Index (UVI) measured by SUV-100 spectroradiometers at three Antarctic sites (South Pole, Arrival Heights, and Palmer Station) is now decreasing. For example, a significant (95% confidence level) downward trend of −5.5% per decade was reported at Arrival Heights for summer (December through February). However, it was also noted that these measurements are potentially affected by long-term drifts in calibrations of approximately 1% per decade. To address this issue, we have reviewed the chain of calibrations implemented at the three sites between 1996 and 2018 and applied corrections for changes in the scales of spectral irradiance (SoSI) that have occurred over this period (Method 1). This analysis resulted in an upward correction of UVI data measured after 2012 by 1.7% to 1.8%, plus smaller adjustments for several shorter periods. In addition, we have compared measurements during clear skies with model calculations to identify and correct anomalies in the measurements (Method 2). Corrections from both methods reduced decadal trends in UVI on average by 1.7% at the South Pole, 2.1% at Arrival Heights, and 1.6% at Palmer Station. Trends in UVI calculated from the corrected dataset are consistent with concomitant trends in ozone. The decadal trend in UVI calculated from the corrected dataset for summer at Arrival Heights is −3.3% and is significant at the 90% level. Analysis of spectral irradiance measurements at 340 nm suggests that this trend is partially caused by changes in sea ice cover adjacent to the station. For the South Pole, a significant (95% level) trend in UVI of −3.9% per decade was derived for January. This trend can partly be explained by a significant positive trend in total ozone of about 3% per decade, which was calculated from SUV-100 and Dobson measurements. Our study provides further evidence that UVIs are now decreasing in Antarctica during summer months. Reductions have not yet emerged during spring when the ozone hole leads to large UVI variability.

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Li, Gen, Baohua Ren, Jianqiu Zheng y Chengyun Yang. "Trend Singular Value Decomposition Analysis and Its Application to the Global Ocean Surface Latent Heat Flux and SST Anomalies". Journal of Climate 24, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2011): 2931–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3743.1.

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Abstract Given the complexity of trends in the actual climate system, distinguishing between different trends and different trend modes is important for climate research. This study introduces a new method called “trend singular value decomposition (TSVD) analysis,” which is designed for systematically extracting coupled trend modes, albeit small, by performing an eigenanalysis of the inverse-rank covariance matrix between two fields. Applications to simple time series models and annual mean surface latent heat flux (LHF) and SST data for 1958–2006 are presented and discussed. Results show that the TSVD analysis can capture different coherent trends into different leading modes. The first TSVD mode between the global LHF and SST anomalies, similar to the first conventional SVD mode, generally represents a large-scale increasing LHF trend induced by a warming SST trend; whereas, interestingly, unlike the second SVD mode that is mainly associated with the familiar ENSO, the second TSVD mode is mainly associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). TSVD analysis casts the (global) long-term and (Pacific) decadal trends into the leading two modes, respectively. Compared to SVD analysis, the advantages of the TSVD analysis in detecting coupled low-frequency modes are even more evident in the tropical Pacific (TP), where the coherent trend signals (i.e., the long-term trends and the decadal trends) are smaller than the ENSO-related signals. Thus, TSVD analysis performs better than SVD analysis when focusing on trends rather than on maximum covariance patterns, particularly on relatively small coherent trend patterns, such as the coupled long-term trends and decadal trends in the TP.

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Worden, H. M., M. N. Deeter, C. Frankenberg, M. George, F. Nichitiu, J. Worden, I. Aben et al. "Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, n.º 9 (28 de septiembre de 2012): 25703–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-25703-2012.

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Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ∼−1% yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

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Worden, H. M., M. N. Deeter, C. Frankenberg, M. George, F. Nichitiu, J. Worden, I. Aben et al. "Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2013): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-837-2013.

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Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ~ −1 % yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

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DelSole, Timothy, Michael K. Tippett y Jagadish Shukla. "A Significant Component of Unforced Multidecadal Variability in the Recent Acceleration of Global Warming". Journal of Climate 24, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2011): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3659.1.

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Abstract The problem of separating variations due to natural and anthropogenic forcing from those due to unforced internal dynamics during the twentieth century is addressed using state-of-the-art climate simulations and observations. An unforced internal component that varies on multidecadal time scales is identified by a new statistical method that maximizes integral time scale. This component, called the internal multidecadal pattern (IMP), is stochastic and hence does not contribute to trends on long time scales; however, it can contribute significantly to short-term trends. Observational estimates indicate that the trend in the spatially averaged “well observed” sea surface temperature (SST) due to the forced component has an approximately constant value of 0.1 K decade−1, while the IMP can contribute about ±0.08 K decade−1 for a 30-yr trend. The warming and cooling of the IMP matches that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and is of sufficient amplitude to explain the acceleration in warming during 1977–2008 as compared to 1946–77, despite the forced component increasing at the same rate during these two periods. The amplitude and time scale of the IMP are such that its contribution to the trend dominates that of the forced component on time scales shorter than 16 yr, implying that the lack of warming trend during the past 10 yr is not statistically significant. Furthermore, since the IMP varies naturally on multidecadal time scales, it is potentially predictable on decadal time scales, providing a scientific rationale for decadal predictions. While the IMP can contribute significantly to trends for periods of 30 yr or shorter, it cannot account for the 0.8°C warming that has been observed in the twentieth-century spatially averaged SST.

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Hannaford, J., G. Buys, K. Stahl y L. M. Tallaksen. "The influence of decadal-scale variability on trends in long European streamflow records". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, n.º 7 (15 de julio de 2013): 2717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2717-2013.

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Abstract. This study seeks to provide a long-term context for the growing number of trend analyses which have been applied to river flows in Europe. Most studies apply trend tests to fixed periods, in relatively short (generally 1960s–present) records. This study adopts an alternative "multi-temporal" approach, whereby trends are fitted to every possible combination of start and end years in a record. The method is applied to 132 catchments with long (1932–2004) hydrometric records from northern and central Europe, which were chosen as they are minimally anthropogenically influenced and have good quality data. The catchments are first clustered into five regions, which are broadly homogenous in terms of interdecadal variability of annual mean flow. The multi-temporal trend approach was then applied to regional time series of different hydrological indicators (annual, monthly and high and low flows). The results reveal that the magnitude and even direction of short-term trends are heavily influenced by interdecadal variability. Some short-term trends revealed in previous studies are shown to be unrepresentative of long-term change. For example, previous studies have identified post-1960 river flow decreases in southern and eastern Europe: in parts of eastern Europe, these trends are resilient to study period, extending back to the 1930s; in southern France, longer records show evidence of positive trends which reverse from the 1960s. Recent (post-1960) positive trends in northern Europe are also not present in longer records, due to decadal variations influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The results provide a long-term reference for comparison with published and future studies. The multi-temporal approach advocated here is recommended for use in future trend assessments, to help contextualise short-term trends. Future work should also attempt to explain the decadal-scale variations that drive short-term trends, and thus develop more sophisticated methods for trend detection that take account of interdecadal variability and its drivers.

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Hannaford, J., G. Buys, K. Stahl y L. M. Tallaksen. "The influence of decadal-scale variability on trends in long European streamflow records". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2013): 1859–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1859-2013.

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Abstract. This study seeks to provide a long-term context for the growing number of trend analyses which have been applied to river flows in Europe. Most studies apply trend tests to fixed periods, in relatively short (generally 1960s–present) records. This study adopts an alternative "multi-temporal" approach, whereby trends are fitted to every possible combination of start and end years in a record. The method is applied to 132 catchments with long (1932–2004) hydrometric records from northern and central Europe, which were chosen as they are minimally anthropogenically influenced and have good quality data. The catchments are first clustered into five regions, which are broadly homogenous in terms of interdecadal variability of annual mean flow. The multi-temporal trend approach was then applied to regional time series of different hydrological indicators (annual, monthly and high and low flows). The results reveal that the magnitude and even direction of short-term trends are heavily influenced by interdecadal variability. Some short-term trends revealed in previous studies are shown to be unrepresentative of long-term change. For example, previous studies have identified post-1960 river flow decreases in southern and eastern Europe: in parts of eastern Europe, these trends are resilient to study period, extending back to the 1930s; in southern France, longer records show evidence of positive trends which reverse from the 1960s. Recent (post-1960) positive trends in northern Europe are also not present in longer records, due to decadal variations influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The results provide a long-term reference for comparison with published and future studies. The multi-temporal approach advocated here is recommended for use in future trend assessments, to help contextualise short-term trends. Future work should also attempt to explain the decadal-scale variations that drive short-term trends, and thus develop more sophisticated methods for trend detection that take account of interdecadal variability and its drivers.

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13

Bourassa, A. E., D. A. Degenstein, W. J. Randel, J. M. Zawodny, E. Kyrölä, C. A. McLinden, C. E. Sioris y C. Z. Roth. "Trends in stratospheric ozone derived from merged SAGE II and Odin-OSIRIS satellite observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, n.º 6 (18 de marzo de 2014): 7113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-7113-2014.

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Abstract. Stratospheric ozone profile measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II satellite instrument (1984–2005) are combined with those from the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) instrument on the Odin satellite (2001–Present) to quantify interannual variability and decadal trends in stratospheric ozone between 60° S and 60° N. These data are merged into a multi-instrument, long-term stratospheric ozone record (1984–present) by analyzing the measurements during the overlap period of 2002–2005 when both satellite instruments were operational. The variability in the deseasonalized time series is fit using multiple linear regression with predictor basis functions including the quasi-biennial oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation index, solar activity proxy, and the pressure at the tropical tropopause, in addition to two linear trends (one before and one after 1997), from which the decadal trends in ozone are derived. From 1984–1997, there are statistically significant negative trends of 5–10% per decade throughout the stratosphere between approximately 30–50 km. From 1997–present, a statistically significant recovery of 3–8% per decade has taken place throughout most of the stratosphere with the notable exception between 40° S–40° N below approximately 22 km where the negative trend continues. The recovery is not significant between 25–35 km altitude when accounting for a conservative estimate of instrument drift.

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Bourassa, A. E., D. A. Degenstein, W. J. Randel, J. M. Zawodny, E. Kyrölä, C. A. McLinden, C. E. Sioris y C. Z. Roth. "Trends in stratospheric ozone derived from merged SAGE II and Odin-OSIRIS satellite observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n.º 13 (9 de julio de 2014): 6983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6983-2014.

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Abstract. Stratospheric ozone profile measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment~(SAGE) II satellite instrument (1984–2005) are combined with those from the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) instrument on the Odin satellite (2001–Present) to quantify interannual variability and decadal trends in stratospheric ozone between 60° S and 60° N. These data are merged into a multi-instrument, long-term stratospheric ozone record (1984–present) by analyzing the measurements during the overlap period of 2002–2005 when both satellite instruments were operational. The variability in the deseasonalized time series is fit using multiple linear regression with predictor basis functions including the quasi-biennial oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation index, solar activity proxy, and the pressure at the tropical tropopause, in addition to two linear trends (one before and one after 1997), from which the decadal trends in ozone are derived. From 1984 to 1997, there are statistically significant negative trends of 5–10% per decade throughout the stratosphere between approximately 30 and 50 km. From 1997 to present, a statistically significant recovery of 3–8% per decade has taken place throughout most of the stratosphere with the notable exception between 40° S and 40° N below approximately 22 km where the negative trend continues. The recovery is not significant between 25 and 35 km altitudes when accounting for a conservative estimate of instrument drift.

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Bootsma, A., D. W. McKenney, D. Anderson y P. Papadopol. "A re-evaluation of crop heat units in the maritime provinces of Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2007): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-140.

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Crop heat units (CHU) are commonly used to rate suitability of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] varieties for production in various regions of Canada. The CHU map presently in use for the Maritime provinces is based on climate data from the period 1956 to 1985. This paper presents an updated CHU map for the region using the latest available climate normals (1971 to 2000) and up-to-date interpolation and mapping procedures. Decadal time trends of CHU and water deficits are also examined for seven selected climate stations in the region. Average CHU ratings often increased by 100 units or more for the most recent period, with some exceptions. Station decadal trends from 1955 to 2004 confirmed the warming trend, with an average increase of 86 CHU per decade. Increased CHU have promoted higher potential yields in corn and soybean in the region, although this potential was not likely met during the last decade due to frequent droughts in some areas. However, there is presently little evidence to suggest that higher yield potential will be significantly limited by changing water deficits as a re sult of greenhouse-gas induced global warming in this century. Key words: Corn, Zea mays, soybean, Glycine max, climate trends, yield, water deficits

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Gebhardt, C., A. Rozanov, R. Hommel, M. Weber, H. Bovensmann, J. P. Burrows, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux y A. M. Thompson. "Stratospheric ozone trends and variability as seen by SCIAMACHY from 2002 to 2012". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n.º 2 (24 de enero de 2014): 831–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-831-2014.

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Abstract. Vertical profiles of the rate of linear change (trend) in the altitude range 15–50 km are determined from decadal O3 time series obtained from SCIAMACHY1/ENVISAT2 measurements in limb-viewing geometry. The trends are calculated by using a multivariate linear regression. Seasonal variations, the quasi-biennial oscillation, signatures of the solar cycle and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are accounted for in the regression. The time range of trend calculation is August 2002–April 2012. A focus for analysis are the zonal bands of 20° N–20° S (tropics), 60–50° N, and 50–60° S (midlatitudes). In the tropics, positive trends of up to 5% per decade between 20 and 30 km and negative trends of up to 10% per decade between 30 and 38 km are identified. Positive O3 trends of around 5% per decade are found in the upper stratosphere in the tropics and at midlatitudes. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and EOS MLS3 show reasonable agreement both in the tropics and at midlatitudes for most altitudes. In the tropics, measurements from OSIRIS4/Odin and SHADOZ5 are also analysed. These yield rates of linear change of O3 similar to those from SCIAMACHY. However, the trends from SCIAMACHY near 34 km in the tropics are larger than MLS and OSIRIS by a factor of around two. 1 SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY 2 European environmental research satellite 3 Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) 4 Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System 5 Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes

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RAJI PUSHPALATHA, GOVINDAN KUTTY y BYJU GANGADHARAN. "Sensitivity analysis of WOFOST for yield simulation of cassava over the major growing areas of India". Journal of Agrometeorology 23, n.º 4 (11 de noviembre de 2021): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v23i4.140.

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A study was conducted to assess the meteorological sensitivity of the WOFOST crop model in simulating the yield of cassava. The sensitivity was designed by changing the present meteorological data by ±1 to ±5 %. The results has shown the minimum temperature influencing the yield of cassava (variation: 4.94 to -7.65 %) followed by the maximum temperature (yield variation: 6.39 to -6.03 %) and solar radiation (yield variation: -2.41 to 2.07 %). The trends of these meteorological variables have been further analyzed over the major cassava growing regions in India to link its variations with cassava production. A significant trend has been detected during the monsoon season in northeast India, with a decadal change of 0.63ºC. At the same time, a significant trend was detected in the peninsular region during the winter season, with a value of 0.74ºC/decade. The rate of solar dimming in northeast India during the monsoon season was -0.53 hour/decade and during the autumn season, it was -0.25 hour/decade, respectively. The meteorological sensitivity of crop model on its yield and trends may assist the decision-makers in developing appropriate plans mitigations strategies to enhance crop production to ensure food security.

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Ahamad, Fatimah, Paul T. Griffiths, Mohd Talib Latif, Liew Juneng y Chung Jing Xiang. "Ozone Trends from Two Decades of Ground Level Observation in Malaysia". Atmosphere 11, n.º 7 (17 de julio de 2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070755.

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We examine the change in surface ozone and its precursor behavior over 20 years at four locations in western Peninsular Malaysia which have undergone urban-commercial development. Trend and correlation analyses were carried out on ozone and oxides of nitrogen observation data over the periods of 1997–2016 as well as the decadal intervals of 1997–2006 and 2007–2016. Diurnal variation composites for decadal intervals were also plotted. Significant increasing ozone concentrations were observed at all locations for the 20-year period, with a range between 0.09 and 0.21 ppb yr−1. The most urbanized location (S3) showed the highest ozone trend. Decadal intervals show that not all stations record significant increasing trends of ozone, with S1 recording decreasing ozone at a rate of −0.44 ppb yr−1 during the latter decade. Correlation analysis showed that only oxides of nitrogen ratios (NO/NO2) had significant inverse relationships with ozone at all stations corresponding to control of ozone by photostationary state reactions. The diurnal composites show that decadal difference in NO/NO2 is mostly influenced by change in nitric oxide concentrations.

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19

Mahmud, Khalid, Susmita Saha, Tanvir Ahmad y Ummay Saima Satu. "Historical trends and variability of temperature extremes in two climate vulnerable regions of Bangladesh". Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 2018): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i2.37984.

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Research on temperature extremes deserves more importance because it reacts sensitively to climate change. As elsewhere across the world, Bangladesh has already become a victim of temperature extremes. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the trends and variability of 11 temperature-related extreme indices based on daily maximum (TX) and daily minimum (TN) temperature recorded at Rajshahi and Barisal over the period 1976–2015. The indices were calculated on annual basis and their average annual and decadal trends were evaluated by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimate. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) upward trend was observed in some of the hot extremes, such as SU35: number of days with TX > 35°C and TR25: number of days with TN > 25°C, indicating that the number of days and nights with extreme hot temperature are increasing in both sites. Significant decreasing rate (-0.308 day/year) of SU25: number of days with TX > 25°C and increasing rate (1.00 day/year) of SU35 demonstrate that moderate hot days are converting to extreme hot days at Rajshahi. All cold indices showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) variations at Rajshahi implying that cold extremes are becoming severe in this area. Significant rising trend of diurnal temperature range (DTR) indicated the higher rate of increase in TX than in TN at Rajshahi. The increasing trend of all hot indices at Barisal, close to the coast, reveals more warming in hot extremes. However, no significant trends of cold indices were observed at Barisal. Significant average decadal variations of temperature indices were only observed for hot index TNx: annual maximum TN (0.372 °C/decade) and cold index CD25: number of days with TX < 25°C (4.70 days/decade) at Rajshahi and hot index SU35 (5.650 days/decade) at Barisal. So, the relatively dry western region of the country is vulnerable to both hot and cold extremes, whereas coastal area is susceptible to only hot extremes.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 283-292, August 2018

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20

Hernández Ayala, José J. y Rafael Méndez-Tejeda. "Increasing frequency in off-season tropical cyclones and its relation to climate variability and change". Weather and Climate Dynamics 1, n.º 2 (3 de diciembre de 2020): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-745-2020.

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Abstract. This article analyzes the relationship between off-season tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and climate variability and change for the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean basins. TC track data were used to extract the off-season storms for the 1900–2019 period. TC counts were aggregated by decade, and the number of storms for the first 6 decades (presatellite era) was adjusted. Mann–Kendall nonparametric tests were used to identify trends in decadal TC counts and multiple linear regression (MLR) models were used to test if climatic variability or climate change factors explained the trends in off-season storms. MLR stepwise procedures were implemented to identify the climate variability and change factors that explained most of the variability in off-season TC frequency. A total of 713 TCs were identified as occurring earlier or later than their peak seasons, most during the month of May and in the West Pacific and South Pacific basins. The East Pacific (EP), North Atlantic (NA) and West Pacific (WP) basins exhibit significant increasing trends in decadal off-season TC frequency. MLR results show that trends in sea surface temperature, global mean surface temperature and cloud cover explain most of the increasing trend in decadal off-season TC counts in the EP, NA and WP basins. Stepwise MLR results also identified climate change variables as the dominant forces behind increasing trends in off-season TC decadal counts, yet they also showed that climate variability factors like El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation also account for a portion of the variability.

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21

Bieniek, Peter A., John E. Walsh, Richard L. Thoman y Uma S. Bhatt. "Using Climate Divisions to Analyze Variations and Trends in Alaska Temperature and Precipitation". Journal of Climate 27, n.º 8 (10 de abril de 2014): 2800–2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00342.1.

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Abstract By extending the record of Alaskan divisional temperature and precipitation back in time, regional variations and trends of temperature and precipitation over 1920–2012 are documented. The use of the divisional framework highlights the greater spatial coherence of temperature variations relative to precipitation variations. The divisional time series of temperature are characterized by large interannual variability superimposed upon low-frequency variability, as well as by an underlying trend. Low-frequency variability corresponding to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) includes Alaska’s generally warm period of the 1920s and 1930s, a cold period from the late 1940s through the mid-1970s, a warm period from the late 1970s through the early 2000s, and a cooler period in the most recent decade. An exception to the cooling of the past decade is the North Slope climate division, which has continued to warm. There has been a gradual upward trend of Alaskan temperatures relative to the PDO since 1920, resulting in a statewide average warming of about 1°C. In contrast to temperature, variations of precipitation are less consistent across climate divisions and have much less multidecadal character. Thirty-year trends of both variables are highly sensitive to the choice of the subperiod within the overall 93-yr period. The trends also vary seasonally, with winter and spring contributing the most to the annual trends.

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22

Royston, Sam, Rory J. Bingham y Jonathan L. Bamber. "Attributing decadal climate variability in coastal sea-level trends". Ocean Science 18, n.º 4 (27 de julio de 2022): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1093-2022.

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Abstract. Decadal sea-level variability masks longer-term changes due to natural and anthropogenic drivers in short-duration records and increases uncertainty in trend and acceleration estimates. When making regional coastal management and adaptation decisions, it is important to understand the drivers of these changes to account for periods of reduced or enhanced sea-level change. The variance in decadal sea-level trends about the global mean is quantified and mapped around the global coastlines of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans from historical CMIP6 runs and a high-resolution ocean model forced by reanalysis data. We reconstruct coastal, sea-level trends via linear relationships with climate mode and oceanographic indices. Using this approach, more than one-third of the variability in decadal sea-level trends can be explained by climate indices at 24.6 % to 73.1 % of grid cells located within 25 km of a coast in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. At 10.9 % of the world's coastline, climate variability explains over two-thirds of the decadal sea-level trend. By investigating the steric, manometric, and gravitational components of sea-level trend independently, it is apparent that much of the coastal ocean variability is dominated by the manometric signal, the consequence of the open-ocean steric signal propagating onto the continental shelf. Additionally, decadal variability in the gravitational, rotational, and solid-Earth deformation (GRD) signal should not be ignored in the total. There are locations such as the Persian Gulf and African west coast where decadal sea-level variability is historically small that are susceptible to future changes in hydrology and/or ice mass changes that drive intensified regional GRD sea-level change above the global mean. The magnitude of variance explainable by climate modes quantified in this study indicates an enhanced uncertainty in projections of short- to mid-term regional sea-level trend.

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23

Karabil, Sitar, Eduardo Zorita y Birgit Hünicke. "Mechanisms of variability in decadal sea-level trends in the Baltic Sea over the 20th century". Earth System Dynamics 8, n.º 4 (17 de noviembre de 2017): 1031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1031-2017.

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Abstract. Coastal sea-level trends in the Baltic Sea display decadal-scale variations around a long-term centennial trend. In this study, we analyse the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decadal trend variations and investigate the links between coastal sea-level trends and atmospheric forcing on a decadal timescale. For this analysis, we use monthly means of sea-level and climatic data sets. The sea-level data set is composed of long tide gauge records and gridded sea surface height (SSH) reconstructions. Climatic data sets are composed of sea-level pressure, air temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and climatic variability indices. The analysis indicates that atmospheric forcing is a driving factor of decadal sea-level trends. However, its effect is geographically heterogeneous. This impact is large in the northern and eastern regions of the Baltic Sea. In the southern Baltic Sea area, the impacts of atmospheric circulation on decadal sea-level trends are smaller. To identify the influence of the large-scale factors other than the effect of atmospheric circulation in the same season on Baltic Sea sea-level trends, we filter out the direct signature of atmospheric circulation for each season separately on the Baltic Sea level through a multivariate linear regression model and analyse the residuals of this regression model. These residuals hint at a common underlying factor that coherently drives the decadal sea-level trends in the whole Baltic Sea. We found that this underlying effect is partly a consequence of decadal precipitation trends in the Baltic Sea basin in the previous season. The investigation of the relation between the AMO index and sea-level trends implies that this detected underlying factor is not connected to oceanic forcing driven from the North Atlantic region.

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24

Davis, Sean M., Nicholas Davis, Robert W. Portmann, Eric Ray y Karen Rosenlof. "The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between recent modeled and observed lower-stratospheric ozone trends". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, n.º 5 (17 de marzo de 2023): 3347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3347-2023.

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Abstract. Several analyses of satellite-based ozone measurements have reported that lower-stratospheric ozone has declined since the late 1990s. In contrast to this, lower-stratospheric ozone was found to be increasing in specified-dynamics (SD) simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM-SD) despite the fact that these simulations are expected to represent the real-world dynamics and chemistry relevant to stratospheric ozone changes. This paper seeks to explain this specific model and observational discrepancy and to more generally examine the relationship between tropical lower-stratospheric upwelling and lower-stratospheric ozone. This work shows that, in general, the standard configuration of WACCM-SD fails to reproduce the tropical upwelling changes present in its input reanalysis fields. Over the period 1998 to 2016, WACCM-SD has a spurious negative upwelling trend that induces a positive near-global lower-stratospheric column ozone trend and that accounts for much of the apparent discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone trends. Using a suite of SD simulations with alternative nudging configurations, it is shown that short-term (∼ 2-decade) lower-stratospheric ozone trends scale linearly with short-term trends in tropical lower-stratospheric upwelling near 85 hPa. However, none of the simulations fully capture the recent ozone decline, and the ozone and upwelling scaling in the WACCM simulations suggests that a large short-term upwelling trend (∼ 6 % decade−1) would be needed to explain the observed satellite trends. The strong relationship between ozone and upwelling, coupled with both the large range of reanalysis upwelling trend estimates and the inability of WACCM-SD simulations to reproduce upwelling from their input reanalyses, severely limits the use of SD simulations for accurately reproducing recent ozone variability. However, a free-running version of WACCM using only surface boundary conditions and a nudged quasi-biennial oscillation produces a positive decadal-scale lower-stratospheric upwelling trend and a negative near-global lower-stratospheric column ozone trend that is in closest agreement with the ozone observations.

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25

Fotiadi, A., N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, K. G. Pavlakis, E. Drakakis, D. Hatzidimitriou y I. Vardavas. "Analysis of the decrease in the tropical mean outgoing shortwave radiation at the top of atmosphere for the period 1984-2000". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, n.º 6 (11 de julio de 2005): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1721-2005.

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Abstract. A decadal-scale trend in the tropical radiative energy budget has been observed recently by satellites, which however is not reproduced by climate models. In the present study, we have computed the outgoing shortwave radiation (OSR) at the top of atmosphere (TOA) at 2.5° longitude-latitude resolution and on a mean monthly basis for the 17-year period 1984-2000, by using a deterministic solar radiative transfer model and cloud climatological data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D2 database. Anomaly time series for the mean monthly pixel-level OSR fluxes, as well as for the key physical parameters, were constructed. A significant decreasing trend in OSR anomalies, starting mainly from the late 1980s, was found in tropical and subtropical regions (30° S-30° N), indicating a decadal increase in solar planetary heating equal to 1.9±0.3Wm-2/decade, reproducing well the features recorded by satellite observations, in contrast to climate model results. This increase in solar planetary heating, however, is accompanied by a similar increase in planetary cooling, due to increased outgoing longwave radiation, so that there is no change in net radiation. The model computed OSR trend is in good agreement with the corresponding linear decadal decrease of 2.5±0.4Wm-2/decade in tropical mean OSR anomalies derived from ERBE S-10N non-scanner data (edition 2). An attempt was made to identify the physical processes responsible for the decreasing trend in tropical mean OSR. A detailed correlation analysis using pixel-level anomalies of model computed OSR flux and ISCCP cloud cover over the entire tropical and subtropical region (30° S-30° N), gave a correlation coefficient of 0.79, indicating that decreasing cloud cover is the main reason for the tropical OSR trend. According to the ISCCP-D2 data derived from the combined visible/infrared (VIS/IR) analysis, the tropical cloud cover has decreased by 6.6±0.2% per decade, in relative terms. A detailed analysis of the inter-annual and long-term variability of the various parameters determining the OSR at TOA, has shown that the most important contribution to the observed OSR trend comes from a decrease in low-level cloud cover over the period 1984-2000, followed by decreases in middle and high-level cloud cover. Note, however, that there still remain some uncertainties associated with the existence and magnitude of trends in ISCCP-D2 cloud amounts. Opposite but small trends are introduced by increases in cloud scattering optical depth of low and middle clouds.

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26

Zhang, Yongqiang, Ray Leuning, Francis H. S. Chiew, Enli Wang, Lu Zhang, Changming Liu, Fubao Sun, Murray C. Peel, Yanjun Shen y Martin Jung. "Decadal Trends in Evaporation from Global Energy and Water Balances". Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2012): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-012.1.

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Abstract Satellite and gridded meteorological data can be used to estimate evaporation (E) from land surfaces using simple diagnostic models. Two satellite datasets indicate a positive trend (first time derivative) in global available energy from 1983 to 2006, suggesting that positive trends in evaporation may occur in “wet” regions where energy supply limits evaporation. However, decadal trends in evaporation estimated from water balances of 110 wet catchments do not match trends in evaporation estimated using three alternative methods: 1) , a model-tree ensemble approach that uses statistical relationships between E measured across the global network of flux stations, meteorological drivers, and remotely sensed fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation; 2) , a Budyko-style hydrometeorological model; and 3) , the Penman–Monteith energy-balance equation coupled with a simple biophysical model for surface conductance. Key model inputs for the estimation of and are remotely sensed radiation and gridded meteorological fields and it is concluded that these data are, as yet, not sufficiently accurate to explain trends in E for wet regions. This provides a significant challenge for satellite-based energy-balance methods. Trends in for 87 “dry” catchments are strongly correlated to trends in precipitation (R2 = 0.85). These trends were best captured by , which explicitly includes precipitation and available energy as model inputs.

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27

Bernhard, G. "Trends of solar ultraviolet irradiance at Barrow, Alaska, and the effect of measurement uncertainties on trend detection". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 9 (26 de septiembre de 2011): 26617–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-26617-2011.

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Abstract. Spectral ultraviolet (UV) irradiance has been observed near Barrow, Alaska (71° N, 157° W) between 1991 and 2011 with an SUV-100 spectroradiometer. The instrument was historically part of the US. National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network and is now a component of NSF's Arctic Observing Network. From these measurements, trends in monthly average irradiance and their uncertainties were calculated. The analysis focuses on two quantities, the UV Index (which is affected by atmospheric ozone concentrations) and irradiance at 345 nm (which is virtually insensitive to ozone). Uncertainties of trend estimates depend on variations in the data due to (1) natural variability, (2) systematic and random errors of the measurements, and (3) uncertainties caused by gaps in the time series. Using radiative transfer model calculations, systematic errors of the measurements were detected and corrected. Different correction schemes were tested to quantify the sensitivity of the trend estimates on the treatment of systematic errors. Depending on the correction method, estimates of decadal trends changed between 1.5% and 2.9%. Uncertainties in the trend estimates caused by error sources (2) and (3) were set into relation with the overall uncertainty of the trend determinations. Results show that these error sources are only relevant for February, March, and April when natural variability is low due to high surface albedo. This method of addressing measurement uncertainties in time series analysis is also applicable to other geophysical parameters. Trend estimates varied between −14% and +5% per decade and were significant (95.45% confidence level) only for the month of October. Depending on the correction method, October trends varied between −11.4% and −13.7% for irradiance at 345 nm and between −11.7% and −14.1% for the UV Index. These large trends are consistent with trends in short-wave (0.3–3.0 μm) solar irradiance measured with pyranometers at NOAA's Barrow Observatory and can be explained by a change in snow cover over the observation period: analysis of pyranometer data indicates that the first day of fall when albedo becomes larger than 0.6 after snow fall, and remains above 0.6 for the rest of the winter, has advanced with a statistically significant trend of 13.6 ± 9.7 days per decade.

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28

Bernhard, G. "Trends of solar ultraviolet irradiance at Barrow, Alaska, and the effect of measurement uncertainties on trend detection". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 24 (21 de diciembre de 2011): 13029–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13029-2011.

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Abstract. Spectral ultraviolet (UV) irradiance has been observed near Barrow, Alaska (71° N, 157° W) between 1991 and 2011 with an SUV-100 spectroradiometer. The instrument was historically part of the US National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network and is now a component of NSF's Arctic Observing Network. From these measurements, trends in monthly average irradiance and their uncertainties were calculated. The analysis focuses on two quantities, the UV Index (which is affected by atmospheric ozone concentrations) and irradiance at 345 nm (which is virtually insensitive to ozone). Uncertainties of trend estimates depend on variations in the data due to (1) natural variability, (2) systematic and random errors of the measurements, and (3) uncertainties caused by gaps in the time series. Using radiative transfer model calculations, systematic errors of the measurements were detected and corrected. Different correction schemes were tested to quantify the sensitivity of the trend estimates on the treatment of systematic errors. Depending on the correction method, estimates of decadal trends changed between 1.5% and 2.9%. Uncertainties in the trend estimates caused by error sources (2) and (3) were set into relation with the overall uncertainty of the trend determinations. Results show that these error sources are only relevant for February, March, and April when natural variability is low due to high surface albedo. This method of addressing measurement uncertainties in time series analysis is also applicable to other geophysical parameters. Trend estimates varied between −14% and +5% per decade and were significant (95.45% confidence level) only for the month of October. Depending on the correction method, October trends varied between −11.4% and −13.7% for irradiance at 345 nm and between −11.7% and −14.1% for the UV Index. These large trends are consistent with trends in short-wave (0.3–3.0 μm) solar irradiance measured with pyranometers at NOAA's Barrow Observatory and can be explained by a change in snow cover over the observation period: analysis of pyranometer data indicates that the first day of fall when albedo becomes larger than 0.6 after snow fall, and remains above 0.6 for the rest of the winter, has advanced with a statistically significant trend of 13.6 ± 9.7 days per decade.

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29

Solmon, F., V. S. Nair y M. Mallet. "Increasing Arabian dust activity and the Indian Summer Monsoon". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2015): 4879–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-4879-2015.

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Abstract. Over the past decade, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) observations based on satellite and ground measurements have shown a significant increase over Arabia and the Arabian Sea, attributed to an intensification of regional dust activity. Recent studies have also suggested that west Asian dust forcing could induce a positive response of Indian monsoon precipitations on a weekly time scale. Using observations and a regional climate model including interactive slab ocean and dust aerosol schemes, the present study investigates possible climatic links between the increasing June-July-August-September (JJAS) Arabian dust activity and precipitation trends over southern India during the 2000–2009 decade. Meteorological reanalysis and AOD observations suggest that the observed decadal increase of dust activity and a simultaneous intensification of summer precipitation trend over southern India are both linked to a deepening of JJAS surface pressure conditions over the Arabian Sea. We show that the model skills in reproducing this trends and patterns are significantly improved only when an increasing dust emission trend is imposed on the basis of observations. We conclude that although climate variability might primarily determine the observed regional pattern of increasing dust activity and precipitation during the 2000–2009 decade, the associated dust radiative forcing might however induce a critical dynamical feedback contributing to enhanced regional moisture convergence and JJAS precipitation over Southern India.

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30

Boers, Reinout, Theo Brandsma y A. Pier Siebesma. "Impact of aerosols and clouds on decadal trends in all-sky solar radiation over the Netherlands (1966–2015)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, n.º 13 (4 de julio de 2017): 8081–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8081-2017.

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Abstract. A 50-year hourly data set of global shortwave radiation, cloudiness and visibility over the Netherlands was used to quantify the contribution of aerosols and clouds to the trend in yearly-averaged all-sky radiation (1.81 ± 1.07 W m−2 decade−1). Yearly-averaged clear-sky and cloud-base radiation data show large year-to-year fluctuations caused by yearly changes in the occurrence of clear and cloudy periods and cannot be used for trend analysis. Therefore, proxy clear-sky and cloud-base radiations were computed. In a proxy analysis hourly radiation data falling within a fractional cloudiness value are fitted by monotonic increasing functions of solar zenith angle and summed over all zenith angles occurring in a single year to produce an average. Stable trends can then be computed from the proxy radiation data. A functional expression is derived whereby the trend in proxy all-sky radiation is a linear combination of trends in fractional cloudiness, proxy clear-sky radiation and proxy cloud-base radiation. Trends (per decade) in fractional cloudiness, proxy clear-sky and proxy cloud-base radiation were, respectively, 0.0097 ± 0.0062, 2.78 ± 0.50 and 3.43 ± 1.17 W m−2. To add up to the all-sky radiation the three trends have weight factors, namely the difference between the mean cloud-base and clear-sky radiation, the clear-sky fraction and the fractional cloudiness, respectively. Our analysis clearly demonstrates that all three components contribute significantly to the observed trend in all-sky radiation. Radiative transfer calculations using the aerosol optical thickness derived from visibility observations indicate that aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) is a strong candidate to explain the upward trend in the clear-sky radiation. Aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) may have some impact on cloud-base radiation, but it is suggested that decadal changes in cloud thickness and synoptic-scale changes in cloud amount also play an important role.

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31

Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Diego G. Loyola, Christophe Lerot y Michel Van Roozendael. "Global, regional and seasonal analysis of total ozone trends derived from the 1995–2020 GTO-ECV climate data record". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, n.º 10 (25 de mayo de 2022): 6861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6861-2022.

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Abstract. We present an updated perspective on near-global total ozone trends for the period 1995–2020. We use the GOME-type (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) Total Ozone Essential Climate Variable (GTO-ECV) satellite data record which has been extended and generated as part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) and European Union Copernicus Climate Change Service (EU-C3S) ozone projects. The focus of our work is to examine the regional patterns and seasonal dependency of the ozone trend. In the Southern Hemisphere we found regions that indicate statistically significant positive trends increasing from 0.6 ± 0.5(2σ) % per decade in the subtropics to 1.0 ± 0.9 % per decade in the middle latitudes and 2.8 ± 2.6 % per decade in the latitude band 60–70∘ S. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere the trend exhibits distinct regional patterns, i.e., latitudinal and longitudinal structures. Significant positive trends (∼ 1.5 ± 1.0 % per decade) over the North Atlantic region, as well as barely significant negative trends (−1.0 ± 1.0 % per decade) over eastern Europe, were found. Moreover, these trends correlate with long-term changes in tropopause pressure. Total ozone trends in the tropics are not statistically significant. Regarding the seasonal dependence of the trends we found only very small variations over the course of the year. However, we identified different behavior depending on latitude. In the latitude band 40–70∘ N the positive trend maximizes in boreal winter from December to February. In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (35–50∘ S) the trend is maximum from March to May. Further south toward the high latitudes (55–70∘ S) the trend exhibits a relatively strong seasonal cycle which varies from 2 % per decade in December and January to 3.8 % per decade in June and July.

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32

Yin, Y., F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, G. Broquet, A. Fortems-Cheiney, I. Pison y M. Saunois. "Decadal trends in global CO emissions as seen by MOPITT". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 10 (22 de mayo de 2015): 14505–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-14505-2015.

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Abstract. Negative trends of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations are observed in the recent decade by both surface measurements and satellite retrievals over many regions, but they are not well explained by current emission inventories. Here, we attribute the observed CO concentration decline with an atmospheric inversion that simultaneously optimizes the two main CO sources (surface emissions and atmospheric hydrocarbon oxidations) and the main CO sink (atmospheric hydroxyl radical OH oxidation) by assimilating observations of CO and other chemically related tracers. Satellite CO column retrievals from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), version 6, and surface in-situ measurements of methane and methyl-chloroform mole fractions are assimilated jointly for the period of 2002–2011. Compared to the prior simulation, the optimized CO concentrations show better agreement with independent surface in-situ measurements in terms of both distributions and trends. At the global scale, the atmospheric inversion primarily interprets the CO concentration decline as a decrease in the CO emissions, and finds noticeable trends neither in the chemical oxidation sources of CO, nor in the OH concentrations that regulate CO sinks. The latitudinal comparison of the model state with independent formaldehyde (CH2O) columns retrieved from the Ozone Measurement Instrument (OMI) confirms the absence of large-scale trends in the atmospheric source of CO. The global CO emission decreased by 17% during the decade, more than twice the negative trend estimated by emission inventories. The spatial distribution of the inferred decrease of CO emissions indicates contributions from both a decrease in fossil- and bio-fuel emissions over Europe, the USA and Asia, and from a decrease in biomass burning emissions in South America, Indonesia, Australia and Boreal regions. An emission decrease of 2% yr−1 is inferred in China, one of the main emitting regions, in contradiction with the bottom-up inventories that report an increase of 2% yr−1 during the study period. A large decrease in CO emission factors due to technology improvements would outweigh the increase of carbon fuel combustions and may explain the observed decrease. In Africa, instead of the negative trend (1% yr−1) reported by CO emission inventories mainly contributed by biomass burning, a positive trend (1.5% yr−1) is found by the atmospheric inversion, suggesting different trends between satellite-detected burned areas and CO emissions.

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33

Guo, Yanjun, Fuzhong Weng, Guofu Wang y Wenhui Xu. "The Long-Term Trend of Upper-Air Temperature in China Derived from Microwave Sounding Data and Its Comparison with Radiosonde Observations". Journal of Climate 33, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 7875–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0742.1.

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AbstractCurrently, the satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) datasets developed from three organizations—Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), the University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), and the NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR)—are often used to monitor the global long-term trends of temperatures in the lower troposphere (TLT), midtroposphere (TMT), total troposphere (TTT), troposphere and stratosphere (TTS), and lower stratosphere (TLS). However, the trend in these temperatures over China has not been quantitatively assessed. In this study, the decadal variability and long-term trend of upper-air temperature during 1979–2018 from three MSU datasets are first evaluated over China and compared with the proxy MSU dataset simulated from homogenized surface and radiosonde profiles (EQU) at 113 stations in China. The regional mean MSU trends over China during 1979–2018 are 0.22–0.27 (TLT), 0.15–0.22 (TMT), 0.20–0.27 (TTT), 0.02–0.14 (TTS), and from −0.33 to −0.36 (TLS) K decade−1, whereas the EQU trends are 0.31 (TLT), 0.19 (TMT), 0.24 (TTT), 0.07 (TTS), and −0.26 (TLS) K decade−1. The trends from RSS generally show a better agreement with those from EQU. The trends from both MSU and EQU exhibit seasonal and regional difference with a larger warming in TLT in February and March, and stronger cooling in TLS from late winter to spring. The TLT and TMT over the Tibetan Plateau and northwestern China show larger warming trends. The variability from MSU and EQU agree well except TLT in Tibet and southern China. The major difference in regional mean temperatures over China between MSU and EQU is related primarily to the satellite instrument changes during 1979–98 and the radiosonde system changes in China in the 2000s.

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Hu, Shijian, Xi Lu, Shihan Li, Fan Wang, Cong Guan, Dunxin Hu, Linchao Xin y Jie Ma. "Multi-decadal trends in the tropical Pacific western boundary currents retrieved from historical hydrological observations". Science China Earth Sciences 64, n.º 4 (10 de febrero de 2021): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9703-4.

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AbstractAs large-scale ocean circulation is a key regulator in the redistribution of oceanic energy, evaluating the multi-decadal trends in the western Pacific Ocean circulation under global warming is essential for not only understanding the basic physical processes but also predicting future climate change in the western Pacific. Employing the hydrological observations of World Ocean Atlas 2018 (WOA18) from 1955 to 2017, this study calculated the geostrophic currents, volume transport and multi-decadal trends for the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), the Mindanao Current (MC), the Kuroshio Current (KC) in the origin and the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC) within tropical western Pacific Ocean over multi-decades. Furthermore, this study examined the contributions of temperature and salinity variations. The results showed significant strengthening trends in NEC, MC and NGCUC over the past six decades, which is mainly contributed by temperature variations and consistent with the tendency in the dynamic height pattern. Zonal wind stress averaged over the western Pacific Ocean in the same latitude of each current represents the decadal variation and multi-decadal trends in corresponding ocean currents, indicating that the trade wind forcing plays an important role in the decadal trend in the tropical western Pacific circulation. Uncertainties in the observed hydrological data and trends in the currents over the tropical western Pacific are also discussed. Given that the WOA18 dataset covers most of the historical hydrological sampling data for the tropical western Pacific, this paper provides important observational information on the multi-decadal trend of the large-scale ocean circulation in the western Pacific.

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JASWAL, A. K. "Sunshine duration climatology and trends in association with other climatic factors over India for 1970-2006". MAUSAM 60, n.º 4 (27 de noviembre de 2021): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v60i4.1113.

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Changes in sunshine duration in association with total cloud amount, rainy days and good visibility days over India were examined for 1970-2006. Climatologically, annual total sunshine duration over west Rajasthan and adjoining Gujarat is more than 3100 hours which is ideal for harnessing solar energy over these regions. The trend analysis indicates significant decrease in sunshine duration over the country for all months (except June) and the maximum decrease has taken place in January (-0.44 hour/decade) followed by December (-0.39 hour/decade). Seasonally, decline in sunshine hours is highest in winter and post monsoon (4% per decade) and lowest in monsoon (3% per decade). Decadal variations indicate maximum decrease in sunshine over the Indo-Gangetic plains and south peninsula during 1990-1999. Spatially, the decreasing trends in sunshine hours are highest in Indo-Gangetic plains and south peninsula while regions over Rajasthan and Gujarat have lowest decrease. Out of 40 stations under study, the maximum decrease in sunshine has occurred at New Delhi (winter at 13% per decade and post monsoon at 10% per decade) and Varanasi (summer and monsoon at 7% per decade). Correlation analysis of sunshine duration with total cloud amount, rainy days and good visibility days indicates regional and seasonal variations in factors explaining the long term trends in sunshine duration over the country.

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Broomé, Sara, Léon Chafik y Johan Nilsson. "Mechanisms of decadal changes in sea surface height and heat content in the eastern Nordic Seas". Ocean Science 16, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2020): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-715-2020.

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Abstract. The Nordic Seas constitute the main ocean conveyor of heat between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Although the decadal variability in the subpolar North Atlantic has been given significant attention lately, especially regarding the cooling trend since the mid-2000s, less is known about the potential connection downstream in the northern basins. Using sea surface heights from satellite altimetry over the past 25 years (1993–2017), we find significant variability on multiyear to decadal timescales in the Nordic Seas. In particular, the regional trends in sea surface height show signs of a weakening since the mid-2000s, as compared to the rapid increase in the preceding decade since the early 1990s. This change is most prominent in the Atlantic origin waters in the eastern Nordic Seas and is closely linked, as estimated from hydrography, to heat content. Furthermore, we formulate a simple heat budget for the eastern Nordic Seas to discuss the relative importance of local and remote sources of variability; advection of temperature anomalies in the Atlantic inflow is found to be the main mechanism. A conceptual model of ocean heat convergence, with only upstream temperature measurements at the inflow to the Nordic Seas as input, is able to reproduce key aspects of the decadal variability in the heat content of the Nordic Seas. Based on these results, we argue that there is a strong connection with the upstream subpolar North Atlantic. However, although the shift in trends in the mid-2000s is coincident in the Nordic Seas and the subpolar North Atlantic, the eastern Nordic Seas have not seen a reversal of trends but instead maintain elevated sea surface heights and heat content in the recent decade considered here.

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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Cesar Azorin-Molina, Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo, Ahmed El Kenawy, Natalia Martín-Hernández, Marina Peña-Gallardo, Santiago Beguería y Miquel Tomas-Burguera. "Recent changes and drivers of the atmospheric evaporative demand in the Canary Islands". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, n.º 8 (23 de agosto de 2016): 3393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3393-2016.

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Abstract. We analysed recent evolution and meteorological drivers of the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) in the Canary Islands for the period 1961–2013. We employed long and high-quality time series of meteorological variables to analyse current AED changes in this region and found that AED has increased during the investigated period. Overall, the annual ETo, which was estimated by means of the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation, increased significantly by 18.2 mm decade−1 on average, with a stronger trend in summer (6.7 mm decade−1). In this study we analysed the contribution of (i) the aerodynamic (related to the water vapour that a parcel of air can store) and (ii) radiative (related to the available energy to evaporate a quantity of water) components to the decadal variability and trends of ETo. More than 90 % of the observed ETo variability at the seasonal and annual scales can be associated with the variability in the aerodynamic component. The variable that recorded more significant changes in the Canary Islands was relative humidity, and among the different meteorological factors used to calculate ETo, relative humidity was the main driver of the observed ETo trends. The observed trend could have negative consequences in a number of water-depending sectors if it continues in the future.

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38

Ofordu, C. S., Q. A. Onilude, E. D. Adedoyin, N. C. Mba, O. O. Adeoti, S. O. Osundun y A. R. Kilasho. "Decadal Assessment and Distribution of Rainfall Anomaly Index (1991 – 2020) for Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, n.º 10 (31 de octubre de 2022): 1629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i10.2.

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This study was designed to provide valuable insight into the temporal patterns of rainfall in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using rainfall data from 1991 – 2020 (30 years) collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), airport station, Benin City. The data were assessed based on 10 years interval (decade) identified as decadal A (1991-2000), decadal B (2001-2010) and decadal C (2011-2020). The data was analysed descriptively using charts and graphs. Also, Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) was determined for each decadal. Findings from the study reveal that rainfall pattern changes significantly based on statistics for each decadal. In decadal A, rainfall usually began in the month of July to October, June to September in decadal B while May to September in decadal C with rainfall going above the annual precipitation (2679 mm) for the City. The rainfall anomaly over the city revealed that there was a composite nature in which some dry years were mixed with wet years and vice versa and this occurred in all decades. RAI revealed that decadal C recorded the highest number of years (7) of intense rainfall compared to decadal A and B. The trend for the average annual rainfall showed a significant trend based on the decade. The average annual rainfall increased with time (decade) as the trend rose from 1886.9 mm in decade A to 1890.0mm in decade B and 2078.8 mm in decade C. The year of greatest positive value was 2016 (decadal C), with an average RAI of 6.53 classified as extremely humid. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the climate in Benin City has significantly changed.

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Solomon, Amy. "Using Initialized Hindcasts to Assess Simulations of 1970–2009 Equatorial Pacific SST, Zonal Wind Stress, and Surface Flux Trends". Journal of Climate 27, n.º 19 (24 de septiembre de 2014): 7385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00709.1.

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Abstract Initialized decadal hindcasts are used to assess simulations of 1970–2009 equatorial Pacific SST, zonal wind stress, and surface flux trends. Initialized hindcasts are useful to assess how well the models simulate observed trends, as well as how simulations of observed trends (due primarily to natural variability) differ from ensemble-mean forecasted trends (due to the response to an increase in external forcing). All models forecast a statistically significant warming trend in both the warm-pool and cold-tongue regions. However, while the warm-pool warming trend is within the observed estimates, the cold-tongue warming trend is an order of magnitude larger than an ENSO residual estimated using SST instrumental reconstructions. Multimodel ensemble means formed using forecasts 6–10 years from initialization with 40 ensemble members do not produce an unambiguous zonal SST gradient response to an increase in external forcing. Systematic biases are identified in forecasts of surface fluxes. For example, in the warm-pool region all year-1 forecasts produce SST trends similar to observations but ocean mixed layer and net surface heat flux trends with an opposite sign to air–sea datasets. In addition, year-1 forecasts produce positive shortwave feedbacks on decadal time scales, whereas 6–10-yr forecasts produce negative or statistically insignificant shortwave flux feedbacks on decadal time scales, suggesting sensitivity to circulations forced by the initialized ocean state. In the cold-tongue region initialized ensembles forecast positive net radiative flux trends even though shortwave flux trends are negative (i.e., for increasing cloudiness). This is inconsistent with air–sea datasets, which uniformly show that the net surface radiative flux feedback is a damping of the underlying SSTs.

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40

Wang, Xuanji, Jeffrey Key, Yinghui Liu, Charles Fowler, James Maslanik y Mark Tschudi. "Arctic Climate Variability and Trends from Satellite Observations". Advances in Meteorology 2012 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/505613.

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Arctic climate has been changing rapidly since the 1980s. This work shows distinctly different patterns of change in winter, spring, and summer for cloud fraction and surface temperature. Satellite observations over 1982–2004 have shown that the Arctic has warmed up and become cloudier in spring and summer, but cooled down and become less cloudy in winter. The annual mean surface temperature has increased at a rate of 0.34°C per decade. The decadal rates of cloud fraction trends are −3.4%, 2.3%, and 0.5% in winter, spring, and summer, respectively. Correspondingly, annually averaged surface albedo has decreased at a decadal rate of −3.2%. On the annual average, the trend of cloud forcing at the surface is −2.11 W/m2per decade, indicating a damping effect on the surface warming by clouds. The decreasing sea ice albedo and surface warming tend to modulate cloud radiative cooling effect in spring and summer. Arctic sea ice has also declined substantially with decadal rates of −8%, −5%, and −15% in sea ice extent, thickness, and volume, respectively. Significant correlations between surface temperature anomalies and climate indices, especially the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index, exist over some areas, implying linkages between global climate change and Arctic climate change.

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41

JASWAL, A. K., G. S. PRAKASA RAO y U. S. DE. "Spatial and temporal characteristics of evaporation trends over India during 1971-2000". MAUSAM 59, n.º 2 (27 de noviembre de 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v59i2.1223.

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Evaporation and rainfall data for the period 1971-2000 for 58 well distributed stations over India were selected for this study. Trends of these two parameters for the country as a whole and for individual stations for annual (January – December), winter (December, January and February), summer (March – May), monsoon (June – September) and post-monsoon (October, November) period were analysed and tested for significance at 95% level of confidence. The analysis shows that for the country as a whole, the evaporation has significantly decreased in all seasons while there is no significant trend in rainfall. Out of 58 stations, numbers of stations having significant decrease in evaporation are 45 (annual), 30 (winter), 42 (summer) and 35 (monsoon and post monsoon seasons). Decadal analysis of trends shows that the variability of evaporation towards the decreasing trend is steadily maintained throughout the period but more in the decade 1991-2000. Spatial analysis of the seasonal trends of evaporation indicates the decreasing trends over all parts of India except northeast where it is increasing. Regions of significant decrease in evaporation viz., North, Southwest and Southeast and increase in evaporation viz., Northeast emerge from the spatial analysis of trends over the country. Spatial analysis of seasonal rainfall trends indicates the increasing trends in southern parts and decreasing trends in central and northeastern parts of the country. Evaporation trends of nearly 50% stations (mostly in southern parts of India) show complimentary relation with rainfall of the same period. Rest of the long term trends in evaporation may be due to the variation in other parameters like wind speed, cloud cover, sunshine duration etc. which needs further examination.

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BHATLA, R., A. TRIPATHI y R. S. SINGH. "Analysis of rainfall pattern and extreme events during southwest monsoon season over Varanasi during 1971-2010". MAUSAM 67, n.º 4 (8 de diciembre de 2021): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i4.1418.

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An attempt has been made to detect the pattern of rainfall and examine the trends and variations of extreme events of rainfall over Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh, India) through seasonal, monthly and decadal analysis during southwest monsoon season (June-September) using the daily rainfall data of 40 years period from 1971-2010. The results show that cumulative rainfall during 1971-2010 is overall decreasing in monsoon season as well as in all the months June, July, August and September. In general, the observed rainfall events in all categories (Non rainy day, 0-2.4 mm; Category I, 2.5-64.4; Category II, 64.5 to 124.4; Category III, 124.5 mm or more) have a decreasing trend in all the months and monsoon season over the entire period of study. However, decadal analysis reveals that in general frequency of rainfall events in almost every category is decreasing in recent decade. Different results are seen in August, as cumulative rainfall is decreasing in this month, whereas very heavy and exceptionally heavy rainfall events and their contribution have increased in recent decade as well as over total period.

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Huang, F. T., H. G. Mayr, J. M. Russell y M. G. Mlynczak. "Ozone and temperature decadal trends in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED". Annales Geophysicae 32, n.º 8 (11 de agosto de 2014): 935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-935-2014.

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Abstract. We have derived ozone and temperature trends from years 2002 through 2012, from 20 to 100 km altitude, and 48° S to 48° N latitude, based on measurements from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. For the first time, trends of ozone and temperature measured at the same times and locations are obtained, and their correlations should provide useful information about the relative importance of photochemistry versus dynamics over the longer term. We are not aware of comparable results covering this time period and spatial extent. For stratospheric ozone, until the late 1990s, previous studies found negative trends (decreasing amounts). In recent years, some empirical and modeling studies have shown the occurrence of a turnaround in the decreasing ozone, possibly beginning in the late 1990s, suggesting that the stratospheric ozone trend is leveling off or even turning positive. Our global results add more definitive evidence, expand the coverage, and show that at mid-latitudes (north and south) in the stratosphere, the ozone trends are indeed positive, with ozone having increased by a few percent from 2002 through 2012. However, in the tropics, we find negative ozone trends between 25 and 50 km. For stratospheric temperatures, the trends are mostly negatively correlated to the ozone trends. The temperature trends are positive in the tropics between 30 and 40 km, and between 20 and 25 km, at approximately 24° N and at 24° S latitude. The stratospheric temperature trends are otherwise mostly negative. In the mesosphere, the ozone trends are mostly flat, with suggestions of small positive trends at lower latitudes. The temperature trends in this region are mostly negative, showing decreases of up to ~ −3 K decade−1. In the lower thermosphere (between ~ 85 and 100 km), ozone and temperature trends are both negative. The ozone trend can approach ~ −10% decade−1, and the temperature trend can approach ~ −3 K decade−1. Aside from trends, these patterns of ozone–temperature correlations are consistent with previous studies of ozone and temperature perturbations such as the quasi-biennial (QBO) and semiannual (SAO) oscillations, and add confidence to the results.

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Galí, Martí, Emmanuel Devred, Marcel Babin y Maurice Levasseur. "Decadal increase in Arctic dimethylsulfide emission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n.º 39 (9 de septiembre de 2019): 19311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904378116.

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Dimethylsulfide (DMS), a gas produced by marine microbial food webs, promotes aerosol formation in pristine atmospheres, altering cloud radiative forcing and precipitation. Recent studies suggest that DMS controls aerosol formation in the summertime Arctic atmosphere and call for an assessment of pan-Arctic DMS emission (EDMS) in a context of dramatic ecosystem changes. Using a remote sensing algorithm, we show that summertime EDMS from ice-free waters increased at a mean rate of 13.3 ± 6.7 Gg S decade−1 (∼33% decade−1) north of 70°N between 1998 and 2016. This trend, mostly explained by the reduction in sea-ice extent, is consistent with independent atmospheric measurements showing an increasing trend of methane sulfonic acid, a DMS oxidation product. Extrapolation to an ice-free Arctic summer could imply a 2.4-fold (±1.2) increase in EDMS compared to present emission. However, unexpected regime shifts in Arctic geo- and ecosystems could result in future EDMS departure from the predicted range. Superimposed on the positive trend, EDMS shows substantial interannual changes and nonmonotonic multiyear trends, reflecting the interplay between physical forcing, ice retreat patterns, and phytoplankton productivity. Our results provide key constraints to determine whether increasing marine sulfur emissions, and resulting aerosol–cloud interactions, will moderate or accelerate Arctic warming in the context of sea-ice retreat and increasing low-level cloud cover.

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ABU HAMMAD, Ahmad H. "RAINFALL TRENDS AS AN INDICATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL MOUNTAINS: JERUSALEM GOVERNORATE AS A CASE STUDY". Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 17, n.º 1 (febrero de 2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/200.

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Climate change is a worldwide problem that is facing the globe in different aspects. To investigate this phenomenon, research has been conducted to check whether climate change is affecting the western part of Jerusalem Governorate or not. Long-term data on annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall were collected from different sources and analyzed for long-term monthly and annual trends. Results showed significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the annual rainfall, with about 7.3 mm decadal reduction during 1850-2018. The highest and significant decrease in decadal rainfall occurred during 1890-1939 and 1980-2018, with a decadal decrease of 50.9 mm and 55.9 mm, respectively. The decrease corresponds to 84 mm reduction in annual rainfall since 1850, which could be attributed to the extended effect of the GHG from the industrial revolution on Palestine since the beginning of the 20th century. A significant and increasing trend in drought periods was also obvious, with 1.7 years of drought/ decade and an increasing drought recurrence during 1920-1930 and 1998-2018 periods (69% of the drought years occurred in the two periods). Winter season showed highest and significant reduction in rainfall than spring season (1.7 mm/decade and 0.7 mm/decade, respectively), whereas autumn season showed a non-significant decadal decrease in rainfall of about 0.04 mm/decade. The reduction in rainfall and the recurrence of more drought periods, especially the last 20 years, might be the cause for the concurrent reduction in rainfed agricultural areas in Palestine; about 38% reduction in the total rainfed areas (1515 km2 in 2000 to 929 km2 in 2017/2018).

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Ghanim, Abdulnoor A. J., Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Ghulam Rasool, Saifullah, Muhammad Irfan, Mana Alyami, Saifur Rahman y Usama Muhammad Niazi. "Analyzing Extreme Temperature Patterns in Subtropical Highlands Climates: Implications for Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies". Sustainability 15, n.º 17 (23 de agosto de 2023): 12753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712753.

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This study utilized hot and cold indices to evaluate the changes in extreme temperature events that occurred in subtropical highland climates from 1991 to 2020. The modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test and the Theil–Sen (TS) slope estimator were used to analyze the linear trends in the time series of the extreme temperature indices. The northern highlands of Pakistan (NHP) were considered as a case study region. The results showed that the annual maximum temperature had a slightly increasing tendency (at the rate of 0.14 °C/decade), while the annual minimum temperature had a slightly decreasing tendency (at the rate of −0.02 °C/decade). However, these trends were not significant at the 5% significance level. The decadal averages of the hot indices were the highest in the second decade (2000s), while they were the lowest in the subsequent decade (2010s). In comparison, all the cold indices except the annual minimum value of the maximum temperature (TXn) showed a persistent decline in their decadal averages throughout the 2000s and 2010s. Overall, the frequency of hot days significantly increased in the NHP during the study period. This study found that the hot days and coldest days increased over the past three decades in the NHP. However, there was a decreasing trend in the cold spell duration, cold nights, and the coldest nights over the past three decades, as demonstrated by the trends of the cold spell duration index (CSDI), the temperature of cold nights (TN10p), and the annual minimum value of the minimum temperature (TNn) indices. These changes may impact the environment, human health, and agricultural operations. The findings provide useful insights into the shifting patterns of extreme temperature events in northern Pakistan and have crucial implications for the climate-change-adaptation and resilience-building initiatives being undertaken in the region. It is suggested that the continuous monitoring of extreme temperature events is necessary to comprehend their effects on the region and devise strategies for sustainable development.

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Omonigbehin, Olorunfemi, Emmanuel OlaOluwa Eresanya, Aifeng Tao, Victor Edem Setordjie, Samuel Daramola y Abiola Adebiyi. "Long-Term Evolution of Significant Wave Height in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic between 1940 and 2022 Using the ERA5 Dataset". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2024): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050714.

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Studies on the variability in ocean wave climate provide engineers and policy makers with information to plan, develop, and control coastal and offshore activities. Ocean waves bear climatic imprints through which the global climate system can be better understood. Using the recently updated ERA5 dataset, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and variability in significant wave height (SWH) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (ETA). The short-term trends and rates of change were obtained using the Mann–Kendall trend test and the Theil–Sen slope estimator, respectively, and decadal trends were assessed using wavelet transformation. Significant, positive monthly and yearly trends and a prevailing decadal trend were observed across the domain. Observed trends suggest that stronger waves are getting closer to the coast and are modulated by the Southern and Northern Atlantic mid-latitude storm fields. These observations have implications for the increasing coastal erosion rates on the eastern coast of the Tropical Atlantic.

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Kholmatjanov, Bakhtiyar M., Yuriy V. Petrov, Temur Khujanazarov, Nigora N. Sulaymonova, Farrukh I. Abdikulov y Kenji Tanaka. "Analysis of Temperature Change in Uzbekistan and the Regional Atmospheric Circulation of Middle Asia during 1961–2016". Climate 8, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8090101.

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Climate change and shrinking of the Aral Sea have significantly affected the region’s temperature variations. Observed interannual changes in Uzbekistan’s air temperature compared to the duration of synoptic weather types (SWT) in Middle Asia were analyzed. Nonparametric Mann–Kendall statistical test and climate trends coefficients were used to identify trend characteristics of observed temperature from 1961–2016 to the baseline period of 1961–1990. The results showed increasing temperature trends average to 1 °C in warm and cold half years over Uzbekistan. The 1991–2016 decadal temperature trend ranged from 0.25 °C/decade in the northwest to 0.52 °C/decade in the center, especially pronounced in the oasis and Aral Sea zones. There were also significant changes in the structure of regional SWT. The main difference in the structure of SWT in Middle Asia relative to the baseline period was expressed in a decrease of cold mass invasion duration from 113.4 to 76.1 days and an increase in low-gradient baric field duration from 65.8 to 134.6 days. The process of anthropogenic warming, which began in Uzbekistan in the 1960s of the twentieth century, has accelerated from the mid-1970s with a higher mean annual air temperature than the baseline period’s climate normals (1961–1990) and is associated with changes in the regional SWT over Middle Asia.

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Hu, Yongyun, Ka Kit Tung y Jiping Liu. "A Closer Comparison of Early and Late-Winter Atmospheric Trends in the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Climate 18, n.º 16 (15 de agosto de 2005): 3204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3468.1.

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Abstract Decadal trends are compared in various fields between Northern Hemisphere early winter, November–December (ND), and late-winter, February–March (FM), months using reanalysis data. It is found that in the extratropics and polar region the decadal trends display nearly opposite tendencies between ND and FM during the period from 1979 to 2003. Dynamical trends in late winter (FM) reveal that the polar vortex has become stronger and much colder and wave fluxes from the troposphere to the stratosphere are weaker, consistent with the positive trend of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) as found in earlier studies, while trends in ND appear to resemble a trend toward the low-index polarity of the AO. In the Tropics, the Hadley circulation shows significant intensification in both ND and FM, with stronger intensification in FM. Unlike the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell shows opposite trends between ND and FM, with weakening in ND and strengthening in FM. Comparison of the observational results with general circulation model simulations is also discussed.

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Ito, Takamitsu, Hernan E. Garcia, Zhankun Wang, Shoshiro Minobe, Matthew C. Long, Just Cebrian, James Reagan et al. "Underestimation of multi-decadal global O₂ loss due to an optimal interpolation method". Biogeosciences 21, n.º 3 (12 de febrero de 2024): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024.

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Abstract. The global ocean's oxygen content has declined significantly over the past several decades and is expected to continue decreasing under global warming, with far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. Determining the oxygen trend, its spatial pattern, and uncertainties from observations is fundamental to our understanding of the changing ocean environment. This study uses a suite of CMIP6 Earth system models to evaluate the biases and uncertainties in oxygen distribution and trends due to sampling sparseness. Model outputs are sub-sampled according to the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical shipboard measurements, and the data gaps are filled by a simple optimal interpolation method using Gaussian covariance with a constant e-folding length scale. Sub-sampled results are compared to full model output, revealing the biases in global and basin-wise oxygen content trends. The simple optimal interpolation underestimates the modeled global deoxygenation trends, capturing approximately two-thirds of the full model trends. The North Atlantic and subpolar North Pacific are relatively well sampled, and the simple optimal interpolation is capable of reconstructing more than 80 % of the oxygen trend in the non-eddying CMIP models. In contrast, pronounced biases are found in the equatorial oceans and the Southern Ocean, where the sampling density is relatively low. The application of the simple optimal interpolation method to the historical dataset estimated the global oxygen loss to be 1.5 % over the past 50 years. However, the ratio of the global oxygen trend between the sub-sampled and full model output has increased the estimated loss rate in the range of 1.7 % to 3.1 % over the past 50 years, which partially overlaps with previous studies. The approach taken in this study can provide a framework for the intercomparison of different statistical gap-filling methods to estimate oxygen content trends and their uncertainties due to sampling sparseness.

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