Tesis sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-67).<br>Organic aerosol (OA) makes up a substantial fraction of atmospheric particulate matter, yet its sources and controlling factors - and thus its impacts on climate and human health - are not well understood. Recently-developed analytical techniques have provided new insight into OA chemistry, but major uncertainty remains in how OA has changed over the past few decades. Characterizing long-term trends in OA would allow for better calibration of models that currently struggle to replicate ambient organic measurements as well as answer questions of how changes in OA relate to changes in emissions sources, anthropogenic-biogenic emissions interactions, altered chemistry, and more. This work represents a two-fold effort to better constrain our understanding of OA trends spatially, temporally, and chemically. First, trends in aerosol species concentrations over the past two decades are examined using existing data from the U.S. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network to provide insight into the long-term OA evolution across the rural U.S. Along with large decreases in total aerosol amounts (30-50%), OA is found to decrease at a fractional rate nearly equivalent to the decreases in three other major aerosol species: nitrate, sulfate, and elemental carbon. This suggests a link between the controlling factors of the different species, but explaining these observations is made challenging by the lack of chemical characterization of historic OA measurements that would help point to changing sources and chemistry. Thus, the second part of this work introduces a technique that enhances our ability to obtain important chemical information from small-volume environmental aerosol samples, such as filter extracts from remote regions like those monitored by the IMPROVE network, that were previously excluded from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) analysis due to the prohibitive volumes required for standard atomization. The Small Volume Nebulizer (SVN) nebulizes microlitersized liquid samples, allowing for highly time- and mass-resolved chemical analysis of dissolved organic species on the AMS and providing valuable insight into the factors that control observed OA trends. By examining historic trends in particulate matter loading and composition, and expanding AMS coverage to include small-volume environmental samples, we can begin to answer the question of how and why OA has changed over the past few decades - and what that means for OA chemistry, the climate, and regional and global air quality.<br>by Kelsey Jane Boulanger.<br>S.M.

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 48-49).<br>Over the past decade, high-rise buildings in the world are both booming in quantity and expanding in height. One of the most important reasons driven the achievement is the continuously evolvement of structural systems. In this paper, previous classifications of structural systems are summarized and different types of structural systems are introduced. Besides the structural systems, innovations in other aspects of today's design of high-rise buildings including damping systems, construction techniques, elevator systems as well as sustainability are presented and discussed. To better understand current high-rise buildings, information about buildings above 200 meter completed within recent ten years and the current 100 tallest building in the world is collected and analyzed. Structural systems of worldwide 100 tallest buildings are discussed, from which trends are found. Data shows that tubular systems are in vast majority in recent high-rise building designs and an increasing number of buildings are using concrete and composite materials instead of steel. Developments in structural systems also reduce structures' dependence on auxiliary damping devices. Additionally, sustainability has been given more and more consideration.<br>by Wenjia Gu.<br>M. Eng.

Since the early 2000s the space industry has undergone significant changes such as the advent of reusable launch vehicles and an increase of commercial opportunities. This new space age is characterized by a dynamic entrepreneurial climate, lowered barriers to access space and the emergence of new markets. New business models are being developed by many actors and the merging of space and other sectors continues, facilitating innovative and disruptive opportunities. Already established companies are adapting in various ways as efforts to stay relevant are gaining attention. The previous pace of development that was exclusively determined by governmental programs are now largely set by private and commercial ventures. Relating to all trends, new technologies and driving forces in the space industry is no trivial matter. By analyzing and examining identified trends and technologies the author has attempted to discern those that will have a significant impact on the industrial environment during the next decade. Market assessments have been summarized and interviews have been carried out. Discussions and conclusions relating to the services provided by the Swedish Space Corporation are presented. This report is intended to update the reader on the current status of the space industry, introduce concepts and provide relevant commentary on many important trends.<br>Sedan början av 2000-talet har det skett markanta förändringar inom rymdindustrin, såsom utvecklingen av återanvändningsbara raketer och en ökad mängd kommersiella möjligheter. Denna nya rymder a karaktäriseras av ett dynamiskt klimat för entreprenörer, minskande barriärer för att etablera rymdverksamhet och uppkomsten av nya marknader. Nya affärsmodeller utvecklas och integrering mellan rymden och andra industrier fortsätter, vilket ger utrymme för utveckling av innovativa och disruptiva idéer. Redan etablerade företag anpassar sig till förändringarna på olika sätt och ansträngningar för att bibehålla relevans prioriteras. Utvecklingstakten inom branschen var tidigare dominerad av statliga program men är nu alltmer influerad av privata och kommersiella satsningar. Att relatera till ny teknik, nuvarande trender och drivkrafter inom rymdindustrin är Jacob Ask is pursuing a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Christer Fuglesang is a professor in Space Travel, director of KTH Space Center and responsible for the Aerospace Engineering master program. He serves as the examiner for this master thesis project. Linda Lyckman is the Head of Business &amp; Technology Innovation at SSC and supervisor for this master thesis project. komplext. Genom att undersöka och analysera identifierade trender och teknologier ämnar författaren urskilja de som kan komma att påverka industrin i störst utsträckning under det kommande decenniet. Bedömningar av marknadsmöjligheter och intervjuer har genomförts och i denna rapport presenteras ¨aven diskussioner och slutsatser relaterade till den typ av tjänster som Swedish Space Corporation erbjuder. Denna rapport har för avsikt att uppdatera läsaren om delar av den aktuella nulägesanalysen inom rymdindustrin, introducera koncept och ge relevanta kommentarer om viktiga trender.

This integrating essay presents and discusses the findings of the research studies that Veronica Volkoff completed within the context of the shifts in the Australian vocational education and training landscape and resultant trends in vocational education and training policy, in particular equity policy, during the period of researching and writing the nominated works, 1995 to 2004. The research included analysis of vocational education and training in relation to: equity policy; provider inclusiveness strategies; and access, participation, completion and outcomes in relation to learners, in particular members of designated and emerging equity target groups. A range of methodologies was implemented in these studies, usually utilising a mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first study, the Longitudinal study of student experiences in vocational education and training, explored the experiences of access, participation and outcomes of students in vocational education and training from a range of equity target groups. It was undertaken in six Australian locations across three states and territories. It revealed that intentions, experiences and outcomes varied across students and equity target groups and that membership of multiple equity target groups compounded disadvantage and had an adverse effect upon outcomes. The second study, a Review of equity literature, was commissioned to inform national policy and broad strategy development and analysed the situation for five designated equity target groups in vocational education and training, nationally. Two other studies focussed on Vocational education and training for people from non-English speaking backgrounds, undertaken five years apart, reviewed the literature and analysed participation and outcomes for people from non-English speaking backgrounds. A further study analysed the Delivery of vocational education and training programs by adult and community education providers, particularly its provision for people belonging to disadvantaged groups.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Brazil and South Africa were both part of the global “third-wave” of democracy, the beginnings of their democratic transitions occurring in 1985 and 1994 respectively. Despite having been formerly subjected to decades of authoritarian rule, both countries experienced a modicum of democratic practice, however limited in franchise, under the previous regimes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the levels of support for democracy in Brazil and South Africa since democratic transition. Two types of political support are identified as crucial for democratic sustainability: diffuse support, or support for democracy’s intrinsic principles, and specific support, support which is conditional on the positive evaluation of the regime institutions and incumbents. These two types of political support are conceptualized as encompassing five levels or objects of political support, according to the Norris model: the political community, regime principles, regime performance (diffuse support), regime institutions and political actors (specific support). This study proposes that because vestiges of democratic norms and practices have been present within these countries’ political systems for some time, it is possible that they will manifest trends in support similar to much older, more established democracies. These global trends indicate that diffuse support for democracy is being maintained while specific support for democracy is waning. A longitudinal quantitative study was conducted, using consecutive waves of World Values Survey to operationalize support for democracy in terms of the five abovementioned political objects and the results of South Africa and Brazil compared. These results show that both case studies could be interpreted as having fairly high levels of diffuse support and decreasing levels of specific support for democracy. It is however acknowledged that results are not conclusive and further research is required, especially with respect to how respondents conceptualize the term ‘democracy’.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Brasilië en Suid-Afrika was albei deel van die globale “derde golf” van demokrasie, met die aanvang van hulle oorgang na demokrasie onderskeidelik in 1985 en 1994. Ten spyte daarvan dat hierdie twee lande voormalig aan dekades van outoritêre gesag onderwerp is, het albei, hoewel beperk in stemreg, ’n mate van demokratiese praktyk onder ’n vorige bestel ervaar. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die steunvlakke vir demokrasie in Brasilië en Suid- Afrika sedert hulle oorgang na demokrasie te ondersoek. Twee soorte politieke steun word geïdentifiseer as deurslaggewend vir demokratiese volhoubaarheid: verspreide steun – of steun vir die intrinsieke beginsels van demokrasie – en spesifieke steun – steun wat van die positiewe evaluering van die regime se instellings en ampsbekleders afhang. Hierdie twee soorte politieke steun word deur vyf konsepte voorgestel wat die vyf vlakke of voorwerpe van politieke steun volgens die Norris-model dek: die politieke gemeenskap, regimebeginsels, regimeprestasie (verspreide steun), regime-instellings en politieke akteurs (spesifieke steun). Hierdie studie stel voor dat, aangesien spore van demokratiese norme en praktyke vir ’n geruime tyd binne hierdie lande se politieke stelsels teenwoordig was, dit moontlik is dat hulle steuntendense sal toon wat aan baie ouer, meer gevestigde demokrasieë soortgelyk is. Hierdie globale tendense toon dat verspreide steun vir demokrasie gehandhaaf word terwyl spesifieke steun vir demokrasie aan die kwyn is. ’n Longitudinale kwantitatiewe studie is onderneem wat van opeenvolgende siklusse van die “World Values Survey” gebruik maak om steun vir demokrasie in terme van die vyf bogenoemde politieke voorwerpe uit te beeld. Die resultate van Suid-Afrika en Brasilië is daarna vergelyk. Uit hierdie resultate sou afgelei kon word dat redelik hoë vlakke van verspreide steun en dalende vlakke van spesifieke steun vir demokrasie in beide gevalle voorkom. Daar word egter erken dat resultate nie beslissend is nie en dat verdere navorsing nodig is, in besonder met betrekking tot respondente se begrip van die term ‘demokrasie’.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Rocha Ferreira<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FigueiraJunior_AyltonJose_D.pdf: 2121934 bytes, checksum: eb3e476d446a31227f8846d476a09293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: O presente estudo teve o objetivo de delinear pelo corte transversal a análise das variáveis de estilo de vida, nível de atividade e aptidão física de adolescentes residentes em duas regiões do Estado de São Paulo, em duas regiões distintas: uma na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo (Município de Santo André) e a outra cidade localizada em área do interior (São Bento do Sapucaí). Comparamos o estilo de vida, nível de atividade física e de aptidão física de adolescentes residentes nas duas regiões em 1997 e 2007, bem como o nível de atividade física, aptidão física e fatores psicosocioculturais (fatores determinantes) nos adolescentes residentes na mesma cidade em 1997 e 2007. Analisamos a relação do nível de atividade física e os fatores socioculturais e biológicos de adolescentes de ambos os sexos no corte amostral de 2007 (regressão multivariada - Modelo Hierárquico). Avaliamos 484 adolescentes de ambos os sexos residentes nas duas regiões e períodos. A avaliação dos indicadores psicosocioculturais foi realizada pelo Questionário de Atividade Física e Estilo de Vida proposto por Figueira Junior e Rocha Ferreira (2000), com questões das características da moradia, prática de atividade física na escola, prática de atividade física fora da escola, nível de atividade física e hábitos da vida. A avaliação da aptidão física seguiu protocolo de Matsudo,V (2005) das medidas antropométricas: peso corporal (kg) e estatura (m); metabólica pela potência aeróbica-teste de consumo de oxigênio (corrida de 12 minutos); neuromotores: força muscular de membros inferiores-impulsão vertical sem (cm) e com auxílio (cm) dos braços, impulsão horizontal (cm), força de tronco-teste abdominal (rep/min) e agilidade-teste de shuttle-run (s). Utilizamos a estatística descritiva, teste t de Student; teste de Mann-Whitney para a análise não paramétrica, teste do qui-quadrado (?2) para a tendência linear e teste Exato de Fisher. A análise do Modelo Hierárquico utilizou a regressão multivariada de Poisson com IC-95%. Resultados comparativos entre os períodos de avaliação em cada região, indicaram mudança (p<0,05) na estatura dos adolescentes (1997-2007) e no peso em Santo André (masculino). O comportamento da força muscular mostrou incremento nos adolescentes das duas regiões e sexos. A mesma tendência foi encontrada para a agilidade e força de tronco. O valor do consumo de oxigênio aumentou (1997-2007) nos dois grupos. A análise por sexo mostrou que as meninas não apresentaram mudança significativa, exceto nas adolescentes de São Bento do Sapucaí que aumentou. A prevalência de adolescentes ativos aumentou em 2007 comparado com 1997 nas duas regiões e sexos. A caminhada como forma de deslocamento parece contribuir significativamente. As barreiras da atividade física mostraram maior prevalência em Santo André que São Bento do Sapucaí em 2007 que 1997, o que explicaria o nível de atividade física. A preocupação com o aspecto físico, falta de estímulo dos pais e local para a prática de atividade física foram às barreiras mais citadas. A análise de regressão multivariada mostrou que a participação nas aulas de educação física, maior número de irmãos, caminhar ou pedalar para a escola são fatores de proteção para a inatividade física nas duas regiões. Podemos concluir que o intervalo de 10 anos de avaliação em duas regiões promoveu impacto diferente no comportamento de adolescentes ambos os sexos.<br>Abstract: This paper aimed to analyze throughout cross-sectional approach the lifestyle, physical activity level and adolescents physical fitness living at two different regions from Sao Paulo State: one at metropolitan area and other (Santo André) city and other from Sao Paulo countryside area (São Bento do Sapucaí). We compared the lifestyle in both region in 1997 and 2007, as well as the physical activity level, physical fitness and psychological and cultural factors (determinants factor) in adolescents from the same city, but ten years evaluation gap (1997-2007). The relationship among physical activity level and socio, cultural and biological variables were evaluated at 2007 sample, by multiple regression analysis (Hierarchical Model). 484 both sexes adolescents from different regions and periods were evaluated. The psycho-socio-cultural variables were determined by the Physical Activity and Lifestyle Questionnaire (Figueira Junior and Rocha Ferreira, 2000), that was organized to find the house characteristics; school physical activity practice, physical activity level and lifestyle indicators. The physical fitness variables were evaluated following Matsudo,V (2005) to anthropometric measures: body weight (Kg), statures (m); metabolic by maximal aerobic oxygen consumption (12 minutes run test) and neuromotors variables: lower limbs strength test by vertical jump test with and without help of arms movement, stand long jump, trunk abdominal strength and shuttle-run agility test. The descriptive statistics analysis chosen was the Student t test, Mann-Whitney to non-parametric approaches and Chi-Square (?2) to linear trend and Fisher Test. The hierarchical model was assessed by Poisson multivariate regression with CI - 95%. The results were compared between regions and evaluation period and presented changes (p.<05) on male adolescents stature (1997-2007) and body weight (Santo André). The muscle strength showed increases for both groups and period. The same trend was observed for agility and trunk strength. The analysis by sex did not presented chances girls on physical fitness, except from Sao Bento do Sapucaí adolescents. The active adolescents' physical activity increased in 2007 compared to 1997 in both region and sex. Walking as health-related locomotion, positively contribute for total physical activity. The barriers to physical activity showed higher prevalence in Santo André sample than in Sao Bento do Sapucaí in 2007 than 1997, that can explain the physical activity level. The physical appearance worry, lack of parents stimulus and place to physical activity practice were the most barriers found. Multivariate regression showed that physical education classes participation, more siblings walking or riding a bike to or back from school are variables that may protect against physical inactivity at both regions. So, we may conclude that 10 years interval between evaluations resulted on different adolescents behavior related to physical activity level and sociocultural approaches.<br>Doutorado<br>Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude<br>Doutor em Educação Física

Magistro kvalifikaciniame darbe analizuojama 1960 - 1970 metų mada Lietuvoje. Darbo tikslas išanalizavus septintojo dešimtmečio Vakarų Europos ir sovietinės mados tendencijas, naudojant lyginamosios analizės metodą, palyginti su Lietuvoje vyravusiomis ir nustatyti jų transformacijos priežastis. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė ir empirinis tyrimas iš esmės patvirtino darbe iškeltą hipotezę - madų tendencijos Lietuvoje atsiliko (laiko atžvilgiu) nuo Vakarų Europos, jaučiamas šių madų tendencijų skirtumas, atkeliavusios iš Vakarų Europos madų tendencijos Lietuvoje transformavosi.<br>There is analysing 1960 - 1970 years Lithuanian fashion trends in this master qualification work. Aim of work is analysing seventh decade West Europe's and Soviet fashion ruling trends, using comparative analysis method, compared to Lithuanian and to set the causes of this transformation. An analysis of scientific literature and an empirical study in principle approved the hypothesis in this work that the fashion trends in Lithuania felt behind (by time) comparing to West Europe's, appreciable the difference between West Europe's and Soviet fashion trends and the trends which came from West to Lithuania transformed.

L’impact anthropique lié à l’augmentation du CO2 atmosphérique a été observé à l’échelle globale océanique, avec comme conséquence l’acidification des océans (AO). Comme l’océan ouvert, les écosystèmes côtiers sont soumis à l’AO. Ces écosystèmes ne représentent que 7% de la surface océanique mais ils sont responsables d’un tiers de la production primaire océanique mondiale, jouant ainsi un rôle clé dans le cycle du carbone global. Les environnements côtiers sont très hétérogènes et influencés par des apports continentaux, ce qui complexifie l’étude du cycle du CO2. Cette thèse étudie à différente échelle spatiale et temporelle la variabilité du cycle du carbone dans les milieux méga tidaux côtiers du nord-ouest de l’Europe. Entre 2015 et 2019, nous avons installé un capteur autonome de pCO2 sur une bouée cardinale de la côte de Roscoff, au sud de la Manche. Les observations proximales et plus au large des paramètres du système CO2 ainsi que de l’ensemble des paramètres physico-chimiques, nous ont permis de décrire précisément l’écosystème et de quantifier la variabilité tidale, diurne et interannuelle. Dans un second temps, nous avons suivi la variabilité de ces paramètres à l’échelle décennale, en se basant sur les prélèvements réguliers réalisés entre 2008 et 2018 dans deux milieux côtiers très proches géographiquement (Brest et Roscoff), mais sous influence plus ou moins importante des rivières. Enfin, nous avons quantifié la dynamique de deux gaz climatiquement actifs dissous le long de deux gradients estuariens : le CO2 et le CH4. Ce dernier, bien que peu étudié, apparaît comme un composé central pour la compréhension du fonctionnement des écosystèmes côtiers<br>The anthropogenic impact of the raise of atmospheric CO2 has been observed on the global oceanic scale, resulting in the Ocean Acidification (OA). Largely present in the coastal ecosystems, a decrease of their population could have significant socio-economic consequences. Coastal ecosystems represent only 7% of the global ocean but host a third of the total primary production of the oceans, playing a key role in the global carbon cycle. They are highly diversified and influenced by continental inputs, which complexifies the study of the CO2 cycle. This PhD thesis investigated at different spatial and temporal scales the variability of the carbon cycle in megatidal environments of the North Western European Shelves. From 2015 to 2019, we installed an autonomous sensor of pCO2 (Sunburst SAMI-CO2) on a cardinal buoy located off Roscoff, in the south of the English Channel. Coupled with additional proximal and offshore observations of the carbon cycle and biogeochemical parameters, we were able to describe precisely this ecosystem and assess the tidal, diurnal and interannual variability. Secondly, we followed the variability of these parameters at the decadal scale, based on regular sampling from 2008 to 2018 in two coastal environments very close geographically (Brest and Roscoff, NWES), but with different freshwater influence. Finally, since methane is increasingly considered as a key player in the understanding of the coastal ecosystem functioning and Climatically-Actives Gas cycles, we quantified the driving processes of CO2 and CH4 air-sea exchanges in two mega-tidal estuaries influencing our study region

Le système d’upwelling péruvien est l’une des régions les plus productives de l’océan mondial et présente une zone de minimum d'oxygène (ZMO) dans les couches sub-superficielles. Ce système est impacté par les phénomènes climatiques interannuels El Niño (EN) et La Niña (LN). Nous étudions d’abord l’impact des événements EN et LN sur la productivité primaire et l’oxygène dissous, puis les tendances au cours des dernières décennies. Un modèle régional couplé physique-biogéochimique, validé avec des observations, est utilisé pour étudier les processus hydrodynamique et les cycles biogéochimiques de 1958 à 2008. Le modèle est capable de reproduire avec réalisme les conditions océaniques pendant les phases EN et LN, ainsi que les tendances observées au cours des dernières décennies. Au cours de EN, la chlorophylle diminue en raison de l'approfondissement des couches riches forcé par les ondes côtières et de la limitation par la lumière en été. La couche de surface devient plus ventilée à mesure que l'oxycline s'approfondit. Les eaux sources de la ZMO proviennent d'une région équatoriale plus ventilée. Au cours des dernières décennies, l'augmentation de la biomasse phytoplanctonique en été et la progressive désoxygénation de subsurface sont principalement dues à la variabilité équatoriale, alors que les vents locaux semblent jouer un rôle mineur<br>The Peruvian upwelling system is one of the most productive regions of the world ocean and has a minimum oxygen zone (ZMO) in the sub-surface layers. This system is impacted by the El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) interannual climate events. We first study the impact of EN and LN events on primary productivity and dissolved oxygen, then the trends over the last decades. A coupled physics biogeochemical regional model, validated with observations, is used to study the hydrodynamic processes and biogeochemical cycles from 1958 to 2008. The model is able to realistically reproduce oceanic conditions during EN and LN phases, as well as trends observed in recent decades. During EN, chlorophyll decreases due to the deepening of the rich layers forced by the coastal waves and the limitation by the light in summer. The surface layer becomes more ventilated as the oxycline deepens. The source waters of the OMZ come from a more ventilated equatorial region. In recent decades, the productivity increase in summer and the progressive deoxygenation of subsurface waters are mainly due to equatorial variability, while local winds seem to play a minor role

Les blazars sont connus pour leur variabilité sur une large gamme d'échelles de temps à toutes les longueurs d'onde; et leur classification (en quasars radio à spectre plat, BL Lac à basse fréquence crête, intermédiaire ou haute fréquence; FSRQ, LBL, IBL, HBL, pour ses sigles en anglais) est basée sur des caractéristiques spectrales à large bande qui ne considèrent pas la source comme étant, éventuellement, dans différentes états d'activité. Récemment, il a été proposé de classer les blazars en fonction de la cinématique de leurs caractéristiques radio. La plupart des études sur les blazars à rayons gamma TeV se concentrent sur des échelles de temps courtes, en particulier pendant les éruptions, en raison de la rareté des campagnes d'observation ou de l'existence relativement récente de détecteurs spécialisés suffisamment sensibles.Avec une décennie d'observations du Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, Je présente une étude approfondie de la variabilité à long terme multi longueurs d'onde du blazar 1ES 1215+303, des rayons gamma à la radio. Cet ensemble de données sans précédent révèle de multiples éruptions de rayons gamma fortes et une augmentation à long terme de la ligne de base des rayons gamma et du flux optique de la source sur une période de dix ans, ce qui se traduit par une corrélation linéaire entre ces deux bandes d'énergie sur une décennie. Des comportements HBL typiques sont identifiés dans la morphologie radio de la source. Cependant, des analyses de la distribution d'énergie spectrale à large bande à différents états de flux de la source, révèlent un déplacement extrême de l'énergie de la fréquence de crête du synchrotron de l'IR aux rayons X mous; indiquant que la source présente les caractéristiques IBL pendant les états de repos et le comportement HBL pendant les états éruptifs. Un modèle synchrotron self-Compton à deux composantes est utilisé pour décrire ce changement spectaculaire.Un cadre détaillé de l'analyse des données de l'instrument Fermi-LAT est fourni et pourrait servir de guide aux chercheurs intéressés par ce domaine. Je présente les efforts approfondis de validation des méthodes utilisées et les contrôles d'intégrité des résultats effectués. Une description des analyses de niveau supérieur est fournie, comme la sélection des éruptions et la recherche d'un comportement plus dur quand plus lumineux dans les données de Fermi-LAT, l'analyse de corrélation croisée et de variabilité à plusieurs longueurs d'onde; la recherche de tendances, log-normalité et variabilité, la caractérisation des éruptions et des distributions spectrales d'énergie, et la recherche d'observations Fermi-LAT - VERITAS simultanées. Ce sont le cœur de ce travail de doctorat.Les différentes méthodes appliquées et présentées dans ce travail fournissent un panorama complet et détaillé de la nature complexe de ce blazar et peuvent même remettre en question notre système de classification actuel. De plus, ce travail fournit une illustration du type d'analyses à long terme que les futurs instruments d'imagerie atmosphérique, tels que le Cherenkov Telescope Array, non seulement permettront mais pourrait même d'améliorer<br>Blazars are known for their variability on a wide range of timescales at all wavelengths; and their classification (into flat spectrum radio quasars, low-, intermediate- or high-frequency-peaked BL Lac; FSRQ, LBL, IBL, HBL) is based on broadband spectral characteristics that do not consider the source being at, possibly, different states of activity. Recently, it was proposed that blazars could be classified according to the kinematics of their radio features. Most studies of TeV gamma-ray blazars focus on short timescales, especially during flares, due to the scarcity of observational campaigns or due to the relatively young existence of specialized, sensitive enough detectors.With a decade of observations from the Fermi-LAT and VERITAS, I present an extensive study of the long-term multi-wavelength variability of the blazar 1ES 1215+303 from gamma-rays to radio. This unprecedented data set reveals multiple strong gamma-ray flares and a long-term increase in the gamma-ray and optical flux baseline of the source over the ten-year period, which results in a linear correlation between these two energy bands over a decade. Typical HBL behaviors are identified in the radio morphology of the source. However, analyses of the broadband spectral energy distribution at different flux states of the source, unveil an extreme shift in energy of the synchrotron peak frequency from IR to soft X-rays; indicating that the source exhibits IBL characteristics during quiescent states and HBL behavior during high states. A two-component synchrotron self-Compton model is used to describe this dramatic change.A detailed framework of the analysis of the data from the Fermi-LAT instrument is provided, and could serve as a guideline for researchers interested in this field. I present the thorough efforts that were employed in validating the methods used and the sanity checks that were performed on the results obtained. A description of the higher-level analyses are provided, including the flare-selection algorithms, the search for harder-when-brighter behavior in the Fermi-LAT data, the multi-wavelength cross-correlation and variability analysis, the search for trends, log-normality and variability, the characterization of flares and of the spectral energy distributions, and the search for simultaneousFermi-LAT - VERITAS observations. These are the heart of this PhD work.The different methods applied and presented in this work provide a complete and detailed panorama of the intricate nature of this blazar, and possibly even challenge our current classification scheme. Moreover, this work provides an illustration of the type of long-term analyses that future imaging atmospheric instruments, such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array, will not only allow but potentially improve

Mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) winds over Germany as measured with a lowfrequency spaced receiver system at Collm 1984-2007 have been analysed with respect to variations at the time scales of gravity waves. Background winds are also registered to analyse gravity-mean flow interactions at decadal and interdecadal time scales. In both winter and summer an increasing mesospheric zonal wind jet with time is registered, which is connected with increasing gravity wave variances. At greater altitudes in summer, the mean wind jet trend reverses, and negative trends of gravity wave variances are found. This connection between gravity waves and mean wind is also observed on a quasi-decadal scale: during solar maximum stronger mesospheric zonal wind jets as well as larger gravity wave amplitudes are observed. This results in a solar cycle modulation of gravity waves with larger amplitudes during solar maximum. The connection between gravity waves and mean zonal wind may be explained by wave filtering within linear wave theory, such that stronger mesospheric zonal winds are connected with larger gravity wave amplitudes.

博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>大氣科學研究所<br>104<br>The intensity of East Asian winter monsoons (EAWM) is represented by a single EAWM index in many previous works. This study finds a decadal variation, abrupt change and a weakening trend of northerly wind in EAWM in different areas over latitudes along the East Asia Coast. The first mechanism of the northern part of the East Asia Coast is influenced by the forcing from the middle latitudes during 1950s to 2000s and related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). I propose that the decreased EAWM in the recent decades is associated with the change of pressure gradient along the East Asia coast. This mechanism accounts for the change of the westward sea-level pressure (SLP) gradient along the Northeast Asia coast, and is affected by the location of Aleutian low, which is associated with the phases shift of the PDO. As the Aleutian low is influenced by the negative PDO phase and moves westward, the SLP gradient between the Siberian high and the Aleutian low can increase and the northerly wind at 850 hPa will be enhanced. The second mechanism accounts for the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) after the late 1980s. When the AO is in its positive phase, the low-level northerly wind from South Korea to northern Taiwan and the East Asian trough weaken. The third mechanism of the decadal variation of the northerly wind in the lower latitude is associated with the positive phase of PDO and the location change of the anti-cyclonic circulation center over the southern China. The positive phase of the PDO induces a low-level anti-cyclonic anomalous circulation against the EAWM in the lower latitudes. On the other hand, the forth mechanism accounts for the increased occurrence of Central-Pacific El Niño copes with the phase change of Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) in early 1990. The anti-cyclonic circulation moves eastward and produces southwesterly wind over the northern part of the South China sea when the Central-Pacific El Niños increase. Therefore the EAWM has weakened in recent decades. This study argues that neither a single EAWM index nor only one mechanism can explain the whole process of the weakening of EAWM over the East Asia Coast from the tropics to the middle latitudes. The four mechanisms provided by this study can explain the decadal variation, abrupt change and the weakening of EAWM at different latitudes.

碩士<br>東海大學<br>企業管理學系碩士班<br>103<br>Due to the aging society in Taiwan in recent years that the average life expectancy of people improved, and under the circumstances to extend the retirement, for the use of the remaining time is particularly important. Especially under the recent fashion of health, it makes the elderly pay more and more attention to their quality of life. Thus the elderly began to focus on the leisure travel, expect them to have a good retirement. The object of this reserach was to investigate the Taiwan issue seniors in terms of leisure and tourism trends and context, literature data collection period, mainly from 2004 to 2014.The methods this study combined Meta-Analysis and Content Analysis for research. And we analysied these variables which apperared in collected documentation. Divided the independent variables and the dependent variable into two categories, and be classified according to the characteristics of variables. This study divided all of the independent variables collected from documentation into 22 categories of variables, the same as the dependent variables. The results of this study appear in the independent variable. The most commonly discussed categorical variables from more to less is leisure category (46.7%), interpersonal category (12.35%), health category (6.47%), travel category (6.18%) and the attitude category (5.29%), in the single variables, the "leisure participation" as the most discussed variables. In the dependent variable, the most commonly discussed categories of variables from more to less is the attitude of the category (18.31%), motivation category (14.72%), hindering category (12.96%), leisure category (12.02%), and health category (10.05%), in the single variables, the "Life Satisfaction " as the most discussed variables. The results help to understand what the trends and leisure and tourism issues in Taiwan seniors are. At the same time, this study can provide a more generalized trend. And recommend follow-up researchers to explore and discuss currently less discussed subjects, so that the whole study of elderly aspect of a more complete and pluralism.

abstract: The numerical climate models have provided scientists, policy makers and the general public, crucial information for climate projections since mid-20th century. An international effort to compare and validate the simulations of all major climate models is organized by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), which has gone through several phases since 1995 with CMIP5 being the state of the art. In parallel, an organized effort to consolidate all observational data in the past century culminates in the creation of several "reanalysis" datasets that are considered the closest representation of the true observation. This study compared the climate variability and trend in the climate model simulations and observations on the timescales ranging from interannual to centennial. The analysis focused on the dynamic climate quantity of zonal-mean zonal wind and global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM), and incorporated multiple datasets from reanalysis and the most recent CMIP3 and CMIP5 archives. For the observation, the validation of AAM by the length-of-day (LOD) and the intercomparison of AAM revealed a good agreement among reanalyses on the interannual and the decadal-to-interdecadal timescales, respectively. But the most significant discrepancies among them are in the long-term mean and long-term trend. For the simulations, the CMIP5 models produced a significantly smaller bias and a narrower ensemble spread of the climatology and trend in the 20th century for AAM compared to CMIP3, while CMIP3 and CMIP5 simulations consistently produced a positive trend for the 20th and 21st century. Both CMIP3 and CMIP5 models produced a wide range of the magnitudes of decadal and interdecadal variability of wind component of AAM (MR) compared to observation. The ensemble means of CMIP3 and CMIP5 are not statistically distinguishable for either the 20th- or 21st-century runs. The in-house atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations forced by the sea surface temperature (SST) taken from the CMIP5 simulations as lower boundary conditions were carried out. The zonal wind and MR in the CMIP5 simulations are well simulated in the AGCM simulations. This confirmed SST as an important mediator in regulating the global atmospheric changes due to GHG effect.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2013

Pertussis or whooping cough is a bacterial disease that consists in severe infection of the respiratory tract mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis. The disease affects all ages, but mainly affects children under the age of 5 years. In Italy, the introduction of acellular vaccine against whooping cough in 1995 has made it possible to significantly reduce cases of disease and deaths due to the disease itself: the data for 2010- 2013 indicate a drop in the burden of disease of 97.6%. Unfortunately, the number of cases of whooping cough is currently increasing in children, adolescents and adults. There are basically three reasons for this phenomenon. First of all, in Italy, as in the rest of Europe, there is a drop in vaccination coverage. Vaccination coverage for whooping cough is below 95% in all age groups monitored (24, 36 months and 6, 16 and 18 years). It is also known that the immunity resulting from both vaccination and naturally contracted disease is not long-lasting. A third explanation for the increase in pertussis cases is the selective pressure induced by vaccination. The use of pertussis vaccines may have selected mutated bacteria that express antigens not included in the available vaccines. The mutation of one or more of these antigens, caused by immunological pressure, could play a decisive role in the increase in cases of whooping cough in general and also in subjects already properly vaccinated. My study aims, on the basis of data collected from 2010 to 2019 by the regional reference center of invasive bacterial diseases, to analyze the epidemiology of pertussis infection in the paediatric population of Tuscany, with the aim of defining some of the main risk factors for both the occurrence of the infection and for the occurrence of serious infections that require hospitalization. In detail, we will analyse the epidemiological characteristics of the subjects presenting the infection in order to deduce the best vaccination strategy. Through the knowledge of the incidence of whooping cough in preterm births we could obtain useful indications to be able to standardize the national vaccination calendar, even for this particular group of children. Finally, my study aims at studying the strains of B. pertussis that circulate in Tuscany. In fact, we want to understand if in Tuscany, as in most of Europe, new varieties of B. pertussis are emerging.

Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant component of the energy and water balances at the land surface. However, direct, continuous measurements of ET are spatially limited and only available since the 1990s. Due to this lack of observations, detecting and attributing long-term regional trends in ET remains difficult. This dissertation aims to alleviate the data limitation and detect long-term trends by developing a method to infer ET from data collected at common weather stations, which are spatially and temporally abundant. The methodology used to infer ET from historical meteorological data is based on an emergent relation between the land surface and atmospheric boundary layer. We refer to this methodology as the Evapotranspiration from Relative Humidity at Equilibrium method, or the “ETRHEQ method”. In the first section of this dissertation, we develop the ETRHEQ method for use at common weather stations and demonstrate the utility of the method at twenty eddy covariance sites spanning a wide range of climate and plant functional types. Next, we apply the ETRHEQ method at historical weather stations across the continental U.S. and show that ET estimates obtained via the ETRHEQ method compare well with watershed scale ET, as well as ET estimates from land surface models. From 1961 to 1997, we find negligible or increasing trends in summertime ET over the central U.S. and the west coast and negative trends in the eastern and western U.S. From 1998 to 2014, we find a sharp decline in summertime ET across the entire U.S. We show that this decline is consistent with decreasing transpiration associated with declines in humidity. Lastly, we assess the sensitivity of ET to perturbations in soil moisture and humidity anticipated with climate change. We demonstrate that the response of ET to changing humidity and soil moisture is strongly dependent on the biological and hydrological state of the surface, particularly the degree of water stress and vegetation fraction. In total, this dissertation demonstrates the utility of the ETRHEQ method as a means to estimate ET from weather station data and highlights the critical role of vegetation in modulating ET variability.

博士<br>國立成功大學<br>測量及空間資訊學系<br>106<br>A considerable progress is observed in understanding a global mean sea level rise, but regional sea level variations that deviate from a global average rate remain poorly understood. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of sea level data around Taiwan from 1993 to 2015 and an analysis of seasonal-to-decadal variability and trends of regional sea level in the North Pacific Ocean using satellite altimetry and tide gauges. Results show that datum shifts and vertical land motions in gauge records have significant impacts on sea level trends with respective average contributions of 7.3 and 8.0 mm/yr, whereas ocean tides and inverted barometer effects, which represent 9% and 14% of the observed trend, respectively, have relatively minor impacts. Thus, datum shifts and vertical land motion effects must be removed in the tide gauge records for accurate sea level estimates. The estimated land motions show that the southwestern plain in Taiwan has large subsidence rates. For example, the Boziliao, Dongshi, and Wengang tide gauge stations exhibit a rate of 24–31 mm/yr as a result of groundwater pumping. The absolute sea level trends, which are derived from the tide gauges or satellite altimetry, around Taiwan agree well with each other and both are estimated to be 2.2 mm/yr for 1993–2015. This estimate is significantly lower than the global average sea level rise trend of 3.2 mm/yr from satellite altimeters. We suggest that a recent hiatus in sea level rise in this region exhibits good agreement with the interannual and decadal variabilities associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The results of sea level budget show that steric sea level and ocean mass components contribute to the total absolute sea level in Northeast Taiwan at a similar rate (approximately –4.9 mm/yr to –2.2 mm/yr and 1.9 mm/yr, respectively) but contribute approximately 62%–74% (8.3 mm/yr to 9.9 mm/yr) and 14% (1.8 mm/yr) in Southeast Taiwan, correspondingly. In the western ocean of Taiwan, the temperature and salinity data are lacking; thus, the estimated steric sea level is inaccurate. Interannual-to-decadal variability and trends of sea level in the North Pacific Ocean are analyzed using tide gauge and satellite altimeter data covering 1993–2016. The absolute sea level trends derived from satellite altimeter data in the Northwest and Northeast Pacific Ocean are estimated to be 3.3 ± 0.2 mm/yr and 2.3 ± 0.2 mm/yr, and the similar rates of absolute sea level rise (of 3.7 mm/yr and 2.3 mm/yr) are observed from all coastal tide gauge records covering the same time span, respectively. Over the entire North Pacific Ocean, the absolute sea level trends are 2.8–3.3 mm/yr from tide gauges and satellite altimetry, which are similar to the global average trend of 3.2 mm/yr. A similar average trend in the sea level of 2.9 ± 0.1 mm/yr is observed when considering the effects of the ENSO and PDO. Moreover, a uniform spatial distribution with a range of 0–5 mm/yr is detected. The seasonal sea level cycles in the North Pacific Ocean are explored using tide gauges in 1950–2016 and satellite altimeter data in 1993–2016 through Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method. The seasonal cycle can explain 60%–93% of the sea level variability in the continental shelf of the Western Pacific Ocean while explaining less than 40% of the variance in the open ocean. Significant annual amplitudes are found in the regions of the continental shelf of the Western Pacific Ocean, Gulf of California, eastern tropical Pacific, and Kuroshio Extension, with a range of 100–211 mm. A semi-annual amplitude has a relatively minimal impact on the sea level variation in the North Pacific Ocean. The inverted barometer effect produces −116 mm to 88 mm of annual amplitudes in the Western Pacific coast regions, especially from the north of South China Sea to the Sea of Japan, whereas the annual amplitude in most area of study is lower. The significant annual amplitudes of steric component are found in the Sea of Japan and Kuroshio Extension region, wherein the largest value is 15 cm. The annual amplitude has significantly decreased in the open ocean after removing the steric component from the observed sea level. However, the annual cycle of the residual sea level in the large areas of marginal seas remains strong. Wind forcing is highly correlated with the residual seasonal sea level cycle in most areas of the marginal seas and the eastern tropical Pacific. Therefore, we suggest that wind forcing strongly influences the sea level changes in marginal seas of the North Pacific Ocean.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Estuarine systems support the life cycle stages of commercially important marine fish and are influenced by large and local-scale climatic patterns. Also, extreme events triggered by climate changes may influence the functioning of nursery grounds and recruitment for several fish species. In this study, performed in the Mondego estuary, Portugal, we used an 11-year database (2003-2013) for analyzing the variability in the population of a marine juvenile migrant fish, the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, regarding changes in abundance, population structure, growth rates and secondary production and annual day of peak abundance. Higher densities and production occurred at the beginning of the study, but no differences in 0-group growth could be observed. In order to detect change points in both biological and climatic data, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) of the deviations from the mean for the 2003-2013 period were determined for each parameter. The relationship between large- and local-scale drivers and 0-group abundance, secondary production and day of peak abundance were evaluated using a Pearson correlation analysis of CUSUM of biological and environmental data, considering the correspondent yearly values and with a time-lag of 1 year. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, sea surface temperature (SST) and their respective winter values were tested as large-scale factors, while river runoff, salinity and water temperature were considered as local climate patterns. River runoff was the significant factor explaining D. labrax 0-group abundances and the NAO and water temperature were also significant predictors considering the 1-year lag. Regarding D. labrax 0-group secondary production, salinity and water temperature were the significant predictors. The NAO with 1 year lag was also negatively correlated with the day of peak abundance. The observed variability regarding yearly trends in abundance of juvenile fish was mostly linked to local-scale climate patterns, which can influence habitat use patterns, whereas large-scale factors (NAO, SST) seem to operate at a wider time frame, as observed by the lag of 1-year on their influence on juvenile sea bass abundance.<br>Os sistemas estuarinos albergam certas fases do ciclo de vida de peixes economicamente importantes, estando igualmente sob a influência de padrões climáticos de escala global e local. De facto, eventos climáticos extremos desencadeados por alterações climáticas podem afectar o funcionamento destes sistemas como zonas de viveiro e o recrutamento para várias espécies de peixes. Este estudo foi realizado no estuário do rio Mondego, Portugal, onde se usou uma base de dados de 11 anos (2003-2013) para analisar a variabilidade populacional de uma espécie de peixe migrante marinho, o robalo Dicentrarchus labrax, e assim observar diferenças na sua abundância, estrutura populacional, taxas de crescimento e produção secundária. Os valores de densidade e produção mais elevados ocorreram no período inicial do estudo, mas não se encontraram diferenças entre as taxas de crescimento do grupo 0+. Para detectar pontos de inflexão nos dados biológicos e climáticos, foram determinadas as somas cumulativas (CUSUM) dos desvios da média de cada parâmetro para o período de 2003-2013. As relações entre vectores de escala global e local e a abundância, produção secundária e dia do pico de abundância anual dos grupos 0+ de robalo foram avaliadas através de uma análise de correlação Pearson das CUSUM dos dados biológicos e ambientais, considerando os valores anuais correspondentes e do ano anterior. O índice da Oscilação do Atlântico Norte (NAO), temperatura da superfície do mar (SST) e respectivos valores foram testados como factores de escala global, enquanto o caudal de rio, salinidade e temperatura da água estuarina foram considerados padrões climáticos de escala local. O escoamento foi o factor significativamente relacionado com as abundâncias de D. labrax juvenis, mas também o índice NAO e a temperatura da água estuarina do ano anterior foram vectores significativos. Relativamente à produção secundária dos grupos 0+ de D. labrax, a salinidade e a temperatura de água estuarina foram os factores significativos. (O índice NAO respeitante ao ano anterior foi igualmente um parâmetro negativamente relacionado com os valores do dia anual de picos de abundância). A variabilidade observada nas dinâmicas anuais de abundância dos robalos juvenis foi maioritariamente associada a padrões climáticos de escala local, capazes de influenciar os padrões de uso de habitat. No que diz respeito a factores de escala global (NAO, SST), estes parecem actuar dentro de um prazo mais longo, tal como foi observado a sua influência na abundância de robalos juvenis a longo prazo.

碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>教育學系課程與教學碩士班<br>91<br>The purpose of this study is to analyze current teaching research situation and its trend of development in Taiwan. Investigate and analyze the contents, forms, ways of research and applications of theses related to teaching research published by graduate schools of social science from 1992 to 2001 to understand the characteristics and disparities of the theses. This study adopts the way of literature analysis, using mainly Content Analysis Method supplemented with Comparative Study Method. Through the analysis of literature, the author uses self-complied「Content Analysis Registration Table of the Master and Doctoral Theses in Taiwan」as the research tool and examines its Validity and Reliability, while completely collecting theses related to teaching research and analyzing the theses with statistical methods like Frequency、Percentage and χ2 Test. According to this study, the total number of theses published by social-related graduated schools from 1992 to 2001 is 930. The results are listed as follow: 1. In terms of the number of theses: Teacher’s Colleges and educational departments published most theses on teaching research. The total number of teaching research theses indicates a high development tendency. 2. In terms of topics of the theses: Most theses were about 「Teaching Behavior Research」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Teaching Behavior Research」 having the highest development tendency. A premium was placed on 「Teaching Behavior Research」 and there was no signs of transition. 3. In terms of the theses'' research objects and the stages they were at: Most objects of teaching research were 「Elementary School Students」. Research objects were mostly 「Students」,「Teachers」and 「Students and Teachers」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Students」 having the highest development tendency. There was a trend toward 「Students」 and there was no signs of transition. The stages most research objects were at were 「Elementary School」 and 「Junior High School」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Elementary School」having the highest development tendency. There was a tendency toward 「Elementary School」and 「Junior High School」.There was no signs of transition. 4. In terms of paradigms of theses: Most paradigms of the theses fell in the category of 「Process-Result Research」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with「Ethnography Research」having the highest development tendency and there was a gradual transition from 「Process-Result Research」to「Ethnography Research」. 5. In terms of the goals of the theses : Most of the theses focused on 「Applied Research」and 「Basic Research」; the number of these published in different years reached obvious differences with「Applied Research」having the highest development tendency and there was a gradual transition from 「Basic Research」to 「Applied Research」. 6. In terms of forms of the theses: Most theses adopted the 「Internationalization」 form. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Internationalization」having the highest development tendency. Most theses had a tendency of 「Internationalization」and there was no obvious transition. 7. In terms of the research design of the theses: The number of theses adopted 「Quantitative Research」 and 「Qualitative」and the ones adopted「Quantitative and Qualitative Research」are almost the same. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Qualitative Research」 having the highest development tendency. There was a transition from 「Quantitative Research」to「Qualitative Research」and 「Quantitative & Qualitative Research」. 8. In terms of research methods of the theses: Most of the theses adopted the way of 「Experiment Research Method」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Experiment Research Method」having the highest development tendency. A premium was placed on 「Experiment Research Method」and there was no obvious transition. 9. In terms of research tools the theses adopted: A great portion of the theses adopted 「Self-Complied Tools」. The number of theses published in different years did not reach any obvious difference with 「Self-Complied Tools」having the highest development tendency. 10. In terms of statistical methods adopted: Most theses fell in the category of 「Using No Statistical Methods」. The number of theses published in different years did not reach any obvious difference with 「Using No Statistical Methods」having the highest development tendency. There was a transition from 「Co-Varieties」 to「Using No Statistical Methods」. 11. In terms of statistical-related computer software utilized: Most theses fell in the category of 「Using No Computer Software」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Using No Computer Software」having the highest development tendency. There was a continuous transition between 「Using No Computer Software」and 「SPSS」. Based on the above findings, the following suggestions are made respectively for teaching researches, teaching researchers and organizations, and future researches. 1. Suggestions for teaching researches: (1) Persistent publication of various teaching researches and theses based on different paradigms is needed so as to enrich the field of teaching research. (2) Implement the combination of teaching theories and practical situations to utilize teaching research to its full. (3) Establish local teaching research systems, which correspond to local social and cultural environment. (4) Effectively combine quality-oriented and quantity-oriented research methods and establish a mutual-supporting mechanism. (5) Strengthen the application of research methods and statistical methods to upgrade the effectiveness of research. 2. Suggestions for teaching researchers and organizations: (1) Research organizations should act as a good model of establishing a data bank of research tools. (2) More literature on teaching research should be published to fasten the spread of latest teaching research knowledge. (3) Set up curricula related to teaching research; teaching research skills should be obtained. (4) Teachers should aggressively participate in teaching researches to bridge the gap between theory and practice. 3.Suggestions for future researches: (1) Analyze theses of different fields and broaden research objects. (2) Adopt meta-analysis research toward teaching research paradigms to set up well-rounded research models. (3) Adopt multi-research methods; understand the potential intentions of teaching researchers. (4) Persistently and periodically publish domestic teaching research theses to investigate the trend of development.

碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>長期照護研究所<br>96<br>The purpose of this study was to analyze the ten-year trend of health care services utilization among population aged over 40 in Taiwan area during 1996 to 2005 . The researcher of this study used the National Health Insurance Registry for 200,000 Beneficiaries Claims Data Files in 1996 and selected 49961 objects of study, and the data of this cohort study was analyzed from Ambulatory care expenditures by visits files and Inpatient expenditures by admissions files of National Health Insurance from 1996 to 2005. It was found that the medical outpatient cost at 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years old increased year by year with ten-year growing rates 69%, 72%, and 41% respectively. Besides, frequency of outpatient visits was the highest at 70-79 years old, upping from 26.4 in 1996 to 28.6 in 1998 and then declining year after year whilst that at 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years old rose every year as ages increased. As to that at over 80 years old, it descended annually. The study turned out to reveal that chronic diseases traced in ten years occupied higher proportions at 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years old, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, heart disease, respiratory disease and liver cirrhosis. Meanwhile, dementia, CVA, and Parkinsen’s disease occupied higher proportions at 40-49 years old and at over 80 years old.

碩士<br>臺南師範學院<br>教師在職進修課程與教學碩士學位班<br>91<br>The purpose of this study is to analyze current teaching research situation and its trend of development in Taiwan. Investigate and analyze the contents, forms, ways of research and applications of theses related to teaching research published by graduate schools of social science from 1992 to 2001 to understand the characteristics and disparities of the theses. This study adopts the way of literature analysis, using mainly Content Analysis Method supplemented with Comparative Study Method. Through the analysis of literature, the author uses self-complied「Content Analysis Registration Table of the Master and Doctoral Theses in Taiwan」as the research tool and examines its Validity and Reliability, while completely collecting theses related to teaching research and analyzing the theses with statistical methods like Frequency、Percentage and χ2 Test. According to this study, the total number of theses published by social-related graduated schools from 1992 to 2001 is 930. The results are listed as follow: 1. In terms of the number of theses: Teacher’s Colleges and educational departments published most theses on teaching research. The total number of teaching research theses indicates a high development tendency. 2. In terms of topics of the theses: Most theses were about 「Teaching Behavior Research」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Teaching Behavior Research」 having the highest development tendency. A premium was placed on 「Teaching Behavior Research」 and there was no signs of transition. 3. In terms of the theses'' research objects and the stages they were at: Most objects of teaching research were 「Elementary School Students」. Research objects were mostly 「Students」,「Teachers」and 「Students and Teachers」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Students」 having the highest development tendency. There was a trend toward 「Students」 and there was no signs of transition. The stages most research objects were at were 「Elementary School」 and 「Junior High School」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Elementary School」having the highest development tendency. There was a tendency toward 「Elementary School」and 「Junior High School」.There was no signs of transition. 4. In terms of paradigms of theses: Most paradigms of the theses fell in the category of 「Process-Result Research」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with「Ethnography Research」having the highest development tendency and there was a gradual transition from 「Process-Result Research」to「Ethnography Research」. 5. In terms of the goals of the theses : Most of the theses focused on 「Applied Research」and 「Basic Research」; the number of these published in different years reached obvious differences with「Applied Research」having the highest development tendency and there was a gradual transition from 「Basic Research」to 「Applied Research」. 6. In terms of forms of the theses: Most theses adopted the 「Internationalization」 form. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Internationalization」having the highest development tendency. Most theses had a tendency of 「Internationalization」and there was no obvious transition. 7. In terms of the research design of the theses: The number of theses adopted 「Quantitative Research」 and 「Qualitative」and the ones adopted「Quantitative and Qualitative Research」are almost the same. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Qualitative Research」 having the highest development tendency. There was a transition from 「Quantitative Research」to「Qualitative Research」and 「Quantitative & Qualitative Research」. 8. In terms of research methods of the theses: Most of the theses adopted the way of 「Experiment Research Method」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Experiment Research Method」having the highest development tendency. A premium was placed on 「Experiment Research Method」and there was no obvious transition. 9. In terms of research tools the theses adopted: A great portion of the theses adopted 「Self-Complied Tools」. The number of theses published in different years did not reach any obvious difference with 「Self-Complied Tools」having the highest development tendency. 10. In terms of statistical methods adopted: Most theses fell in the category of 「Using No Statistical Methods」. The number of theses published in different years did not reach any obvious difference with 「Using No Statistical Methods」having the highest development tendency. There was a transition from 「Co-Varieties」 to「Using No Statistical Methods」. 11. In terms of statistical-related computer software utilized: Most theses fell in the category of 「Using No Computer Software」. The number of theses published in different years reached obvious differences with 「Using No Computer Software」having the highest development tendency. There was a continuous transition between 「Using No Computer Software」and 「SPSS」. Based on the above findings, the following suggestions are made respectively for teaching researches, teaching researchers and organizations, and future researches. 1. Suggestions for teaching researches: (1) Persistent publication of various teaching researches and theses based on different paradigms is needed so as to enrich the field of teaching research. (2) Implement the combination of teaching theories and practical situations to utilize teaching research to its full. (3) Establish local teaching research systems, which correspond to local social and cultural environment. (4) Effectively combine quality-oriented and quantity-oriented research methods and establish a mutual-supporting mechanism. (5) Strengthen the application of research methods and statistical methods to upgrade the effectiveness of research. 2. Suggestions for teaching researchers and organizations: (1) Research organizations should act as a good model of establishing a data bank of research tools. (2) More literature on teaching research should be published to fasten the spread of latest teaching research knowledge. (3) Set up curricula related to teaching research; teaching research skills should be obtained. (4) Teachers should aggressively participate in teaching researches to bridge the gap between theory and practice. 3.Suggestions for future researches: (1) Analyze theses of different fields and broaden research objects. (2) Adopt meta-analysis research toward teaching research paradigms to set up well-rounded research models. (3) Adopt multi-research methods; understand the potential intentions of teaching researchers. (4) Persistently and periodically publish domestic teaching research theses to investigate the trend of development.

碩士<br>義守大學<br>工業工程與管理學系<br>91<br>Abstract Petrochemical industry is one of the three main bases to achieve a modern and developed industry country. Nevertheless, such industry has been impressed to be a high pollution and high energy-consuming manufacture enterprise. Especially, a series of events concerning factory safety and environmental pollution resulted in their surrendering to shut down and/or a huge amount of compensated expense during these years. Eventually, even newly building projects to replace the old units also came across unreasonably fighting. These enterprises have become unwelcome indeed. Such protests have occurred a lot of opposition and conflict, which are burst out by angry inhabitant. As a matter of fact, these protests have really affected the development of industry, growth of economic, investment from foreigners, stability of social and attainure of government very deep. In short, the whole country unfortunately was forced to pay out a lot of social expenditure, which is hard to image herein. Since April 1993, the leakage event of unidentified gas from uncertain factory in Ta-she Industrial Zone triggered a protest demonstration and then a drastically fighting that has not been happened ever before. Due to this unforgotten memory, every factory, in this industrial zone, thereafter fully understands the importance of communication, safety and environment. Accordingly, all these factories have been investing a large amount of expense on the improvement of safety and the protection of environment. Similarly, enterprises also do their best to train their employee to let them keep in mind on the concept and importance of both mentioned topics. In addition, enterprises themselves have consolidated and organized an alliance to take the responsibility and act as a representative to communicate with the local inhabitant. But anyhow, they were finally forced to sign the conciliation agreement to rebate them at 0.075 percentage of yearly business amount under the pressure and consideration of the local government and inhabitant. This agreement has been operating ten years from that anarchy time. Besides, these enterprises aggressively take part in the community activities, enforce the communication with neighbor villages and inhabitant representatives as well as they allow the local inhabitants have the priority to be hired into these enterprises to improve inhabitants’ understanding and confidence to these petrochemical enterprises. This research desires to investigate the effect of enterprises’ prevention of pollution and improvement of environment under the rise of residences’ independent consciousness. Meanwhile, the effect of responsibility care system and acknowledge of the managing level of each enterprise are made assessment respectively. In addition, this research also investigates the differences between the above two parties and the root courses so as to submit the proper solutions. Accordingly, these results can work as a kind of suitable reference for the promotion of safety and environment issues. With reference to lots of evidences, enterprises have really paid much attention to the improvement of industrial safety and the management of environment. Out of doubt, they surely do their best to eliminate any pollution and prevent any accident. This research accordingly investigates the executing effect for the safety and environment system during this latest decade. In accordance with static figures, this research also measures whether enterprises have real desire to improve safety and environment problems from the viewpoint of the truly invested expense. For the residence aspect, this research elaboratively designs a series of interlocution queries in order to estimate the effect and residences’ current consideration of the arrangement of rebate and employment priority for local residences. Such interlocution is intentionally designed to gain mutual answers; therefore, and cross assessment can be compared easily. For enterprise aspect, the certain high managing levels, such as VP, plant manager, production director, safety/environment director … etc., in factories are acquired to answer the quarries for the practical consideration of their decision right. Every enterprise is dispatched 3 copies and therefore the whole industrial zone should have 30 copies for 10 enterprises inside. These informed answers could be believed to be expertise opinions, too. For the inhabitant aspect, interlocution queries are filled by arbitrary adults who visited the town hall at their convenience during those days. In fact, 100 copies are dispatched and the exactly same copies are recovered. And the answered results are therefore made the theoretical analysis to search whether enterprises have been respected to do their effort to improve the relationship between local inhabitant and identify themselves to inhabitants during this decade or not. And all of the individual investigation will be collected together and made further assessment as comparison for the decision-making reference of the local government, industrial enterprises and departments concerned of the federal government.