Tesis sobre el tema "Débits de rivière"
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Roy-Gosselin, Philippe-Hubert. "Gestion des débits au barrage Samson". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29224/29224.pdf.
Texto completoFortier, Catherine. "Impacts du changement de mode de gestion des barrages sur la variabilité temporelle des débits : cas de la rivière Matawin". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2010. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1522/1/030154090.pdf.
Texto completoFournier, Elyse. "Détermination de la valeur ultime du prélèvement d'eau brute en rivière pour une ville du sud-ouest québécois : Mise en situation avec la ville de Bromont". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5350.
Texto completoStichelbout, Émilie. "Impacts des barrages sur les caractéristiques des débits maximums annuels dans le bassin versant du fleuve Saint-Laurent et sur la richesse spécifique de la végétation herbacée des basses plaines alluviales de la rivière Matawin (Québec)". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2005. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1517/1/000130599.pdf.
Texto completoGravel, Édith. "Impacts des barrages sur les caractéristiques des débits minimums annuels dans le bassin versant du fleuve Saint-Laurent et les effets de leur fluctuation sur les caractéristiques de l'eau, des sédiments et de la végétation du lit mineur de la rivière Matawin (Québec)". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2006. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1518/1/000130609.pdf.
Texto completoMorlot, Thomas. "La gestion dynamique des relations hauteur-débit des stations d'hydrométrie et le calcul des incertitudes associées : un indicateur de gestion, de qualité et de suivi des points de mesure". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU029/document.
Texto completoDealer or owner operator of electricity production structures, EDF is responsible for their operation in safe condition and for the respect of the limits imposed by the regulations. Thus, the knowledge of water resources is one of EDF main concerns since the company remains preoccupied about the proper use of its facilities. The knowledge of streamflow is one of its priorities to better respond to three key issues that are plant safety, compliance with regulatory requirements, and optimizing the means of production. To meet these needs, EDF-DTG (Division Technique Générale) operates an observation network that includes both climatic parameters such as air and temperature, then the precipitations and the snow, but also the streamflow. The data collected allows real time monitoring of rivers, as well as hydrological studies and the sizing of structures. Ensuring the quality of the stream flow data is a priority. Up to now it is not possible to measure continuously the flow of a river since direct measurements of discharge are time consuming and expensive. In common cases the flow of a river can be deduced from continuous measurements of water level. Punctual measurements of discharge called gaugings allow to develop a stage-discharge relationship named rating curve. These are permanently installed equipment on rivers for measuring levels that are called hydrometric station. It is clear that the whole process constitutes an indirect way of estimating the discharge in rivers whose associated uncertainties need to be described. Quantification of confidence intervals is however not the only problem of the hydrometer. Fast changes in the stage-discharge relationship often make the streamflow real time monitoring quite difficult while the needs of continuous high reliability data is obvious. The historical method to produce the rating curve based on a construction from a suffcient number of gaugings chronologically contiguous and well distributed over the widest possible range of discharge remains poorly adapted to fast or cyclical changes of the stage-discharge relationship. The classical method does not take suffciently into account the erosion and sedimentation processes as well as the seasonal vegetation growth. Besides, the ability to perform gaugings by management teams generally remains quite limited. To get the most accurate streamflow data and to improve their reliability, this thesis explores an original dynamic method to compute rating curves based on historical gaugings from a hydrometric station while calculating the associated uncertainties. First, a dynamic rating curve assessment is created in order to compute a rating curve for each gauging of a considered hydrometric station. After the tracing, a model of uncertainty is built around each computed rating curve. It takes into account the uncertainty of gaugings, but also the uncertainty in the measurment of the water height, the sensitivity of the stage discharge relationship and the quality of the tracing. A variographic analysis is used to age the gaugings and the rating curves and obtain a final confidence interval increasing with time, and actualizing at each new gauging since it gives rise to a new rating curve more reliable because more recent for the prediction of discharge to come. Chronological series of streamflow data are the obtained homogeneously and with a confidence interval that takes into consideration the aging of the rating curves. By taking into account the variability of the flow conditions and the life of the hydrometric station, the method can answer important questions in the field of hydrometry such as « How many gauging a year have to be made so as to produce stream flow data with an average uncertainty of X\% ? » and « When and in which range of water flow do we have to realize those gaugings ? »
Samson, Roch. "Les Forges du Saint-Maurice : les débuts de l'industrie sidérurgique au Canada, 1730-1883". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28488.
Texto completoHauet, Alexandre. "Estimation de débit et mesure de vitesse en rivière par Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116889.
Texto completoUne station LSPIV de mesure en continu et temps réel a été mise en place sur la rivière Iowa à Iowa City (USA). Les premières années de fonctionnement ont montré des estimations LSPIV de débit en bonne concordance avec la courbe de tarage du site et avec des mesures classiques réalisées au moulinet. L'établissement d'une importante base de données a permis une étude de sensibilité de la technique. Les sources d'erreur affectant la mesure ont été identifiées et quantifiées. L'étude de sensibilité a été affinée grâce à un simulateur numérique de la mesure LSPIV en rivière, outils capitalisant notre connaissance de la mesure et permettant d'évaluer l'importance relative de différentes sources d'erreur pour une situation donnée.
Une unité LSPIV motorisée (camionnette équipée d'un bras télescopique et d'une caméra) a été développée pour permettre l'application de la méthode en sites difficiles d'accès. Cette unité s'est montrée efficace, donnant des résultats d'excellentes qualités sur les différents sites testés. Des mesures LSPIV de champ de vitesse de surface ont été utilisées par ailleurs pour la validation de la modélisation hydraulique d'une zone d'écoulement complexe (la lône de Port-Galand sur l'Ain) et pour une étude de reconstitution de formes de fond de chenal en laboratoire.
Roy, Marc-André. "Rivière Coaticook : 1960-1982 : analyse de la relation précipitation - débit d’inondation pour l’ensemble du bassin-versant". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7890.
Texto completoLegrand, Juliette. "Simulation and assessment of multivariate extreme models for environmental data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ015.
Texto completoAccurate estimation of the occurrence probabilities of extreme environmental events is a major issue for risk assessment. For example, in coastal engineering, the design of structures installed at or near the coasts must be such that they can withstand the most severe events they may encounter in their lifetime. This thesis focuses on the simulation of multivariate extremes, motivated by applications to significant wave height, and on the evaluation of models predicting the occurrences of extreme events.In the first part of the manuscript, we propose and study a stochastic simulator that, given offshore conditions, produces jointly offshore and coastal extreme significant wave heights (Hs). We rely on bivariate Peaks over Threshold and develop a non-parametric simulation scheme of bivariate generalised Pareto distributions. From such joint simulator, we derive a conditional simulation model. Both simulation algorithms are applied to numerical experiments and to extreme Hs near the French Brittanny coast. A further development is addressed regarding the marginal modelling of Hs. To take into account non-stationarities, we adapt the extended generalised Pareto model, letting the marginal parameters vary with the peak period and the peak direction.The second part of this thesis provides a more theoretical development. To evaluate different prediction models for extremes, we study the specific case of binary classifiers, which are the simplest type of forecasting and decision-making situation: an extreme event did or did not occur. Risk functions adapted to binary classifiers of extreme events are developed, answering our second question. Their properties are derived under the framework of multivariate regular variation and hidden regular variation, allowing to handle finer types of asymptotic independence. This framework is applied to extreme river discharges
Girard, Virginie. "Modèles d'habitat statistiques comme outils d'aide à la gestion des débits des rivières insulaires tropicales : Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10055/document.
Texto completoHydraulic habitat models are frequently used for predicting the ecological impacts of flow management in stream reaches. Their hydraulic component describes microhabitat hydraulics within the reach (e.g. velocity, depth); their biological component describes the "preferences" of aquatic taxa for microhabitat hydraulics. Statistical habitat models involve the modelling of the frequency distributions of hydraulic variables in reaches. Their application requires simple data, but such models are not available for insular tropical streams. We developed hydraulic preference models for 15 diadromous taxa of tropical islands (shrimps and fishes), and statistical hydraulic models for steep streams with large bed particle size. Our models are based on five available biological data sets (~8350 electrofishing units, 52 streams) and original hydraulic measurements (44 streams, 69 site×date) collected in four islands in the Caribbean region (Guadeloupe, Martinique) and the Indian Ocean (Reunion, Mayotte), in collaboration with local partners. Our hydraulic models improve the predictions of observed velocity and depth distributions when compared with previous models developed in continental Europe. Our biological models reflect that hydraulics contribute less to microhabitat selection in tropical islands than elsewhere. Nevertheless, some taxa have significant hydraulic preferences that are comparable among data sets and we illustrate a potential application of our results for guiding low flow management in tropical insular streams
Mahdade, Mounir. "Vers une représentation parcimonieuse de la variabilité morphologique des rivières non-jaugées adaptée au problème inverse hauteur-débit". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS168.
Texto completoThe lack of in situ measurements in ungauged rivers prevents the construction of rating curves, useful for several hydrological and hydraulic applications. In recent decades, the idea of estimating discharges by remote sensing methods has emerged, based on the principle of constructing a link between water elevation and discharge. However, this change is accompanied by a change in the scale of the elevation measurement, which is no longer attached to a cross-section but to the reach, leading to the notion of a reach-average rating curve under the same assumptions as a cross-section rating curve. This thesis treats the construction of such a curve. Since the parameters of friction, bathymetry and discharge are unknown, and to reduce the dimensionality of the problem, a hydromorphological study shows that the geometrical variability of rivers can be represented in 2D periodic model whose planform is based on a Kinoshita curve. In order to test and validate this model, a 2D reference simulation is produced on a 40km reach of the Garonne River with a continuous high-resolution topography. The simulated free surface can be considered as a set of "pseudo-observations" like those that will be produced by the SWOT mission. The 2D direct hydraulic model is based on a non-uniform geometric simplification (periodic model) and a solver of the Saint-Venant equations (Basilisk). A stochastic inversion by genetic algorithm allows to estimate the reach-averaged rating curve in a stationary regime by testing the geometrical and friction parameters that best reconstitute the observed signatures
Trudel, Mélanie. "Assimilation d'observations de débit et d'humidité du sol dans un modèle hydrologique distribué, application au bassin versant de la rivière des anglais". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/661/1/TRUDEL_M%C3%A9lanie.pdf.
Texto completoFragnoud, Elisabeth. "Préférences d'habitat de la truite fario (Salmo trutta fario L. , 1758) en rivière : quelques cours d'eau du Sud-Est de la France". Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11750.
Texto completoBlouin, Sébastien. "Impact de la variabilité climatique récente (1970-2002) sur le débit des rivières alimentant en eau la grande région de Québec". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23854/23854.pdf.
Texto completoGalvin, Yannick. "Hydrobiologie d'une rivière aménagée : le moyen Verdon (Alpes de Haute Provence) : hydrochimie et macroinvertébrés benthiques d'un tronçon à débit régulé, impacts de l'aménagement sur l'hydrosystème". Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30084.
Texto completoDurbec, Martial. "Ecologie et biologie de deux espèces de poissons cyprinidés de la rivière Durance, le blageon et le spirlin". Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11124.
Texto completoA flow modification can lead to changes in life history traits, interspecific interactions, movements and the impact of abiotic factors on fish populations. Spirlin longevity was three years, with the acquisition of the maturity after their first year for males and after their second year for females. Soufie longevity was four to five years, with the acquisition of the maturity after their second year for the two sexes. In comparaison with others populations studeid in Europe, the growth was higher for spirlin and lower for soufie from the study aera on the Durance River. Moreover, an ontogenetic threshold was identified for both species. According to the niche theory, the species survival is linked to a partitioning of their resources. The two species showed a food partitioning. Stable isotope values were confirmed by stomach contents results. Tributaries represent inputs in flow, nutriments ans habitats for a main river. Soufie and spirlin coming moved from the Durance River to the tributary during the winter period. This result was underlined by stable isotope values. Abiotic factors of temperate stream with a mediterranean climate are described as severe, unpredictable and with a high frequency of flooding and then influence the structure of the fish population. The several spawning batches of spirlin females seem to have allowed juveniles to avoid high concentrations of channel suspended sediment, harmful for their survival
Valentin, Sylvie. "Variabilité artificielle des conditions d'habitat et conséquences sur les peuplements aquatiques : effets écologiques des éclusées hydroélectriques en rivière : études de cas (Ance du Nord et Fontaulière) et approches expérimentales". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10052.
Texto completoYang, Xiaouliu. "Mise au point d'une méthode d'utilisation d'un modèle puis-débit conceptuel pour la prévision des crues en temps réel". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENPC9327.
Texto completoThe présent research is concerned with real-time flood forecasting based on conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling. The model used is GR3J model developed with daily time step. The first part of the study has focussed on validation of the model using hourly data and analysis of the model parameters : response surface, sensibility and variabiity. Founded upon the precedent step, a new methodology for adjusting model parameters has been worked out in the second part of the study. It is characterized by : 1) operational framework in which the adjustment is carried out over a short period in connection with the continuous operation of the model, 2) objective function involving the last two forecast errors and parameters deviations and 3) joint adjustment of model parameters with model state. The methodology has been tested on two french experimental basins
Kreis, Nicolas. "Modélisation des crues des rivières de moyenne montagne pour la gestion intégrée du risque d'inondation : application à la vallée de la Thur (Haut-Rhin)". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001251.
Texto completoThevenet, Anne. "Intérêt des débris ligneux grossiers pour les poissons dans les grandes rivières : pour une prise en compte de leur dimension écologique dans la gestion des cours d'eau". Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10168.
Texto completoDe, Oliveira Nascimento Nilo. "Appréciation à l'aide d'un modèle empirique des effets d'actions anthropiques sur la relation pluie-débit à l'échelle d'un bassin versant". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569059.
Texto completoMarçais, Jean. "Variabilités des temps de résidence de l’eau et du débit dans les rivières et les nappes phréatiques : implications sur la qualité de l’eau : inférence, modélisation et prédiction des temps de transit de l’eau dans les bassins versants". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B025/document.
Texto completoGroundwater travel time controls contaminant transport, weathering processes and biogeochemical cycles. Groundwater travel time is a fundamental descriptor characterizing the transit time of water inside the catchment, from precipitation events to the streams. Quantifying these transit times is pivotal to predict the impact of anthropogenic pressure and assess freshwater ecosystems resilience. However, streamwater and groundwater are a mixture of water of different ages (the transit time and the residence time distribution), which vary according to climatic forcings. This makes difficult its characterization and prediction. Here we infer residence times with geochemical tracers and data-driven models. We show how this can be constrained by silicate weathering at the catchment scale. We then develop a novel process-based framework, which can model discharge and transit time seasonal and interannual variabilities. We identify water table fluctuations, its interaction with permeable soil layers and the resulting subsurface stormflow generation as a key process for seasonal water quality variations described by dissolved silica measurements. Finally, we draw a reactivity framework to represent biogeochemical processes. Indeed, evaluating reactive solute degradation is needed to assess the efficiency of reducing fertilizer loads, to predict the long term evolution of in stream solute concentrations and the eutrophication potential of freshwater bodies. Modeling the reactivity at the catchment scale is the missing link to understand, quantify and predict the effect of anthropogenic pressure on the critical zone
Taha, Ammar. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux infiltrées à la formation des débits des crues en zone méditerranéenne : application à un versant du Real Collobrier". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10052.
Texto completoPirisino, Claudio. "Autour de la "regìa". La mise en scène en Italie : 1893-1943. Protagonistes, histoires, débats". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA153.
Texto completoThis doctoral thesis challenges the simplistic doxa in theatre historiography that views genesis of theatre direction in Italy as a late phenomenon in comparison to other countries such as Germany, France, and Russia. This “delay” is thought to be due to the actor’s persistent self-referential tradition. According to the doxa, the Italian theatre system would have been resistant to the introduction of the new role of director, which was perceived as extraneous. This situation would have been caused in Italy by the popularity of wandering companies and the absence of a dominant theatrical focal point such as Paris was in France. The phenomenon of a strictly speaking regìa would have only emerged after the Second World War. This view has led to a series of misinterpretations and misunderstandings that oversimplify the phenomenon of the development of modern direction, favouring a teleological argument of qualitative progress. However, a number of studies carried out from the 2000’s encourage us to consider the direction as a complex aspect of the theatrical art. Concepts such as ‘proto-direction’ (Perrelli, 2005) and continuity/discontinuity (Sarrazac-Consolini, 2010), show the limits of an univocal definition of this art. In light of these studies, the Italian panorama appears as an uncharted territory. A recent study of the European directors’ tours in Italy for the years from the 1911 to 1940, has actually demonstrated the Italian system’s responsiveness (Schino, 2008).My research investigates the origin of the concept of “delay”, and the reasons by which theatre direction in Italy came to be considered by scholars as some sort of grail. I also highlight how direction in Italy emerges from the main source of the supposed delay itself: the actor. Indeed, the appearance of theatre direction is not abrupt; but rather a multifaceted art, which changes according to artists’ modus operandi and is dependent on the characteristics of the theatrical system
Ghaffarian, Roohparvar Hossein. "Study of driftwood dynamics in rivers for hazard assessment". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI094.
Texto completoDriftwood is an integral part of river corridors where it plays an important role both in river ecology and morphology. During the last decades, the amount of large wood transported in some of the European rivers has increased, notably due to modifications in the human pressure and management of riparian forest buffers along rivers. This causes an increase of potential hazards for hydraulic structures and urban areas. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to study the driftwood dynamics in rivers in order to provide elements for hazard assessment. This is carried out in two ways: (i) using in-situ streamside videography to measure the amount of wood transported by the river during floods and (ii) analyzing the dynamics of individual pieces of wood both on the field and in a well-controlled experimental environment combined with theoretical models. The present work provides several scientific and technical contributions. First by studying the link between wood discharge and flood characteristics, such as flood magnitude, hydrograph and inter-flood time, we consolidate and extend the present knowledge about the link between flow and wood discharges. Second, our studies show that when a piece of wood is recruited into the river, it is accelerated on a limited distance, which scales as the wood length in the flow direction. Once the wood piece reaches the flow velocity, it behaves as a flow tracer. In terms of technical contributions, by comparing the video monitoring technique in two different sites, we provide some recommendations that are useful for practitioners for installing new monitoring stations. This work will be part of the driftwood hazard and risk assessments, for which accurate wood dynamics quantities are required
Dimadi, Agoro. "Comportement hydrogéologique des marbres de la bordure du Rhodope : hydrogéologie du secteur sud-ouest du massif du Falacro, Macédoine orientale, Grèce". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756710.
Texto completoLe, Meillour Françoise. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux de surface et de subsurface à la formation des crues : conséquences sur l'hydrogramme d'un bassin versant (application au Real Collobrier)". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694046.
Texto completoShajari, Sadegh. "Hydrologie et aménagement : aménagement trans-bassin en Iran ; optimisation de la gestion des ressources en eau". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743948.
Texto completoAlbe, Mamono. "Mise à jour des variables d'état du modèle hydrologique Hydrotel en fonction des débits mesurés". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3722/1/M11615.pdf.
Texto completoBoucher, Yanick. "Analyse de la relation entre les indices climatiques, les débits et l'évolution morphologique des chenaux au Québec : cas des rivières Châteauguay et Bécancour". Thèse, 2017. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/8165/1/031872989.pdf.
Texto completoYang, Xiaoliu. "Mise au point d'une méthode d'utilisation d'un modèle pluie-débit conceptuel pour la prévision des crues en temps réel". Phd thesis, 1993. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00574117.
Texto completoHarvey-Lavoie, Simonne. "Effets des fluctuations de débit sur la réponse au stress des poissons : étude intégrative de la physiologie et du comportement chez le grand brochet (Esox lucius L.)". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18510.
Texto completoFlow is an important determinant of physicochemical characteristics of rivers. Fish communities in rivers are strongly dependant of their habitat, which is directly dictated by this set of characteristics. The loss of the natural flow regime, through regulation by hydroelectric facilities, for example, has the potential to directly affect the fish communities. Numerous studies have shown that the loss of natural flow regimes negatively impact fish populations and communities, but not much is known about the mechanisms that underlie such a relationship. Physiological processes determine the way that fish select their habitat. The stress response has been proposed as a mechanism that guides fish throughout the environmental changes happening in their habitat. Indicators of the fish stress response comprise behaviour, plasma cortisol, and blood glucose and lactate. First, northern pike Esox lucius L. movements were assessed in two rivers with contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking regulated river and an unregulated free-flowing river. Using manual tracking by radio-telemetry, we found that pike moved at a higher rate in the regulated river than in the unregulated river. Results also show that the direction of the relationship between movement of pike and flow can vary between rivers. Second, the effect of a water velocity increase on plasma cortisol, blood glucose and blood lactate levels in wild pike originating from the two rivers with contrasting flow regimes were assessed. Our results show that blood glucose and lactate concentrations are significantly diminished for fish originating from the regulated river, in comparison to fish originating from the unregulated river, following an increase in water velocity. Third, a novel analytical framework was developed that allow one to quantify the effect of the flow on fish selection of the physical conditions of their habitat (e.g. water velocity). Results obtained in the previous chapters suggest that pike living in the regulated river might be subjected to higher water velocities than fish living in the unregulated river. This novel tool will allow us to validate this hypothesis. Lastly, basal and maximum acute stress-induced concentrations in plasma cortisol, and blood glucose and lactate were quantified in pike living in both the regulated and the unregulated rivers. These physiological parameters can give an indication of the fish habitat quality. Our results suggest that fish from the regulated river are able to modulate their plasma cortisol to dampen their HPI-axis responsiveness and avoid chronic stress. This thesis assesses the effects of flow fluctuations on fish using novel approaches, situated at the intersection between the fields of physiology and ecology. It significantly contributes to broaden our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying fish habitat selection in rivers.
Delisle, Patrice. "Analyse des facteurs de la variabilité spatiale de la largeur à plein bord et de la sinuosité des chenaux au Québec méridional". Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9726/1/eprint9726.pdf.
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