Tesis sobre el tema "Danse – Équateur"
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Venegas, Ferrin Marianela. "Danse ethno-contemporaine, théâtre de rue et spectacle drag-cholo dans les Andes équatoriennes : étude de trois arts du spectacle vivant à partir de leur origine historique et de leurs dimensions esthétique, populaire et "chola"". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080059.
Ethno-contemporary dance, street theatre and drag-cholo show in the Ecuadorian Andes. Through the study of three methods of theater and dance creation, this dissertation aims to understand the concept of “cholo” (cultural concept that refers to the person who lacks identity: neither indigenous, nor white, nor mestizo) from a historical and aesthetic perspective during the last 20 years in the Andean environment of Quito, Ecuador.On a first assessment of the history of the pre- and post-colonial Andean scene, it was noted that official speeches used external and colonial discursive resources. These types of speeches reveal the re-interpretation of theatrical scenes and they exclude the dialogs and negotiations established in the socio-cultural, popular, and aesthetic of the Andean arts.In addition, three forms of life and popular art that were developed in Quito were analyzed: ethno-contemporary dance, street theater, and the drag-cholo performance. Through these studies, it was learned that “cholojizacion” is a subject of debate where empowerment of the popular Andean scenic arts and their mobility play a role within the hegemonic cultural dimensions of the post-colonial world
Danza etnocontemporánea, teatro de calle y espectáculo drag-cholo en los Andes ecuatorianos. A través del estudio de tres procesos de creación dancística y teatral, esta tesis intenta comprender desde un recorrido histórico y estético el concepto de “cholo” (un concepto cultural que se refiere a la persona que carece de identidad: ni indígena, ni blanca, ni mestiza) en su problemática escénica-andina, dentro de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador, durante los últimos 20 años. En una primera aproximación por estudiar las historias del espectáculo pre y post colonial andino, observamos como los discursos oficiales utilizan algunos recursos discursivos externos o coloniales que ponen en evidencia una re-interpretación de las teatralidades y deja de lado los diálogos y negociaciones que se establecen en lo socio-cultural popular y estético de las artes andinas. En según lugar, analizamos tres formas de artes vivas y populares que se desarrollan en Quito estos últimos años: la danza etno-contemporánea, el teatro callejero y el espectáculo drag-cholo. A través de estos estudios, entendemos como la “cholojización” es un campo en disputa donde las agencialidades de las artes escénicas populares andinas y su movilidad juegan dentro de las dimensiones culturales hegemónicas del mundo post-colonial
Demoraes, Florent. "Mobilité, enjeux et risques dans le District Métropolitain de Quito (Equateur)". Chambéry, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007025.
The objective of this geography PhD thesis is to suggest a reflection on the risks incurred by the Metropolitan District of Quito -DMQ- (Ecuador) regarding the mobility issue and its vulnerabilities partly attribuable to the presence of a lot of damaging hazards (earthquakes, volcanic iruptions, floods. . . ). Inspired from previous analysis methods on risks, realised by some geographers from the University of Savoy int the towns of Nice and Annecy, this research elaborated in a way such as to be reproducible, focusing on the main urban flows at stake and on the key physical elements they rely on, suggests a reflection base that could be useful to different urban stakeholders in a preventive planning perspective ; it also provides some ways to reduce vulnerabilities and presents some orientations toward a crisis management. Finally, it suggests a conceptual reflection on the articulation of the thematic of "mobility" and "risks" from the concepts such as "vulnerability" and "accessibility". The demonstration is based on fieldwork carried out during 2 and a half years in Quito, in the framework of a research program called 'Information System and Risks within the Metropolitan District of Quito" started in 1999 by the Development Research French Institute (IRD) in partnership with the municipality of Quito. This work, methodological above all, required the constitution of a GIS databise (with its meta-data) called "Mobilité", strucutred with the help of the "Savane" software package developed by the IRD
Christophoul, Frédéric. "Discrimination des influences tectoniques et eustatiques dans les bassins liés à des zones de convergence : exemples du Bassin subandin d'Equateur". Toulouse 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU30262.
Pouille, Fabien. "Systèmes agraires, stratégies individuelles et collectives des populations rurales dans les Andes équatoriales : l'exemple de la province de Bolivar". Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30028.
Ben, Dridi Ibtissem. "La montagne en héritage : affections du corps, gestions syncrétiques d'infortunes, écritures de la mémoire collective et façonnements des fiertés identitaires dans les Andes Centrales d'Equateur". Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0720.
This research is the result of four field surveys carried out between 2004 and 2015 in the northern province of Chimborazo, specifically in Spanish and Quichua speaking rural communities in the Calpi district. This thesis explains how the elaboration of a certain pride in identity is expressed in the particular area of the mountains. The first part of this work retranscribes the mythologies and tales of misfortune depicting the mountains as the abode of sexual and agentive spirits, responsible for the fertilization of the female womb, for attacks on vital forces and for an alteration of the state of people's minds. The effect on human bodies which results from the surrounding heights led the author, in asecond part of her work, to take an interest in both the dynamics of managing misfortune and in therapeutic systems. Based on an observation of purification treatments carried out not only in the hidden hideouts of healers but also within public health structures the author describes the dynamism of therapeutic possibilities and the role of intercultural health policies in the development of a certain medical pluralism. Initially by highlighting the role played by Catholic smugglers, followed by ethnic demands in the 1990s, and finally from the constitutional reforms, the third part of this work analyses the way in which the indigenous view of the world gradually becomes a political issue, and how this new situation is taking shape in various touristic and heritage projects in the mountains. From observation of the relations between men and the mountains, an entire society is seen to be taking shape, rooted in its deepest past and with its most contemporary aspirations
Rebai, Nasser. "A chacun son chemin : une analyse de la redéfinition des stratégies paysannes et des dynamiques territoriales dans le contexte migratoire des Andes équatoriennes". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010690.
Jijon, Alban Pamela. "Le retour du travail dans le politique : une voie pour l’émancipation du sujet indigène en Amérique latine". Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/177809442#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
The entry into the common space of the natives is crucial to the creation and consolidation of a political space within the Andean region in Latin America. The constitution of a real political space depends on the recognition of the Indians, who have been neglected for a long time. The acknowledgement of the natives as political subjects is essential and goes hand in hand with a sentiment of emancipation, required due to their oppressed condition since the colonization. A first step should be to denounce the approach assimilating their identity into different categories, to conceal their specific features and hide their oppressed condition. We must bring into light the real process of political subjectivity of the natives. Moreover, the notion of work gives us two different interpretations of this political subjectivity. First is to analyze history from the subject’s point of view, who found in the organization of the labor tasks the carrying out of his condition. Second is to see, as ironic as it may be, how this notion of work allows us to understand the notion of collective subject which leads us to their interpretation of political actions as well as their project of emancipation. Think the native as collective subject returns to build a critical notion of citizenship has been raised by such Arendt, who was to work out of politics. A thought of emancipation is actually a native questioning of categories that run our current political life
Winter, Thierry. "Mécanismes des déformations récentes dans les Andes équatoriennes". Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112224.
Gerbeau, Yves. "Le textile contemporain indien dans les Andes équatoriennes : "du corps à la vie" : "de la structure au sens"". Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHESA006.
Périgny, Yanik. "Les écologes et leurs impacts environnementaux dans la région de la Haute-Napo-Équateur". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4506.
Vallejo, José Luis. "La dette écologique dans l'analyse économique. Le cas du projet Yasuni-ITT en Équateur". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV038.
The objective of this research is to analyze and represent the ecological debt, and then to estimate it, within the framework of the project Yasuni in Ecuador. As there is currently is no consensus on the formalization of a standard definition, it highlights the necessity of bounding the meaning of the concept of ecological debt by using a working definition. In this respect, it seems appropriate to implement the proposal made by Erik Paredis. This allows to modulate its scope according to each case studied as well as to consider ecological debtors on a spatial or temporal scale.The challenge lies in the possibility of constructing an adequate analytical framework for the Yasuni project, particularly with regard to oil extraction. Thus, we will first focus on the characterization of the notion of ecological debt from the perspective of environmental justice. For that, consideration was given to building on the work carried out by the EJOLT project, then to articulating it within the framework of the world system, by conceiving the ecological debt as a cumulative process of environmental injustices. For that, we considered to take in account the work carried out by the EJOLT project, then to articulate it within the framework of the world system, by conceiving the ecological debt as a cumulative process of environmental injustices.As far as evaluation is concerned, this study is based on the multicriteria analysis method, especially that proposed by REEDS and the Eplanete platform. Firstly, we proceed to representation of the ecological debt in the context of the Ecuadorian Yasuni project, using a set of theories, and then evaluating it with the deliberation matrix tool which proposes a list of indicators associated with each theory, taking into account the criteria and the typology of inequalities and principles of environmental justice.Similarly, an analysis is made of the evaluations and methods thus used to compare them with the proposal in this study. The deliberation process seems to support the idea that, in the case of the Yasuni project, environmental injustices are generated, that are neither rewarded nor restored over time, thereby increasing the resulting ecological debt
Touchard-Houlbert, Anne. "Rupture et continuité dans la chronologie de la côte équatorienne : réflexions autour de la culture Manteña-Guancavilca". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010518.
Auquier, Célia. "L'État dans tous ses états : géographie comparée des politiques agricoles au Pérou et en Équateur". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H029.
This thesis compares spatial dimensions of public initiatives and their territorial implementations through agricultural policies in Peru and Ecuador. These two countries were not selected at random: they share an aspiration for decentralized decision making, but adhere to different political models. Peru holds to the principles of market economics, while Ecuador places greater emphasis on planning. How can a territory-based perspective be used to characterize agricultural policies in these two states with supposedly opposing political ideologies? What lessons can be drawn regarding the role of the State in agricultural development? Analysis of two public land organization projects reveals ways in which the two States prioritize different agriculture support strategies. The Peruvian initiative places greater emphasis on expansion of agribusiness, and has led to more significant negative impacts affecting established territorial structures. The Ecuadorian Ministry of Agriculture also implements support policies that are less selective and more heavily diversified. Nonetheless, these projects share a range of similarities: the States form alliances with major private companies; they fail to address both the challenges inherent in the ecological crisis and inequalities in access to land; they ignore existing territorial dynamics and local institutional structures; and they espouse an economic model based on exporting raw materials, to the detriment of any efforts to promote alternative forms of agriculture. Examination of project governance for these two initiatives shows that both States imposed vertical, hierarchical, and descending relationships on territorial collective structures, despite the competencies that they possess in the field of land organization. Finally, regardless of the ideologies that these governments hold, both States deploy the mechanisms of neoliberalism, defined as a system of governance based on the following elements: emphasis on the power of the State to centralize and impose vertical hierarchies; support for large-scale capitalist production structures; and delegation of responsibilities to local private organizations, while depriving them of any influence over policy making
Esta tesis analiza las dimensiones espaciales de las políticas agrícolas de los Estados peruano y ecuatoriano y sus inscripciones en los territorios. Estos países no fueron elegidos al azar: ambos están descentralizados, pero siguen modelos políticos distintos. Mientras que Perú se inscribe en la economía de mercado, Ecuador se posiciona a favor de la planificación. En estos contextos, ¿Cómo caracterizar, desde los territorios, las políticas agrícolas de estos dos Estados con ideología supuestamente opuesta? ¿Qué enseñanzas se pueden obtener sobre el rol del Estado en el desarrollo agrícola? El análisis de dos proyectos públicos de ordenamiento territorial muestra que los Estados no priorizan las mismas estrategias de apoyo agrícola. El proyecto peruano se enfoca más en la expansión del agribusiness y produce efectos territoriales destructurantes más significativos que el proyecto ecuatoriano. Además, las políticas de apoyo del ministerio de Agricultura ecuatoriano son menos selectivas y más diversificadas que las del ministerio peruano. Sin embargo, estos proyectos son similares en otros aspectos: los Estados realizan alianzas con grandes empresas privadas, no enfrentan ni las desigualdades de acceso a la tierra, ni los desafíos de la crisis ecológica; niegan las dinámicas territoriales existentes y la institucionalidad local; y, por último, siguen un modelo económico de exportación de materias primas sin promover formas alternativas de agricultura. El análisis de la gobernanza de los proyectos revela que los dos Estados imponen relaciones verticales, jerárquicas y descendentes a las colectividades territoriales, a pesar de tener competencias en el ordenamiento territorial. Finalmente, sin depender de la ideología de sus gobiernos, ambos Estados movilizan el neoliberalismo, entendido como un sistema de gobernanza basado en los elementos siguientes: privilegiar el poder del Estado centralizador y vertical; apoyar a las grandes estructuras de producción capitalistas y; responsabilizando a las organizaciones privadas locales, no dejan a estas la posibilidad de actuar en la orientación de las políticas
Villacis, Marcos. "Ressources en eau glaciaire dans les Andes d'Equateur en relation avec les variations du climat : le cas du volcan Antizana". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20078.
We estimated the glacier contribution in basins partially glaciarized, located over 4000 m of altitude. We have used new hydrological, glaciological and meteorological measurements, obtained during the years of 1999 to 2007. Over the Humboldt basin (14. 2 km2), which is 14% glaciarized, annual glacier contribution is 22%, but this glacier contributions could increase to 30% or 40%, because part of the glacier contribution that is infiltrated shall feed the rivers located at lower altitude than the glacier. Seasonal variations of glacier contributions shows that, glacier contribution is stronger between the month of November and March (31%), and it is weaker between June and September (10%). The highest glacier contribution is in correspondence with the maximum of temperature, humidity, precipitation and the minimum of wind. The contrary is true for the smallest glacier contribution. Conceptual and statistical models allow us to identify over the years 2005-2006, the role of temperature, but also the role of wind. Wind strength and wind direction are related to humidity fluxes and shall influence the sublimation. Another model show that, if actual climate conditions will continue in the future, after and increase of glacier contribution as consequence of accelerated shrinkage of glaciers: i) under the hypothetical scenario A2 of the IPCC (warming of +5. 7ºC in 100 years), the glacier contribution will diminish until disappear in 60 year, ii) while, under the hypothetical scenario B1 (warming of +1. 8ºC in 100 years), the glacier contribution will disappear in 140 years
Segovia, Reyes Mónica. "Imagerie microsismique d’une asperité sismologique dans la zone de subduction Équatorienne". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4108/document.
The central subduction zone of Ecuador is characterized by a highly coupled patch, no known large earthquakes and frequent seismic swarms, some of them associated to slow slip events (SSE). The earthquakes recorded on a temporal onshore-offshore network show an unprecedented image of the background seismicity and of several intense swarms in early 2013, concomitant of a SSE (6.3 Mw). The 20-30 km deep permanent seismic clusters develop near and below the interface contact zone (ICZ), contouring the downdip limit of the locked area. The shallower swarms (10 km depth) occur on sub-vertical inverse crustal fault zones of the Nazca plate that seem to bound a known oceanic massive in subduction. The 2012-2013 SSE is a composite event developing on 2 distinct patches. The first and smaller patch (P1) is sited on an intermediate coupled portion of the ICZ than the shallower second patch (P2) that lies on a highly locked area (> 70%). Since 2012 Nov. 25 and during ~1.5 month, without seismicity, P1 progressively unlocks as revealed by the slow, low and intermittent slip. On 2013 Jan. 16, the sudden slip acceleration on P1 activates a Nazca crustal fault zone (first swarm) located immediately updip P1 and downdip P2, which in turn favors the onset of the faster, higher and continuous slip on P2 (and on P1). We propose that the fluids expelled by the fault activity and injected above, within the ICZ, contribute to modify the material stability behavior and favor the unexpected SSE on a highly locked area. About 80% of the total aseismic moment is released during one week on P2, at the same time than intense seismic swarms on distinct Nazca crustal fault zones
Auclair, Isabelle. "Le continuum des violences genrées dans les trajectoires migratoires des Colombiennes en situation de refuge en Équateur". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26920.
La migration internationale, expérience centrale et de plus en plus féminisée de la mondialisation, semble fortement structurée par les rapports de genre qui peuvent faciliter ou limiter la trajectoire. En outre, une attention particulière doit être portée à la vulnérabilité différenciée des femmes face aux violences dans les processus de recrutement, de déplacement et de passage des frontières. Le contexte de déplacement forcé en étant un particulier, il est essentiel de prendre en compte la situation et le point de vue des femmes en situation de refuge tout comme il est nécessaire de questionner les structures mises en place pour assurer leur accès aux services ainsi que le respect de leurs droits. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche s’intéresse à l’importance de l’interaction entre les différents axes d’inégalités sociales dans la production et la transformation des formes de violences basées sur le genre vécues par les déplacées colombiennes tant dans la phase prédépart, dans l’étape de déplacement que lors de leur insertion dans le pays voisin où elles cherchent refuge : l’Équateur. En plus de s’amalgamer aux autres axes de différenciation sociale tels que l’âge, l’ethnie, la classe sociale et l’orientation sexuelle les caractéristiques vulnérabilisantes liées au genre se dévoilent dans un continuum de violences qui vient à son tour influencer les rapports inégaux. L’utilisation d’un concept comme celui du continuum permet une réflexion sur la nature multi-facétique de la violence. En plus d’aller plus loin que la hiérarchisation des abus, ce concept favorise l’exploration de formes de violences qui, contrairement aux violences extrêmes et directes, sont moins communément étudiées. En effet, les violences basées sur le genre ne sont pas des phénomènes isolés, mais des manifestations qui s’entrecroisent le long d’un continuum au cours duquel elles se supportent, se nourrissent mutuellement et parfois se fusionnent pour se transformer.
International migration, a central and increasingly feminized experience of globalization, seems highly structured by gendered relations, which may facilitate or restrict the trajectory. Furthermore, special attention must be paid to the differentiated vulnerabilities to violence women are facing in the process of recruitment, travel and border crossing. Forced displacement being a peculiar situation, it is essential to take into account the perspective and experience of displaced and refugee women as well as it is necessary to question the structures put in place to ensure their access to services and the respect of their rights. In this context, this research focuses on the importance of the interaction between the different social inequalities in the production and transformation of gendered violences experienced by displaced Colombians in the pre-departure phase, while crossing the border and during their integration in the neighbouring country where they seek refuge: Ecuador. In addition to being amalgamated to other lines of social distinctions such as age, ethnic group or social class, the characteristics binded to gender, those making it vulnerable, are unveiled in a violence continuum which in turn has an impact on social inequities. The use of a concept such as a continuum allows a reflection on the numerous sides of violence. This concept favors the exploration of different forms of violence, which unlike extreme and direct violences, are much less commonly studied, and furthermore, go deeper in the hierarchisation of abuses. Indeed, gender-based violences are not isolated phenomena, but rather events that intersect along a continuum in which they support, feed each other, and sometimes even merge together to eventually be transformed.
La migración internacional, experiencia central y cada vez mas feminizada de la mundialización, parece altamente estructurada por las relaciones de género la cuales pueden facilitar o limitar la trayectoria. Además, es importante poner una atención particular a las vulnerabilidades diferenciadas de las mujeres frente a las violencias en los procesos de reclutamiento, de desplazamiento y de cruce de fronteras. Reconociendo las particularidades del contexto de desplazamiento forzado, es esencial tomar en cuenta la situación y el punto de vista de las mujeres en situación de refugio así como es necesario cuestionar las estructuras garantizando su accesos a los servicios y el respeto de sus derechos. En este contexto, esta investigación se interesa a la importancia de la interacción entre los diferentes ejes de desigualdades en la producción y transformación de las formas de violencias basadas en género experimentada por las desplazadas colombianas en la fase de pre-salida, en la fase de desplazamiento así como durante su inserción en el país vecino donde buscan refugio: el Ecuador. Además de combinarse a los otros ejes de diferenciación social tales como la edad, la etnia, la clase social y la orientación sexual, las inequidades género revelan un continuum de violencias. El uso de un concepto como el continuum permite una reflexión sobre la naturaleza múltiple de la violencia. Proponiendo un análisis mas complejo que la simple jerarquización de los abusos, este concepto promueve la exploración de formas de violencia que, a diferencia de las violencias extremas y directas, son estudiadas con menos frecuencia. De hecho, las violencias de género no son fenómenos aislados, sino acontecimientos que se entrecruzan a lo largo de un continuum en el que se apoyan, se alimentan mutualmente y a veces se fusionan para transformarse.
Ciccozzi, Elena. "La tortue, le requin et le jaguar. : L'aménagement du territoire et la gouvernance des ressources naturelles dans les aires protégées, par les instruments de politique. Les cas des Galápagos et du Yasuní en Equateur". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA172/document.
Archetypes of the complex interactions between humans and ecosystems in protected areas rich in Common Pool Resources (CPR), the Galapagos Islands and the Yasuní in Ecuador share a history of environment degradation, socio-environmental conflicts and chaotic land development. The abundance of CPR, source of a lucrative rent from biodiversity and crude (in the Yasuní case) have attracted the interests of oil and tourism businesses over the last fifty years. These industries have consistently steered public decisions over the creation, spatial organisation and administration of these natural reserves, additionally affecting their governance, a reality which has hindered the implementation of land-use planning policies for these areas which are two UNESCO MAB Reserves. The Galapagos and Yasuní protected areas are also a powerful example of the peculiar way whereby Ecuador governments over the last five decades have “instrumented” policy making, preferring the use of policy tools to public policies to decide on the two areas’ fate. This thesis shows how a structural problem such as the absence of a land use planning policy, has thrust the practice of policy tools adoption, instead of policy making, to manage the two protected areas. The “revolución ciudadana” led by president Correa succeeded in re-founding State institutions and launching a new development paradigm (Sumak Kawsay or Buen Vivir) however, it did not advance on land-use management related issues particularly regarding the two areas. Correa has placed national planning at the heart of public policy making it the state policy – backed by a powerful bureaucratic structure – but in this process, land use planning is considered as an instrument in support of national planning. This research, carried out under an interdisciplinary perspective, using policy tools as analytical key, wishes to contribute new insights and methods of analysis on public land use planning and management, as well as governance of common pool resources in protected areas
Vitry, Didier. "La question indienne en Équateur dans les premières années du XXIème siècle à travers la publication KIPU. El mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. Perception d’une réalité". Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0011.
In Ecuador, « indigenous nationalities and peoples » have taken an active part in the public domain, especially for the last twenty years. The « plurinationality » claimed for a long time, was finally enshrined in the Constitution of 2008. According to official figures, Indians represent 7% of the total population. Their main organisation claims the figure of 45%. Their federations and confederations have won areas to participate more directly to the country's life. Indians have gained greater visibility and respectability but after having support of blanco-mestiza population, their actions have been incessantly discredited throughout the first decade of the XXIst century. The interest aroused by the Indians may have contributed to the publication by Abya Yala from Quito of a compilation of press articles about the Indian question, entitled KIPU. El mundo indigena en la prensa ecuatoriana. These press articles make it possible to intercept how the global society looks upon this « important ethnic minority ». We selected the period from the year 2000 to 2004. This period probably represents the second great turning point in the history of contemporary Indians movements.It's difficult to get a clear picture of cultures constantly in motion. People in Ecuador keep in mind a hazy image of « their Indians ». These reveal themselves to modern world by enrolling in a global process of « indigenization of modernity ». In Ecuador as in most countries of Latin America, the Indian claims to be more indígena than indio. He remains elusive for many and is often portrayed assimilated or disappeared. But it seems like his future history is a chronicle of a survival and vitality foretold
Béarez, Philippe. "Comparaison des ichtyofaunes marines actuelle et holocène et reconstitution de l'activité halieutique dans les civilisations précolombiennes de la cote du Manabi sud (Equateur)". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MNHN0003.
Marchand, Dominik. "L’Indien comme sujet politique : représentations autochtones et luttes pour le sens dans le discours politique au Mexique et en Équateur". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23847.
Ego, Frédéric. "Accommodation de la convergence oblique dans une chaîne de type cordilleraine : les Andes d'Equateur". Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112522.
Martinez, Chevez Malena. "Diversité des Scolytes : Coléoptèra, Curculionidae, Scolytinae et leurs champignons associés dans l'écosystème forestier d'Equateur". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG017/document.
Scolytinae insects, or bark beetles, are major biotic agents of forest ecosystem disturbance throughout the world. They can have severe ecological and economic impacts in both natural forests and commercial plantations. The dynamics and ecology of bark beetles in temperate, boreal and Mediterranean forests have been extensively documented, defining an appropriate conceptual framework for the study of these insects in other forest ecosystems where knowledge remains fragmented. This is the case of the equatorial neo-tropical forests, in which bark beetle communities remain to date relatively unknown, despite their increasing involvement in the damage and mortality observed in the context of global change and the replacement of natural forests by plantations. In this thesis, I focused on the climatic and the ecological factors driving the diversity and impact of bark beetles in natural forests and in balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) plantations in Ecuador, as well as in scolytines-fungi associations that can take place in a number of scolytine species. This work has enriched current knowledge on the diversity of bark beetles in Ecuador. In particular, I have shown that different types of forest habitats (natural forests and balsa plantations) have a greater influence on species composition than on cumulative species richness. I also identified indicator species of these habitats, one of which is a major pest of balsa in plantations (Coptoborus ochromactonus), and three others are exotic species. The specific study of the biology and population dynamics of C. ochromactonus in balsa plantations has shown that climatic and tree age factors significantly influence the damages caused by this bark beetle. Finally, I was able to highlight the association of ambrosia fungi Raffaelea sp. nr. arxii and Fusarium ambrosium with Xyleborus bark beetles, one of the most diverse and abundant genera in natural forest and balsa plantation. My thesis provides stimulating new perspectives in terms of biodiversity and management of health risks related to bark beetles in forest ecosystems of Ecuador.Key words: scolytine, richness, abundance, species composition, primary forest, damage, phenology, insect-plant interaction, ambrosia fungi, Xyleborus
Zurita, Benavides Maria Gabriela. "Du "temps du tapir" à nos jours : les marques du temps dans le paysage : Perspectives de deux villages waorani sur les relations entre les espaces forestiers et le temps en Amazonie équatorienne". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0032.
The Waorani people live in the Amazon rainforest of north-east Ecuador. The forest landscape in which they live is an open book describing the social and ecological history of their territory. The past activities of their forebears have left marks in the forest that contemporary Waorani can identify and use in their day-to-day life. The intersection between oral history and current plant management practices reveal a society of trekkers, whose subsistence is based around various economic activities, including hunting, gathering, agriculture and fishing. To these are also added various new and occasional waged jobs at oil companies operating in the forest, or within ethnic representative organizations. The mobility of the trekkers is generally considered incompatible with their subsistence, which is based on hunting, gathering and agriculture, both from an evolutionary theory as well as a cultural anthropology standpoint. In the first section we propose a new reading of the complementarity of these activities amongst what is considered an egalitarian society. The resources management practices of Waorani society have fluctuated throughout their history in accordance with the economic and political balances over time, but they have neverthelesstransformed the natural environment and left some clear historical footprints. Oral histories of the Waorani refer to various landscape elements to transport the audience to the past; places and plants are thus present in the construction of collective memory. Historical episodes are spatially located, but temporal distance is also reported. The study of Waorani oral history has enabled me to build an analytical tool - “Waorani time categories” - that allow the identification of time periods that relate to historical events associated with transformations or modifications of floristic composition in a given place. The combination of social history and botanical patterns in these forests help shed light on the logics of appropriation, which illustrate the motivations for returning to certain places and reviving some past management practices. Plants are studied as objects accompanying human actions. All management practices are analyzed in this thesis: from the simplest act of picking up a stem, to those that suppose a social organization, such as agricultural practices. Plant life is studied through a Waorani lens: that is to say according to the manner in which the Waorani order their representations, such as local plant use categories and other nature classifications. The Waorani conception of plants as elements of their society is examined through their life histories and narratives of social history. The reconstruction of the oral history of two family clusters associated with trees and palms scattered about the landscape has allowed me to interpret the relationships that the Waorani have with the plant life surrounding them. These are presented following the order of “Waorani time categories”, that is to say, from mythical times to the present. The Waorani conception of plants is apprehended through the linkages between of management practices and collective memory. This dissertation enhances our understanding of the spatial, temporal and social dimensions of the Waorani landscape. The approach reproduces the Waorani mechanism of social reproduction: oral histories composed of both cultural traits and local ecological knowledge. The impact of the Waorani people is evident in forest transformations, which helps in turn to explain the social and ecological processes that shape the observable state of the forest today
Augustin, Jeannie. "Approche socio-historique du monde afro-équatorien dans Juyungo de Adalberto Ortiz et Cuando los guayacanes florecian de Nelson Estupinan Bass". Thesis, Antilles, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANTI0515.
The “grupo de Guayaquil” denounced the exploitation of the Indians, and Ortiz revealed the blacks in Juyungo (1943). The characters evolve in Esmeraldas, his province. Although he knew they were victims of racism, he advocated the class struggle to improve their lot: “Más que la raza la clase”. Ecuadorian society found it difficult to abandon feudalism, and the social pyramid remained ethnocratic. Ortiz would move from Negrism to a writing imbued with Hispanic. Estupiñán Bass, from the same “generación de los 30”, native of Esmeraldas too, offered When the Guayacans Were in Bloom; the action takes place from 1913 to 1916. He remained the voice of black people. Qualified as authors of the black world, these “mulattos” are inspired, for these novels, by an art of being, fighting and living of the Blacks of the Coast. For the group of Guayaquil, the Afrodescendants excluded from everything deserved a tribute, and social realism would denounce this injustice by describing what can appear as a Negro specificity reflected, according to them, in the personality of the characters, their relationship to the natural or supernatural environment, historical facts. How do Ortiz and Bass approach the question of the social progress of the Blacks, heirs of a dying colonial society but clinging to the old privileges linked to the ethnic origin? Bass attempts to show how black people sacrificed themselves for Concha in 1913 through her characters. Later, those of Juyungo, sometimes destitute, sick, victims of tenacious racism, of sometimes unconscious self-contempt, embody the political and especially “racial” conflict which, in the social reality of the country, opposed blacks and conservatives in an offensive against exclusion, the negation of their differences
Cárdenas, Muñoz Rafael Enrique. "Traits fonctionnels de la diversité végétale et faunistique affectant l’herbivorie et la décomposabilité des feuilles dans une forêt pluvieuse Néotropicale (Parc National Yasuní - Équateur)". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA060688.
Espinosa, Flor Sofia. "La terre qui nous sépare : le rôle du foncier dans la consolidation et la diversification des élites locales équatoriennes : le cas de Manabí". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H067.
In a global context marked by pressure on natural resources, there is renewed interest in the forms of access, control and use of land resources. Through the study of the emergence of the local elite in one of the regions with the highest level of land concentration in Ecuador, the province of Manabí, we sought to analyze the role of land resources in their trajectories of differentiation and integration into the international market. More specifically, we sought to study how local elites reevaluate and modify their strategies for controlling and using land resources in the context of globalization. We first question the definition of the elite, its use in the Latin American context and propose conceptual and methodological bases for studying the elites at the local level. Then, through the analysis of case studies of family groups we retrace the trajectories over time to account for periods of socio-economic differentiation of these families from the 1860s until 2016. Finally, we deepened the problematic of the socialization of elites and the creation of networks by examining those created by the contemporary elite. We will see how the contemporary elite, built at the very heart of aquaculture activity, weaves relationships both inside and outside the aquaculture complex to ensure the maintenance of strategic economic, but also symbolic and political resources
Grinberg, Hélène. "Le carnaval de Guamote : étude de la dynamique, des ambiguïtés, et des défis d'une fête religieuse dans les Andes équatoriennes". Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040086.
Morales, jadan Diego. "Développement de la gestion optimale de l'énergie électrique dans les îles Galápagos vers les Reséaux Intelligents". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT106/document.
The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part. Since 1978, Galapagos Islands are accepted as Heritage World, due to the growth of the population, there are several social, economic and environmental problems, which endanger the environment conservation of the Islands.In this context, the Ecuadorian government desires to preserve its ecological heritage. Hence, with the participation of several stakeholders mainly the Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy, it is releasing a lot of initiatives. In order to improve the general services that are provided in the islands, this goal will be achieved by means of reducing fossil fuel consumption and therefore CO2 emissions. Thus, this thesis has analyzed the impact of new services on the grid such as the mandatory replacement of conventional vehicles and cookers for efficient ones and to propose solutions for reducing negative issues originated on the network. Also, a strong integration of distributed generation is considered in the analysis.In addition, innovative solutions for both low and medium voltage have been designed and tested for improving the electrical service without affecting the environment and conserving this world heritage. For instance, a smart DSM program composed of Time of Use scheme combined with Demand Response has shown interesting results, the installation of a Battery Energy Storage System has been studied as well; the results in Medium Voltage are promising. An Automatic Phase Switching system is adapted like a solution for reducing unbalance in low voltage with impressive results. The deployment of reclosers has demonstrated a considerable improvement in the reliability with a Return on Investment very short.Considering the Information and Communication Technologies a key piece to deploy Smart Grids, the communication architecture of the Neighbor, Field and Home Area Networks is addressed. As last, an Energy Management System for performing optimal energy management within Galapagos is designed. All these studies have a significant challenge: the optimal management of electricity of isolated grid with zero fossil energy
Pichat, Sylvain. "Variations du rapport (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 et de la composition isotopique du zinc dans des sédiments de l'océan Pacifique équatorial au Quaternaire : implications pour la productivité biologique et relations avec la thermocline". Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSL0202.
Martínez, Godoy Diego. "Agriculture contractuelle et déterritorialisation dans les Andes Equatoriennes. Le cas d’une communauté paysanne au pied du volcan Cayambe - Equateur". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA033.
Beneficiaries of land reform, indigenous communities located at the foot of Cayambe volcano are witness for almost two decades of territorial changes caused by theexpansion of the agro-industrial activity. Indeed, contract farming which considers smalls rural producers within the dairy production lines of several food industries, is the dominant model in the region. This kind of farming also promotes the reduction of production costs and the risks for the capitalist enterprises operating on the territory. Nevertheless, family farms would face a growing process of desterritorialisation that is increasing with the consolidation of agribusiness power and threatening to Andean community traditions, which are however vital in the process of the territorial construction and reconstruction. Are there still differentiated responses levels of family farmers to face to territorial changes and production-driven strategies led by agribusiness in the Ecuadorian Andes?
Ariza, Pareja Manuel Alejandro. "Agriculture précolombienne dans le pacifique Colombo-équatorien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H080.
This research project focuses on the pre-Columbian raised fields of the Equatorial Pacific Coast, which lies between Colombia and Ecuador. In this region, rich in archaeological remains, the different investigations completed since the 1950s have revealed a succession of archaeological cultures that cover the timespan between 1500 BC until AD 1500. However, the information coming from the two countries has hardly ever been integrated into a coherent whole and the research is often restricted to a local perspective. The raised fields were discovered between the 1980s and 1990s in la Laguna de la Ciudad in Ecuador and in the county of Tumaco in Colombia. Since their discovery they have never been examined either thoroughly or as a whole. In this context, the main goal of this dissertation is to establish, from a macro-regional point of view, the influence that the raised fields had on cultural transformations and agricultural evolution during the pre-Columbian period. A vast study of aerial photographs and satellite imagery gives us the first map of the raised fields of the Equatorial Pacific Coast, with 6513 raised fields and 6188 canals identified. The spatial and morphological analysis of those structures through GIS shows the existence of two distinct concentrations, one in Tumaco and another one in la Laguna de la Ciudad. It is possible that these were connected during pre-Columbian times, and that the differences in morphology, size, organisation and orientation are due to environmental factors. A case study of a raised field complex in Tumaco, which included a direct radiocarbon date and a phytolith analysis, confirms the results of the spatial analysis. We can therefore propose that the structures of both concentrations were probably built and used during the same time periods, between 500 BC and AD 350 and between AD 700 and AD 1500. These results, together with exhaustive bibliographical research regarding the South American raised fields and regional archaeology, leads us to suggest several causes for the construction and abandonment of the raised fields during the two time periods. We also propose a new regional chronology that reconceptualizes the Equatorial Pacific Coast as an archaeological region in its own right
Solari, Pita Mirko Roal. "Les chemins de l'ethnicité : parcours identitaires des descendants des mitmas cañaris dans la région andine (XVIe–XXIe siècle)". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0652.
This thesis describes and analyzes, over the long term, identitarian manifestations (mainly of ethnic character) of an Amerindian group, which remianed unitarian until XVth century: Cañaris people. Once they were incorporated into the empire of the Incas, a large number of Cañaris xere affected by collective relocations as part of the mitma system, a politic wgich characterized this prehispanic state. This ethno-historical and anthropological research was achieved in four contemporary localities: Cañar, the roiginal region of this ethnic group, in Ecuador, Porcon and Chiara, in Peru, as well as Copacabana, in Bolivian Altiplano. These areas were the scenario of diverse collective expressions, such as adaptation, strategic response, identitarian assertion, integration in new regional contexts and ethnogenesis, during the Spanish colonization. Nowadays, the descendants of this prehispanic people participate in native vindicate movements in Ecuador and Bolivia, meanwhile in Peru multiple local identitarian expressions are beginning. The dynamism of the ethnic constructions, as well as dialogues and tensions between structure and agency, are present between the end of the Insa Empire, the Colonization and the Andean Republican period
Berge, Caroline. "Quête spirituelle, quête de soi dans les œuvres complètes de César Dávila Andrade : une écriture en mouvement". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100158/document.
César Dávila Andrade’s works are still underestimated and enjoy limited distribution. Moreover, they have been largely unexplored until now. Our corpus is composed of the César Dávila Andrade‘s complete works, which means his total body of poetic work, the short stories and the essays. We will focus on the legacies and the influences of the writer, in order to study the language and the imagination. We will show how the author is in search of new literary landscapes. Indeed, as his purpose is to find a dynamic writing, in movement; the author breaks up the limits of the field of literature. He explores a new way that could give him access to transcendental higher-order knowledge, so as to reveal the Word
Cevallos, Nora Sofia. "Senti-pensar con la Selva. Luttes pour le territoire, l'autonomie et l'auto-détermination dans le contexte du Sumak Kawsay : le cas des peuples Kichwa et Waorani du Yasuni, Amazonie équatorienne". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0062.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the conflicts and resistances caused by the expansion of the oil frontier in the territory of the Kichwa, Waorani peoples and the Tagaeri and Taromenane isolation groups of the Yasuní National Park (northeast of the Ecuadorian Amazon). Since 2008, these peoples have been confronted with a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, the inscription in the Ecuadorian Constitution (2008), of the rights of the Indigenous Peoples, of the rights of the Nature as well as of the Sumak Kawsay or Buen Vivir, materializes the indigenous demands of the 90s for the defense of their identities and their territories; On the other hand, within the framework of the extractivist development model, the Ecuadorian State multiplies the policies favorable to oil exploitation, annulling the constitutional advances and giving rise to the reactivation of numerous socio-environmental conflicts. For 40 years, the implementation of different oil projects has drastically transformed the living conditions of the Kichwa and the Waorani of Yasuní. However, these projects have not been exempted from responses and resistances from the communities, who, resorting to historical memory and the traumas caused by extractivism, have managed to raise their voice and negotiate the terms and conditions of oil exploitation, creating at the same time spaces of participation and expression of their opinions. This thesis will show how the Kichwa and the Waorani of the Yasuní feel and think today the territory, the identity, the development and how, through the appropriation of elements of the environmental discourse and the rights that concern them, they redefine their notions of Buen Vivir and its collective and community forms of organization to deal with extractivism
Barragan-Ochoa, Fernando. "Les petits producteurs, les villes et le lait : défis du ravitaillement alimentaire dans les Andes du nord de l'Equateur". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H049/document.
This thesis focuses on the small producers challenges in the food supply to cities in the Northern Andes in Ecuador. It analyses the structure and functioning of the complex of dairy product supply to cities at national level. Production and commercialisation strategies adopted by small producers' are studied at local level with two examples: Machachi and Nono. The supply complex is analysed as a spatial network where the areas of production and points of sale and consumption arc interconnected generating dialectical dynamics of mutual transformation through the interaction of all the different stakeholders. Historically the complex has been structured according to the needs and characteristics of the medium and large-sized producers. In the last decades though, small producers have been using different strategies between the countryside and cities und have become key stakeholders. The incorporation of small producers in this dynamic shows their great ability to adapt to opportunities created by a growing market. However, their interactions with the other stakeholders show inequality in the power relations, which has only marginally been addressed. Different modes of integration for small producers are yet to be created
Esta tesis se interesa por los desafíos de los pequeños productores en el abastecimiento alimentario urbano a través del caso de los Andes norte en Ecuador. Se estudia la estructura y el funcionamiento del complejo de aprovisionamiento urbano de productos lácteos en una escala nacional. Las estrategias productivas y de comercialización de los pequeños productores son observados en una escala local a través de dos ejemplos: Machachi y Nono. El complejo de abastecimiento es analizado como una red espacial, donde las áreas de producción, los puntos de comercialización y de consumo están interelacionados generando dinámicas dialécticas de transformación mutua a través de las interacciones de los diversos actores.Históricamente el complejo ha sido estructurado acorde a las necesidades y características de los productores medianos y grandes. En las últimas décadas, los pequeños productores empleando diversas estrategias productivas y comerciales entre campos y ciudades se han convertido en actores fundamentales.La inclusión de los pequeños productores en esta dinámica muestra su gran capacidad de adaptación frente a las oportunidades generadas por un mercado en crecimiento. A pesar de esto, sus interacciones con a otros actores muestran las inequidades en las relaciones de poder que no han podido ser sino débilmente modificadas. Diferentes modalidades de integración de los pequeños productores lácteos quedan por construirse
Cabanilla, Mara. "Le genre dans la gestion de l'entreprise familiale : désignation par un acte volontaire ou délibéré. : cas des entreprises familiales équatoriennes". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0111/document.
In Latin America, specifically in ecuador dominates family businesses being estimated at 90% under the definition that members of the family of the founder or the same founder continue in administration, control or management, finding 55,130 registered in the Superintendence of Companies, with an equity of some USD 25,976 million, a contribution to the country's GDP of 51% and the generation of 1.6 million jobs.Data from the Global Family Business Survey- Ecuador 2018, highlights that 43% of these companies are single-product companies and 77% have the following generations working in the firm.According to Camino-Mogro & Bermúdez-Barrezueta (2018), these companies represent 85%, being the microenterprises the largest number, followed by SMEs and large companies. One of the most important challenges of the Ecuadorian family business is related to generational transmission, given that less than 2% maintains a succession plan and only some have a Family Council (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2018), together with the few Existing studies often do not broaden the vision of the company beyond the second generation and do not address the influence of gender in the process of succession.Starting from the deepening in a broad theoretical framework, in which we imply cognitive, organizational and behavioral social theories, we propose our problem in the form of a research question: What is the influence of gender in the decision making of the predecessor-founder to choose the successor in the family business?To understand the effect of gender in the designation of the successor, the following research objectives were specified. Among them is to describe the individual factors of the predecessor-founder conditioning the process of succession in the family business; Categorize the motivations or components that influence the generation of commitment of the possible successors in the family business and finally explain the effects of gender in succession planning, valuing family composition, primogeniture and the role of women [...]
En Latinoamérica, específicamente en Ecuador predominan las empresas familiares, siendo estimadas en 90% bajo la definición de que miembros de la familia del fundador o el mismo fundador continúan en la administración, control o gestión, encontrándose 55.130 registradas en la Superintendencia de Compañías, con un patrimonio de unos USD 25.976 millones, una contribución al PIB del país de 51% y la generación de 1,6 millones de empleos.Datos del Global Family Business Survey- Ecuador 2018, resaltan que el 43% de estas empresas son monoproductoras y en un 77% tienen a las siguientes generaciones trabajando en la firma. Según Camino-Mogro & Bermúdez-Barrezueta (2018), estas empresas representan un 85%, siendo las microempresas las de mayor número, seguido de las pymes y grandes empresas. Uno de los desafíos más importantes de la empresa familiar ecuatoriana está relacionado con la transmisión generacional, dado que menos del 2% mantiene un plan de sucesión y solo algunas tienen un Consejo de Familia (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2018), aunado a que los pocos estudios existentes frecuentemente no amplían la visión de la empresa más allá de la segunda generación y tampoco abordan la influencia del género en el proceso de sucesión.Partiendo de la profundización en un amplio marco teórico, en el que implicamos teorías sociales cognitivas, organizativas y de comportamiento, proponemos nuestro problema en forma de una pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuál es la influencia del género en la toma de decisión del predecesor-fundador para elegir al sucesor en la empresa familiar?Para comprender el efecto del género en la designación del sucesor fueron concretados los siguientes objetivos de investigación. Entre ellos se encuentra describir los factores individuales del predecesor-fundador condicionantes del proceso de sucesión en la empresa familiar; Categorizar las motivaciones o componentes que influyen en la generación del compromiso de los posibles sucesores en la empresa familiar y finalmente explicar los efectos del género en la planificación de la sucesión, valorando la composición familiar, la primogenitura y el rol de la mujer [...]
Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie Amelie. "Hydro-écologie des communautés d'invertébrés aquatiques dans les rivières glaciaires équatoriennes". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066547/document.
In mountainous glacierized catchments, stream biodiversity is strongly influenced by physicochemical habitat heterogeneity linked to the spatio-temporal dynamics of water source contributions from snowmelt, ice-melt and groundwater. One impact of climate change is the rapid shrinking of glaciers, resulting in a reduction in glacial meltwater contribution to river flow in glacierized catchments. These modifications in water regimes are expected to affect the aquatic biodiversity. Thus it is of critical importance to understand the effect of glacial influence on aquatic communities in glacierized catchments to be able to predict the impact of glacier retreat on the aquatic biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the effects of the glacial influence on aquatic macroinvertebrates. The study was conducted in 51 stream sites in a glacierized catchment in the equatorial Andes (Antisana, Ecuador), where glacial floods occur all year round due to the lack of thermal seasonality. Our main objectives were to determine the glacial influence at each stream site; to characterize the impact of the glacial influence on the macroinvertebrate communities; and to anticipate the aquatic macroinvertebrates response to glacier retreat. In order to meet these objectives, we quantified the glacial influence using different methods and test its effects on macroinvertebrates at different scales from the stream reach to the entire catchment. These analyses allowed us to better understand the mechanisms governing macroinvertebrates distribution, and to determine the potential risk of species loss with the diminution of glacial meltwater contribution
Lambert, Myriam. "L'oeuvre d'art au coeur des lieux de mémoire comme métaphore des identités". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27481.
Maisincho, Guagrilla Luis. "Analyse de la fonte glaciaire et nivale dans les Andes tropicales à partir d’un bilan d’énergie : Glacier de l’Antisana, Equateur (0°28’S)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU027/document.
Antisana Glacier 15 basin surface mass balance (SMB) (0.28 km2;0°28'S,78° 09'W, 5750 m), located in the tropical Andes of Ecuador, between 2000 and 2008 has been modeled using two models: an empirical positive degree-day (PDD) and other physical surface energy balance approach..As a first stage, melting was calculated using daily temperature and the cumulative precipitation while sublimation was computed as wind-speed function. The PDD was applied at daily-time step and calibrated at 4900 m a.s.l. The period time to calibrate was March 2002 - August 2003 and validated was January - November 2005. A significant link between melting rates and temperature was revealed when model discriminates snow and ice surface. This relationship is explained by the link between the short-wave radiation and air temperature. However, this relationship disappears under intense wind-speed events, however this events show low air temperature, therefore they are not affect the final results. The PDD model was applied for modeling SMB, ablation, snow-line position and equilibrium line altitude. The results show this model type fits to SMB measures over Antisana glacier. However, it should not apply to other tropical regions, particularly where there are high sublimation rates (pronounced dry seasons) or where glaciers are located under the isotherm 0 ° C.A second stage, a distributed surface energy balance (DBES) model over glacier 15a of the Antisana was applied to quantify ice and snow ablation. For this task was used a model adapted to tropical conditions from Adélie Land-Antarctica BES model. Initially, the model was applied at 4900 m.a.s.l. , with a slope of 28º and NW (45 °) azimuth. For computing DBES, the glacier was divided in 18 altitude strips ( 50m/level). The model generated slops and azimuths from a digital elevation model (DEM). The meteorological vertical gradients were measured in the study zone. This values was used into de model as constants during both periods calibration and validation. The DBES model reproduced the spatial variation and temporal of SMB between 4850 m.a.s.l. and 5700 m.a.s.l.. The unpublished results of SEB distributed on the glacier 15a allowed to analyze the physical processes that to generate the spatio-temporal variation of the ablation.The DBES results show that the model applied in a former research was based on wrong assumptions and inaccurate. The results of DBES and PDD models show that the accumulated precipitation measured at the bottom of the glacier are greatly underestimated. It implies the need for new protocols for improving the precipitation measurement. Both the former research and SEB confirm the crucial role of shortwave radiation and albedo values over glacier melt. It puts also in evidence that snow metamorphism in the study zone occurs faster than other latitudes, associated with accelerated degradation of surface albedo. Finally, this research explains the reason why the PDD model provides good quality results in this region, which contradicted the results of previous study. This research contributes a better understanding about sensibility of SMB with temperature variations in the inner tropics
Le, Voyer Marion. "Rôle des fluides dans la genèse des magmas d'arcs : analyses in situ des éléments volatils et des isotopes du bore dans les inclusions magmatiques des olivines primitives". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453889.
Barraza, Castelo Fiorella. "Evaluation de l'exposition humaine liée aux activités pétrolières en Equateur : de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air à l'étude du transfert des contaminants métalliques dans le continuum sol-plante". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30168/document.
Ecuador is the 5th crude oil producer country in South America. Oil extraction and refining generate toxic waste containing metals co-emitted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naturally present in crude oil or added during production, and known for their carcinogenic and toxic effects in humans. In this context and as a part of the ANR MONOIL program, the first aim of this PhD research was to determine the distribution of metal(loid)s in the environment in the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos (oil extraction, North Amazon " NAR ") and the city of Esmeraldas (oil refining, North Pacific Coast, " NPC "). The second aim was to determine if there was a transfer of toxic metals, such as Cd, from soil or air to cacao crops, widely cultivated in Ecuador, and if the consumption of cacao-based products could imply risks for human health. Finally, the third aim was to monitor air quality over 2 years in both areas to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities and the oxidative burden of particulate matter (PM10). Soils and local crops were collected in 31 small-scale farms, between 2014 and 2016. Monthly PM10 samples were collected in 3 sites, in the vicinity of oil platforms close to the refinery. PM10 chemical composition (contents in metals, organic and elementary carbon (OC, EC), ions, sugars, polyols, PAHs) was determined. Human health risk assessment was performed taking into account ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Non carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects were quantified using the Hazard Index (HI) and the Total Cancer Risk (TCR). Bioaccessibility of Cd after ingestion was determined by the BARGE in vitro test in cacao beans and liquors. In aerosols, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was quantified using 3 acellular assays: DTT (dithiothreitol), AA (ascorbic acid) and DCFH (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein). Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn concentrations in 72% of the study soils exceeded the limits of the Ecuadorian legislation. For most of the crops, elements were below the limits of detection but, Cd in cacao and Pb in manioc were above the international standards for food quality. Cacao trees accumulate Cd in leaves, pod husks and beans. Because Cd contents in crude oil were below the detection limits, agrochemical products and natural inputs may also be important sources. Almost 100% of the total Cd content in cacao beans and liquor was bioaccessible by ingestion. The health risk after chocolate consumption was low to high, depending on the ingestion rate and the cacao liquor percentage. In PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb were below the EU thresholds. However, Ba and Mo, specific tracers of oil activities, used as weighting agents or catalyzers during drilling and refining, showed values much higher than those recorded in other urban-industrialized sites. PM10 composition depended on oil activity. OC/EC ratios were higher in the NAR (oil extraction) than in the NPC (oil refining), suggesting that biogenic emissions were more important in the Amazon area. PAHs contents were higher in the NPC, but levels of benzo-a-pyrene were below the EU limits. Oxidative potential results showed that compounds emitted by oil industry (PAHs, Ba, Ni, Zn) and by biomass burning (sugars) in the NAR as well as industrial tracers in the NPC (As, Ba, Ni, NH4+) were correlated with ROS generation. Regarding residential exposure, the main routes of exposure to metal(loid)s were first ingestion, inhalation and in a small extent soil dermal contact, being both children and adults vulnerable. Finally, the oil Ecuadorian environment is not only contaminated by oil activities. Other factors like deforestation, agriculture and natural emissions (volcanos) in the NAR and industries in the NPC also contribute to environmental damages and may lead to adverse health effects
Schick, Marie-Laure. "Une délicate rencontre entre savoirs autochtones et « experts » : enjeux des politiques interculturelles dans le domaine de la prévention de la violence à l’égard des femmes kichwa en Amazonie équatorienne". Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100102/document.
This PhD thesis focuses on the development and application of intercultural policies in the field of international health. It is drawn on an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in canton Loreto, in the Ecuadorian Amazon, about a gender violence prevention program which was set up by the Swiss Red Cross and which is now managed in cooperation with the Ecuadorian State and a local Kichwa organization.Following a multiple-scale analysis in order to articulate the local, national and international dynamics, it highlights the intersections and the gaps between, on the one hand, the the institutional prescriptions about the ideal of interculturality and on the other hand, the daily practices of Ecuadorian mestizo health and development profesionals.It reveals that beyond the ideal of respect for "indigenous cultural differences" and of symmetry between "cultures", the discourses and practices of these professionals consist of a normalizing and moralizing enterprise concerning the gendered and, more broadly, social behaviors of Kichwa « beneficiaries ». In order to refine the analysis and to go beyond a critical approach of public health, this thesis also explores the violence and gender relations representations and practices of Kichwa women health workers and "beneficiaries", men and women. Thus it shows that the transfer of norms via public health is the subject of multiple processes of appropriation, interpretation, negotiation and instrumentalisation both on individual and collective levels by the « beneficiaries »
Fernández, Pereda Olivia. "Impacts des Water operators partnerships « WOPs » sur la prestation des services d’eau dans la ville de Quito, Équateur". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22505.
Laurin-Dansereau, Émilie. "Migration et transformation identitaire : le cas de la Concepcion dans la région de la Cuenca del Rio Mira en Équateur". Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3286/1/M9648.pdf.