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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Cyle du carbone"

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Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Nomoto, Hideo, Masao Itoh, William Brown, Jeremy Fetvedt y Iwataro Sato. "ICOPE-15-1176 Cycle and Turbine Development for the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Allam Cycle". Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2015.12 (2015): _ICOPE—15——_ICOPE—15—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2015.12._icope-15-_112.

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2

Arie, Arenst Andreas, Kevin Hazel, Hans Kristianto, Henky Muljana y Lorenzo Stievano. "Ganyong Starch Derived Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2021): 4033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19220.

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Hard carbons are one of the most promising carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to the high specific capacity and excellent cycle properties. Among the precursors used to synthesize hard carbon, natural starches are of great interest due to their unique morphologies. In this paper, ganyong starch based hard carbons (GSHC) were prepared by direct carbonization at various temperatures (700–1100) °C. The obtained hard carbons exhibit high reversible capacities of sodium-ion batteries of about 239 mAh g–1 at current density of 0.1 C. after 100 cycles. The excellent cycle profiles are attributed to the unique morphology and defect carbon structures.

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3

Nakul, F., Akfiny Aimon, D. Suhendra, B. Nuryadin y Ferry Iskandar. "Pengaruh Duty Cycle Microwave pada Sifat Fotoluminesensi Material Carbon Nanodots". Jurnal Matematika dan Sains 24, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2019): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jms.2019.24.2.3.

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Microwave banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai media pemanas termasuk di bidang sintesis material. Pemanasan melalui microwave memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan pemanas konvensional dikarenakan waktu pemanasan singkat dengan distribusi yang sera-gam. Untuk mempelajari mekanisme transfer energi dari sebuah microwave, diperlukan upaya pengendalian energi gelombang agar suplai energi panas yang diberikan dapat dikontrol dengan baik. Pada penelitian ini, pengontrolan suplai energi dilakukan dengan mengatur duty cycle microwave dengan level yang berbeda selama proses sintesis material carbon nanodots (CNDs). Selanjutnya, sifat fotoluminesensi dari material ini dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometer fluoresensi untuk menentukan tingkat intensitas pendaran yang dihasilkan.

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4

Schlamadinger, Bernhard, Lorenza Canella, Gregg Marland y Josef Spitzer. "Bioenergy strategies and the global carbon cycle. / Stratégies bioénergétiques et cycle global du carbone". Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 50, n.º 1 (1997): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1997.1951.

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5

Green, Michael H. "Are Fatty Acids Gluconeogenic Precursors?" Journal of Nutrition 150, n.º 9 (11 de julio de 2020): 2235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa165.

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ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a critical partner for gluconeogenesis (GNG) in hepatocytes. Although researchers in the 1950s showed, using radiolabeled long-chain fatty acids, that acetate derived from fatty acid β-oxidation contributes carbon to glucose, fatty acids are not included on lists of gluconeogenic precursors in many textbooks of biochemistry and nutritional biochemistry. Here, by following the flow of carbon atoms through the mitochondrial TCA cycle and into cytosolic GNG, it is shown that carbons in acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid β-oxidation will be found in glucose. Specifically, it is evident that, after the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) to make citrate at the start of the TCA cycle, the 2 carbons lost from the cycle as carbon dioxide come from OAA, not acetyl-CoA. Carbons from acetyl-CoA are retained as the cycle progresses toward malate, and when malate exits the mitochondrion for GNG, carbons that originated in acetyl-CoA and OAA are found to contribute equally to glucose. With influx of other critical precursors into the TCA cycle and efflux of malate into the cytosol for GNG, the TCA cycle is in balance. During fasting-induced GNG, there is a net gain of glucose in glucogenic cells; however, the fact that there is no net gain in the TCA cycle is irrelevant as far as precursors are concerned. Given the physiological importance of fat as a source of reserve energy, and knowing that some cell types rely on glucose as their primary supplier of energy, a role for fatty acids in glucose production aligns both with intuition and with evidence provided by a careful look at the biochemistry and older isotope studies. Hopefully, subsequent editions of textbooks will list fatty acids among the gluconeogenic precursors.

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6

Jonas, KOALA, KAGAMBEGA O. Raymond y SANOU Lassina. "Distribution des stocks de carbone du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestier à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso, Afrique de l’Ouest". Journal of Applied Biosciences 160 (30 de abril de 2021): 16482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.160.5.

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Objectif : Cette présente étude visait à déterminer la distribution verticale des stocks de carbone organique du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestière à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso. Méthodologie et Résultats : L’étude a été menée à Saria sur un dispositif factoriel avec 3 répétitions. L’échantillonnage des racines et du sol a été fait par l’extraction de monolithes sur 5 couches à une profondeur de 150 cm. Les résultats montrent que la profondeur a influencé les stocks de carbone. La couche 0-50 cm renferme 91% du stock total de carbone de la biomasse racinaire. Les stocks de Carbone Organique du Sol (COS) le plus élevé a été enregistré dans la couche 80-120 cm (26,59±7,94 tC ha-1), contre 8,74±6,05 tC ha-1 dans la couche 0-20 cm. Conclusion et implication des résultats : Les résultats montrent que les parcs agroforestiers étudiés ont un fort potentiel de séquestration de carbone. Cependant, les éventuels projets de carbone dans les parcs agroforestiers devront se focaliser sur la biomasse végétale aérienne et souterraine car le carbone organique du sol parait ne pas être influencé par les différents aménagements. Aussi pour une bonne gestion de ces stocks de carbone, des études complémentaires doivent être menées en vue de comprendre le cycle de de renouvellement des racines fines des parcs agroforestiers afin de de mesurer les flux de carbone organique du sol dans les parcs agroforestiers. Mots clés : Carbone organique du sol; Parc agroforestier, Prosopis africana, séquestration de carbone ; Biomasse racinaire 16482 Koala et al., J. Appl. Biosci. Vol.160 :2021 Distribution des stocks de carbone du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestier à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso, Afrique de l’Ouest Distribution of carbon stocks from soil and root biomass in Prosopis africana (Guill., And Rich.) Taub agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study was to determine soil organic carbon stocks and root biomass carbon vertical distribution in an agroforestry parkland of Prosopis africana (Guill., And Rich.) Taub in Burkina Faso. Methodology and Results: The study was carried out in Saria on factorial design with 3 replicates. Root and soil sampling was done by extracting monoliths in 5-layer up to 150 cm depth. Results show that depth influenced carbon stocks. 0-50 cm layer contains 91% of root biomass total carbon stock. Highest soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks were recorded in 80-120 cm layer (26.59 ± 7.94 tC ha-1), compared to 8.74 ± 6.05 tC ha-1 in 0-20 cm layer. Conclusions and application of findings: Our results show that agroforestry parklands have a high carbon sequestration potential. However, any carbon projects in agroforestry parklands have to focus on trees above-ground and below-ground biomass because soil organic carbon does not influenced by management. Also for good management of these carbon stocks, additional studies must be carried out in order to understand the renewal cycle of fine roots in agroforestry parks in order to measure organic carbon flow from soil in agroforestry parklands. Keywords: Soil organic carbon; Agroforestry parklands, Prosopis africana, carbon sequestration; Root biomass INTRODUCTION L’agroforesterie est un système d’utilisation des terres traditionnel qui est toujours utilisé de nos jours par les populations (Santoro et al., 2020). Elle est considérée comme un système durable car contribuant à lutter contre la dégradation des terres. Sa contribution à l’amélioration à la productivité de l’agriculture est bien reconnue de nos jours (Montagnini and Nair, 2004). L’amélioration de la productivité est due à l’augmentation de la matière organique et au recyclage des éléments

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7

Jia, Zheng, Dao Qing Liu y Si Yuan Yang. "Electrochemical Insight into Cycle Stability of Organic Electrolyte Supercapacitors". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (octubre de 2011): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.467.

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Two types of activated carbons were produced by chemical activation respectively with and without pre-carbonization procedure, and were used in organic electrolyte supercapacitors. Galvanostatic charge and discharge results show that voltage upper limit and activated carbon type obviously influence the cycle stability of the capacitors. And cyclic voltammograms reveal the better capacitive behavior and cycle stability of the activated carbon produced with carbonization procedure implying the correlation between these two factors. While Nyquist plots disclose the tendency of equivalent circuit component parameters and electrode processes with cycling.

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8

Fey, George Ting Kuo, Yu Yen Lin, Kai Pin Huang, Yi Chuan Lin, T. Prem Kumar, Yung Da Cho y Hsien Ming Kao. "Green Energy Anode Materials: Pyrolytic Carbons Derived from Peanut Shells for Lithium Ion Batteries". Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (diciembre de 2011): 1572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1572.

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Disordered carbons prepared by the pyrolysis of peanut shells with and without a porogen were investigated. The first-cycle lithium insertion capacity of the porogen-treated carbon was 3504 mAh/g, and was related to the high surface area (2099 m2/g) of the carbon. It was concluded from x-ray diffraction studies that the extra lithium was stored in the microporous voids in the carbon. The large irreversible capacity for this carbon is believed to be associated with the loss of lithium through its reaction with surface groups as well as with lithium plating and subsequent passive film formation. The impedance profiles of the carbons at various potentials were analyzed and modeled with suitable equivalent circuits. Charge-discharge studies with the porogen-treated carbon, pre-charged and discharged prior to use in coin cells, indicated that the first-cycle reversible capacity was the greatest when the charge-discharge rate was 0.4 C. The carbon maintained capacities of about 325 mAh/g for 20 cycles, and then stabilized around 380 mAh/g for over 70 cycles.

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9

Girnik, Ilya, Alexandra Grekova, Larisa Gordeeva y Yuri Aristov. "Activated Carbons as Methanol Adsorbents for a New Cycle “Heat from Cold”". Fibers 8, n.º 8 (8 de agosto de 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8080051.

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Activated carbons are widely used for sustainable technology of adsorptive transformation and storage of heat. Here, we analyze the applicability of twelve commercial carbons and an innovative carbonaceous composite “LiCl confined to multi-wall carbon nanotubes” (LiCl/MWCNT) for a new cycle “Heat from Cold” (HeCol). It has recently been proposed for amplification of low- temperature ambient heat in cold countries. The analysis is made in terms of the methanol mass exchanged and the useful heat generated per cycle; the latter is the main performance indicator of HeCol cycles. The maximum specific useful heat, reaching 990 and 1750 J/g, can be obtained by using carbon Maxsorb III and the composite, respectively. For these materials, methanol adsorption dynamics under typical HeCol conditions are experimentally studied by the large pressure jump method. Before making this analysis, the fine carbon powder is consolidated by either using a binder or just pressing to obtain larger particles (ca. 2 mm). The methanol desorption from the consolidated samples of Maxsorb III at T = 2 °C is faster than for LiCl/MWCNT, and the maximum (initial) useful power reaches (2.5–4.0) kW/kg sorbent. It is very promising for designing compact HeCol units utilizing the carbon Maxsorb III.

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10

Zhang, Kao Min, Yi Zhuo Gu, Min Li, Shao Kai Wang y Zuo Guang Zhang. "Resistive Heating of Carbon Fiber Aided Rapid Curing of Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Molding". Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (septiembre de 2014): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.170.

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A kind of rapid heating method which takes advantage of carbon fiber conductivity to shorten the cycle time of VARIM was designed in present paper. The processing cycle time, curing degree, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the laminates fabricated by carbon fiber internal resistive heating aided VARIM (R-VARIM) were studied. The results revealed that the cyle time of R-VARIM with con-water cooling process is only 450s, it is about 52% lower than that of previous study. Lower cooling rate before glass transition temperature is useful to complete cure of resin and improve the properties of the composites.

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11

Liu, Haoyu, Zhen Xu, Zhenyu Guo, Jingyu Feng, Haoran Li, Tong Qiu y Magdalena Titirici. "A life cycle assessment of hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, n.º 2209 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 20200340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0340.

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Waste management is one of the biggest environmental challenges worldwide. Biomass-derived hard carbons, which can be applied to rechargeable batteries, can contribute to mitigating environmental changes by enabling the use of renewable energy. This study has carried out a comparative environmental assessment of sustainable hard carbons, produced from System A (hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) followed by pyrolysis) and System B (direct pyrolysis) with different carbon yields, as anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). We have also analysed different scenarios to save energy in our processes and compared the biomass-derived hard carbons with commercial graphite used in lithium-ion batteries. The life cycle assessment results show that the two systems display significant savings in terms of their global warming potential impact (A1: −30%; B1: −21%), followed by human toxicity potential, photochemical oxidants creation potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential (both over −90%). Possessing the best electrochemical performance for SIBs among our prepared hard carbons, the HTC-based method is more stable in both environmental and electrochemical aspects than the direct pyrolysis method. Such results help a comprehensive understanding of sustainable hard carbons used in SIBs and show an environmental potential to the practical technologies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)’.

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12

Kelleher, J. K. "Analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle using [14C]citrate specific activity ratios". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 248, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1985): E252—E260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.2.e252.

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The information content of citrate carbon specific radioactivity ratios in steady-state 14C isotopic studies has been analyzed. Sixteen steady-state equations resulted containing five unknowns, 14 equations in terms of citrate carbon specific radioactivity ratios, and two modified forms of the “CO2 ratio” equation. Although each of the 16 equations is not independent, there is more than one independent equation for each variable. These additional equations may be used to test the assumptions on which the model is based. Each of the five unknowns is defined as the probability of flux around a complete cycle, either the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or a futile cycle such as pyruvate--oxaloacetate--pyruvate. To solve these equations for the five unknowns, an investigator need only measure the specific radioactivity of various citrate carbons and the 14CO2 production rate. The study did not yield a direct expression for net flux between pyruvate and 4-carbon TCA cycle intermediates. However, these equations do place certain constraints on the net flux through this important pathway.

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13

Amin, Muhammad, Hamad Hussain Shah, Amjad Iqbal, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Marek Krawczuk y Adeel Zia. "Conversion of Waste Biomass into Activated Carbon and Evaluation of Environmental Consequences Using Life Cycle Assessment". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 11 (5 de junio de 2022): 5741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115741.

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In this article, activated carbon was produced from Lantana camara and olive trees by H3PO4 chemical activation. The prepared activated carbons were analyzed by characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. H3PO4 is used as an activator agent to create an abundant pore structure. According to EDX analysis, the crystalline structure destroys and increases the carbon content of the olive tree and Lantana camara by 77.51 and 76.16%, respectively. SEM images reveal a porous structure formed as a result of H3PO4 activation. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the olive tree and Lantana camara activated carbon was 611.21 m2/g and 167.47 m2/g, respectively. The TGA analysis of both activated carbons shows their thermal degradation starts at 230 °C but fully degrades at temperatures above 450 °C. To quantify the potential environmental implications related to the production process of the activated carbon (AC) from olive trees, the life cycle assessment (LCA) environmental methodology was employed. For most of the tested indicators, chemical activation using H3PO4 showed the greatest ecological impacts: the ozone layer depletion potential (42.27%), the acidification potential (55.31%), human toxicity (57.00%), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (85.01%), terrestrial ecotoxicity (86.17%), and eutrophication (92.20%). The global warming potential (5.210 kg CO2 eq), which was evenly weighted between the phases, was shown to be one of the most significant impacts. The total energy demand of the olive tree’s AC producing process was 70.521 MJ per Kg.

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Arie, Arenst Andreas, Hans Kristianto, Ratna Frida Susanti, Martin Halim y Joong Kee Lee. "Effect of Catalyst Preparation Method on the Characteristics of Carbon Nanospheres as Anode Materials of Lithium Secondary Batteries". Advanced Materials Research 1123 (agosto de 2015): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1123.308.

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Carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were synthesized from commercial activated carbons and cooking oil as carbon precursors using simple pyrolytic process and then were used as anode materials of lithium secondary batteries Prior to the synthesis of CNSs, a series of Fe catalysts supported on commercial activated carbons were prepared by two different methods, namely impregnations and adsorptions. The effect of preparation method on the characteristics of CNSs were then studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , transmission electron microscope (TEM) and BET surface area measurements. Preliminary electrochemical measurements of as-synthesized CNTs were carried out using cyclic voltammetry instruments at constant scan rate to see the mechanism of Li-ion insertion and extraction into/from CNSs structures during cycle tests.

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15

Mavouroulou Quentin, Moundounga, Ngomanda Alfred y Lepengue Nicaise Alexis. "Etat des Lieux des Incertitudes Liées à l’Estimation de la Biomasse des Arbres (Revue Bibliographique)". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, n.º 6 (28 de febrero de 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n6p60.

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The quantification of forest carbon stocks and fluxes is absolutely essential to understand the role that forests play in the global carbon cycle and to put in place effective policies to mitigate global warming induced by the increase in greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin. This study aims to present the current state of knowledge on the uncertainties associated with quantifying forest carbon, particularly in tropical forests. Several studies show that the uncertainties on the carbon stocks and fluxes sequestered in tropical forests are extremely large, estimated respectively at 188 and 272 billion tonnes of carbon and between 0.17 and 1.16 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. These huge uncertainties are probably related to the methods used to quantify the biomass of living trees. In almost all studies on forest carbon, the biomass of trees is never really measured in the field, but rather estimated using mathematical models or allometric equations which leads to an uncertainty of about 20% on the estimated biomass. Our study also shows that the reduction of these uncertainties could depend on several factors such as (i) the aboveground biomass data collection method (ii) the measurement of tree size attributes (diameter and height) and tree traits. species (specific density of the wood, size of the canopy) during forest inventories, (iii) the mathematical form and quality of adjustment of the allometric models (specific error of the model) used, and (iv) possibly an inadequacy between tree diameter structure in model calibration data and in forest inventory data. However, the absence of studies that have measured the total biomass of a forest at a fixed spatial scale (example 1 ha) does not currently allow an assessment of the contribution of each source of error to the total uncertainty of the final carbon estimate. La quantification des stocks et flux de carbone forestier avec précision est absolument essentielle pour comprendre le rôle que jouent les forêts dans le cycle global du carbone et pour mettre en place des politiques efficaces d’atténuation du réchauffement climatique mondial induit par l’augmentation des gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique. Cette étude vise à présenter l’état actuel des connaissances sur les incertitudes associées à la quantification du carbone forestier, en particulier dans les forêts tropicales. Plusieurs études montrent que les incertitudes sur les stocks et flux de carbone séquestrés dans les forêts tropicales sont extrêmement larges, estimés respectivement 188 et 272 milliards de tonnes de carbone et entre 0.17 et 1.16 milliards de tonnes de gaz carbonique. Ces énormes incertitudes sont sans doute liées aux méthodes utilisées pour quantifier la biomasse des arbres vivants. Dans la quasi-totalité des études sur le carbone forestier, la biomasse des arbres n’est réellement jamais mesurée sur le terrain, mais plutôt estimés à l’aide des modèles mathématiques ou équations allométriques qui entraine une incertitude d’environ 20% sur l’estimation de la biomasse. Notre étude montre aussi que la réduction de ces incertitudes pourrait dépendre de plusieurs facteurs tels que: (i) la méthode de collecte des données de la biomasse aérienne (ii) la mesure des attributs de taille (diamètre et hauteur) des arbres et traits d’espèces (densité du spécifique du bois, taille de la canopée) lors des inventaires forestiers, (iii) la forme mathématique et qualité d’ajustement des modèles allométriques (erreur propre du modèle) employés, et (iv) possiblement d’une inadéquation entre structure diamétrique des arbres dans les données de calibration des modèles et dans les données inventaires forestiers. Toutefois, l’absence d’études ayant mesuré la biomasse totale d’une forêt à une échelle spatiale fixée (exemple 1 ha) ne permet pas actuellement d’évaluer la contribution de chaque source d’erreurs sur l’incertitude totale de l’estimation finale de carbone.

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Viovy, Nicolas y Nathalie de Noblet. "Coupling water and carbon cycle in the biosphere. / Couplage du cycle de l'eau et du carbone dans la biosphère". Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 50, n.º 1 (1997): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1997.1948.

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Feng, Xuejiao, Hongmin Cui, Zhenming Li, Rongrong Miao y Nanfu Yan. "Scalable Synthesis of Dual-Carbon Enhanced Silicon-Suboxide/Silicon Composite as Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries". Nano 12, n.º 07 (julio de 2017): 1750084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292017500849.

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The SiOx/Si composite enhanced by dual-carbon (i.e., multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon) was fabricated from the micro silicon monoxide (SiO) by the combination of high-energy mechanical milling, spray drying and pyrolysis. The obtained SiOx/Si particles were composed of Si-suboxide and embedded nano-sized Si crystallites. As one of dual-carbons, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were directly scaffolded of anchoring the SiOx/Si composite particles through spray drying. Another carbon source was directly deposited on the surface of the SiOx/Si by means of the carbonization of phenol–formaldehyde resin. Nano-sized silicon embedded in the Si-suboxide matrix and dual-carbon provided a compromise between the reversible capacity and cycle stability related to the volume change. The obtained SiOx/Si/MWCNT/PC-1 electrode delivered an initial capacity of 936.5[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] and the reversible capacity was maintained at 825.9[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] with excellent capacity retention of 87.5% on the 200th cycle versus the 6th one (compared with the same current rate). In contrast, although the SiOx/Si presented the higher initial capacity of 1271.4[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text], its capacity dropped quickly after several cycles and capacity retention was only 25.6% versus the 6th cycle after 100 cycles.

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18

PEDENTCHOUK, N. "The Carbon Cycle". PALAIOS 16, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2001): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0307:br>2.0.co;2.

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19

Smith, H. Jesse. "Carbon cycle history". Science 371, n.º 6536 (25 de marzo de 2021): 1328.2–1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.371.6536.1328-b.

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Canfield, Donald E. y Lee R. Kump. "Carbon Cycle Makeover". Science 339, n.º 6119 (31 de enero de 2013): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231981.

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Schidlowski, Manfred. "Proterozoic carbon cycle". Nature 362, n.º 6416 (marzo de 1993): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362117b0.

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Des Marals, David J., Harald Strauss, Roger E. Summons y J. M. Hayes. "Proterozoic carbon cycle". Nature 362, n.º 6416 (marzo de 1993): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362118a0.

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Betts, Kellyn S. "Carbon cycle surprises". Environmental Science & Technology 35, n.º 11 (junio de 2001): 232A—233A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0123709.

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Falk, Matthias. "The Carbon Cycle". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 111, n.º 3 (mayo de 2002): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00018-7.

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SARMIENTO, JORGE L. "OCEAN CARBON CYCLE". Chemical & Engineering News 71, n.º 22 (31 de mayo de 1993): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n022.p030.

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Schimel, D. "Carbon cycle conundrums". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, n.º 47 (12 de noviembre de 2007): 18353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709331104.

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27

Piotrowska, Aleksandra, Krzysztof Kierzek y Jacek Machnikowski. "Effect of PAN Oxidation on the Electrochemical Lithium Insertion/Deinsertion Behavior of Resultant Carbons". Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/370906.

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The effect of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) oxidation on the properties and electrochemical lithium insertion/deinsertion behavior of carbons produced in the temperature range of 1000–1150°C has been assessed. Air-treatment at 220 and 240°C modifies essentially the carbonization behavior of polymer leading to materials with developed microporosity and enhanced oxygen content in contrast to practically nonporous pristine PAN-based carbon. The extent of the modification increases with the oxidation depth and decreases with HTT. Galvanostatic charge/discharge reveals typical hard carbons characteristics of all the materials. PAN-based carbon heat-treated at 1050°C represents most promising anodic performance. It gives reversible capacity (Crev) near 420 mAh g−1with a reasonable coulombic efficiency during cycling of ~99% and a moderate low voltage capacity of 100 mAh g−1. Extensive oxidation enhances overall 1st discharge cycle capacity to 870 mAh g−1andCrevto 560 mAh g−1; however, large irreversible capacity (Cirr) and poor cycleability are serious drawbacks of all carbons from oxidized PAN. Pyrolytic carbon coating using methane CVD at 830°C is effective in suppressingCirrby about 30% but the cycleability remains nonacceptable.

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28

Shi, Lu, Chao Lin Miao, Gai Rong Chen, Bin Xu y Shi Chen. "Effect of Fluorine Content on the Electrochemical Properties of PVDF-Derived Carbons for Lithium Ion Battery". Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (febrero de 2012): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.730.

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The carbon materials prepared by PVDF carbonization at different temperatures have similar BET surface area and pores volume. The content of fluorine in the carbons decreased with the carbonization temperature from 1.46% (atm %) at 600°C to 0.18 %( atm %) at 1000°C. The first cycle specific capacity and the initial coulombic efficiency decreases with the decrease of fluorine content in the samples. The first cycle discharge capacity decreased from 982 mAh/ g at 600°C to 752 mAh/ g at 1000°C and the initial coulombic efficiency decreased from 31.8% at 600°C to 24% at 1000°C. It is believed that fluorine contained in the carbon materials has a positive effect to improve the electrochemical properties as anode materials for Li-ion batteries.

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29

Bailly, Sean. "Un cycle en pur carbone". Pour la Science N° 504 - octobre, n.º 10 (10 de enero de 2019): 9b. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pls.504.0009b.

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30

Gregory, J. M., C. D. Jones, P. Cadule y P. Friedlingstein. "Quantifying Carbon Cycle Feedbacks". Journal of Climate 22, n.º 19 (1 de octubre de 2009): 5232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2949.1.

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Abstract Perturbations to the carbon cycle could constitute large feedbacks on future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. This paper demonstrates how carbon cycle feedback can be expressed in formally similar ways to climate feedback, and thus compares their magnitudes. The carbon cycle gives rise to two climate feedback terms: the concentration–carbon feedback, resulting from the uptake of carbon by land and ocean as a biogeochemical response to the atmospheric CO2 concentration, and the climate–carbon feedback, resulting from the effect of climate change on carbon fluxes. In the earth system models of the Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP), climate–carbon feedback on warming is positive and of a similar size to the cloud feedback. The concentration–carbon feedback is negative; it has generally received less attention in the literature, but in magnitude it is 4 times larger than the climate–carbon feedback and more uncertain. The concentration–carbon feedback is the dominant uncertainty in the allowable CO2 emissions that are consistent with a given CO2 concentration scenario. In modeling the climate response to a scenario of CO2 emissions, the net carbon cycle feedback is of comparable size and uncertainty to the noncarbon–climate response. To quantify simulated carbon cycle feedbacks satisfactorily, a radiatively coupled experiment is needed, in addition to the fully coupled and biogeochemically coupled experiments, which are referred to as coupled and uncoupled in C4MIP. The concentration–carbon and climate–carbon feedbacks do not combine linearly, and the concentration–carbon feedback is dependent on scenario and time.

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31

Yang, Jian, Zachary Hansen, Maruj Jamal, Kevin Mathew, Guanyi Wang, Jie Xiong, Tiffany Zhou y Qingliu Wu. "Biomass-Derived Carbon for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 4 (9 de octubre de 2022): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024543mtgabs.

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With the advantages of high conductivity and low cost, porous carbons have been considered as the most attractive materials as hosts of sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). However, LSBs always suffer short cycle life due to the “shuttle effect” of lithium polysulfide species (polysulfides), which are intermediate products during the charge/discharge processes. The weak interaction between carbon and polysulfides results in the dissolution of polysulfides from the cathodes, loss of active material and eventually fast capacity fading. To overcome these drawbacks, we employed a biomass-derived carbon as the host material in sulfur cathodes. Results from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen sorption reveals that this biomass-derived product is amorphous carbon and is composed of both large (>10 nm) and small (<5 nm) pores. Using as hosts of cathodes in LSBs, the biomass-derived carbons could deliver a high reversible capacity of > 800 mAh/g and retain >80% of initial capacity after 200 cycles. Especially, the activated carbons exhibited 80% capacity retention after 400 cycles. The promising LSB performance could be ascribed to the unique porous architecture of biomass-derived carbons. The meso/micropores in biomass-derived carbons could provide more sites to anchor sulfur and polysulfides, while macropores provide channels for fast transport of ions. This was corroborated by the results from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and absorption measurements.

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32

Mokhati, Asma, Oumessaâd Benturki, Asma Benturki, Radia Fennouh, Zoubida Kecira, Maria Bernardo, Inês Matos et al. "Conversion of Argan Nutshells into Novel Porous Carbons in the Scope of Circular Economy: Adsorption Performance of Emerging Contaminants". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 15 (28 de julio de 2022): 7607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157607.

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The present work proposes an experimental strategy to prepare argan nutshell-derived porous carbons using potassium hydroxide (KOH). Several experimental parameters of the activation process were evaluated (temperature, impregnation ratio, and activation time), and an optimized carbon (ACK) was obtained. The surface properties of the ACK sample were determined, and the porous carbon was applied as an adsorbent of diclofenac (DCF) and paroxetine (PARX). A commercial carbon (CC) was used as a benchmark. The ACK porous carbon presented a higher surface area and micropore volume (1624 m2 g−1 and 0.40 cm3 g−1, respectively) than CC carbon (1030 m2 g−1 and 0.30 cm3 g−1, respectively), but the maximum adsorption capacities of DCF (214–217 mg g−1) and PARX (260–275 mg g−1) were comparable among the two carbons. Besides π-π interactions, H-bonds with the electronegative atoms of the adsorbate molecules and the electropositive H of the oxygen functional groups were appointed as the most probable mechanisms for adsorption onto ACK porous carbon. The electrostatic attraction was also considered, particularly for DCF with CC carbon. The pore size might have also been critical, since CC carbon presented more supermicropores (0.7–2 nm), which are usually more favorable toward the adsorption of pharmaceutical molecules. The reusability of the ACK carbon was tested up to four cycles of adsorption–desorption by using ultrasonic washing with water. The results indicated that no more than one cycle of use of ACK should be performed.

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33

Motta, R. "The carbon cycle in the old-growth forests". Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 5, n.º 1 (12 de diciembre de 2008): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0558-005.

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34

Tayek, J. A. y J. Katz. "Glucose production, recycling, Cori cycle, and gluconeogenesis in humans: relationship to serum cortisol". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 272, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1997): E476—E484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.3.e476.

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Six normal subjects (NL group) and 13 cancer patients (CAI and CAII groups) were fasted overnight and infused with [U-(13)C]glucose (0.016-0.058 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1)). Plasma glucose and lactate were isolated, and mass isotopomer distributions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Applying equations modified from those previously described [J. A. Tayek and J. Katz. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Endocrinol. Metab. 33): E709-E717, 1996], we determined glucose production (GP), recycling of glucose carbons, fraction of recycled molecules in blood glucose (Cori cycle), formation of pyruvate from unlabeled carbons, dilution of pyruvate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other reactions, and rate of gluconeogenesis. Glucose production was similar in all groups: 2.4 +/- 0.2 mg x min(-1) x kg (-1). The fraction of recycled carbon and of the Cori cycle were elevated in the CAI group vs. the CAII and NL groups: 15 and 33% vs. 7.8 and 19%, respectively (P = 0.01). Gluconeogenesis was 1.9 +/- 0.1, 1.0 +/- 0.1, and 0.83 +/- 0.11 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1) in the CAI, CAII, and NL groups, respectively. In the NL and CAII groups, 20% of GP is via recycling, 20% from unlabeled carbon sources (muscle glycogen, amino acids), and 60% from hepatic glycogenolysis; in the CAI group, 30% is from recycling, 50% from unlabeled carbon, and 20% from glycogen and other sources. Serum cortisol was elevated in the CAI group vs. the CAII group: 11.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.2 microg/dl (P < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between plasma cortisol and Cori cycle in the NL (r = 0.963) and CAI and CAII groups (r = 0.771). Serum cortisol was directly, and insulin was inversely, correlated with gluconeogenesis in the NL (r2 = 0.967) and CAI and CAII groups (r2 = 0.727). We conclude that whereas the cancer population is heterogeneous with respect to gluconeogenesis, many cancer patients derive their GP predominantly from gluconeogenesis compared with healthy controls, who derive less than one-half of their GP from gluconeogenesis.

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35

Ribas-Ribas, Mariana, Cristina Sobrino, Bibiana Debelius, Luís M. Lubián, Rocio Ponce, Abelardo Gómez-Parra y Jesús M. Forja. "Picophytoplankton and carbon cycle on the northeastern shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Iberian Peninsula)". Scientia Marina 77, S1 (9 de enero de 2013): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03732.27d.

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36

Harvego, Edwin A. y Michael G. McKellar. "ICONE19-43824 EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF A SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE POWER CONVERSION CYCLE FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS". Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_318.

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37

Abe, Eiji, Tetsuya Tagawa y Takashi Miyata. "OS05W0273 AFM observation of evolution of slip deformation by high cycle fatigue in low carbon steels". Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS05W0273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os05w0273.

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38

Chen, Shuijiao, Kejian Tang, Fei Song, Zhichao Liu, Nan Zhang, Shile Lan, Xiuqiang Xie y Zhenjun Wu. "Porous hard carbon spheres derived from biomass for high-performance sodium/potassium-ion batteries". Nanotechnology 33, n.º 5 (8 de noviembre de 2021): 055401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac317d.

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Abstract Hard carbon is the most attractive anode material for electrochemical sodium/potassium-ion storage. The preparation of hard carbon spheres directly from the broad sources of biomass is of great interest but barely reported. Herein, we developed a simple two-step hydrothermal method to construct porous carbon microspheres directly from the original waste biomass of camellia shells. The porous carbon microspheres have high specific capacities of 250 mAh g−1 and 264.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 for sodium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries, respectively. And it has excellent cycle stability for sodium ions and potassium ions outperforming most reported hard carbons, which is mainly attributed to the microporous structure and spherical morphology. The work paves a way to prepare porous hard carbon spheres directly from biomass for alkali metal-ion batteries.

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39

Dani, Aflah Alamsah, Krishanu Roy, Rehan Masood, Zhiyuan Fang y James B. P. Lim. "A Comparative Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of New Zealand Residential Buildings". Buildings 12, n.º 1 (6 de enero de 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010050.

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In New Zealand, housing is typically low density, with light timber framing being the dominant form of construction with more than 90% of the market. From 2020, as a result of the global pandemic, there was a shortage of timber in New Zealand, resulting in increased popularity for light steel framing, the main alternative to timber for housing. At the same time, the New Zealand government is committed to sustainability practises through legislation and frameworks, such as the reduction of whole-of-life carbon emissions for the building industry. New Zealand recently announced reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50% within 2030. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects associated with a product over its life cycle. Despite the popularity of LCA in the construction industry of New Zealand, prior research results seem varied. There is no unified NZ context database to perform an LCA for buildings. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive study using LCA was conducted to quantify and compare the quantity of carbon emissions from two commonly designed houses in the Auckland region, one built from light timber and the other from light steel, both designed for a lifespan of 90 years. The cradle-to-cradle system boundary was used for the LCA. From the results of this study, it was found that the light steel house had 12.3% more carbon in total (including embodied and operational carbons) when compared to the light timber house, of which the manufacturing of two houses had a difference of 50.4% in terms of carbon emissions. However, when the end-of-life (EOL) analysis was included, it was found that the extra carbon could be offset due to the steel’s recyclability, reducing the amount of embodied carbon in the manufacturing process. Therefore, there was no significant difference in carbon emissions between the light steel and the light timber building, with the difference being only 12.3%.

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40

Machado, Ayrton, Ana Paula Marques Martins, Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Jaime Wojciechowski, Sebastião Do Amaral Machado, Renan Santos y Isabela Alvarenga de Mattos Landim. "DINÂMICA DO VOLUME, BIOMASSA E CARBONO NA MATA ATLÂNTICA POR FERRAMENTA DE DETECÇÃO DE MUDANÇAS". Nativa 7, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2019): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i4.6935.

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A Mata Atlântica é reconhecida internacionalmente como uma das maiores e mais importantes florestas tropicais do continente sul-americano e além de sua importância para a biodiversidade, esse Bioma exerce importante função no ciclo de carbono. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e aplicar uma rotina de detecção de mudanças dos estoques de volume, biomassa e carbono de 2000 a 2015 na Bacia do Rio Iguaçu, Estado do Paraná. Foram utilizadas imagens Landsat-7 ETM+ para o ano 2000 e Landsat-8 OLI para o ano de 2015 totalizando dez cenas para cada período. Foi desenvolvido uma rotina em Python e implementado no Software ArcGIS 10.4 para realizar a automatização de um processo de cálculo de estimativa de volume, biomassa e carbono para os remanescentes de vegetação natural. Houve acréscimo de 15,21% em volume, 14,95% em biomassa, 14,96% em carbono não considerando os estágios sucessionais nem subdivisão por fitofisionomia na bacia do Rio Iguaçu. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a região de estudo está colaborando de forma positiva para a remoção de dióxido de carbono da atmosfera.Palavras-chave: bacia do rio Iguaçu; mudanças climáticas; sequestro de carbono. DYNAMICS OF VOLUME, BIOMASS AND CARBON IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BY A CHANGE DETECTION TOOL ABSTRACT: The Atlantic Forest is recognized internationally as one of the largest and most important tropical forests in the South American continent and besides its importance for biodiversity, this biome plays important role in the carbon cycle. The objective of this work was to develop and apply a routine of detection of changes in volume, biomass and carbon stocks from 2000 to 2015 in the Iguaçu River Basin, State of Paraná. They were used Landsat-7 ETM+ images for the year 2000 and Landsat-8 OLI images for the year 2015 totaling ten images for each period. A routine was developed in Python and implemented in ArcGIS 10.4 Software to perform the automation of a calculation process of volume, biomass and carbon estimation for the remnants of natural vegetation. There was an increase of 15.21% in volume, 14.95% in biomass, 14.96% in carbon, not considering successional stages nor subdivision by phytophysiognomy in the Iguaçu River basin. Thus concludes that the region of study is collaborating in a positive way for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Keywords: Iguaçu river basin; climate changes; carbon sequestration.

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41

Enting, I. G., P. J. Rayner y P. Ciais. "Carbon Cycle Uncertainty in REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP)". Biogeosciences 9, n.º 8 (2 de agosto de 2012): 2889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2889-2012.

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Abstract. Characterisation of estimates of regional carbon budgets and processes is inherently a statistical task. In full form this means that almost all quantities used or produced are realizations or instances of probability distributions. We usually compress the description of these distributions by using some kind of location parameter (e.g. the mean) and some measure of spread or uncertainty (e.g. the standard deviation). Characterising and calculating these uncertainties, and their structure in space and time, is as important as the location parameter, but uncertainties are both hard to calculate and hard to interpret. In this paper we describe the various classes of uncertainty that arise in a process like RECCAP and describe how they interact in formal estimation procedures. We also point out the impact these uncertainties will have on the various RECCAP synthesis activities.

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42

Kang, Hun, Ki Hak Park, Yun Bin Hwang y Jun Beum Kim. "Research about the management of CCS control with specific consideration of Life Cycle". Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2011): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2011.12.1.40.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technique for trapping CO2 as it is emitted from large point sources, compressing it, and transporting it to a suitable storage site where it is injected into the ground. CCS system can attribute to the reduction of CO2 and currently many projects in the world are commercializing. In South Korea, many researches are concentrated upon the CO2 capture processes in CCS system. In this study, we evaluated environmental impact of CCS infrastructure system, which has CO2 capture, transportation and storage stage using life cycle assessment (LCA). Also we assessed the costs for each CCS stage operation with scenarios. As a result, the global warming impact in a system without CO2 capture process was 9.64E+04g CO2-eq and a system with CO2 capture process had 1.45E+05g CO2-eq. About 1,368 kJ/ton CO2 energy is required for CO2 capture and it could remove 90% of occurred total CO2 from electricity generation. The result of life cycle cost analysis shows that the cost of 500MW size electricity generation and CCS system is 1,045 million US dollar and the operation cost per year is 154~267 million US dollar. As a result of the life cycle costing, current value of 20 years total cost is 4,236 million US dollar. For the future dissemination of CCS system, the database of the quantified environmental impacts and cost analysis in each stage (capture, transport and storage) should be updated and constructed regularly.

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43

Álvarez-Gómez, Ainhoa, Jiayin Yuan, Juan P. Fernández-Blázquez, Verónica San-Miguel y María B. Serrano. "Polyacrylonitrile-b-Polystyrene Block Copolymer-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor". Polymers 14, n.º 23 (24 de noviembre de 2022): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235109.

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The use of block copolymers as a sacrificial template has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for obtaining porous carbons as electrode materials in energy storage devices. In this work, a block copolymer of polystyrene and polyacrylonitrile (PS−b−PAN) has been used as a precursor to produce fibers by electrospinning and powdered carbons, showing high carbon yield (~50%) due to a low sacrificial block content (fPS ≈ 0.16). Both materials have been compared structurally (in addition to comparing their electrochemical behavior). The porous carbon fibers showed superior pore formation capability and exhibited a hierarchical porous structure, with small and large mesopores and a relatively high surface area (~492 m2/g) with a considerable quantity of O/N surface content, which translates into outstanding electrochemical performance with excellent cycle stability (close to 100% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) and high capacitance value (254 F/g measured at 1 A/g).

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44

Zickfeld, Kirsten, Michael Eby, H. Damon Matthews, Andreas Schmittner y Andrew J. Weaver. "Nonlinearity of Carbon Cycle Feedbacks". Journal of Climate 24, n.º 16 (15 de agosto de 2011): 4255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3898.1.

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Abstract Coupled climate–carbon models have shown the potential for large feedbacks between climate change, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and global carbon sinks. Standard metrics of this feedback assume that the response of land and ocean carbon uptake to CO2 (concentration–carbon cycle feedback) and climate change (climate–carbon cycle feedback) combine linearly. This study explores the linearity in the carbon cycle response by analyzing simulations with an earth system model of intermediate complexity [the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM)]. The results indicate that the concentration–carbon and climate–carbon cycle feedbacks do not combine linearly to the overall carbon cycle feedback. In this model, the carbon sinks on land and in the ocean are less efficient when exposed to the combined effect of elevated CO2 and climate change than to the linear combination of the two. The land accounts for about 80% of the nonlinearity, with the ocean accounting for the remaining 20%. On land, this nonlinearity is associated with the different response of vegetation and soil carbon uptake to climate in the presence or absence of the CO2 fertilization effect. In the ocean, the nonlinear response is caused by the interaction of changes in physical properties and anthropogenic CO2. These findings suggest that metrics of carbon cycle feedback that postulate linearity in the system’s response may not be adequate.

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45

Brown, Sandra. "The Global Carbon Cycle". Science 241, n.º 4874 (30 de septiembre de 1988): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4874.1739.a.

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46

Woodwell, George M. "The Global Carbon Cycle". Science 241, n.º 4874 (30 de septiembre de 1988): 1736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4874.1736.c.

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47

Houghton, R. A. "The Global Carbon Cycle". Science 241, n.º 4874 (30 de septiembre de 1988): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4874.1736.b.

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48

Woodwell, George M. "The Global Carbon Cycle". Science 241, n.º 4874 (30 de septiembre de 1988): 1736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4874.1736-c.

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49

KITANO, Yasushi. "Geochemical Cycle of Carbon." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 102, n.º 6 (1993): 664–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.102.6_664.

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50

HOUGHTON, R. A. "The Global Carbon Cycle". Science 241, n.º 4874 (30 de septiembre de 1988): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4874.1736-a.

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