Artículos de revistas: "Cyclical systemic risk"

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Hassan, Mohamad y Evangelos Giouvris. "Bank mergers: the cyclical behaviour of regulation, risk and returns". Journal of Financial Economic Policy 13, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2021): 256–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-03-2020-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of bank mergers on systemic and systematic risks on the relative merits of product and market diversification strategies. It also observes determinants of M&A deals criteria, product and market diversification positioning, crisis threshold and other regulatory and market factors. Design/methodology/approach This research examines the impact and association between merger announcements and regulatory reforms at bank and system levels by investigating the impact of various bank consolidation strategies on firms’ risks. We estimate beta(s) as an index of financial institutions’ systematic risk. We then develop an index of the estimated equity value loss as the long-rum marginal expected shortfall (LRMES). LRMES contributes to compute systemic risk (SRISK) contribution of these firms, which is the capital that a firm is expected to need if we have another financial crisis. Findings Large acquiring banks decrease systemic risk contribution in cross-border M&As with a non-bank financial institution, and witness profitability (ROA) gains, supporting geographic diversification stability. Capital requirements, activity restrictions and bank concentration increase systemic risk contribution in national mergers. Bank mergers with investment FIs targets enhance productivity but impair technical efficiency, contrary to bank-real estate deals where technical efficiency change accompanied lower systemic risk contribution. Practical implications Financial institutions are recommended to avoid trapped capital and liquidity by efficiently using local balance sheet and strengthening them via implementing models that clearly set diversification and netting benefits to determine capital reserves and to drive capital efficiency through the clarity on product–activity–geography diversification and focus. This contributes to successful ringfencing, decreases compliance costs and maximises returns and minimises several risks including systemic risk. Social implications Policy implications: the adversative properties of bank mergers in respect of systemic risk require strict and innovative monitoring of bank mergers from the bidding level by both acquirers and targets and regulators and competition supervisory bodies. Moreover, emphasis on regulators/governments intervention and role, as it provides a stabilising factor of the markets and consecutively lower systemic risk even if the systematic idiosyncratic risk contribution was significant. However, such roles have to be well planned and scaled to avoid providing motives for banks to seek too-big-too-fail or too-big-to-discipline status. Originality/value This research contributes to the renewing regulatory debate on banks sustainable structures by examining the risk effect of bank diversification versus focus. The authors aim to address the multidimensional impacts and risks inherent to M&A deals, by examining the extent of the interconnectedness of M&A and its implications within and beyond the banking sector.

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Kurowski, Łukasz y Paweł Smaga. "Monetary Policy and Cyclical Systemic Risk - Friends or Foes?" Prague Economic Papers 27, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2018): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.667.

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Linker, Charles, Lloyd Damon, Curt Ries y Willis Navarro. "Intensified and Shortened Cyclical Chemotherapy for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia". Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, n.º 10 (15 de mayo de 2002): 2464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.07.116.

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PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of a new treatment program of intensified and shortened cyclical chemotherapy (protocol 8707) in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Previously untreated adults ≤ 60 years old with ALL were treated with a four-agent induction chemotherapy regimen. This was followed by cyclical postremission therapy with high-dose cytarabine/etoposide; high-dose methotrexate/6-mercaptopurine; and daunorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase. Maintenance chemotherapy with oral methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine was continued for 30 months. CNS prophylaxis was given with intrathecal methotrexate in addition to the systemic chemotherapy indicated above. RESULTS: Seventy-eight of 84 patients (93%) achieved complete remission. With a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of all remission patients is 52%. Patients with high-risk features including adverse cytogenetics, failure to achieve remission with the first cycle of chemotherapy, and B-precursor disease with WBC counts more than 100,000/μL all relapsed unless taken off study for transplantation. For patients without these high-risk features, 5-year EFS was 60%. Compared with our previous treatment regimen, results appear to be improved for patients with standard-risk B-precursor disease (5-year EFS, 66% v 34%; P = .01). CONCLUSION: Intensified and shortened chemotherapy may improve the outcome for patients with ALL with B-precursor disease lacking high-risk features. Further trials of this regimen are warranted.

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Goodhart, Charles. "Is a Less Pro-Cyclical Financial System an Achievable Goal?" National Institute Economic Review 211 (enero de 2010): R17—R26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110364100.

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Banking and finance are inherently pro-cyclical, a condition exacerbated by a combination of Basel II and mark-to-market accounting. But these latter measures have many advantages, so the need is to devise other counter-cyclical macro-prudential policies. This fragility was further enhanced by a decline in bank liquidity (reliance on wholesale funding) and a shift in govenance from partnerships to limited liability public companies. Some commentators have seen the solution to such pro-cyclicality in the guise of direct constraints on bank activity, such as the promotion of ‘narrow banking’ or limits on bank size. While there are arguments for toughening regulation as systemic risk increases, direct constraints are simplistic; more sensible ideas involve the adoption of better designed macro-prudential regulation, perhaps with some version of banking self-insurance. Quite what the future holds for bank regulation remains, however, to be decided.

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Docherty, Peter. "Prudential bank regulation: a post-Keynesian perspective". European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 17, n.º 3 (28 de abril de 2020): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2020.0060.

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Banks play an important role in the post-Keynesian theory of endogenous money but post-Keynesians have not paid much attention to the prudential regulation of banks. Do post-Keynesian insights into the role of banks cast any light on the way they ought to be regulated, or can the conventional treatment of prudential bank regulation be grafted onto post-Keynesian theory without any significant modification? This paper begins a process of reflection on these questions. It argues that conventional prudential regulation theory can be utilised by post-Keynesians but with important modifications including a renewed emphasis on liquidity and greater recognition of endogenously generated systemic risk. A post-Keynesian approach to prudential bank regulation is shown to be characterised by both liquidity and capital requirements, as well as by a macroprudential framework that facilitates the counter-cyclical adjustment of these requirements in response to endogenous variations in systemic risk.

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Hill-Briggs, Felicia, Patti L. Ephraim, Elizabeth A. Vrany, Karina W. Davidson, Renee Pekmezaris, Debbie Salas-Lopez, Catherine M. Alfano y Tiffany L. Gary-Webb. "Social Determinants of Health, Race, and Diabetes Population Health Improvement: Black/African Americans as a Population Exemplar". Current Diabetes Reports 22, n.º 3 (marzo de 2022): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-022-01454-3.

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Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize evidence of impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on diabetes risk, morbidity, and mortality and to illustrate this impact in a population context. Recent Findings Key findings from the American Diabetes Association’s scientific review of five SDOH domains (socioeconomic status, neighborhood and physical environment, food environment, health care, social context) are highlighted. Population-based data on Black/African American adults illustrate persisting diabetes disparities and inequities in the SDOH conditions in which this population is born, grows, lives, and ages, with historical contributors. SDOH recommendations from US national committees largely address a health sector response, including health professional education, SDOH measurement, and patient referral to services for social needs. Fewer recommendations address solutions for systemic racism and socioeconomic discrimination as root causes. Summary SDOH are systemic, population-based, cyclical, and intergenerational, requiring extension beyond health care solutions to multi-sector and multi-policy approaches to achieve future population health improvement.

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Matytsin, Denis E., Yelena S. Petrenko y Nadezhda K. Saveleva. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Terms of Sustainable Development: Financial Risk Management Implications". Risks 10, n.º 11 (31 de octubre de 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10110206.

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The motivation for this study was a new context associated with the increased cyclical nature of the economy and, accordingly, the increased financial risks of the business, which complicated the implementation of corporate social responsibility. The purpose of the article is to explore the relationship of corporate social responsibility with the financial risks of the business and explain this relationship in terms of sustainable development (SDGs). The article contributes to the development of the concept of financial risks of the business by clarifying their connection with corporate social responsibility and substantiating the relationship between the financial risks of the business. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that in 2020–2021, financial risks have demonstrated a complex (in most cases negative) relationship with each other and a contradictory impact on corporate social responsibility. The complex systemic relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial risks of business from the point of view of sustainable development is substantiated. In the context of increased financial risks, by systematically implementing SDGs 8, 9, 11, and 12, responsible companies get the opportunity to restore and improve their position in the market. The significance of the findings for businesses is that they proposed the SDGs as a promising new benchmark for business financial risk management. This will allow responsible companies to find a new Pareto optimum in the current conditions of uncertainty and determine for themselves the preferred level of corporate social responsibility that contributes to the effective financial risks of business management in the long term.

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Goyal, A., B. Baruah, E. Le Nestour, V. Masini-Etévé y R. Mansel. "Plasma levels of 4-OHT with topical tamoxifen gel (afimoxifene) and therapeutic local antiestrogenic effect in premenopausal women with cyclical mastalgia". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, n.º 15_suppl (20 de mayo de 2009): e14598-e14598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e14598.

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e14598 Background: 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT) is a potent anti-estrogenic metabolite of tamoxifen with a much higher affinity for estrogen receptors than tamoxifen. Methods: Plasma levels of 4-OHT in 19 premenopausal women taking 20 mg/d oral tamoxifen for at least 2 months were compared with those of 16 premenopausal women assigned to apply 4mg 4-OHT in a 0.228% Afimoxifene gel daily for 21 days in a pharmacokinetic(PK) study. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the gel, premenopausal women experiencing moderate-to-severe mastalgia were randomized to receive placebo, 2mg or 4 mg of Afimoxifene daily delivered as a transdermal hydroalcoholic gel for 4 menstrual cycles. The primary efficacy parameter was change in mean pain intensity, as measured by the VAS for the 7 worst pain score days within a cycle, from baseline to the 4th cycle. Results: In the PK studies, the 4-OHT plasma levels following oral tamoxifen were 16–18 times higher than 4-OHT levels following 4mg 4-OHT administration by topical gel. At steady state, mean Cmax levels in the Afimoxifene group and oral tamoxifen group were 149+99 pg/mL and 2398+901 pg/mL respectively. The Cave concentrations, derived from AUC0–24h/24, were 117+77 pg/mL (Afimoxifene) and 2078+811 pg/mL (oral tamoxifen). After 4 cycles of gel treatment, significant improvements relative to placebo were seen in mean VAS score in the 4-mg Afimoxifene group (-12.71 mm [95% confidence interval, -0.96 to -24.47; P = 0.034]). Patient global assessment of pain, physician assessment of pain, tenderness on palpation and nodularity following 4 cycles of treatment were significantly improved in the 4-mg group, compared with placebo (P = 0.010 [pain]; P = 0.012 [tenderness]; P = 0.017 [nodularity]). There were no changes in menstrual pattern or plasma hormone levels and no breakthrough vaginal bleeding in patients treated with Afimoxifene. Conclusion: Topical application avoids high systemic exposure to 4-OHT compared with oral tamoxifen, a 16–18-fold difference, thus reducing the risk of systemic side-effects. Afimoxifene is an effective treatment for moderate-to-severe mastalgia and potentially may be used for breast cancer chemoprevention and gynecomastia. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Khutorova, N. A. y V. V. Miroshnikova. "Foreign expertise in stress testing of the banking sector and the possibility to adapt it to the Russian practice". Financial Analytics: Science and Experience 13, n.º 3 (14 de agosto de 2020): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fa.13.3.343.

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Subject. Designated to measure the resilience of a financial system to stress in the real economy, spillover effects within the system and their induction, macroprudential stress testing is essential to the systemic risk assessment. Objectives. We examine the foreign expertise in stress testing of the banking sector and the possibility to adapt it to the Russian practice. Methods. The study is based on methods of analysis, comparison and systematization of the data collected. Results. We conducted a comparative analysis of the best foreign practices of stress testing in banking and evaluated whether it could be adapted to the Russian practice. Conclusions. Foreign stress testing practices are distinctive as the development level of financial markets and methodology of stress testing are different. The Basel Committee is a pivot in the development of principal approaches, which subnationally sets up the way the mechanism evolves. It is generalizing and analyzing regulators' practices in the leading countries. The stress testing methodology of the Central Bank of Russia is compliant with the Basel recommendations, with its quality being highly recognized under part of the IMF FSAP. The approach will help the Central Bank make stress testing more precise. It is reasonable to adapt some foreign practices, such as a stress testing horizon to be extended from a year up to 3–5 years; the use of dynamic balance sheets of banks to predict knock-on effects and an inverse reaction; the preparation of research and cyclical scenarios; the Central Bank's disclosure practice to be applicable to a greater audience; stress testing of the mala fide behavior risk.

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Portugues, Míriam Oliveira Silva, Viviane Luporini y Luis Antonio Licha. "Macroprudential policy debate, concepts and the Brazilian context". Brazilian Keynesian Review 4, n.º 1 (17 de septiembre de 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v4i1.113.

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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The economics literature related to the financial system seeks to define the concepts of financial stability, systemic risk and macroprudential instruments for the purpose of drafting a policy that essentially "leans against the wind", that is, a policy that monitors macroeconomic vulnerabilities and combats system instability. Such a policy should cover all financial institutions involved in credit intermediation (not just banks) and consider the pro-cyclical and intrinsic nature of risk in the financial system, and account for the spillovers effects of policies in other countries, that is, the global context. This article summarizes the main concepts related to macroprudential policy discussed in the economics literature after the crisis the 2008 financial crisis. In addition, we describe macroprudential policy in the context of the Brazilian financial system, specifically major policies implemented in the banking regulatory environment related to Basel III and non-bank regulations related to shadow banks. After the 2008 crisis, Brazil was one of the precursors countries in operating macroprudential instruments to curb excessive credit growth and strong capital inflows. The Brazilian financial system has a broad regulatory perimeter, adhering to international standards and covering the Shadow banking system. This system has a weak connection with the banking system and is small relative to the financial assets of the national and global systems. </span></p></div></div></div>

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TARASOVA, Oksana. "METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, n.º 6(2) (29 de diciembre de 2022): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-29.

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Global environmental issues such as climate change and criticism of the policies of multinational corporations make investing in environmentally conscious companies more relevant than ever. These issues pose a significant risk to investment portfolios, but the short-term goals of shareholders make these risks unattainable. In addition, corporate short-sightedness can cause a critical situation. Corporations need to consider other stakeholders when creating new products. This is due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has shown that corporations need to consider other stakeholders and create green products. This is because they will help rebuild their current business model and deliver more value to shareholders, people and the planet in the long term. Many new green investment funds have been launched in the last five years. Some of these funds even outperformed traditional funds by some indicators. The purpose of the study is research, generalization and development of theoretical and methodological approaches regarding the features of sustainable investment in the development of ecologically oriented economy. The concept of sustainable development requires meeting the defined needs of society. This dictates two tasks: providing for the population with the lowest income level and reducing the limitations of the natural environment on the ability to meet social needs. One of the most important aspects of sustainable development is ecological balance, which promotes economic and ecological equality between people. In general, preserving the integrity of the ecosystem is important for ecologically sound development. Based on the results of the critical analysis, it was determined that Ukraine needs to take into account environmental sustainability, which is vital for its future existence. Mechanisms for investing in the development of an ecologically oriented economy through systemic modernization are proposed, mainly based on the transformation of the global financial system, the creation of new institutional structures, changes in the financial architecture, the formation of a global prudential regulatory framework, and the widespread introduction of green finance. The analysis of the latest world trends allows us to conclude that the greening of the economy has generally positive features. In addition, investment attractiveness in this sector is also growing due to, among other things, technological development, risk reduction and government support, which in difficult cases can attract additional capital investments, which, in turn, stimulates technological development. Therefore, the process is cyclical, which in turn contributes to the development of individual countries and socio-economic development as a whole.

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Barrell, Ray, Simon Kirby y Rachel Whitworth. "Real House Prices in the UK". National Institute Economic Review 216 (abril de 2011): F62—F68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950111411374.

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The housing market plays a fundamental role in the economy, and its functioning affects both consumer welfare and economic stability, as the recent crisis has made clear. Research by Barrell et al. (2010) shows that house prices are a key determinant of financial crisis probabilities in OECD economies, and contribute significantly towards systemic banking risk. This must lead the regulator to assess carefully the role of the housing market in this relationship, and if necessary impose regulatory restrictions on the market so as to ensure it functions in a way that reflects the best interests of the economy. In this note we look at the evolution of real house prices in the UK, noting that they have a strong cyclical pattern. We then look at the factors that might affect the evolution of real house prices, and we estimate a dynamic equation describing those prices. After considering a wide set of factors, we demonstrate that there is little role for the supply of housing relative to the number of households. This may be because the ratio of these two variables has been relatively constant over the past thirty years. We show that real borrowing costs, real incomes and the loan-to-income ratio are significant factors determining the long-run path of real house prices, and that front loading problems from high short-term nominal interest rates affect the path of adjustment. Overvaluations can persist for years, and we would judge that real house prices are currently fundamentally overvalued by around 10 per cent. If loan-to-income ratios are reduced then the fundamental overvaluation will increase, and such a policy will put further downward pressure on real house prices.

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Bublyk, Yevhen. "MEASURES OF FINANCIAL REGULATORS IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS CONTROL". Economics & Education 6, n.º 2 (27 de agosto de 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2021-2-10.

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The article attempts to identify new trends in approaches to assessing the impact of uncontrolled international capital flows on the development of the national economy and the corresponding changes in regulatory policies. It is pointed out that uncontrolled capital flows pose a special threat to small open economies due to insufficient development of the institutional environment and low depth of financial markets. There has been constructed circle of typical for small open economies risks, conducted with uncontrolled capital flows movement, such as deepening structural imbalances in financial asset markets, undesirable excessive fluctuations in the national currency rate, the flight of national capital and the erosion of the tax base. Based on the analysis of recent research, international regulatory initiatives of EU countries, recommendations of international development institutions and IMF’s Integrated Policy Framework, have been identified such trends as strengthening control over illegal capital flows, limiting of the negative speculative influence, panic and herd behaviour on exchange rate stability. Argued for a very important role which plays an uncontrolled dynamics of national currency rate on the transmission of global shocks to national economies. This necessitates a serious overhaul of exchange rate policy approaches. Central banks of small open economies should consider exchange rate stability as one of their goals. This does not mean inflation targeting abandon. The use of the instrument of currency interventions helps to influence the achievement of external targets, increasing the ability of interest rate policy instruments to achieve inflation targeting in the domestic market as well. As a conclusion and proposals for further development of policies in the financial sector to ensure the sustainable development of small open economies is systematized a list of possible regulatory measures. It is emphasized that the development of regulatory policies in the monetary and financial spheres in small open economies, which includes Ukraine, should be implemented comprehensively and include the development of macroprudential tools to limit systemic risk factors, suppress illicit capital flows and reduce the role of psychological factors of pro-cyclical behavior. The implementation of regulatory measures on transparent terms in such spheres will not make free-market self-regulatory mechanisms weaken, but rather helps to release them.

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Shah, Sanjiv J., Dalane W. Kitzman, Barry A. Borlaug, Loek van Heerebeek, Michael R. Zile, David A. Kass y Walter J. Paulus. "Phenotype-Specific Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction". Circulation 134, n.º 1 (5 de julio de 2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.021884.

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Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (EF; HFpEF) accounts for 50% of HF cases, and its prevalence relative to HF with reduced EF continues to rise. In contrast to HF with reduced EF, large trials testing neurohumoral inhibition in HFpEF failed to reach a positive outcome. This failure was recently attributed to distinct systemic and myocardial signaling in HFpEF and to diversity of HFpEF phenotypes. In this review, an HFpEF treatment strategy is proposed that addresses HFpEF-specific signaling and phenotypic diversity. In HFpEF, extracardiac comorbidities such as metabolic risk, arterial hypertension, and renal insufficiency drive left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction through systemic inflammation and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction. The latter affects left ventricular diastolic dysfunction through macrophage infiltration, resulting in interstitial fibrosis, and through altered paracrine signaling to cardiomyocytes, which become hypertrophied and stiff because of low nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Systemic inflammation also affects other organs such as lungs, skeletal muscle, and kidneys, leading, respectively, to pulmonary hypertension, muscle weakness, and sodium retention. Individual steps of these signaling cascades can be targeted by specific interventions: metabolic risk by caloric restriction, systemic inflammation by statins, pulmonary hypertension by phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, muscle weakness by exercise training, sodium retention by diuretics and monitoring devices, myocardial nitric oxide bioavailability by inorganic nitrate-nitrite, myocardial cyclic guanosine monophosphate content by neprilysin or phosphodiesterase 9 inhibition, and myocardial fibrosis by spironolactone. Because of phenotypic diversity in HFpEF, personalized therapeutic strategies are proposed, which are configured in a matrix with HFpEF presentations in the abscissa and HFpEF predispositions in the ordinate.

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Alencar Rigon, Evandro, Carla Merkle Westphall, Daniel Ricardo dos Santos y Carlos Becker Westphall. "A cyclical evaluation model of information security maturity". Information Management & Computer Security 22, n.º 3 (8 de julio de 2014): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-04-2013-0025.

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Purpose – This paper aims at presenting a cyclical evaluation model of information security (IS) maturity. The lack of a security evaluation method might expose organizations to several risky situations. Design/methodology/approach – This model was developed through the definition of a set of steps to be followed to obtain periodical evaluation of maturity and continuous improvement of controls. Findings – This model, based on controls present in ISO/IEC 27002, provides a means to measure the current situation of IS management through the use of a maturity model and provides a subsidy to take appropriate and feasible improvement actions, based on risks. A case study is performed, and the results indicate that the method is efficient for evaluating the current state of IS, to support IS management, risks identification and business and internal control processes. Research limitations/implications – It is possible that modifications to the process may be needed where there is less understanding of security requirements, such as in a less mature organization. Originality/value – This paper presents a generic model applicable to all kinds of organizations. The main contribution of this paper is the use of a maturity scale allied to the cyclical process of evaluation, providing the generation of immediate indicators for the management of IS.

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Tang, Yuk-Ming, George To Sum Ho, Yui-Yip Lau y Shuk-Ying Tsui. "Integrated Smart Warehouse and Manufacturing Management with Demand Forecasting in Small-Scale Cyclical Industries". Machines 10, n.º 6 (14 de junio de 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10060472.

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In the context of the global economic slowdown, demand forecasting, and inventory and production management have long been important topics to the industries. With the support of smart warehouses, big data analytics, and optimization algorithms, enterprises can achieve economies of scale, and balance supply and demand. Smart warehouse and manufacturing management is considered the culmination of recently advanced technologies. It is important to enhance the scalability and extendibility of the industry. Despite many researchers having developed frameworks for smart warehouse and manufacturing management for various fields, most of these models are mainly focused on the logistics of the product and are not generalized to tackle the specific manufacturing problem facing in the cyclical industry. Indeed, the cyclical industry has a key problem: the big risk which high sensitivity poses to the business cycle and economic recession, which is difficult to foresee. Despite many inventory optimization approaches being proposed to optimize the inventory level in the warehouse and facilitate production management, the demand forecasting technique is seldom focused on the cyclic industry. On the other hand, management approaches are usually based on the complex logistics process instead of integrating the inventory level of the stock, which is very crucial to composing smart warehouses and manufacturing. This research study proposed a digital twin framework by integrating the smart warehouse and manufacturing with the roulette genetic algorithm for demand forecasting in the cyclical industry. We also demonstrate how this algorithm is practically implemented for forecasting the demand, sustaining manufacturing optimization, and achieving inventory optimization. We adopted a small-scale textile company case study to demonstrate the proposed digital framework in the warehouse and demonstrate the results of demand forecasting and inventory optimization. Various scenarios were conducted to simulate the results for the digital twin. The proposed digital twin framework and results help manufacturers and logistics companies to improve inventory management. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for the management of the cyclical industry.

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Guo, Qian, Xuyong Chen, Yan Du, Jianping Guo y Yin Su. "Cyclic AMP-Responsive Element ModulatorαPolymorphisms Are Potential Genetic Risks for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". Journal of Immunology Research 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/906086.

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To investigate whether the cyclic AMP-responsive element modulatorα(CREMα) polymorphisms are novel susceptibility factors for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four tag SNPs, rs1057108, rs2295415, rs11592925, and rs1148247, were genotyped in 889 SLE cases and 825 healthy controls. Association analyses were performed on whole dataset or clinical/serologic subsets. Association statistics were calculated by age and sex adjusted logistic regression. The G allele frequencies of rs2295415 and rs1057108 were increased in SLE patients, compared with healthy controls (rs2295415: 21.2% versus 17.8%, OR 1.244,P=0.019; rs1057108: 30.8% versus 27.7%, OR 1.165,P=0.049). The haplotype constituted by the two risk alleles “G-G” from rs1057108 and rs2295415 displayed strong association with SLE susceptibility (OR 1.454,P=0.00056). Following stratification by clinical/serologic features, a suggestive association was observed between rs2295415 and anti-Sm antibodies-positive SLE (OR 1.382,P=0.044). Interestingly, a potential protective effect of rs2295415 was observed for SLE patients with renal disorder (OR 0.745,P=0.032). Our data provide first evidence thatCREMαSNPs rs2295415 and rs1057108 maybe novel genetic susceptibility factors for SLE. SNP rs2295415 appears to confer higher risk to develop anti-Sm antibodies-positive SLE and may play a protective role against lupus nephritis.

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Romashov, R. A., E. A. Bryleva y E. G. Rakova. "Is distance education a means of implementing the National Education Doctrine?" SHS Web of Conferences 113 (2021): 00038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111300038.

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The concept of the cyclical nature of social history is substantiated in relation to the genesis of state and law in general and in relation to the concept of educational law, in particular. The conceptual difference between the educational systems of Russia and the West is shown in terms of the mechanism of their formation and goals of functioning. The intra-systemic collision of the system of modern Russian education is proved, which combines the Soviet (specialty, postgraduate studies) and Bologna (bachelor’s, master’s) components. The prospects for the development of the Russian educational system are determined, «educational risks» are highlighted in the context of globalization processes, on the one hand, and the growing trend of state isolation of Russia, on the other.

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Adesina, Kolade Sunday y John Muteba Mwamba. "Linking bank regulatory capital buffer to business cycle fluctuations". Journal of Economic Studies 45, n.º 3 (13 de agosto de 2018): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2017-0112.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assist bank regulators in Africa who are currently considering the implementation of Basel III countercyclical capital buffer (CCB) requirement. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data set of 129 commercial banks operating in 14 African countries over the period 2004–2014, this paper estimates the system generalized method of moments regression to examine the impact of business cycle on banks’ regulatory capital buffers and attempts to identify the influence of bank revenue diversification, market power and cost of funding (CF) on bank regulatory capital buffers. It further carries out some robustness analyses using a panel data set of 257 commercial banks in 23 African countries over the period 2004–2014. Findings The results show that higher regulatory capital buffers are associated with higher market power, higher revenue diversification and higher CF. Additionally, the results show significant evidence of procyclical behavior of bank capital buffers (BUFs) in the sampled countries. Practical implications The results of this study suggest that African banking systems are not exposed to contagion and systemic risks arising from countercyclical movements of BUFs to the real economy. Therefore, this study does not support the implementation of the Basel III CCB requirement in the sampled African countries. Originality/value Considering that the results of existing studies on the cyclical behavior of BUFs are inconclusive, there is value in studying the cyclical movements of bank regulatory capital buffers in a set of countries that has not been analyzed before. Toward this direction, this is the first empirical study focusing on the cyclical behavior of bank regulatory capital buffers in Africa. Besides examining the cyclical behavior of bank regulatory capital buffers, this paper further investigates the effects of bank revenue diversification, market power and CF on bank regulatory capital buffers.

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Padrul, M. M., E. V. Shirinkina y S. E. Makhmudova. "PROBLEM OF ENDOMETRIOSIS DIAGNOSIS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE". Perm Medical Journal 35, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35121-26.

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Aim. To study the clinical cases of extragenital endometriosis, reveal the key moments of diagnosis and study the risk factors for the development of this disease. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of gynecological hospitals of Perm in 2000-2015. Retrospective analysis of case histories of 22 patients with extragenital endometriosis of different localization was performed. Prospective analysis by means of questionnaire survey of 20 patients, operated for extragenital endometriosis, was used to assess the quality of life, working ability, prognosis regarding recovery. Results. A mean age of the examined women was 35 ± 3.5 years. Genital endometriosis was diagnosed in 81.8 % of patients, burdened obstetric-gynecological anamnesis - in 86.3 %. The main patients’ complaints were the following: dysmenorrhea and hyperpolymenorrhea (90.9 %), sterility (77.3 %), pain syndrome, dysfunction and hemorrhagic discharges from the damaged organs, cyclically coinciding with menstrual cycle. All patients (100 %) underwent surgical treatment of different forms of extragenital endometriosis, and by the results of histological study of surgical material, stromal and epithelial endometrial cells were detected. Prospectively: prognosis regarding life and working ability was beneficial, as for recovery - doubtful in 55 % of cases, recurrences - 45 % both in previously damaged and other organs. Conclusions. The presented clinical cases demonstrate that endometriosis is an interdisciplinary problem, which needs complex approach to diagnosis and management. Thoroughly collected anamnesis, including obstetric and gynecological as well as questioning, performed by other specialists is required. Patients with the revealed extragenital forms of endometriosis should be treated together with obstetricians and gynecologists.

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Kharsun, Liudmila, Olha Kavun-Moshkovska, Maryna Kotova y Alina Nechyporuk. "Adaptation of risk management in the supply chains of e-commerce enterprises under the conditions of political instability". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, n.º 13 (119) (26 de octubre de 2022): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.265649.

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The research considers the construction of a supply chain management system for e-commerce enterprises in the face of political threats and the manifestation of the risks of military conflicts. In the system of political risks to the functioning of supply chains (SC) of e-commerce enterprises, the threats of military conflicts and civil confrontations are highlighted. It has been established that despite the indirect and relatively low sensitivity of e-commerce to political risks, there is a high probability of negative impact on the mechanism of functioning of supply chains of e-commerce enterprises of military conflicts. The characteristic directions of influence of the risks of military conflicts on the activities of e-commerce enterprises are revealed. Five groups of risks for the supply chain of an e-commerce enterprise caused by military conflicts have been identified: infrastructure, contractual, economic, financial, social, reputational. The consequences and directions of influence of factors of military-political instability on the functional areas of logistics of the supply chain of e-commerce enterprises are determined. The ranking was carried out using the expert method of risks of military conflicts for supply chains of e-commerce enterprises. It was established that in 1st place with an importance coefficient of 0.18 there is a risk of deterioration of information relations. It was estimated that the average period for the restoration of supply chains since the beginning of hostilities is 2–3 months. The study schematically depicts the cyclical causality of the functioning of the supply chain of an e-commerce enterprise in the face of aggravation of military-political conflicts. An algorithm for the construction of a risk management system for e-commerce enterprises has been developed

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KAKUMANU, PRASANTHI, ERIC S. SOBEL, SONALI NARAIN, YI LI, JUN AKAOGI, YOSHIOKI YAMASAKI, MARK S. SEGAL et al. "Citrulline Dependence of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as a Marker of Deforming/Erosive Arthritis". Journal of Rheumatology 36, n.º 12 (2 de noviembre de 2009): 2682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090338.

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Objective.Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are a serological marker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); up to 10%–15% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are also positive. While anti-CCP in RA is citrulline-dependent, anti-CCP in some other diseases is citrulline-independent and reacts with both CCP and the unmodified (arginine-containing) cyclic arginine peptide (CAP). We investigated the citrulline dependence of anti-CCP and its significance in the arthritis of SLE.Methods.IgG anti-CCP was compared by ELISA to anti-CAP in sera from patients with SLE (n = 335) and RA (n = 47) and healthy controls (n = 35). SLE patients were divided into 5 groups based on their joint involvement: subset I: deforming/erosive arthritis (n = 20); II: arthritis fulfilling (or likely fulfilling) American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA but without erosions (n = 18); III: joint swelling but not fulfilling RA criteria (n = 39); IV: arthritis without documented joint swelling (n = 194); and V: no arthritis (n = 58).Results.Anti-CCP (> 1.7 units) was found in 68% (32/47) of patients with RA and 17% (55/329) of those with SLE. It was more common in SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis (38%). High anti-CCP (> 10 units) was found in RA (26%) and deforming/erosive SLE (12%). High anti-CCP/CAP ratios (> 2, indicating a selectivity to CCP) were found in 91% of anti-CCP-positive RA and 50% of anti-CCP-positive SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis. Patients from subset II did not have high anti-CCP/CAP.Conclusion.Citrulline dependence or high levels (> 10) of anti-CCP were common in SLE patients with deforming/erosive arthritis, while most anti-CCP in SLE patients was citrulline-independent. This may be useful in identifying a subset of SLE patients with high risk for development of deforming/erosive arthritis.

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Chornovol, Alla, Julia Tabenska, Tetiana Tomniuk y Liudmyla Prostebi. "Public finance management system in modern conditions". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.34.

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The public finance management system is an important lever for equalizing financial and budgetary disproportions in the context of institutional changes. The paper aims to substantiate the directions of development of the public financial management system. Economic and statistical methods and correlation-regression analysis methods are used to determine the relationship between the GDP deflator and the share of revenues, expenditures, the general government budget deficit, and public debt in GDP, assessing the features of the public financial management system in Ukraine and EU countries. This study reveals that one of the main restraining factors in the public finance system development is a significant level of uncertainty in economic processes, which intensifies macroeconomic fluctuations, significant indicators of the share of public debt and budget deficit of the state administration sector pose risks to financial and economic stability; their potential negative impact on socio-economic processes is much more destructive than the pro-cyclical nature of fiscal policy. From this point of view, the public finance management system should be directed at optimizing financial and budgetary tools to prevent the growth of public debt and budget deficit in gross domestic product, which determines the importance of substantiating further development directions of the public financial management system. It is concluded that the mechanism of public financial management in recent years is quite rigid and restrictive, in the context of institutional change expands the tools of public financial management and increases its impact on socio-economic processes.

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Buleev, Ivan P., Irina Bryl y Yaroslav Bryukhovetskiy. "The relationship between spirituality and technocentrism in the inclusive development of business entities". Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Poznaniu 93, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5913.

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The purpose of the article is to analyse the evolution of society and the economy as a result of changes in the relationship between factors associated with technology on the one hand and spirituality and morality on the other. The technocentric orientation of civilization increases cyclically, while moral aspects are on the decline. The spiritual foundation of society ensures its stable development. The authors consider the structure of the capitalist society, which has entered a systemic crisis aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and focus on possible changes in the development of economic entities under inclusive capitalism and a new world economic order. Risks associated with these changes and possible ways of avoiding destructive consequences are also addressed. The above considerations are analysed with regard to the problems of reforming the Ukrainian economy at this stage of its development.

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Schultz, Jacob, Asger Andersen, Inger Lise Gade, Benedict Kjaergaard y Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk. "Riociguat, sildenafil and inhaled nitric oxide reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and improves right ventricular function in a porcine model of acute pulmonary embolism". European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care 9, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2019): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872619840772.

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Background: Pulmonary vasodilators as add-on to current treatment strategies in acute pulmonary embolism may improve right ventricular unloading and hence improve patient outcome. We aimed to investigate whether stimulation of the nitric oxide (NO)–soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway with riociguat, sildenafil or inhaled NO causes pulmonary vasodilation and improves right ventricular function in a porcine model of acute intermediate risk pulmonary embolism. Methods: Two large autologous blood clots were administered to the pulmonary circulation of 28 pigs (60 kg). Animals were randomized to four increasing, clinically equivalent doses of riociguat ( n=6), sildenafil ( n=6), inhaled NO ( n=6) or vehicle ( n=6). Sham animals ( n=4) did not receive pulmonary embolism or treatment. Haemodynamic responses were evaluated at baseline, after pulmonary embolism and after each dose using invasive pressure measurements, transoesophageal echocardiography, respiratory parameters and blood analysis. Results: Pulmonary embolism caused a three-fold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance compared with baseline (pulmonary embolism: 352±29 vs. baseline: 107±6 dynes, p<0.0001). All treatments lowered pulmonary vascular resistance compared with vehicle (riociguat: –158±35, sildenafil: –224±35, inhaled NO: –156±35 dynes, p<0.0001). Sildenafil, but neither inhaled NO nor riociguat, caused a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (sildenafil 678±41 vs. vehicle 1081±93 dynes, p=0.02) and increased cardiac output (sildenafil 8.8±0.8 vs. vehicle: 5.9±0.2 L/min, p<0.001). Systemic blood pressure was unaltered in all treatment groups. Conclusion: Stimulation of the NO–sGC–cGMP pathway by riociguat, sildenafil and inhaled NO reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in a porcine model of acute pulmonary embolism without lowering systemic blood pressure.

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Mocan, Mihaela, Larisa Diana Mocan Hognogi, Florin Petru Anton, Roxana Mihaela Chiorescu, Cerasela Mihaela Goidescu, Mirela Anca Stoia y Anca Daniela Farcas. "Biomarkers of Inflammation in Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction". Disease Markers 2019 (2 de junio de 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7583690.

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Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is an important precursor to many different cardiovascular diseases. Diastolic abnormalities have been studied extensively in the past decade, and it has been confirmed that one of the mechanisms leading to heart failure is a chronic, low-grade inflammatory reaction. The triggers are classical cardiovascular risk factors, grouped under the name of metabolic syndrome (MetS), or other systemic diseases that have an inflammatory substrate such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The triggers could induce myocardial apoptosis and reduce ventricular wall compliance through the release of cytokines by multiple pathways such as (1) immune reaction, (2) prolonged cell hypoxemia, or (3) excessive activation of neuroendocrine and autonomic nerve function disorder. The systemic proinflammatory state causes coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation which reduces nitric oxide bioavailability, cyclic guanosine monophosphate content, and protein kinase G (PKG) activity in adjacent cardiomyocytes favoring hypertrophy development and increases resting tension. So far, it has been found that inflammatory cytokines associated with the heart failure mechanism include TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, TGF-β, and IFN-γ. Some of them could be used as diagnosis biomarkers. The present review aims at discussing the inflammatory mechanisms behind diastolic dysfunction and their triggering conditions, cytokines, and possible future inflammatory biomarkers useful for diagnosis.

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Ahmadi Mehri, Vida, Patrik Arlos y Emiliano Casalicchio. "Automated Context-Aware Vulnerability Risk Management for Patch Prioritization". Electronics 11, n.º 21 (2 de noviembre de 2022): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213580.

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The information-security landscape continuously evolves by discovering new vulnerabilities daily and sophisticated exploit tools. Vulnerability risk management (VRM) is the most crucial cyber defense to eliminate attack surfaces in IT environments. VRM is a cyclical practice of identifying, classifying, evaluating, and remediating vulnerabilities. The evaluation stage of VRM is neither automated nor cost-effective, as it demands great manual administrative efforts to prioritize the patch. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the VRM procedure by automating the entire VRM cycle in the context of a given organization. The authors propose automated context-aware VRM (ACVRM), to address the above challenges. This study defines the criteria to consider in the evaluation stage of ACVRM to prioritize the patching. Moreover, patch prioritization is customized in an organization’s context by allowing the organization to select the vulnerability management mode and weigh the selected criteria. Specifically, this study considers four vulnerability evaluation cases: (i) evaluation criteria are weighted homogeneously; (ii) attack complexity and availability are not considered important criteria; (iii) the security score is the only important criteria considered; and (iv) criteria are weighted based on the organization’s risk appetite. The result verifies the proposed solution’s efficiency compared with the Rudder vulnerability management tool (CVE-plugin). While Rudder produces a ranking independent from the scenario, ACVRM can sort vulnerabilities according to the organization’s criteria and context. Moreover, while Rudder randomly sorts vulnerabilities with the same patch score, ACVRM sorts them according to their age, giving a higher security score to older publicly known vulnerabilities.

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Vaneker, Michiel, Feico J. Halbertsma, Jan van Egmond, Mihai G. Netea, Henry B. Dijkman, Dirk G. Snijdelaar, Leo A. Joosten, Johannes G. van der Hoeven y Gert Jan Scheffer. "Mechanical Ventilation in Healthy Mice Induces Reversible Pulmonary and Systemic Cytokine Elevation with Preserved Alveolar Integrity". Anesthesiology 107, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2007): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000278908.22686.01.

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Background Mechanical ventilation (MV) may activate the innate immune system, causing the release of cytokines. The resulting proinflammatory state is a risk factor for ventilator-induced lung injury. Cytokine increase results from direct cellular injury but may also result from cyclic stretch alone as demonstrated in vitro: mechanotransduction. To study mechanotransduction in vivo, the authors used an animal MV model with clinically relevant ventilator settings, avoiding alveolar damage. Methods Healthy C57BL6 mice (n = 82) were ventilated (tidal volume, 8 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 4 cm H2O; fraction of inspired oxygen, 0.4) for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. Assigned animals were allowed to recover for 2 days after MV. Both pulmonary tissue and plasma interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine levels were measured. Histopathologic appearance of lung tissue was analyzed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Results In lung tissue, all measured cytokines and keratinocyte-derived chemokine levels increased progressively with MV duration. Light microscopy showed increased leukocyte influx but no signs of alveolar leakage or albumin deposition. Electron microscopy revealed intact epithelial cell and basement membranes with sporadically minimal signs of partial endothelial detachment. In plasma, increased levels of IL-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine were measured after MV. In the recovery animals, cytokine levels had normalized and no histologic alterations could be found. Conclusions Mechanical ventilation induces reversible cytokine increase and leukocyte influx with preserved tissue integrity. This model offers opportunities to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind ventilator-induced lung injury and the contribution of MV to the "multiple-hit" concept.

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Wang, Jiejia, Junrui Jia y Zhihua Zhang. "Research on the Early Warning Mechanism for Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries in Electric Vehicles". Security and Communication Networks 2022 (17 de mayo de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8573396.

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Lithium-ion power batteries are critical to the macrostrategy of new energy vehicles, and safety concerns such as thermal runaway remain a major bottleneck in the productization and industrialization of lithium batteries. Based on COMSOL Multiphasic, an electrochemical-thermal coupling model for lithium-ion power batteries is created, as well as a thermal model for thermal runaway. A comparative study on lithium-ion power batteries was conducted using this model under on-board conditions, high rate cyclic charging and discharging conditions, and thermal abuse conditions. The temperature rise rate, average temperature, current, and voltage of the lithium-ion power battery and their correlation with thermal runaway are investigated. The results show that the temperature rise rate can significantly characterize the occurrence of thermal runaway, and when the temperature rise rate exceeds 1°C/s, the lithium-ion power battery has a high probability of thermal runaway. In addition, when the average temperature exceeds 80°C, there is a potential risk of thermal runaway in Li-ion power batteries. The results of the study show that high temperatures take longer to trigger thermal runaway, and the battery is slower to warm up. The time it takes for thermal runaway to occur, the maximum temperature reached, and the maximum voltage are all strongly connected to the overcharge flow under overload abuse conditions. The shorter the time it takes for thermal runaway to occur and the greater the maximum temperature and voltage attained, the larger the overcharge current.

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Mallet, Robert T., Eugenia B. Manukhina, Steven Shea Ruelas, James L. Caffrey y H. Fred Downey. "Cardioprotection by intermittent hypoxia conditioning: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 315, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2018): H216—H232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00060.2018.

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The calibrated application of limited-duration, cyclic, moderately intense hypoxia-reoxygenation increases cardiac resistance to ischemia-reperfusion stress. These intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) programs consistently produce striking reductions in myocardial infarction and ventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion and, in many cases, improve contractile function and coronary blood flow. These IHC protocols are fundamentally different from those used to simulate sleep apnea, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. In clinical studies, IHC improved exercise capacity and decreased arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery or pulmonary disease and produced robust, persistent, antihypertensive effects in patients with essential hypertension. The protection afforded by IHC develops gradually and depends on β-adrenergic, δ-opioidergic, and reactive oxygen-nitrogen signaling pathways that use protein kinases and adaptive transcription factors. In summary, adaptation to intermittent hypoxia offers a practical, largely unrecognized means of protecting myocardium from impending ischemia. The myocardial and perhaps broader systemic protection provided by IHC clearly merits further evaluation as a discrete intervention and as a potential complement to conventional pharmaceutical and surgical interventions.

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Yehorycheva, Svitlana, Oleh Kolodiziev y Svitlana Prasolova. "Actual problems of the capital stability management in the Ukraine’s banking system". Banks and Bank Systems 12, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(2).2017.06.

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Capital stability of the banking system is the basis of its effective development and realization of its main function – optimal redistribution of capital. So, the aim of the article is to develop indicators of capital stability of the banking system, and to propose the frameworks for the long term capital stability strategy of the banking system in Ukraine. For this purpose, the analysis of micro- and macroeconomic indicators of the capital stability of domestic banks within the period 2007–2016 is made. To carry out the research, there were used the statistic data of the National Bank of Ukraine, its legislative and regulatory documents, the Basel Accords. Capital stability of the banking system has been defined in the article as the process of ensuring capitalization that is adequate to the banking risks and cyclical economic development. It has been detected that a significant reduction in return on equity of the Ukrainian banks in 2014–2015 even with restoring their liquidity has had a crucial destabilizing impact on their capital stability. In order to improve the assessment of capital stability, its key indicators for the groups of domestic banks have been studied. The necessity of refocusing macroprudential requirements of the National Bank of Ukraine from quantitative indicators to qualitative ones to ensure economic development has been proved. It has been concluded that a necessary condition for restoring the Ukrainian banking system was to develop an effective strategy for ensuring its capital stability, which should be focused on the creation of its diversified structure.

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Svistushkin, V. M., G. N. Nikiforova, E. A. Shevchik, L. A. Kozlova y M. A. Khaybulaeva. "Inflammatory diseases of the external ear: place and possibilities of topical therapy". Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, n.º 20 (15 de noviembre de 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-20-45-50.

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Otitis externa (NO) is manifested by inflammatory changes in the auricle, external auditory canal and epidermal layer of the eardrum. The disease is characterized by a wide prevalence and a continuing increase in morbidity, a persistent, resistant to adequate therapy course and frequent recurrence of the pathological process. For the development of NO, the presence of an etiotropic agent and a violation of the integrity of the epidermal layer of the skin of an endogenous and exogenous nature are necessary. According to the area of distribution and the type of pathological process, limited and diffuse NO are considered. Most often, bacteria act as the causative agents of NO, with diffuse forms Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leader. The appointment of systemic antibiotics for uncomplicated forms of NO is impractical, it is optimal to use topical combined drugs that have adequate activity against the main pathogens of NO. The advantages of topical therapy in such patients are the rapid accumulation of required active substance concentration in the area of inflammation and almost complete lack of systemic action, minimal risk of development and spread of resistant strains of microorganisms. It is required to use antimicrobial agents that have been shown to be active against the main pathogens of otitis externa. The reduction of inflammation and pain is also an important component of the management of patients with OE. A good option for topical therapy of patients with inflammatory changes in the external ear is a drug with antimicrobial and local anesthetic action containing antibacterial components: aminoglycoside neomycin sulfate and cyclic polypeptide polymyxin B sulfate, and local anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride. Such agents have a balanced antimicrobial and local anesthetic action, high safety and can be recommended for use in patients with diffuse otitis externa.

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Mizuki, S., K. Horie, K. Imabayashi, K. Mishima y K. Oryoji. "POS0441 DEVELOPMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AMONG ANTI-CITRULLINATED PROTEIN ANTIBODIES POSITIVE ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 de mayo de 2021): 449.1–449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.344.

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Background:In the idividuals with genetic and enviromental risk factors, immune events at mucosal surfaces occur and may precede systemic autoimmunity. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are present in the serum for an average of 3-5 years prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during an asymptomatic period. In ACPA-positivite individuals, the additional presence of RA-related risk factors appears to add significant power for the development of RA. To date, there have been few reports in which clinical courses of ACPA-positive asymptomatic individuals were investigated prospectively.Objectives:To observe the clinical time course of ACPA-positive healthy population for the development of RA.Methods:Healthy volunteers without joint pain or stiffness, who attended the comprehensive health screening of our hospital, were enrolled in this prospective observational study. The serum ACPA levels were quantified by Ig-G anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with levels > 4.4 U/mL considered positive. ACPA-positive subjects were followed by rheumatologists of our department clinically or a questionnaire sent by mail for screening to detect arthritis.Results:5,971 healthy individuals without joint symptons were included. Ninty-two (1.5%) were positive for ACPA. Of these, 19 (20.7%) developed RA and two were suspected as RA by mail questionnaire. Their average age were 58-years, and women were 68%. The average duration between the date of serum sampling and diagnosis was 10.7 months. ACPA-positive individuals who developed to RA had higher serum ACPA and Ig-M rheumatoid factor levels than ACPA-positive individuals who did not (P value by Mann-Whitney U test: 0.002, 0.005, respectively).Conclusion:Among ACPA-positive asymptomatic individuals, 20% developed RA. The higher titer of ACPA and Ig-M rheumatoid factor levels are risk factors for devoloping RA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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GHORAF, NAMIR y BRAHIM KSIR. "A WEIBULL LIMIT LAW FOR THE FAILURE TIME OF CONSECUTIVE-k-OUT-OF-m-FROM-n:F SYSTEM". International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 13, n.º 05 (octubre de 2006): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539306002355.

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A "consecutive-k-out-of-m-from-n:F system" consists of n linearly or cyclically ordered components. The system fails if and only if there exist m consecutive components among them at least k ones are failed. In this paper we consider such a system with identical components and we give under some conditions a good approximation for the unreliability of the system when the number of components becomes large. More precisely, the purpose of the present paper is to show that for any failure distribution of components the limit law of the system's unreliability is always of the Weibull class. Thus we generalize here the result given in the case when the failure distribution of components is of the Weibull. We give also some numerical examples.

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Khaleel, Khoshawi y Saeed Hussain. "The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoantibodies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 26, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2022.009.

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Background and objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and inflammatory autoimmune systemic disease of unknown cause that may affect many tissues and organs. Rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disorders may occur in the patient simultaneously. The main antigens that give rise to thyroid antibodies are thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, anti-cyclic citrullinated protein, and thyroid hormone receptor. This study aimed to determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction and seroprevalence of anti-thyroid antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its association with inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Rizgari Teaching Hospital and CMC private hospital, Erbil, Iraq. From 15 January to15 October 2020. A hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study, in addition to 70 controls. The serum levels of biomarkers were determined by the chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Results: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had 6% of thyroid dysfunctions. Regarding the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 9% had positive anti-thyroid peroxidase, 13% had positive anti-thyroglobulin, and 6% were positive for a combination of both. There was a statistically significant (P <0.001) high level of serum anti-cyclic citrullinated protein and C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis than in control. Euthyroid profiles were 73% inrheumatoid arthritis patients and 82.9% in control. Conclusion: The study delineated the co-existence of thyroid disorder in rheumatoid arthritis patients with or without autoimmune origin, besides the increased prevalence of auto-thyroid antibody among rheumatoid arthritis with thyroid dysfunction.

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Khaleel, Khoshawi y Saeed Hussain. "The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoantibodies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 26, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2022.009.

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Background and objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and inflammatory autoimmune systemic disease of unknown cause that may affect many tissues and organs. Rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disorders may occur in the patient simultaneously. The main antigens that give rise to thyroid antibodies are thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, anti-cyclic citrullinated protein, and thyroid hormone receptor. This study aimed to determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction and seroprevalence of anti-thyroid antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its association with inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Rizgari Teaching Hospital and CMC private hospital, Erbil, Iraq. From 15 January to15 October 2020. A hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study, in addition to 70 controls. The serum levels of biomarkers were determined by the chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Results: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had 6% of thyroid dysfunctions. Regarding the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 9% had positive anti-thyroid peroxidase, 13% had positive anti-thyroglobulin, and 6% were positive for a combination of both. There was a statistically significant (P <0.001) high level of serum anti-cyclic citrullinated protein and C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis than in control. Euthyroid profiles were 73% inrheumatoid arthritis patients and 82.9% in control. Conclusion: The study delineated the co-existence of thyroid disorder in rheumatoid arthritis patients with or without autoimmune origin, besides the increased prevalence of auto-thyroid antibody among rheumatoid arthritis with thyroid dysfunction.

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Lyhne, Mads Dam, Jeffrey Allen Kline, Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk y Asger Andersen. "Pulmonary vasodilation in acute pulmonary embolism – a systematic review". Pulmonary Circulation 10, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 204589401989977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019899775.

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Acute pulmonary embolism is the third most common cause of cardiovascular death. Pulmonary embolism increases right ventricular afterload, which causes right ventricular failure, circulatory collapse and death. Most treatments focus on removal of the mechanical obstruction caused by the embolism, but pulmonary vasoconstriction is a significant contributor to the increased right ventricular afterload and is often left untreated. Pulmonary thromboembolism causes mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature coupled with a complex interaction between humoral factors from the activated platelets, endothelial effects, reflexes and hypoxia to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction that worsens right ventricular afterload. Vasoconstrictors include serotonin, thromboxane, prostaglandins and endothelins, counterbalanced by vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclins. Exogenous administration of pulmonary vasodilators in acute pulmonary embolism seems attractive but all come with a risk of systemic vasodilation or worsening of pulmonary ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In animal models of acute pulmonary embolism, modulators of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G pathway, endothelin pathway and prostaglandin pathway have been investigated. But only a small number of clinical case reports and prospective clinical trials exist. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the causes of pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and of experimental and human investigations of pulmonary vasodilation in acute pulmonary embolism.

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38

Amin, Sheta W., Sallam M. Abd-Elgalil, Shafeek A. Mohamed, Mahran M. Ahmed, Tamer Y. Hamawy y Lotfy M. Fathi. "Levosimendan Versus Milrinone in the Management of Impaired Left Ventricular Function in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery". Open Anesthesia Journal 13, n.º 1 (30 de agosto de 2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2589645801913010059.

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Background: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk of postcardiotomy myocardial dysfunction. This condition causes delayed recovery, organ failure, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, and an increased risk of mortality; these patients often require inotropic agent support. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer with a unique mechanism of action, binding to cardiac troponin C and enhancing myofilament responsiveness to calcium, increasing myocardial contraction without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors such as milrinone provide an alternative means of inotropic support by increasing the concentration of cyclic AMP and intracellular calcium. They also have vasodilatory effects. Objective: The aim of this study was the comparison between levosimendan versus milrinone regarding their effects on the hemodynamics, need for additional mechanical (intra aortic balloon pump) or pharmacological support to the heart, weaning from mechanical ventilation and duration of intensive care unit stay for patients after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (OPCABG) surgery suffering from impaired left ventricular function (preoperative ejection fraction ≤ 40%). Methods: 60 patients between 40 and 70 years of both sexes with impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction ≤ 40%), New York Heart Association (NYHA III & IV), undergoing elective Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (OPCABG) surgery were selected for this study. After induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups each containing 30 patients: Group L (Levosimendan group) included patients who received levosimendan 0.1- 0.2 µg/kg/min. Started immediately with the induction of anesthesia. Group M (Milrinone group) included patients who received milrinone 0.4-0.6 µg/kg/min. Started immediately with the induction of anesthesia. In both groups, norepinephrine was titrated (8 mg norepinephrine in 50 ml saline) to keep mean arterial pressure MAP ≥ 70 mmHg. Hemodynamic findings included Preoperative and post ICU discharge ejection fraction, systemic and pulmonary artery pressures, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac output and stroke volume. Also laboratory findings included Serum lactate and Troponin I., in addition, to post operative findings were: Need for intra aortic balloon pump, time of weaning from the ventilator, days of ICU stay and appearance of drug allergy compared in both groups. Results: There was a significant increase in the ejection fraction in both groups that was greater in the levosimendan group. The decrease in pulmonary pressure in the levosimendan group was more significant than milrinone group. There was a gradual decrease in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance in both groups with a more significant decrease in the levosimendan group. There was a gradual increase in cardiac output and stroke volume in both groups that was greater in the levosimendan group. Serum lactate gradually decreased in both groups with an insignificant difference; there was an increase in serum troponin I level in both groups which was more significant in the milrinone group. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay was shown to be significantly shorter in time in the levosimendan group. Conclusion: Both levosimendan and milrinone caused a significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume and ejection fraction, with a decrease in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. These effects improved cardiac performance by decreasing afterload and increasing cardiac inotropism. It was noticed that these effects were more significant with levosimendan than milrinone. Also, there was a decrease in ICU stay, mechanical ventilation timing and hospital stay with levosimendan than milrinone which decreased the costs of treatment for the patients.

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39

Liu, Huiping, Christian W. Gruber, Paul F. Alewood, Andreas Möller y Markus Muttenthaler. "The oxytocin receptor signalling system and breast cancer: a critical review". Oncogene 39, n.º 37 (11 de agosto de 2020): 5917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-01415-8.

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Abstract Breast cancer is making up one-quarter of all new female cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer surgeries, radiation therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted therapies have made significant progress and play a dominant role in breast cancer patient management. However, many challenges remain, including resistance to systemic therapies, tumour recurrence and metastasis. The cyclic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) elicits a plethora of biological responses via the oxytocin receptor (OTR) in both the central and peripheral nervous system, including social bonding, stress, maternal behaviour, sexual activity, uterus contraction, milk ejection and cancer. As a typical member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, OTR represents also an intriguing target for cancer therapy. There is emerging evidence that OTR plays a role in breast cancer development and progression, and several breast cancer cell lines express OTR. However, despite supporting evidence that OT lowers breast cancer risks, its mechanistic role in breast cancer development and the related signalling pathways are not fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge of the OT/OTR signalling system in healthy breast tissue as well as in breast cancer, and discuss OTR as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer management.

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40

Porta Bonete, Guillaume, Anne Godier, Pascale Gaussem, Tiphaine Belleville-Rolland, Alexandre Leuci, Sonia Poirault-Chassac, Christilla Bachelot-Loza y Anne-Céline Martin. "Comparative In Vitro Study of Various α2-Adrenoreceptor Agonist Drugs for Ticagrelor Reversal". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, n.º 3 (16 de marzo de 2020): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030809.

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Ticagrelor, an antiplatelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-P2Y12 receptor antagonist, increases the risk of bleeding. Its management is challenging because platelet transfusion is ineffective and no specific antidote is currently available. Epinephrine, a vasopressor catecholamine prescribed during shock, restores platelet functions inhibited by ticagrelor through stimulation of α2A-adrenoreceptors. It subsequently inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway and PI3K signaling. However, since epinephrine may expose a patient to deleterious hemodynamic effects, we hypothesized that other α2-adrenoreceptor agonist drugs used in clinical practice with fewer side effects could reverse the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor. We compared in vitro the efficacy of clonidine, dexmedetomidine, brimonidine, and norepinephrine with epinephrine to restore ADP- and PAR-1-AP-induced washed platelet aggregation inhibited by ticagrelor, as well as resulting platelet cAMP levels. In ticagrelor-free samples, none of the α2-adrenoreceptor agonists induced aggregation by itself but all of them potentiated ADP-induced aggregation. Compared with epinephrine, norepinephrine, and brimonidine partially restored ADP- and fully restored PAR-1-AP-induced aggregation inhibited by ticagrelor while clonidine and dexmedetomidine were ineffective. Indeed, this lack of effect resulted from a lower decrease in cAMP concentration elicited by these partial α2-adrenoreceptor agonists, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine, compared with full α2-agonists. Our results support the development of specific full and systemic α2-adrenoreceptor agonists for ticagrelor reversal.

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41

Rekunenko, Ihor, Fedir Zhuravka, Natalia Nebaba, Oksana Levkovych y Svitlana Chorna. "Assessment and forecasting of Ukraine’s financial security: Choice of alternatives". Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, n.º 2 (28 de abril de 2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(2).2022.11.

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Financial security of a country is an integral part of its economic security and the basis of national security. The paper aims to assess and forecast the level of Ukraine’s financial security using two methodological approaches (the existing one and the authors’ elaboration) to choose the best alternative. The first one is based on the Methodology of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine. The alternative one has been developed as a multiplicative model of non-linear convolution of relevant direct and indirect impact indicators, considering the opportunity and risk, which is based on a combination of a power function and the Harrington method. A database of input indicators was formed with further differentiation according to their impact on Ukraine’s financial security. The research results demonstrated that during 2013–2019 Ukraine’s financial security integrated index was cyclical and constantly changing. A comparison of the existing methodology and the developed model demonstrated a certain discrepancy between the obtained results. It was substantiated that the proposed multiplicative non-linear convolution model for assessing and forecasting the state’s financial security is more relevant, includes current indicators sorted by their direct and indirect impact, and adjusts them according to the risk of impact on overall security in the country.

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42

Zhao, Yichao y Wenjun Ouyang. "Wireless Communication Network Security System Based on Big Data Information Transmission Technology". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (3 de agosto de 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1066331.

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This paper establishes a unified perception information transmission model for the difference in the number of cognitive radio users in wireless communication network systems. The model can effectively improve the utilization of spectrum resources. At the same time, this paper introduces a cyclic delay full diversity sensing information coding transmission scheme for the security risks of wireless communication networks. We established a system simulation model to compare performance under different correlation coefficients. The study found that the total interference intensity in the cyclic delay diversity system is lower than that of the frequency division duplex and time division duplex. Its antijamming attack capability also becomes stronger accordingly.

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43

Curtis, Peter J., Vera van der Velpen, Lindsey Berends, Amy Jennings, Martin Feelisch, A. Margot Umpleby, Mark Evans et al. "Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome—results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, n.º 6 (28 de mayo de 2019): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy380.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundAnthocyanin-rich blueberry intake is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in prospective studies, although long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not been conducted in at-risk populations.ObjectiveIn the longest-duration RCT to date, we examined the effect of 6-mo blueberry intake on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic function in metabolic syndrome.MethodsA double-blind, parallel RCT (n = 115; age 63 ± 7 y; 68% male; body mass index 31.2 ± 3.0 kg/m2) was conducted, which fed 2 dietarily achievable blueberry intakes [equivalent to 1/2 and 1 cup/d (75/150 g)] compared with matched placebo. Insulin resistance was assessed via the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (primary endpoint) and confirmed by [6-6-2H2]-glucose-labeled, 2-step hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 20). Clinically relevant cardiometabolic endpoints [including flow-mediated dilatation, augmentation index, lipoprotein status (by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and nitric oxide (NO)-related metabolite assay] and anthocyanin metabolism were assessed.ResultsA daily intake of 1 cup of blueberries improved endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation: +1.45%; 95% CI: 0.83%, 2.1%; P = 0.003), systemic arterial stiffness (augmentation index: –2.24%; 95% CI: –3.97%, –0.61%; P = 0.04) and attenuated cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations. In statin nonusers (n = 71), elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.08 mmol/L; P = 0.03), high-density lipoprotein particle density (+0.48n, ×10–6; P = 0.002) and apolipoprotein A-I (+0.05 g/L; P = 0.01) concentrations were observed following the 1-cup/d intervention. Treatment compliance was 94.1% (wrapper returns) and total concentrations of anthocyanin-derived phenolic acid metabolites significantly increased, dose-dependently, in serum and 24-h urine (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Insulin resistance, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, NO, and overall plasma thiol status were unaffected. Likewise, a half cup per day had no effect on any biomarkers.ConclusionsDespite insulin resistance remaining unchanged we show, to our knowledge, the first sustained improvements in vascular function, lipid status, and underlying NO bioactivity following 1 cup blueberries/d. With effect sizes predictive of 12–15% reductions in CVD risk, blueberries should be included in dietary strategies to reduce individual and population CVD risk. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.

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44

Derevoedov, A. A., A. V. Zholinsky, V. S. Feshchenko, I. T. Vykhodets y A. A. Pavlova. "β2-agonists in sports: prevalence and impact on athletic performance". Sports medicine: research and practice 11, n.º 3 (26 de noviembre de 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2021.3.6.

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Respiratory disorders caused by exercise are expressed in the development of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exercise-induced asthma (EIA), which are observed in athletes, especially in cyclic sports, much more often than in the population. Ventilation impairments are exacerbated by inhaled allergens, industrial pollutants and adverse environmental conditions, which increase the risk of EIB and asthma symptoms in athletes. The use of β2-agonists can prevent or eliminate ventilation disorders, however, it requires taking into account current anti-doping rules, which allow the use of certain substances in sports without a request for therapeutic use. The studies of the influence of β2-agonists on functional indicators of athletes and sports performance do not allow to make an unambiguous conclusion about its results. Medications with β2-agonists, approved for use in sports in the form of inhalation, do not have a significant effect on the performance of athletes at major sports competitions. At the same time, the systemic use of these substances and the use of any form of terbutaline caused a positive dynamics in functional indicators, which could lead to an illegal increase in the effectiveness of sports performance. Most of the conclusions about the effect of β2-agonists on outcome are based on a small number of studies, their heterogeneity, and an insignificant number of observations. It is necessary to continue studying the effects of β2-agonists in the course of randomized clinical trials in order to individualize therapy and prevent bronchial obstruction in athletes

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45

Chevalier, R. L., M. Garmey, R. M. Scarborough, J. Linden, R. A. Gomez, M. J. Peach y R. M. Carey. "Inhibition of ANP clearance receptors and endopeptidase 24.11 in maturing rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1991): R1218—R1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.6.r1218.

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Systemic clearance of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases during postnatal development. To determine the relative contribution of ANP clearance (C) receptors and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) in regulation of plasma ANP concentration ([ANP]) during maturation, 18- to 60-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and infused with rat ANP (35 ng.kg-1.min-1). Infusion of the NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon increased [ANP] and urine guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) excretion in both weanling and adult rats. Infusion of C-ANP, an analogue that binds C receptors selectively, resulted in a greater rise in [ANP] in preweaned than in adult rats, suggesting a maturational decrease in function of C receptors. Despite the increase in [ANP], however, urine flow, cGMP, and sodium excretion failed to increase in preweaned compared with adult rats. Combined infusion of phosphoramidon and C-ANP resulted in a marked increase in [ANP] and cGMP excretion in weanling and adult rats. These results indicate that both C receptors and NEP modulate plasma [ANP] in the physiological range and that each pathway compensates when the other is inhibited. Age-related differences in the renal response to ANP clearance inhibitors may have important physiological implications in the regulation of sodium balance during development.

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46

Sherf, Z. y P. Hopstone. "Planning Climatic Tests Using Physics-of-Failure Principles and Empirical Models". Journal of the IEST 45, n.º 1 (14 de septiembre de 2002): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.45.1.7g0g7w2505q87697.

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When one faces the need to plan a climatic test (temperature, temperature-humidity, rain, solar radiation etc.), several options are available. The most frequently implemented option is the use of standards. Often, the use of standards leads to testing programs that do not reflect the system's life cycle, or that prevent differentiating between systems with different life cycles. This is true even for standards that implement the tailoring philosophy. How can climatic tests be tailored to reflect true life time such as 10,000 hours or 100,000 hours? A methodology that makes use of physics-of-failure principles and empirical models provides a more realistic solution to this problem. Using empirical models to describe the environmental loads, and damage accumulation models under different loads, the effects of real life can be simulated and compared with the effects of the simulated testing conditions. The paper describes the use of this methodology. Empirical models are used to describe diurnal thermal and humidity cycles. An empirical model of temperature distribution is applied to determine the duration of exposure to varying temperature during a given life cycle. Several damage accumulation models under cyclic thermal loads are compared. One is a general power model with changing exponents for different materials. An additional model relates to the behavior of solder joints. The application of the models is compared for two different conditions, one for which the different daily temperature changes are considered, and one for which monthly average temperature changes are used to describe the daily conditions for a certain month. To evaluate temperature-humidity tests, models that describe corrosion damage under temperature-humidity and humidity penetration models are implemented to evaluate the effects of the testing conditions, relative to the real life. The advantages and problems in the implementation of the methodology are discussed in the summary of the paper.

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Smulders, R. A., M. Aarsen, T. Teerlink, P. M. J. M. De Vries, G. J. Van Kamp, A. J. M. Donker y C. D. A. Stehouwer. "Haemodynamic and Biochemical Responses to l-Arginine and l-Lysine Infusions in Normal Subjects: l-Arginine-Induced Vasodilatation Cannot be Explained by Non-Specific Effects of Cationic Amino Acids". Clinical Science 92, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1997): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920367.

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1. Pharmacological stimulation of the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) may be important in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. 2. There is much discussion as to whether the precursor of NO, l-arginine, is able to stimulate basal endothelial NO production. l-Arginine is known to have vasodilating effects. However, it is not clear whether l-arginine-induced vasodilatation is attributable to an increase in NO production or to other systemic effects of l-arginine. 3. To investigate further the mechanisms of the l-arginine-induced vasodilatation, we compared the responses to l-arginine with those to saline and l-lysine in healthy subjects. l-Lysine is not a substrate for NO synthesis, but shares many of l-arginine's other properties. 4. During l-arginine infusion, blood pressure decreased [systolic blood pressure from 120.2 (SD 8.8) to 117.3 (12.1) mmHg (P = 0.05); diastolic blood pressure from 65.3 (5.9) to 61.6 (7.9) mmHg (P < 0.01)], and heart rate and extracellular fluid volume increased. The total peripheral vascular resistance decreased during l-arginine infusion by 18.0 (11.4)% (P ≤ 0.05 compared with baseline and compared with l-lysine infusion). These results indicate vasodilatation. No changes were observed during l-lysine and saline infusion. 5. Plasma cyclic GMP (the second messenger for NO) increased during l-arginine but also during l-lysine infusion [from 5.7 (1.2) to 6.8 (1.7) nmol/l (P < 0.01), and from 5.8 (1.8) to 7.0 (2.9) nmol/l (P < 0.05) respectively]. Plasma l-citrulline (a by-product of NO synthesis from l-arginine) increased during l-arginine infusion from 30.6 (7.5) to 47.1 (9.9) μmol/l (P < 0.001), but also during l-lysine infusion from 32.7 (6.5) to 42.0 (8.3) μmol/l (P < 0.001). 6. Plasma electrolytes and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations responded similarly to l-arginine and l-lysine infusion, indicating similar effects on osmolality, plasma volume expansion and potassium distribution. 7. In conclusion, although l-lysine infusion had effects that were similar to those of l-arginine infusion, no vasodilatation was observed. Therefore, these effects cannot account for the l-arginine-induced vasodilatation. This finding indirectly supports the hypothesis that the vasodilatation during l-arginine infusion might be mediated by an increase in NO synthesis. If so, our data suggest that the presumed markers for NO synthesis, plasma cyclic GMP and l-citrulline concentrations, do not accurately reflect this increase. Instead, the rise in plasma cyclic GMP may be related to the rise in ANP. The rise in l-citrulline may be related to competition with l-arginine for the same cell membrane transport mechanism and to stimulation of the urea cycle.

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Cernacek, Peter, Duncan J. Stewart y Mortimer Levy. "Plasma endothelin-1 response to acute hypotension induced by vasodilating agents". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1994): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-137.

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Cyclic GMP (cGMP) dependent vasodilating agents (natriuretic peptides, nitric oxide) inhibit secretion of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in cultured endothelial cells. However, in circulatory conditions associated with acute hypotension, a marked increase in plasma ET-1 has repeatedly been observed. Therefore, after administration of cGMP-dependent agents in hypotensive dose, the net effect of these opposing influences on ET-1 release may shed light on the mechanisms determining circulating levels of this peptide. We have studied the effect of a hypotensive dose of atrial natriuretic peptide (n = 16), 8-Br-cGMP (n = 5), and papaverin (n = 7) on plasma ET-1 in anesthetized dogs. All agents produced marked increases in the peptide level at the end of infusion (178, 280, and 240% of the last preinfusion level, respectively) and a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decrease of 19, 18, and 42 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), respectively. In all three protocols, plasma ET-1 continued to rise when the hypotensive agent was discontinued and remained elevated for 2–3 h postinfusion, even though MAP was normalized. There was a close positive correlation between the maximal increment in plasma ET-1 and the maximal decrease in MAP (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). These results show that acute hypotension due to directly acting vasodilators is a potent stimulus for systemic release of ET-1, even when due to agents known to inhibit ET-1 production in cultured endothelial cells. The discrepancy between the previous in vitro data and the present in vivo data can be explained either by non-endothelial origin of circulating ET-1, at least during acute hypotension, or by substantial differences in the production of ET-1 in the intact organism as opposed to endothelial cells in culture.Key words: endothelin secretion, big endothelin, atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic GMP, papaverin.

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49

Almirall, Helena y Consol Marcet. "Individual Differences in Body Temperature Assessed by a Two-Term Function". Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, n.º 1 (agosto de 1996): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.1.67.

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A new approximation, an alternative to the cosine function, was used to analyze body temperature throughout the day. The model studied is a two-term function characterized by three parameters that describe the temperature rise and fall. In contrast to other cyclic functions, this function can easily model complete cycles as well as segments of a cycle. This function has been applied to temperature series validating the dimension of morningness-eveningness throughout the day and also to studies that include body temperature, personality factors, and the dimension of morningness throughout a complete circadian period.

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50

Eliasson, Pernilla, Anna Fahlgren, Björn Pasternak y Per Aspenberg. "Unloaded rat Achilles tendons continue to grow, but lose viscoelasticity". Journal of Applied Physiology 103, n.º 2 (agosto de 2007): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01333.2006.

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Tendons can function as springs and thereby preserve energy during cyclic loading. They might also have damping properties, which, hypothetically, could reduce risk of microinjuries due to fatigue at sites of local stress concentration within the tendon. At mechanical testing, damping will appear as hysteresis. How is damping influenced by training or disuse? Does training decrease hysteresis, thereby making the tendon a better spring, or increase hysteresis and thus improve damping? Seventy-eight female 10-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to three groups. Two groups had botulinum toxin injected into the calf muscles to unload the left Achilles tendon through muscle paralysis. One of these groups was given doxycycline, as a systemic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. The third group served as loaded controls. The Achilles tendons were harvested after 1 or 6 wk for biomechanical testing. An increase with time was seen in tendon dry weight, wet weight, water content, transverse area, length, stiffness, force at failure, and energy uptake in all three groups ( P < 0.001 for each parameter). Disuse had no effect on these parameters. Creep was decreased with time in all groups. The only significant effect of disuse was on hysteresis ( P = 0.004) and creep ( P = 0.007), which both decreased with disuse compared with control, and on modulus, which was increased ( P = 0.008). Normalized glycosaminoglycan content was unaffected by time and disuse. No effect of doxycycline was observed. The results suggest that in growing animals, the tendons continue to grow regardless of mechanical loading history, whereas maintenance of damping properties requires mechanical stimulation.

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