Literatura académica sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Hassan, Mohamad y Evangelos Giouvris. "Bank mergers: the cyclical behaviour of regulation, risk and returns". Journal of Financial Economic Policy 13, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2021): 256–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-03-2020-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of bank mergers on systemic and systematic risks on the relative merits of product and market diversification strategies. It also observes determinants of M&A deals criteria, product and market diversification positioning, crisis threshold and other regulatory and market factors. Design/methodology/approach This research examines the impact and association between merger announcements and regulatory reforms at bank and system levels by investigating the impact of various bank consolidation strategies on firms’ risks. We estimate beta(s) as an index of financial institutions’ systematic risk. We then develop an index of the estimated equity value loss as the long-rum marginal expected shortfall (LRMES). LRMES contributes to compute systemic risk (SRISK) contribution of these firms, which is the capital that a firm is expected to need if we have another financial crisis. Findings Large acquiring banks decrease systemic risk contribution in cross-border M&As with a non-bank financial institution, and witness profitability (ROA) gains, supporting geographic diversification stability. Capital requirements, activity restrictions and bank concentration increase systemic risk contribution in national mergers. Bank mergers with investment FIs targets enhance productivity but impair technical efficiency, contrary to bank-real estate deals where technical efficiency change accompanied lower systemic risk contribution. Practical implications Financial institutions are recommended to avoid trapped capital and liquidity by efficiently using local balance sheet and strengthening them via implementing models that clearly set diversification and netting benefits to determine capital reserves and to drive capital efficiency through the clarity on product–activity–geography diversification and focus. This contributes to successful ringfencing, decreases compliance costs and maximises returns and minimises several risks including systemic risk. Social implications Policy implications: the adversative properties of bank mergers in respect of systemic risk require strict and innovative monitoring of bank mergers from the bidding level by both acquirers and targets and regulators and competition supervisory bodies. Moreover, emphasis on regulators/governments intervention and role, as it provides a stabilising factor of the markets and consecutively lower systemic risk even if the systematic idiosyncratic risk contribution was significant. However, such roles have to be well planned and scaled to avoid providing motives for banks to seek too-big-too-fail or too-big-to-discipline status. Originality/value This research contributes to the renewing regulatory debate on banks sustainable structures by examining the risk effect of bank diversification versus focus. The authors aim to address the multidimensional impacts and risks inherent to M&A deals, by examining the extent of the interconnectedness of M&A and its implications within and beyond the banking sector.
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Kurowski, Łukasz y Paweł Smaga. "Monetary Policy and Cyclical Systemic Risk - Friends or Foes?" Prague Economic Papers 27, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2018): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.667.
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Linker, Charles, Lloyd Damon, Curt Ries y Willis Navarro. "Intensified and Shortened Cyclical Chemotherapy for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia". Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, n.º 10 (15 de mayo de 2002): 2464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.07.116.
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PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of a new treatment program of intensified and shortened cyclical chemotherapy (protocol 8707) in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Previously untreated adults ≤ 60 years old with ALL were treated with a four-agent induction chemotherapy regimen. This was followed by cyclical postremission therapy with high-dose cytarabine/etoposide; high-dose methotrexate/6-mercaptopurine; and daunorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase. Maintenance chemotherapy with oral methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine was continued for 30 months. CNS prophylaxis was given with intrathecal methotrexate in addition to the systemic chemotherapy indicated above. RESULTS: Seventy-eight of 84 patients (93%) achieved complete remission. With a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of all remission patients is 52%. Patients with high-risk features including adverse cytogenetics, failure to achieve remission with the first cycle of chemotherapy, and B-precursor disease with WBC counts more than 100,000/μL all relapsed unless taken off study for transplantation. For patients without these high-risk features, 5-year EFS was 60%. Compared with our previous treatment regimen, results appear to be improved for patients with standard-risk B-precursor disease (5-year EFS, 66% v 34%; P = .01). CONCLUSION: Intensified and shortened chemotherapy may improve the outcome for patients with ALL with B-precursor disease lacking high-risk features. Further trials of this regimen are warranted.
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Goodhart, Charles. "Is a Less Pro-Cyclical Financial System an Achievable Goal?" National Institute Economic Review 211 (enero de 2010): R17—R26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110364100.
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Banking and finance are inherently pro-cyclical, a condition exacerbated by a combination of Basel II and mark-to-market accounting. But these latter measures have many advantages, so the need is to devise other counter-cyclical macro-prudential policies. This fragility was further enhanced by a decline in bank liquidity (reliance on wholesale funding) and a shift in govenance from partnerships to limited liability public companies. Some commentators have seen the solution to such pro-cyclicality in the guise of direct constraints on bank activity, such as the promotion of ‘narrow banking’ or limits on bank size. While there are arguments for toughening regulation as systemic risk increases, direct constraints are simplistic; more sensible ideas involve the adoption of better designed macro-prudential regulation, perhaps with some version of banking self-insurance. Quite what the future holds for bank regulation remains, however, to be decided.
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Docherty, Peter. "Prudential bank regulation: a post-Keynesian perspective". European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 17, n.º 3 (28 de abril de 2020): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2020.0060.
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Banks play an important role in the post-Keynesian theory of endogenous money but post-Keynesians have not paid much attention to the prudential regulation of banks. Do post-Keynesian insights into the role of banks cast any light on the way they ought to be regulated, or can the conventional treatment of prudential bank regulation be grafted onto post-Keynesian theory without any significant modification? This paper begins a process of reflection on these questions. It argues that conventional prudential regulation theory can be utilised by post-Keynesians but with important modifications including a renewed emphasis on liquidity and greater recognition of endogenously generated systemic risk. A post-Keynesian approach to prudential bank regulation is shown to be characterised by both liquidity and capital requirements, as well as by a macroprudential framework that facilitates the counter-cyclical adjustment of these requirements in response to endogenous variations in systemic risk.
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Hill-Briggs, Felicia, Patti L. Ephraim, Elizabeth A. Vrany, Karina W. Davidson, Renee Pekmezaris, Debbie Salas-Lopez, Catherine M. Alfano y Tiffany L. Gary-Webb. "Social Determinants of Health, Race, and Diabetes Population Health Improvement: Black/African Americans as a Population Exemplar". Current Diabetes Reports 22, n.º 3 (marzo de 2022): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-022-01454-3.
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Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize evidence of impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on diabetes risk, morbidity, and mortality and to illustrate this impact in a population context. Recent Findings Key findings from the American Diabetes Association’s scientific review of five SDOH domains (socioeconomic status, neighborhood and physical environment, food environment, health care, social context) are highlighted. Population-based data on Black/African American adults illustrate persisting diabetes disparities and inequities in the SDOH conditions in which this population is born, grows, lives, and ages, with historical contributors. SDOH recommendations from US national committees largely address a health sector response, including health professional education, SDOH measurement, and patient referral to services for social needs. Fewer recommendations address solutions for systemic racism and socioeconomic discrimination as root causes. Summary SDOH are systemic, population-based, cyclical, and intergenerational, requiring extension beyond health care solutions to multi-sector and multi-policy approaches to achieve future population health improvement.
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Matytsin, Denis E., Yelena S. Petrenko y Nadezhda K. Saveleva. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Terms of Sustainable Development: Financial Risk Management Implications". Risks 10, n.º 11 (31 de octubre de 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10110206.
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The motivation for this study was a new context associated with the increased cyclical nature of the economy and, accordingly, the increased financial risks of the business, which complicated the implementation of corporate social responsibility. The purpose of the article is to explore the relationship of corporate social responsibility with the financial risks of the business and explain this relationship in terms of sustainable development (SDGs). The article contributes to the development of the concept of financial risks of the business by clarifying their connection with corporate social responsibility and substantiating the relationship between the financial risks of the business. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that in 2020–2021, financial risks have demonstrated a complex (in most cases negative) relationship with each other and a contradictory impact on corporate social responsibility. The complex systemic relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial risks of business from the point of view of sustainable development is substantiated. In the context of increased financial risks, by systematically implementing SDGs 8, 9, 11, and 12, responsible companies get the opportunity to restore and improve their position in the market. The significance of the findings for businesses is that they proposed the SDGs as a promising new benchmark for business financial risk management. This will allow responsible companies to find a new Pareto optimum in the current conditions of uncertainty and determine for themselves the preferred level of corporate social responsibility that contributes to the effective financial risks of business management in the long term.
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Goyal, A., B. Baruah, E. Le Nestour, V. Masini-Etévé y R. Mansel. "Plasma levels of 4-OHT with topical tamoxifen gel (afimoxifene) and therapeutic local antiestrogenic effect in premenopausal women with cyclical mastalgia". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, n.º 15_suppl (20 de mayo de 2009): e14598-e14598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e14598.
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e14598 Background: 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT) is a potent anti-estrogenic metabolite of tamoxifen with a much higher affinity for estrogen receptors than tamoxifen. Methods: Plasma levels of 4-OHT in 19 premenopausal women taking 20 mg/d oral tamoxifen for at least 2 months were compared with those of 16 premenopausal women assigned to apply 4mg 4-OHT in a 0.228% Afimoxifene gel daily for 21 days in a pharmacokinetic(PK) study. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the gel, premenopausal women experiencing moderate-to-severe mastalgia were randomized to receive placebo, 2mg or 4 mg of Afimoxifene daily delivered as a transdermal hydroalcoholic gel for 4 menstrual cycles. The primary efficacy parameter was change in mean pain intensity, as measured by the VAS for the 7 worst pain score days within a cycle, from baseline to the 4th cycle. Results: In the PK studies, the 4-OHT plasma levels following oral tamoxifen were 16–18 times higher than 4-OHT levels following 4mg 4-OHT administration by topical gel. At steady state, mean Cmax levels in the Afimoxifene group and oral tamoxifen group were 149+99 pg/mL and 2398+901 pg/mL respectively. The Cave concentrations, derived from AUC0–24h/24, were 117+77 pg/mL (Afimoxifene) and 2078+811 pg/mL (oral tamoxifen). After 4 cycles of gel treatment, significant improvements relative to placebo were seen in mean VAS score in the 4-mg Afimoxifene group (-12.71 mm [95% confidence interval, -0.96 to -24.47; P = 0.034]). Patient global assessment of pain, physician assessment of pain, tenderness on palpation and nodularity following 4 cycles of treatment were significantly improved in the 4-mg group, compared with placebo (P = 0.010 [pain]; P = 0.012 [tenderness]; P = 0.017 [nodularity]). There were no changes in menstrual pattern or plasma hormone levels and no breakthrough vaginal bleeding in patients treated with Afimoxifene. Conclusion: Topical application avoids high systemic exposure to 4-OHT compared with oral tamoxifen, a 16–18-fold difference, thus reducing the risk of systemic side-effects. Afimoxifene is an effective treatment for moderate-to-severe mastalgia and potentially may be used for breast cancer chemoprevention and gynecomastia. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Khutorova, N. A. y V. V. Miroshnikova. "Foreign expertise in stress testing of the banking sector and the possibility to adapt it to the Russian practice". Financial Analytics: Science and Experience 13, n.º 3 (14 de agosto de 2020): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fa.13.3.343.
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Subject. Designated to measure the resilience of a financial system to stress in the real economy, spillover effects within the system and their induction, macroprudential stress testing is essential to the systemic risk assessment. Objectives. We examine the foreign expertise in stress testing of the banking sector and the possibility to adapt it to the Russian practice. Methods. The study is based on methods of analysis, comparison and systematization of the data collected. Results. We conducted a comparative analysis of the best foreign practices of stress testing in banking and evaluated whether it could be adapted to the Russian practice. Conclusions. Foreign stress testing practices are distinctive as the development level of financial markets and methodology of stress testing are different. The Basel Committee is a pivot in the development of principal approaches, which subnationally sets up the way the mechanism evolves. It is generalizing and analyzing regulators' practices in the leading countries. The stress testing methodology of the Central Bank of Russia is compliant with the Basel recommendations, with its quality being highly recognized under part of the IMF FSAP. The approach will help the Central Bank make stress testing more precise. It is reasonable to adapt some foreign practices, such as a stress testing horizon to be extended from a year up to 3–5 years; the use of dynamic balance sheets of banks to predict knock-on effects and an inverse reaction; the preparation of research and cyclical scenarios; the Central Bank's disclosure practice to be applicable to a greater audience; stress testing of the mala fide behavior risk.
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Portugues, Míriam Oliveira Silva, Viviane Luporini y Luis Antonio Licha. "Macroprudential policy debate, concepts and the Brazilian context". Brazilian Keynesian Review 4, n.º 1 (17 de septiembre de 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v4i1.113.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The economics literature related to the financial system seeks to define the concepts of financial stability, systemic risk and macroprudential instruments for the purpose of drafting a policy that essentially "leans against the wind", that is, a policy that monitors macroeconomic vulnerabilities and combats system instability. Such a policy should cover all financial institutions involved in credit intermediation (not just banks) and consider the pro-cyclical and intrinsic nature of risk in the financial system, and account for the spillovers effects of policies in other countries, that is, the global context. This article summarizes the main concepts related to macroprudential policy discussed in the economics literature after the crisis the 2008 financial crisis. In addition, we describe macroprudential policy in the context of the Brazilian financial system, specifically major policies implemented in the banking regulatory environment related to Basel III and non-bank regulations related to shadow banks. After the 2008 crisis, Brazil was one of the precursors countries in operating macroprudential instruments to curb excessive credit growth and strong capital inflows. The Brazilian financial system has a broad regulatory perimeter, adhering to international standards and covering the Shadow banking system. This system has a weak connection with the banking system and is small relative to the financial assets of the national and global systems. </span></p></div></div></div>
Tesis sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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BASSANIN, MARZIO. "Essays in Macro-Financial Linkages". Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201073.
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This thesis consists in three essays that study the linkages between real and financial factors
from different perspectives. Chapter 1, co-authored with Ester Faia and Valeria Patella, introduces
a full set of ambiguity attitudes, which endogenously induces agents' optimism in booms
and pessimism in recessions, in a model where borrowers face occasionally binding collateral
constraints. We use GMM techniques with latent value functions to estimate the ambiguity
attitudes process, showing that agents update their belief over the credit cycle in a way coherent
with our preferences specification. By simulating a crisis scenario, we show that optimism
in booms is responsible for strong leverage build-up before the crises while pessimism in recessions
implies sharper de-leveraging and asset price bursts. Analytically and numerically, using
global non-linear methods, we show that our ambiguity attitudes coupled with the collateral
constraints help to explain relevant asset price and leverage cycle facts around the unfolding of
financial crises. Chapter 2, co-authored with Carmelo Salleo, studies the strategic interactions
between monetary and macroprudential authorities through the lens of an open-economy monetary
model featuring trade and financial
ows between two symmetric countries. Characterizing
a set of Within-Country Cooperative and Nash Equilibria for different degrees of trade and financial
integration, the analysis identifies large costs associated to the strategic interaction between
the domestic authorities. Moreover, the gains from cooperation are strongly affected by the degree
of cross-country integration and by the channel through which the integration is realized:
larger trade
ows reduce the gains, while higher financial globalization makes cooperation more
valuable. Then, moving to a Between-Countries Cooperative and Nash Equilibria analysis, we
confirm that cooperation is beneficial from both the country-specific and the global perspective.
Chapter 3, co-authored with Javier Ojea Ferreiro and Elena Rancoita proposes an innovative
methodology for the design of adverse scenarios for macroprudential policies calibration and
impact assessment. Our methodology allows building tailored scenarios characterized by two
main features. First, there is a stable and transparent mapping of the cyclical systemic risk level
into the path of the scenario's target variables, which are those variables that determine the
overall scenario's severity. Second, the path of the other complementary variables is calibrates
with a multivariate copula model estimated with macro and financial data (MacroFin Copula).
Simulating the model for Euro Area countries, we show that our methodology is able to calibrate
adverse scenarios that properly replicate the global financial crises dynamics in terms of
severity and co-movement between the key macroeconomic and financial variables.
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Bardh, Pontus y Jacob Haglund. "An Investment Approach Built on Systematic Risk : A performance analysis based on the characteristics of defensive and cyclical sectors on the Swedish stock market". Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52950.
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This thesis investigates and compares the performance and characteristics of defensive and cyclical sectors on the Swedish stock market during 2003-2020 and the financial crisis in2007-2008, taking monthly price developments from nine sectors. The purpose is to examine the differences in sector performances based on the estimations of systematic risk. Using the relationship between risk and return, we aim to find the most beneficial investment strategy for investors with a long-term investment horizon and provide knowledge to investors who may want to change investment schemes during stock market crises to protect their portfolios from risk. To determine the sectors' classifications, the beta coefficient from CAPM is used. Moreover, alpha and Sharpe ratios are used as performance measures with the aim to find evidence of differences in performance between the classifications. The results show that beta is inconstant over time, and sectors behave differently depending on their dependence to business conditions, demonstrated by different patterns in beta for the two different classifications when comparing the crisis to the full period. The empirical evidence indicates that a defensive investment strategy is beneficial when considering the relationship between risk and return.
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Dhima, Julien. "Evolution des méthodes de gestion des risques dans les banques sous la réglementation de Bale III : une étude sur les stress tests macro-prudentiels en Europe". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E042/document.
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Notre thèse consiste à expliquer, en apportant quelques éléments théoriques, les imperfections des stress tests macro-prudentiels d’EBA/BCE, et de proposer une nouvelle méthodologie de leur application ainsi que deux stress tests spécifiques en complément. Nous montrons que les stress tests macro-prudentiels peuvent être non pertinents lorsque les deux hypothèses fondamentales du modèle de base de Gordy-Vasicek utilisé pour évaluer le capital réglementaire des banques en méthodes internes (IRB) dans le cadre du risque de crédit (portefeuille de crédit asymptotiquement granulaire et présence d’une seule source de risque systématique qui est la conjoncture macro-économique), ne sont pas respectées. Premièrement, ils existent des portefeuilles concentrés pour lesquels les macro-stress tests ne sont pas suffisants pour mesurer les pertes potentielles, voire inefficaces si ces portefeuilles impliquent des contreparties non cycliques. Deuxièmement, le risque systématique peut provenir de plusieurs sources ; le modèle actuel à un facteur empêche la répercussion propre des chocs « macro ».Nous proposons un stress test spécifique de crédit qui permet d’appréhender le risque spécifique de crédit d’un portefeuille concentré, et un stress test spécifique de liquidité qui permet de mesurer l’impact des chocs spécifiques de liquidité sur la solvabilité de la banque. Nous proposons aussi une généralisation multifactorielle de la fonction d’évaluation du capital réglementaire en IRB, qui permet d’appliquer les chocs des macro-stress tests sur chaque portefeuille sectoriel, en stressant de façon claire, précise et transparente les facteurs de risque systématique l’impactant. Cette méthodologie permet une répercussion propre de ces chocs sur la probabilité de défaut conditionnelle des contreparties de ces portefeuilles et donc une meilleure évaluation de la charge en capital de la banqueOur thesis consists in explaining, by bringing some theoretical elements, the imperfections of EBA / BCE macro-prudential stress tests, and proposing a new methodology of their application as well as two specific stress tests in addition. We show that macro-prudential stress tests may be irrelevant when the two basic assumptions of the Gordy-Vasicek core model used to assess banks regulatory capital in internal methods (IRB) in the context of credit risk (asymptotically granular credit portfolio and presence of a single source of systematic risk which is the macroeconomic conjuncture), are not respected. Firstly, they exist concentrated portfolios for which macro-stress tests are not sufficient to measure potential losses or even ineffective in the case where these portfolios involve non-cyclical counterparties. Secondly, systematic risk can come from several sources; the actual one-factor model doesn’t allow a proper repercussion of the “macro” shocks. We propose a specific credit stress test which makes possible to apprehend the specific credit risk of a concentrated portfolio, as well as a specific liquidity stress test which makes possible to measure the impact of liquidity shocks on the bank’s solvency. We also propose a multifactorial generalization of the regulatory capital valuation model in IRB, which allows applying macro-stress tests shocks on each sectorial portfolio, stressing in a clear, precise and transparent way the systematic risk factors impacting it. This methodology allows a proper impact of these shocks on the conditional probability of default of the counterparties of these portfolios and therefore a better evaluation of the capital charge of the bank
Libros sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Iossifov, Plamen K. y Tomas Dutra Schmidt. Cyclical Patterns of Systemic Risk Metrics: Cross-Country Analysis. International Monetary Fund, 2021.
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Iossifov, Plamen K. y Tomas Dutra Schmidt. Cyclical Patterns of Systemic Risk Metrics: Cross-Country Analysis. International Monetary Fund, 2021.
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Iossifov, Plamen K. y Tomas Dutra Schmidt. Cyclical Patterns of Systemic Risk Metrics: Cross-Country Analysis. International Monetary Fund, 2021.
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Hedenstierna, Göran y Hans Ulrich Rothen. Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0088.
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During positive pressure ventilation the lung volume is reduced because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. This promotes airway closure that occurs in dependent lung regions. Gas absorption behind the closed airway results sooner or later in atelectasis depending on the inspired oxygen concentration. The elevated airway and alveolar pressures squeeze blood flow down the lung so that a ventilation/perfusion mismatch ensues with more ventilation going to the upper lung regions and more perfusion going to the lower, dependent lung. Positive pressure ventilation may impede the return of venous blood to the thorax and right heart. This raises venous pressure, causing an increase in systemic capillary pressure with increased capillary leakage and possible oedema formation in peripheral organs. Steps that can be taken to counter the negative effects of mechanical ventilation include an increase in lung volume by recruitment of collapsed lung and an appropriate positive end-expiratory pressure, to keep aerated lung open and to prevent cyclic airway closure. Maintaining normo- or hypervolaemia to make the pulmonary circulation less vulnerable to increased airway and alveolar pressures, and preserving or mimicking spontaneous breaths, in addition to the mechanical breaths, since they may improve matching of ventilation and blood flow, may increase venous return and decrease systemic organ oedema formation (however, risk of respiratory muscle fatigue, and even overexpansion of lung if uncontrolled).
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Jones, Barbara E. Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of waking and sleeping. Editado por Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi y Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0004.
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Neurons distributed through the reticular core of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain and giving rise to ascending projections to the cortex or descending projections to the spinal cord promote the changes in cortical activity and behavior that underlie the sleep–wake cycle and three states of waking, NREM (slow wave) sleep, and REM (paradoxical) sleep. Forming the basic units of these systems, glutamate and GABA cell groups are heterogeneous in discharge profiles and projections, such that different subgroups can promote cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active) versus cortical deactivation (NREM(SWS)-active) by ascending influences or behavioral arousal with muscle tone (wake-active) versus behavioral quiescence with muscle atonia (NREM/REM(PS)-active) by descending influences. These different groups are in turn regulated by neuromodulatory systems, including cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active acetylcholine neurons), behavioral arousal (wake-active noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, and orexin neurons), and behavioral quiescence (NREM/REM(PS)-active MCH neurons). By different projections, chemical neurotransmitters and discharge profiles, distinct cell groups thus act and interact to promote cyclic oscillations in cortical activity and behavior forming the sleep-wake cycle and states.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Banerjee, Priyodorshi, Manipushpak Mitra y Conan Mukherjee. "Kolkata Paise Restaurant Problem and the Cyclically Fair Norm". En Econophysics of Systemic Risk and Network Dynamics, 201–16. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2553-0_13.
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Van Dang, Thuong y Philippe Rigo. "Risk-Based Maintenance of Lock Gates Based on Multiple Critical Welded Joints". En Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 623–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_54.
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AbstractIn many countries, inland waterway transport plays a significant role in the overall transport system. Navigation locks and dams are critical for inland waterways which regulate water and allow vessels to navigate. These infrastructures normally utilize large hydraulic steel structures, which are primarily of welded steel structures. Many of the critical welded joints of navigation lock gates have been in service for decades and are experiencing varying degrees of deterioration, mainly from fatigue. Inspection and maintenance of lock gates are expensive, generally requiring the complete closure of locks. Therefore, innovative strategies for the inspection and maintenance of lock gates are required. Fatigue cracks reflect the inherently poor fatigue performance of welded joints. Due to the cyclic loading nature of lock gates the fatigue of critical details requires assessment methods based on the reliability methods. Risk-based inspection planning are used for marine structures but seldom applied to inland navigation lock gates. This paper presents methods to update the failure probability of welded joints considering crack inspection data by using Dynamic Bayesian Network. Optimal inspection and repair plans can be evaluated by risk analysis, combining failure probabilities and associated expected costs for different events. In this study, a numerical example of the procedure of risk-based maintenance of a lock gate based on multiple critical welded joints is described. This reference case is a lock gate fabricated with five critical welded joints corresponding to different equivalent stress ranges. The conclusion is that risk-based maintenance of lock gates based on the optimization of the total expected cost is recommended.
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Pedro Duarte, Neves, Morais Luís Silva y Feteira Lúcio Tomé. "Part V Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process and Pillar 2 Capital, 19 Stress-testing in Banking in the EU: Critical Issues and New Prospects". En Capital and Liquidity Requirements for European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198867319.003.0019.
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This chapter examines financial stress-testing, most notably microprudential bank stress-testing in the EU. It begins by differentiating between micro and macroprudential stress tests. Microprudential stress-testing takes place at the level of individual financial institutions (micro perspective) serving as a risk management tool used both by individual banks (to gauge risk exposures for internal purposes) and supervisors (to assess the resilience of banking institutions to adverse market developments). Meanwhile, macroprudential stress tests are a tool designed to assess the system-wide resilience to shocks to support the design and calibration of macroprudential policy with the objective to identify and reduce systemic risk. Therefore, the focus is on the system-wide resilience and not on individual resilience, with the possible application for defining the size of counter-cyclical buffers. The chapter then addresses the topic of EU-wide stress tests from three perspectives, namely (i) its implementation and the methodologies used from 2009 onwards; (ii) the outcomes of such stress-testing exercises; and (iii) a comparative analysis of EU-wide stress tests with its US and UK counterparts, also including the sensitivity scenarios developed to assess the possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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"Probation and Parole Statistics". En Community Risk and Protective Factors for Probation and Parole Risk Assessment Tools, 1–4. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1147-3.ch001.
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There are more than 2,000 probation agencies in the United States, and staff in these agencies rely heavily on a long list of case plan agreements to get their clients to obey the laws and other societal rules. Yet, the list of rules, themselves, create overwhelming challenges for those on probation and parole, especially those who suffer from drug addiction, mental illness, and physical and cognitive disabilities. A reduced tax-base reduces federal assistance but at the same time increases the criminal justice system. Thus, funding intended to improve treatment services for those on probation has been used to improve the criminal justice system itself. Unfortunately, residents involved with the criminal justice system have concluded the laws are wholly illegitimate. The opening chapter presents the theme of the book: the cyclical nature of the use of recidivism reduction risk assessment instruments.
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Ocampo, José Antonio. "Middle-Income Countries and the International Monetary System". En Trapped in the Middle?, 318–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852773.003.0015.
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This chapter looks at the problems that middle-income countries (MICs) face in the international monetary and financial system, some of which can contribute to the generation of a middle-income trap. It looks at their dependency status in the global reserve system, the need to self-protect against crises by accumulating large amounts of foreign exchange reserves, and how they would fare in eventual reforms of the system. It then analyzes the significant volatility of external financing that these countries face, which generates risks of macroeconomic and financial crises and constrains the adoption of counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies; capital account regulations are seen in this regard as a crucial crisis-prevention tool. Among the instruments put in place internationally to manage those risks, there have been partial advances in balance of payments financing, but significant underdevelopment of sovereign debt workout mechanisms. Finally, the chapter considers the inadequate representation of middle-income countries in the governance of the system.
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Esfahanipour, Akbar y Ali Reza Montazemi. "Cognitive Mapping in Support of Intelligent Information Systems". En Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 4570–82. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch397.
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This article provides a review of the recent applications and trends on cognitive mapping techniques in support of the design and development of intelligent information systems. Cognitive maps are inference networks, using cyclic directed graphs for knowledge representation and reasoning. Cognitive mapping techniques are widely used to analyze causal systems such as industrial marketing planning, risk management, and product planning. Four knowledge management categories are adopted in this paper to portray different applications of cognitive mapping techniques in the design and development of intelligent information systems. These four categories are knowledge creation, knowledge storage/retrieval, Knowledge transfer, and Knowledge application.
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Esfahanipour, Akbar y Ali Reza Montazemi. "Cognitive Mapping in Support of Intelligent Information Systems". En Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction, 678–91. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7368-5.ch051.
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This chapter provides a review of the recent applications and trends on cognitive mapping techniques in support of the design and development of intelligent information systems. Cognitive maps are inference networks, using cyclic directed graphs for knowledge representation and reasoning. Cognitive mapping techniques are widely used to analyze causal systems such as industrial marketing planning, risk management, and product planning. Four knowledge management categories are adopted in this chapter to portray different applications of cognitive mapping techniques in the design and development of intelligent information systems. These four categories are knowledge creation, knowledge storage/retrieval, knowledge transfer, and knowledge application.
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Grandío Dopico, Antonio Javier y José Álvarez Cobelas. "Shadow Banking". En Emerging Tools and Strategies for Financial Management, 131–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2440-4.ch006.
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Shadow banking has gained prominence in recent years, and especially after the world financial and economic crisis because, on the one hand, it favours the funding of firms that have difficulty accessing the tradicional banking system, and, on the other hand, it offers to investors alternatives to the traditional bank deposits. However, shadow banking involves risks because it is subject to a lower level of regulation than the traditional system and it is clearly pro-cyclical, contributing to worsening the economic climate in times of recession. The chapter shows in detail how the shadow banking works and what the advantages and disadvantages of this alternative system are. In addition, reference is made to the debate about the possibility of reinforcing the regulation of this sector, although so far, the supervisory authorities prefer maintaining a vigilant attitude while not imposing strict requirements, which would lead to limit the role played by shadow banking.
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Voloshyna, Oksana. "METHODS OF BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION AT THE ENTERPRISES UNDER CONDITIONS OF QUARANTINE RESTRICTIONS DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC". En Theoretical and practical aspects of the development of modern scientific research. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-195-4-3.
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The problem of bankruptcy prevention is growing in importance under conditions of the decline of economic growth and quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly affected the domestic economy. In the second reading, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted amendments to the Code of Ukraine on the Bankruptcy Procedure, which banned moratorium on bankruptcy initiation by the creditors. Thus, there was approved “Draft Law on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts to Regulate Certain Issues of Bankruptcy Procedures for the Period of Implementation of the Measures Aimed at Preventing the Emergence and Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic” No 4220. This moratorium was introduced in the framework of measures for business support due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected many businesses throughout the world. First of all, this is due to strict quarantine measures imposed by the governments of many countries: closure of shopping and entertainment centers, a ban on all public events, restrictions on the movement both within the country and when crossing its borders, reduction of production (due to the establishment of limits for the simultaneous stay of workers in one room), etc. Quarantine has ruined consumer sentiment and almost halted several industries including retail, hotel and restaurant business, air travel. The amount of budget revenues has decreased. As a result of quarantine, Ukrainian companies have frozen investments and production chains, and some of them are on the verge of bankruptcy. The main economic sign of bankruptcy is reduced to a single point. It is inability of the enterprise to meet the requirements of creditors. However, in order to avoid numerous bankruptcies on insignificant debts, the minimum amount of debt is determined, at which a bankruptcy case can be initiated. Macroeconomic efficiency of the institution of bankruptcy directly depends on the systemic nature of the relevant fragment of the national legislation, availability of the detailed representative economic statistics and the level of conceptual development of effective anti-crisis regulation. At the level of microeconomics, bankruptcy means not just stopping the local production process, i.e. the loss of a sustainable source of permanent income and social security. And at the level of macroeconomics there is the opposite situation; bankruptcy means rehabilitation of production from inefficient forms of its organization and inefficient management, overcoming cyclical recession and modernization of the technological base of production. A modern approach to the study of bankruptcy is associated with the definition of objective economic signs of corporate bankruptcy and specific signs of financial insolvency of the enterprise, assessment of the effectiveness of basic legal procedures for bankruptcy (supervision, external management, bankruptcy proceedings, and amicable settlement). Financial preconditions for insolvency and bankruptcy of the enterprise are analyzed in accordance with Methodical recommendations on detection of signs of insolvency of the enterprise and signs of concealment of bankruptcy, fictitious bankruptcy or bringing to bankruptcy; Methodology of in-depth analysis of the financial and economic condition of insolvent enterprises and organizations. Financial statements are the sources of information for analysis and detection of signs of bankruptcy. To predict the risk of bankruptcy, it is necessary to be guided by regulatory sources, data of accounting, statistical, operational accounting and reporting. Necessary information can also be obtained from documentary inspections, audits, orders, directives, economic and legal materials (contracts). To study the results of financial and economic activities of the object of study there can be used accounting data, which contains extensive analytical information. According to primary documents, it is possible to establish the causes of overspending, payment of fines, perpetrators, determine the legality and appropriateness of business transactions. The main sign of bankruptcy is inability of the company to comply with creditors’ claims within three months from the date of payment. After this period, creditors have the right to apply to the arbitral tribunal to declare the debtor company a bankrupt. Bankruptcy is the result of interaction of internal and external factors. Due to the limitations of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1/3 of the business destruction is associated with internal factors and 2/3 with external factors. Bankruptcy characterizes realization of catastrophic risks of the enterprise in the course of its financial activity, as a result of which it is unable to meet the requirements set by creditors and meet obligations to the budget. Among a wide range of methods used to determine the characteristics of various phenomena and processes, to identify the features of development, to study the dynamics of changes at the enterprises under conditions of the threat and development of crisis, there can be distinguished the main ones: expert (expert assessments); research and statistical; analytical; method of analogues. The whole set of methods for assessing the state of the enterprise is based on three main approaches, which include: the use of a system of indicators and informal indicators (criteria and features); setting the maximum number of indicators in different areas of the enterprise; creation of a separate system of integrated indicators. In the practice of analysis and assessment of the enterprise state the most common approach is the one that involves the use of a system of indicators and informal indicators. Integrated factor models developed using multidimensional multiplicative analysis are often used to assess the probability of bankruptcy and the level of creditworthiness of the enterprise. Bankruptcy forecasting methods based on the use of financial ratios are as follows: Two- and five-factor models for estimating the probability of bankruptcy based on Altman’s “Z-score”; Model of Roman Lis, W. Beaver; Method of rating assessment of financial condition (rating number); R – bankruptcy risk prediction; Taffler’s prediction model; Fulmer’s model; Springgate model; Generalized model developed on the basis of discriminant function; PAS-ratio. Integrated factor models of E. Altman, Lis, Taffler, Tishau and others are often used to assess the probability of bankruptcy and the level of creditworthiness of the enterprise (Table 1), developed using multidimensional multiplicative analysis.
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Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Slaving in Space and Time". En Historicising Ancient Slavery, 166–99. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474487214.003.0008.
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This chapter constructs a framework for examining the diversity of slaveholding societies on the one hand, and the processes and forces of historical change on the other. The first section challenges the traditional approach to Greek slavery; the concept of epichoric slaving systems allows us to incorporate diversity and change in the study of local slaving practices. The second section dismantles the traditional distinction between societies with slaves and slave societies; the concept of the intensification of the advantages for masters and disadvantages for slaves that slaving offered provides a better way of comprehending the major differences between slaveholding societies. The third section focuses on the forms of change in the history of slaving: rise and fall; cyclical processes of intensification and abatement; conjunctures; and long-term change. These forms of change were put into motion by three major forces: the wider processes that shaped the four major slaving contexts; the impact of slaving in shaping these wider processes; and, finally, slave agency.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Giro, Felipe, Jose Mishael, Pablo G. Morato y Philippe Rigo. "Inspection and Maintenance Planning for Offshore Wind Support Structures: Modelling Reliability and Inspection Costs at the System Level". En ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78269.
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Abstract In the context of achieving a decarbonized economy, wind farms installed farther offshore provide the opportunity of harnessing more stable wind energy. Exposed to the combined cyclic loading of wind and waves, offshore wind substructures withstand, however, harsh fatigue and corrosion deterioration mechanisms throughout their operational life. In this scenario, Inspection and Maintenance (I&M) planning methods enable efficient control of structural failure risks by timely allocating inspection and maintenance interventions. In this work, we discuss the benefits of approaching I&M planning at the system level, thus determining strategies that are influenced by system risk metrics. To support the discussion, I&M policies are identified for an offshore wind support structure composed of 12 fatigue hotspots located at three weld connections and exposed to varying corrosion-fatigue deterioration intensities. Within the numerical experiments, the heuristics-based policy search is conducted both at component and system levels, exploring various structural redundancy settings. The results demonstrate that a systematic treatment of structural reliability can only be achieved by modelling the entire structural system, assigning and considering global failure risk metrics during the policy search. Independently of the investigated structural reliability model, system-based I&M policies outperform component-based strategies.
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Dubinina, Maryna, Iryna Ksonzhyk, Svitlana Syrtseva, Yuliia Cheban, Olha Luhova y Tetiana Pisоchenkо. "Implementation of the compliance system in the activities of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine: prerequisites and main aspects". En Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.027.
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The article defines the prerequisites and main aspects of implementation of the compliance system in activities of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. It has been established that the compliance system for Ukrainian agricultural enterprises is completely new, and there are practically no procedures for its formation and functioning. Using SWOT analysis matrix, strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the compliance system for Ukrainian agricultural enterprises have been identified. It has been established that the agricultural business is able to ensure the implementation and operation of the compliance system, which is focused on international compliance values. An algorithm for introducing a compliance system into the activities of agricultural enterprises has been proposed. Its implementation and observance will allow agricultural enterprises to minimize compliance risks, ensure their financial stability and innovative development, increase trust of customers, partners and investors to be competitive both in the domestic market and external one. It has been determined that compliance risk management is a cyclical process, whose main goal should be to minimize the identified risks using the development and implementation of appropriate control procedures and measures. In order to minimize compliance risks arising in the process of relations between agricultural enterprises and counterparties, an organizational model of their management has been proposed. The application of the methodological approaches presented in the model will allow agricultural enterprises to establish working relationships with counterparties, including foreign ones, and in the future to attract foreign capital and investment in their activities.
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Pasca, Dag P., Caroline Myhrvold, Roberto Tomasi, Olav A. Høibø y Anders Q. Nyrud. "Assessment of the connection properties of a prefabricated wooden sandwich panel under static and cyclic loads". En IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0244.
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<p>This paper presents the results of a study assessing the resistance of a recently developed standing wood-based prefabricated sandwich panel. The work was carried out in the framework of a product test, and consisted in a total number of 154 tests upon several different configurations. The connections investigated were those involved in constituting the lateral force-resisting system for a wall assembly, namely the panel-to-sill connection and the vertical connection between panels. For some configurations the test were performed in both monotonic and cyclic condition in order to get information about strength and stiffness properties as well as ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The varied parameter within each configuration were the type of connector, screws and nails; their inclination, 90° and 60° degrees; and the material composing the sills, Solid Timber and Solid Wood Panels. The variation of the parameter allowed identifying which configuration yielded the best performances.</p>
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Mugharbil, Mohammed y Mohammed Al Khunaizi. "Significance of Smart and Integration System Solutions in Maintaining Well Integrity". En SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204574-ms.
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Abstract Well integrity is one of the most critical elements for extending the producible life of a well. A healthy well enables optimization of productivity, enhanced oil recovery, trial tests of new technologies, and much more. Factors such as external corrosive aquifers, internal corrosion, corrosive hydrocarbons, cement bond damage, solids and sand production, and others are considered the main integrity dangers worldwide. When well integrity is affected, not only economic risks but also risks to health, environment and safety are probable. Well integrity is an objective achieved by optimum design and construction of the well after studying and assessing all possible hazards; effective monitoring of the well behavior while it's under production; and timely intervention when an integrity problem is detected. Evaluating all the aspects of well integrity during well operation is crucial. Cyclic surveillance is important to be followed, including wellhead pressures/annuli surveys, temperature surveys, corrosion logs, wellbore clearance, and well fluid samples, among other activities. With the help of smart and integrated systems, production engineers can have much better control over well integrity and be proactive in making timely decisions prior to any unforeseen events. The smart system keeps the well surveillance records, risk-rank the wells, and sets KPIs to tackle necessary actions wherever applicable. The developed system immediately triggers any threat on well integrity when it occurs.
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Ratnayake, R. M. Chandima. "Challenges in Inspection Planning for Maintenance of Static Mechanical Equipment on Ageing Oil and Gas Production Plants: The State of the Art". En ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83248.
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Although the design life of many of the oil and gas (O&G) production and process facilities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) has been exceeded, the same physical assets are still under exploitation as a result of extended life based on the information gathered by inspection, maintenance, modification and replacement history. Nevertheless, pressure systems, which comprised of static mechanical equipment such as piping components (valves, separators, tanks, vessels, spools, etc.), undergo continuous inherent deterioration (fatigue, corrosion, erosion, etc). Often the deterioration rates vary over the lifetime following no specific pattern due to the changes in product quality of the well stream, varying environmental conditions and unexpected cyclical loading. These necessitate effective inspection planning to repair, modify or replace those components that reach the end of their design life. This enables the integrity of the physical assets to be retained at a tolerable level. The inspection planning has traditionally been driven by prescriptive industry practices and carried out by human experts, based on risk-based inspection (RBI) and risk-based maintenance (RBM) philosophies. The RBI and RBM involve the planning of inspections on the basis of the information obtained from risk analyses of a particular system and related equipment. This manuscript reviews the evolution of inspection and maintenance practices. Then it provides a conceptual framework to mechanize the inspection planning process in order to reduce the effect arising from human involvement, whilst improving the effective utilization of data from different sources.
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Lai, Zih-Yu, Yan-Fang Liu, Ching-Ching Yu, Juin-Fu Chai, Fan-Ru Lin, Wen-Fang Wu, Yin-Nan Huang y Ming-Yi Shen. "Cyclic Loading Test and Numerical Analysis of Flange Joint and Reducer of RHR Piping Systems". En ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-29112.
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According to the seismic risk assessment results presented in the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) for a nuclear power plant in Taiwan, the failure of Residual Heat Removal (RHR) piping system occurs in both of the two accident sequences with the highest contributions for core damage. The seismic performance of RHR piping system depends on the capacity of its components, such as supports, flanged joints and reducers. For the need of seismic response-history analysis of RHR piping systems, we developed detailed numerical models of flanged joint and reducer using finite element analysis software (ABAQUS and SAP2000). The proposed finite element models were verified by the experimental results. The pure bending tests with four-point cyclic loading were conducted for sample flanged joint and reducer to investigate their mechanical behaviors. The displacement and rotation responses identified from the tests are in good agreement with the results of numerical analysis. A preliminary simplified model of flanged joints was also proposed in this study to improve the efficiency of numerical analysis for RHR piping system.
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Izadi, Mohammadreza, Elyas Ghafoori, Ardalan Hosseini, Julien Michels y Masoud Motavalli. "Strengthening of steel beams using iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) strips". En IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1528.
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<p>The current study presents a retrofit system, which can be used for strengthening of steel bridge beams using (un-bonded) mechanically-anchored iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA, ‘memory-steel’) strips. After anchoring, the Fe-SMA strips are activated by a heating and a subsequent cooling process. The anchorage system can simultaneously hold two strips (each with 50-mm width and 1.5-mm thickness) and transfer their prestressing force to the steel beam at the strip ends. The system is based on friction and does not introduce any damage to the parent metallic substrate. Owing to the so-called ‘shape memory effect’ (SME) of the alloy, the strips are prestressed after activation by heating up to a defined maximum temperature. After strengthening, the beam was statically loaded up to 60% of its yield capacity. Finally, in order to examine efficiency of the proposed SMA-strengthening solution, the steel beam was subjected to cyclic loading. The results of the static tests demonstrated the positive effects of the prestressed Fe-SMA strips on reducing tensile stresses in the beam bottom flange. Furthermore, the evolution of the prestress level in the strips during the fatigue loading was studied. The presented experimental study on the strengthened steel beam shows the effectiveness of un-bonded Fe- SMA strips as a retrofitting technique to enhance the static and fatigue performance of metallic bridge girders.</p>
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Hyun, Sinjae, Sun Jin Moon y Chong S. Kim. "Computational Modeling of Aerosol Deposition Characteristics in Cyclic Bifurcating Tube Flow". En ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19169.
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An accurate model of the human respiratory system allows health scientists to gain insight into the interactions between particulate matter (PM) and the exposed surfaces of the lung airways. Respiratory dose simulations and modeling are frequently used for evaluating health effects of inhaled toxic substances [1–4] and for analyzing the risk potentials of inhaled toxic or harmful PM such as vehicle emissions [4,5]. Pharmaceutical companies and pulmonologists find it useful in evaluating efficacy of inhaled medicinal aerosols and devising new patient treatment regimen [6–8], especially in vulnerable population groups such as children, industrial workers, and the elderly [10]. Recently, the respiratory system has seen increased attention as a possible venue for drug delivery to fight diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, and various cancers, among others. Computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation continues to be an important tool for understanding of delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols to the lung airways and thereby improving treatment of airway disease, particularly, asthma with bronchodilators and corticosteroids inhalers [11,12].
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VanEpps, J. Scott, Douglas W. Chew y David A. Vorp. "Biological Markers of Atherogenesis Correlate With Both Shear and Mural Stress in Perfused Arterial Segments Exposed to Cyclic Axial Stretching Ex Vivo". En ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176674.
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While documented risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, etc.) for atherosclerosis are systemic in nature, atherosclerotic plaques appear in a heterogeneous distribution in the vasculature [1]. Certain arteries (e.g., coronary arteries) are exposed to cyclic deformations such as stretching, bending, and twisting due to their being tethered to surrounding tissue beds [2]. Such stimuli likely results in spatially-varying biomechanical stresses and may be a key modulator of atherosclerotic lesion localization [3]. We have developed a unique methodology for combining ex vivo experimental perfusion of arterial segments with computational modeling. Using this methodology we examined the hypothesis that local variations in shear and mural stress associated with cyclic axial stretch of arterial segments influence the distribution of endothelial permeability and the expression of various genes associated with atherogenesis.
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Kanda, Yoshihiko, Yuji Oto, Yusuke Shiigi y Yoshiharu Kariya. "Effect of Cyclic Strain-Hardening Exponent on Fatigue Ductility Exponent for Sn Based Alloy". En ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52107.
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The influence of cyclic strain-hardening exponents on fatigue ductility exponents for Sn-Bi solid solution alloys and Sn-Ag-Cu microsolder joints was investigated. In Sn-Bi solid solution alloys, the fatigue ductility exponent in Coffin-Manson’s law was confirmed to increase with a decrease in the cyclic strain-hardening exponent. On the other hand, in the Sn-Ag-Cu miniature solder joint, the fatigue ductility exponent increases with a rise in temperature and strain holding. Thus, the fatigue ductility exponents are closely related to the cyclic strain-hardening exponent: the former increases due to the depression of the latter with a rise in temperature and increase in intermetallic compound particle size during strain holding. The results differ for the creep damage mechanism (grain boundary fracture), which is the main reason for the life depression in large-size specimens.
Informes sobre el tema "Cyclical systemic risk"
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Zareian, Farzin y Joel Lanning. Development of Testing Protocol for Cripple Wall Components (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/olpv6741.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA project is to provide scientifically-based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3.2 and focuses on Loading Protocol Development for Component Testing. It presents the background, development process, and recommendations for a quasi-static loading protocol to be used for cyclic testing of cripple wall components of wood-frame structures. The recommended loading protocol was developed for component testing to support the development of experimentally informed analytical models for cripple wall components. These analytical models are utilized for the performance-based assessment of wood-frame structures in the context of the PEER–CEA Project. The recommended loading protocol was developed using nonlinear dynamic analysis of representative multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems subjected to sets of single-component ground motions that varied in location and hazard level. Cumulative damage of the cripple wall components of the MDOF systems was investigated. The result is a testing protocol that captures the loading history that a cripple wall may experience in various seismic regions in California.