Tesis sobre el tema "Cycles du carbone et de l’azote"
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Moinard, Victor. "Conséquences de l’introduction de la méthanisation dans une exploitation de polyculture-élevage sur les cycles du carbone et de l’azote. Combinaison de l’expérimentation et de la modélisation à l’échelle de la ferme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB049.
Texto completoThe anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal effluents is strongly developing in France. It produces renewable energy (biogas). Like undigested effluents, the use of anaerobic digestates in the field enables the recycling of nutrients and organic matter in the soil, which decreases the need for synthetic fertilizers and maintains soil organic carbon stocks. However, the treatment and field application of those organic products can also cause greenhouse gas emissions and contaminants. The on-farm AD nfluences those impacts. In order to control them, we need to understand how the co-digestion of animal effluents with imported organic wastes influences C and N cycles at the farm scale. We studied this question with the support of a case study at INRAE in Nouzilly (Centre – Val de Loire, France): a crop and livestock farm where an anaerobic digester treats the cattle effluents together with imported wastes. During the MetaMetha field experiment, we compared N fluxes during a crop rotation that was fertilized with synthetic N fertilizers, undigested cattle slurry and farmyard manure, or digestates issued from their digestion. We found that digestates can substitute synthetic fertilizers, despite the risk of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Earthworms can be negatively impacted just after the application of digestate of slurry, but the input of organic matter induced similar positive impacts after two years. We then evaluated the STICS and SYS-Metha models to simulate the field experiment, and digestate treatment and storage, respectively. Both models were coupled to simulate C and N fluxes at the farm scale. The models showed that when large amounts of digested wastes are imported, AD promotes substitution of synthetic N fertilizers and storage of soil organic C, but also NH3 emissions. The study enabled us to better evaluate the consequences of the on-farm AD and therefore to optimize the sector
Cailleaud, Emilie. "Cycles du carbone et de l’azote et émissions de gaz à effet de serre (CH4, CO2 et N2O) du lac de barrage de Petit Saut et du fleuve Sinnamary en aval du barrage (Guyane Française)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30379.
Texto completoInland waters are sources of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In order to define their importance in the global balance of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the different fluxes of the carbon and nitrogen browsing them. These fluxes are modified by the creation of dams on river beds. Few studies present full carbon and nitrogen balances (inputs, outputs, fluxes to the atmosphere and sequestration) for reservoirs, and they concern only boreal and temperate ecosystems. The creation of a dam floods organic matter (OM) (soils and forests), which is rapidly degraded the first years following the impoundment and thereafter more slowly. The state of degradation of the OM and the main source of GHG in a reservoir nearly 20 years after impoundment are often unknown. The study conducted 18 years after the impoundment of the Petit Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) is the first study where the main elements of carbon and nitrogen cycles of an hydroelectric reservoir, and its river downstream, located in equatorial climate and which creation resulted in the flooding of primary forest, are studied nearly 20 years after impoundment. This study is based on (i) a monthly measurement of water quality and carbon and nitrogen concentrations upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (ii) measurements and/or calculations of the different fluxes of GHG through the atmosphere, (iii) data of the isotopic signature and of the state of degradation of OM upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (iv) sediments and 1994’s flooded tree trunks sampling and (v) incubations of downstream river water, sediments and tree trunks from the reservoir. All the data collected during the 12 months of campaigns carried out in 2012 - 2013 allowed us to determine that (i) flooded soils are still significant sources of GHG unlike flooded tree trunks, (ii) in the reservoir 84 % of CH4 emissions and 51 % of CO2 emissions occur in the littoral zone (< 10 m depth), (iii) 54 % of the CO2 produced in the river downstream of the dam come from the degradation of the OM provided by the reservoir. This study also allowed us to achieve carbon and nitrogen balances in Petit Saut and emission balance of each GHG emitted (CH4, CO2, N2O) nearly 20 years after impoundment
Dembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Texto completoCatteau, Simon. "Effets du carbone et de l’azote sur les cinétiques de décomposition de l’austénite dans un acier faiblement allié : étude expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0390/document.
Texto completoCarbonitriding thermochemical treatments followed by quench are commonly employed to improve wear and fatigue resistance of mechanical parts. However, the origin of this gain of mechanical properties is not well known. The objective of this PhD thesis is to characterize and to model, for a low-alloyed 23MnCrMo5 steel, the influence of austenite carbon and nitrogen concentrations on phase transformations kinetics during cooling. As a first step, the experimental procedure is based on the elaboration of specimens homogeneously enriched in carbon, nitrogen or carbon+nitrogen, thanks to a specifically designed process. Then, phase transformation kinetics and microstructural evolutions are studied by dilatometry, by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and by TEM. The introduction of nitrogen induces a strong acceleration of the phase transformation kinetics and much finer microstructures, in particular in high temperature range (500_C - 700_C). We attribute these effects to the nucleation of ferrite on CrN nitrides, which precipitated in austenite during the enrichment. In addition, the hardnesses are much higher than in specimens enriched in carbon. In situ XRD also allowed identifying the evolutions of the different phases (austenite, ferrite, cementite, CrN) and their chronology during the bainitic transformation. Finally, a model to predict the phase transformation kinetics is developed inorder to simulate the microstructure and hardness profiles inside layers enriched in carbon and/or nitrogen, leading to satisfactory agreement between simulation and experiments
Suan, Guillaume. "Changements climatiques, cycle du carbone et production carbonatée au Pliensbachien-Toarcien". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10194.
Texto completoThe relationships between changes in climate, carbon cycling and carbonate production in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian are investigated using geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological data acquired in Portugal, Italy and northern Siberia. Reconstructions of seawater temperatures inferred from the oxygen isotope composition of brachiopod shells reveal successive and marked cooling and warming episodes. The analysis of calcareous nannofossils and carbonate contents indicate that warming episodes corresponded to drastic carbonate production decline and extinction in both neritic and pelagic settings. Global variations in carbon isotope ratios indicate that warming events were probably controlled by atmospheric CO2 concentrations, likely caused by episodes of intense volcanism in South Africa and in Antarctica
Bekayo, N. Derla. "Effet des alternances dessiccation-réhumidification des sols sur la minéralisation du carbone et de l’azote des sols : importance et origine du surcroît de minéralisation". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10195.
Texto completoGilson, Angelique. "Dynamique saisonnière et répartition du Carbone et de l’Azote : de l’organe au peuplement. Rôle des réserves et effets de l’âge chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea)". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112038/document.
Texto completoIn order to progress in the comprehension of tree carbon and nitrogen functioning, this work studies tree age effects on seasonal changes and quantities of carbon and nitrogen reserves.This study was performed in situ in a chronosequence of three different ages of sessile oaks (8, 20 and 150 years old). Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nitrogen compound concentrations was studied for one year in young branches and fine and medium roots, at key phenological and growth stages. The reserve quantification was possible thanks to the estimation of the living biomass of the tree different organs. The study of age effects on carbon and nitrogen reserve quantities and their distribution within the tree biomass was realized at the dominant tree scale and the stand scale.Seasonal dynamics of carbon reserve formation changes with ageing. Young trees allocate preferentially C to growth; C storage begins only after the end of wood growth. In mature trees, growth and storage occur at the same time during the vegetative period. Seasonal dynamics of nitrogen reserves is overall not different between the three age classes: the minimum nitrogen reserve is observed in summer and the maximum one after yellowing. Mature trees have higher amino acid concentrations, which could be explained by a higher fine root biomass and a higher mycorrhization rate at mature stage, allowing a better soil exploration and mineral nutrient.Carbon and nitrogen reserve quantities of the dominant tree and stand increase within age. Reserve distribution mainly depends on the living biomass distribution between the different organs. Stem stocks the majority of tree and stand carbon and nitrogen reserves for the three age classes. However carbon and nitrogen compound concentrations have an important effect on the reserve localization in tree because carbon and nitrogen reserve distribution can be different from the living biomass one. With this study, we show that carbon compound allocation to storage in coarse roots and branches increase progressively with tree age.The results of this study highlight an evolution in C and N management with tree age
Hatton, Pierre-Joseph. "Séquestration du carbone et de l’azote des feuilles de hêtre dans les associations organo-minérales du sol : Approches macroscopiques, nanométriques & moléculaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0050.
Texto completoOrgano-mineral associations play a key role in the long-term sequestration of organic matter in forest soils. However, knowledge about the contribution of the different types of organo-mineral associations and the microbial processes involved in soil organic matter stabilisation is scant. To solve it, stable isotope techniques have been combined with the sequential density fractionation of organo-mineral associations. Isolated fractions were investigated in field and in lab, at different temporal (from 8 hours to 12 years) and spatial scales (macro-, submicron- and molecular scales).Four types of organo-mineral associations were distinguished: plant debris with little mineral attached, plant aggregates, microbial aggregates and mineral grains. Isotopically labeled beech leaf litters were tracked at a decadal time-scale to reveal transfers in between organo-mineral associations. Both litter-derived carbon and nitrogen entered the soil as plant fragments to progressively pass through plant and microbial aggregates. Aggregates appeared particularly meaningful for the stabilisation of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at a decadal time-scale. Little of the litter-derived carbon and nitrogen was found quickly stabilized to mineral grains. Microbial activities appeared as a major controlling factor for the evolvement of organo-mineral associations, responsive for the transfers of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen. Indeed, plant debris colonized by microorganisms are progressively trapped into plant aggregates. As decomposition proceeds, plant aggregates disrupt into denser microbial aggregates. These aggregates are loaded with lesser organic matter, but enriched in stable microbial materials.Stabilisation by soil microorganisms has been studied at the macro-, submicronand molecular- scales, using mostly NanoSIMS and LC-IRMS. Microbial stabilization operated (i) directly through immobilization in microbial cells and, (ii) indirectly through large production of extracellular microbial products. By calibrating the NanoSIMS for accurate C/N ratios, extracellular microbial products have been shown to be stabilized onto organo-mineral associations without apparent control of the mineral-attached organic matter chemistry. The incorporation of 13C tracers into amino sugars, biomarkers of bacterial and fungal biomasses, revealed that living microorganisms grow where the resource is, but accumulate in microbial aggregates. Microbial biomasses moved from plant debris to microbial aggregates, likely along with the transfers of decaying litter residues as described above.This work points aggregates as meaningful organo-mineral associations for the sequestration of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at the decadal time-scale. It also revealed the role of microorganisms in the transfers and stabilization of litterderived carbon and nitrogen within organo-mineral associations
Caffin, Mathieu. "Devenir de la fixation d'azote et export de carbone dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0475/document.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis focuses on the quantification of diazotrophy and its influence on biogeochemical cycles in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, a critically under-sampled region so far. The aim of this work is to (1) quantify N2 fixation and identify the main contributors of diazotrophy in this region, (2) assess the influence of N2 fixation on primary production and carbon export, (3) identify transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen in the planktonic food web.We have found that the western tropical South Pacific Ocean was a hotspot of N2 fixation. In the western part, the oligotrophic waters of the Melanesian archipelago presented high N2 fixation rates and diazotrophes were dominated by Trichodesmium. In the eastern part, the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the South Pacific gyre presented lower N2 fixation rates, and diazotrophs were dominated by UCYN-B.The nitrogen budgets show that N2 fixation contributed to more than 90 % of the of new nitrogen input in the photic layer. The study of the transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen has shown that 7 to 15 % of total N2 fixation was transferred to non-diazotrophs.This PhD thesis indicates that diazotrophy sustains the biological pump in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, and can have a critical influence in the planktonic community structure and in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in oligotrophic regions
Cros, Camille. "Régulations microbiennes et rhizosphériques des cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les systèmes de culture conventionnels et innovants". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC005/document.
Texto completoThe presence of plants accelerates the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) through the supply of energy-rich compounds (rhizodeposits and litter) stimulating microorganisms; a phenomenon called rhizosphere priming effect (RPE). An increase of photosynthesis, supplying soil with rhizodeposited energy, could increase the RPE and soil nutrients offer. Recently, the SYMPHONY model coupling photosynthesis and soil microbial activities suggested an adjustment of the soil nutrient offer (delta mineralization-immobilization) to plant demand. However, the key role of photosynthesis in this offer-demand adjustment needs to be investigated experimentally.The general objective of the thesis is to study the role of interactions between photosynthesis and soil microbial activities in the regulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes of ecosystems. Three ecosystem types were studied: grassland, wheat monoculture and a new cropping system (NSC) where wheat and perennial grassland species were intercropped. We hypothesize that perennial species, through a continuous photosynthetic activity supplying microorganisms with energy over the year, are essential for offer-demand adjustment.Many technical challenges were overcame to build an experimental platform of 40 mesocosms under natural light and temperature. This platform allows to couple 13C labeling of plants, continuous CO2-exchange measurements, RPE, plant production, soil C storage, N mineralization-immobilization turnover and N leaching.This experimental platform allowed us to determine the contribution of RPE to C fluxes of ecosystems including net ecosystem production (NEP), gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) expressed in g C m-2 24h-1. We found positive linear relationships between (1) RPE and GPP and (2) RPE and aboveground biomass (AGB) (g C m-2). Using these relationships, the RPE can be predicted with the following equations: (...).We show an adjustment of soil N-offer to plant N-demand across seasons: a high photosynthetic activity (spring) is linked to high RPE and delta mineralization-immobilization of N whereas a low photosynthetic activity (autumn) is linked to low RPE and delta mineralization-immobilization of N. This adjustment was observed in grassland and NSC but not in wheat monoculture. Consistently, N leaching was high in wheat monoculture while it was almost null in grassland and NSC. After two years of establishment of the three ecosystems, the total aboveground production of the NSC was equivalent to the grassland, each being about twice as high as the wheat monoculture. These results confirm the importance of perennial species in the offer-demand adjustment of N.Our findings underline the importance of plant activities and rhizosphere processes in the regulation of ecosystems C N cycles. Using the proxies of rhizosphere processes (RPE, offer-demand adjustment) provided in the thesis, further studies could investigate these regulations in situ and at the global scale. The presence of photosynthetic and rhizospheric activities over the year are essential for offer-demand adjustment of nutrients leading to high primary production, closing nutrient cycles and SOM storage. These findings offer the opportunity to build new cropping systems such as the wheat-perennial species studied, with high agro-environmental performances
Berthelot, Hugo. "Fixation d'azote et son devenir dans l'océan de surface : transfert dans le réseau trophique planctonique et influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques de l'azote et du carbone". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4103/document.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis, achieved within the framework of the VAHINE project, focuses on the fate of the recently fixed N2 by diazotrophes in the oligotrophic surface ocean.It appears that the release of the recently fixed N2 in the dissolved pool is a process shared between all diazotrophs tested and that the magnitude of this release depend on the environmental contrains rather than on diazotroph involved in fixation.The transfer of the N2 fixed toward non-diazotroph plankton has been investigated using an innovative methodology (coupling of nano-scale mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and cell sorting flow cytometry). It appeared that 5 to 20 % of the recently fixed N2 is transferred toward non-diazotroph plankton, mainly through NH4+ release. This transfer is twice more efficient when the N2 is fixed by the filamentous Trichodesmium compared to Crocosphaera and Cyanothece.Particulate export of the fixed N2 has been investigate in large in-situ mesocosms equipped with sediment traps, deployed in the New Caledonian lagoon and enriched with PO43- in order to stimulate N2 fixation. During this experiment, N2 fixation fueled a large part of the new primary production (>90 %) and that fixed N2 was quickly exported. The export has been direct, through the sedimentation of the diazotrophs themselves, and indirect, through the transfer of ~20 % of the recently fixed N2 toward non-diazotrophic plankton that have, in turn, sedimented
Paris, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux pertubations géologiques du cycle du carbone : isotopes du carbone, modélisation et apport des isotopes du bore". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0017.
Texto completoStudying geological carbon cycle disruption helps to further understand modern carbon cycle and to better apprehend the consequences of the current increase in atmospheric CO2. Specifically, geological crisis highlight the reaction ability of the environment to stressful situation. We used a multi‐proxy approach to study the Triassic‐Jurassic (TJ) boundary events. This transition period is characterized by a succession of two carbon isotopes negative excursions (CINEs) in sections from Tethyan realm. Through GEOCLIM modeling, we show that the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) likely generated the carbonate production crisis observed during the first CINE provided that emplacement is modeled as a succession of intense short‐lived pulses (<400y) as suggested by recent studies. If emitted mantellic carbon is isotopically light (<‐20‰), CAMP emplacement also generated the first CINE. We investigated British and Austrian sections through carbon and nitrogen isotopes for local consequences of global TJ transition events (CAMP emplacement and sea level variations). We showed that the biological pump is perturbated by eutrophication and blooms of prokaryotic organisms. A supplementary tool is provided by boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of carbonates that record seawater pH. However, inter‐laboratory discrepancies prevent this tool from being broadly used. Here, we present a recently developed injection device for boron isotopes analysis on MC‐ICP‐ MS and use it for studying boron isotopes on Middle Jurassic limestones during a time of carbonate production perturbation. Nevertheless, we remain speculative in our interpretation for carbonate δ11B values record both seawater pH and δ11B values. As a consequence, we initiated the reconstruction of Phanerozoic seawater δ11B values by measuring δ11B values in marine halites. The reconstructed values exhibit clear variations through time that are related to geodynamic parameters. This study underlines the necessity for multi‐proxy approach to bring new light on atmospheric pCO2 and seawater chemical composition
Fourquez, Marion. "Rôle des bactéries hétérotrophes dans le couplage des cycles du fer et du carbone dans l'océan". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066189.
Texto completoThe metabolic response of two strains of Alteromonas macleodii, isolated from contrasting marine environments (coastal and oceanic), was investigated. Iron limitation leads to a decrease in respiration and significant changes in expression of several key enzymes associated with carbon catabolism, specifically those involved the citric acid cycle and glycolysis. The study shows strain-specific responses to iron limitation. Growth rate of the oceanic strain was less sensitive to low iron concentrations compared to those of the coastal strain. The study provides new insights into how heterotrophic bacteria acclimatize to low iron concentrations. Thus, by altering carbon metabolism and energy acquisition of heterotrophic bacteria, Fe may affect cycling of carbon in certain oceanic regions. In order identify marine bacterial assemblages actively incorporating iron, microautoradiography combined with CARD-FISH was developed using 55Fe as the radioisotope. Initial application of this technique highlights its potential and shows the major contribution of Gammaproteobacteria, including Alteromonas genus, to iron incorporation in both NW Mediterranean Sea and Southern Ocean. In the Southern Ocean bacterial iron demand was measured during the KEOPS2 cruise. At the beginning of the spring bloom, bacteria competed strongly with pico-nanoplankton for iron. Iron incorporation by bacteria was 20 times higher when pico-nanoplankton was removed. The results suggest that the availability of dissolved organic carbon is a crucial parameter for bacterial iron demand and could indirectly influence trophic relationships
Lebeau, Oanez. "Enregistrement isotopique des cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote dans les sédiments du lac Pavin". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077108.
Texto completoOver geological timescale, the Earth's oceans were affected by several periods of total or partial anoxia. Causes and consequences of the ocean oxygenation can potentially be better understood from past C and N cycles. Studies on modern analogues are essential for interpreting the biogeochemical signal recorded in ancient sediments and to determine if the primary C and N isotope signatures are preserved or modified in this type of environment. Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France) is permanently stratified with anoxic Fe-rich deep waters overlain by oxic shallow waters, and can be regarded as an analogue for the oceans during periods of redox stratification with ferruginous deep waters. In the present work, we determined the C and N isotope compositions of 6 sediment cores in Lake Pavin (3 in the oxic zone and 3 in the anoxic zone), and of sediment traps set up at different depths in the water column and collected regularly over 15 months. δ¹⁵ values of primary biomass, coupled with concentrations and δ¹⁵ N of dissolved nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium), suggest that organic nitrogen derives mainly from N2-fixation in surface waters. δ¹³ C values show a bimodal distribution, reflecting seasonal changes in dissolved CO2 isotope composition. Diagenetic modifications of C and N concentrations and isotope compositions have been evaluated for particles sinking in the water column, water-sediment interface, and in the sedimentary pile. In all cases, diagenesis induces a decrease in C and N concentrations and an increase in C/N ratio, with larger modifications under oxic than anoxic conditions. The δ¹³ C and δ¹⁵ N values are well preserved in the anoxic zone, but are strongly modified in the oxic zone. Potential variations related to eutrophisation and/or a contribution of detrital materials are also presented
Prunet, Pascal. "Assimilation de données dans un modèle du cycle du carbone de l'océan de surface couplant la physique et la bio-géochimie". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30192.
Texto completoDessert, Céline. "Impact du volcanisme sur le climat et sur les cycles géochimiques globaux". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30204.
Texto completoCattaneo, Raffaela. "Effet du carbone suie sur les communautés virale et procaryotique dans les eaux marines côtières". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066579.
Texto completoLaget, Manon. "Rôle des Rhizaria dans les cycles biogéochimiques de l’océan épi- et mésopélagique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023DUNK0690.
Texto completoThe epipelagic and mesopelagic oceans play a key role in the production, recycling, and transfer of both organic and mineral matter to the deep ocean. Rhizaria (including Radiolaria and Phaeodaria) are planktonic protists thriving in these layers throughout the world ocean. They can display either mixotrophic or heterotrophic feeding behavior, and some of them form silica skeletons. Furthermore, these organisms can aggregate detrital material around them, forming fast-sinking particles. Sampling these fragile organisms is challenging, but advances in in situ imaging techniques have improved estimates of their abundance and roles in element fluxes. Still, due to a lack of measurements at the cellular level, our understanding of their global carbon biomass and their roles in biogeochemical processes remains limited. To fill this gap, the carbon content of diverse rhizarian taxa was measured, covering a broad size spectrum, and an allometric relationship was established, revealing an overall low carbon density compared to smaller protists. Using boosted regression trees and a global Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) 5 dataset, including >167,000 rhizarian images recorded all over the world ocean, global carbon biomass of >600-μm Rhizaria was reestimated to be 1.7% of the total mesozooplankton biomass within the upper 500 m of the water column. This biomass was found to be 10-fold higher in the mesopelagic than in the epipelagic layer. Subsequently, mesopelagic flux-feeder Phaeodaria were estimated to intercept 3.8-9.2% of the gravitational POC flux exported out of the euphotic zone. In the Southern Ocean, where their abundance was previously shown to be low, this interception rate can reach as high as 11.2-23.4%. In addition, biogenic silica (bSi) production rates of Phaeodaria were estimated, being the first quantification of bSi production in the mesopelagic layer. As the sole bSi producers in this layer, they play a significant role in its recycling, co-dominating the silicon cycle along with diatoms and sponges. Lastly, a new methodology to measure the sinking speed of marine particles using the UVP6 mounted on a sediment trap was introduced. After collecting approx. 9,000 measurements of particle sinking speeds in the North Atlantic, no strong relationships were found between morphological measurements provided by the UVP6 and sinking speeds. Instead, it was observed that sinking speeds increased with depth and were influenced by environmental conditions. These results highlight the importance of considering community composition, including both phytoplankton and zooplankton, for speed estimation and to refine flux estimates using in situ imaging
Askri, Amira. "Valorisation des digestats de méthanisation en agriculture : effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0023.
Texto completoAnaerobic digestion is a biological treatment of organic wastes which is strongly developing in France. In addition to producing energy, anaerobic digestion produces a digestate that has interesting agronomic potential. The objective of this work was thus to study the effect of applying digestates to a soil on the biogeochemical cycles of C and N, particularly the C storage potential in soil and the availability of N for plants, as well as the N2O emissions. The variation of these effects with the type of digested inputs and with the post-treatments after digestion was also studied. These studies were based on laboratory experiments, a short-term field experiment and modeling.Five types of digestates were used: three of agricultural origin and two from urban wastes coming from separate collection or not. Four raw digestates were produced by wet anaerobic digestion and underwent phase separation producing thus two digestates: liquid and solid. The other digestate was produced by dry anaerobic digestion. The solid digestates from urban origin underwent composting also while the two digestates of agricultural origin underwent reverse osmosis and drying.The digestates produced from agricultural wastes have the higher fertilizer and amending potentials. The phase separation produced a solid product which can mostly be used to maintain soil C stocks and which can be further improved by composting and a liquid product that has a greater fertilizing potential. All digestates raw, solid and liquid are characterized by a residual fraction of readily biodegradable C ranging from 23 to 91% of their organic C and related to the C content of the hot water extractable fraction. The biological stability of the digestates increases in this order: liquid 18%, the solid and the composted digestates have an interesting amending potential. The anaerobic digestates have also a high nitrogen fertilizer value, mainly related to the fraction of ammonia N initially present in the digestate; nevertheless, the high organic C/N ratios generate relatively high nitrogen organization associated with the degradation ofdigestate organic matter.A unique set of parameters was determined from the previous experimentations to simulate the C and N mineralization kinetics, after applying digestates to the soil, using the CANTIS model. This set of parameters was used to evaluate the relationship between the soil C stock and the fertilizer value of digestate and their biochemical properties.N2O emissions are higher from the raw digestates; but post-treatment by phase separation and composting reduce these emissions, while reverse osmosis and drying increase them showing thus the difficulty in associating agronomic interest and lack of environmental impacts at the same time.In the field, a high loss of mineral nitrogen is found after application of digestate, probably because of the volatilization of ammonia nitrogen. The non-composted digestates have fertilizer equivalence between 0.37 and 0.52; the origin of the digestate and phase separation didn‟t have effect on this parameter. On the other side, composting decreases by more than 80% the equivalence to nitrogen fertilizer
Ibrahim, Hatem. "Modélisation des cycles C et N dans les systèmes sols-céréales-légumineuses". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0022/document.
Texto completoAt the interface of soil-plant-atmosphere exchanges, the top layer of soil contains the largest part of organic carbon (Corg) and nitrogen (N) potentially available for plant growth; this soil layer plays a fundamental role in nutrition and equilibrium of earth.In Tunisians soils, a first quantification of N, following that of Corg, has allowed us to highlight the fragility of the reserves, and the need of conservation managements of lands and improvement of agricultural practices.Many studies of literature data try to model the changes of Corg and N stocks due to land use changes. However, most of the published references concern overall trends at medium or longer term (several years to several decades) and lack of precision in mechanistic prediction of daily transfers between plants, soil compartments and the atmosphere. Conjointly with other authors we think that the published studies do not take sufficient account of the crucial role of microorganisms in the exchange modelling. This directed us to the MOMOS model centered on the functional ecology of microbial biomass (MB), with parameters for growth, mortality and respiration of MB, closely related to climate, soil conditions and the quality of organic inputs.Our objective was to study the Corg and N cycles during a cropping season in complex cereal-legume systems for intensification by symbiotic N fixation in the Mediterranean environment. It included two challenges: (i) to couple the equations of decomposition with a model of soil water and modules of quantitative and qualitative vegetal production toward a new tool for agro-ecology and the global change (ii) to run this tool in Mediterranean calcareous conditions, with equations proposed and validated in tropical acid areas.The agronomic experiment included an intercropping of durum wheat and faba bean compared with pure cropping both managed in organic farming without any fertilizer addition during the last thirteen years. The model predicted ecophysiological parameters in accordance with published references and simulated accurately the measured data. Plant growth and the microbial functioning appear linked to the same climate equations and co-limited by temperature in winter and availability of water in summer. In these unfertile plots, the largest part of Corg photo-synthesized was modelled as allocated to roots and lost for the aerial parts and grain yields. These losses were simulated mainly (i) to increase root respiration of cereal, probably as energy source for root growth in order to find nutrients, and (ii) to increase the mortality of legume roots as energy source for the growth of decomposers and perhaps the growth of symbiotes for fixation of atmospheric N. Overall, the intercropping system was modeled as a sink of over 4 Mg ha-1 of Corg during the growing season, but only in the compartment labile of microbial origin. This compartment was also simulated as the main reserve of N potentially available for living organisms, much higher than N stock of microorganisms, which is itself higher than N stored in the cereal and similar to N stored in the legume. The modeling of microbial exchange with inorganic N showed a net immobilization of N just compensated by the symbiotic fixation. It helped to better understand the flows of Corg and N between atmosphere, legume, microorganisms and cereal, and to propose solutions for improving agricultural cropping systems in combination or rotation
Hennequin, Salomé. "Étude des couplages entre l'évolution géologique des cycles biogéochimiques, du climat, et de la biodiversité océanique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30197.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis is to understand the co-evolution of biogeochemical cycles, climate and ocean biodiversity at the geological time scale through numerical modeling. Currently numerical models simulating the geological evolution of climate and long-term geochemical cycles simulate the oceanic primary bioproductivity, this component being either forced by the inversion of the delta(13)C signal measured on sedimentary carbonates, or modelled in a totally deterministic way by making it only dependent on the available nutrient fluxes. It therefore appears impossible to compare the geochemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans (e.g. CO2, delta(13)C) with the evolution of its biodiversity (fossil record). In order to contribute to the filling of this gap between paleontological data and numerical biogeochemical-climate models, an ecological module is introduced in the GEOCLIM model. It allows the calculation of productivity and individual biomass for a prescribed number of primary producers, primary and secondary consumers and predators. The random selection of some of the parameters used in this calculation allows the creation of a unique assembly of groups for each simulation. The simulations were carried out in a dynamic way across the Permian-Trias boundary, with the massive degassing of CO2 linked to the onset of the Siberian large igneous province. The temperature sensitivity of the different assemblages of primary producers leads to a variety of responses to the perturbation, in the intensity of the extinction rates, of the excursion in delta(13)C and of the variation in primary bioproductivity. Among the full set of simulations, primary bioproductivity can either increase or decrease in response to global warming, despite a significant loss of biodiversity for all simulations. The response of primary producer groups amplifies or reduces the magnitude of global warming. The biomass of the groups in the upper trophic levels evolves according to the biomass of the primary producers at the base of the trophic chain. Despite limited comparisons with geological data, the ecological module coupled with GEOCLIM has made possible the investigation of the feedbacks between the evolution of biodiversity and the evolution of the carbon cycle and climate over geological time scales
Belhadj, Brahim Ali. "Influence des constituants alumineux et ferriques non cristallins sur les cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols montagnards acides". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376027521.
Texto completoStemmler, Sébastien. "Altération microbienne des minéraux dans les sols hydromorphes : incidence du couplage entre les cycles du carbone et du fer". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10234.
Texto completoMicrobial weathering phenomenons have been studied in 5 tropical waterlogged soils representing two sequences. The results show the fundamental role of the bacterial iron-reducing processes, where the bacterial activities coupled the biodegradation of organic matter and the reduction-dissolution of oxidised forms of iron. The bacterial ferri-reducing activities are significant and strong in the soils of the slopes and near the swamp (at a minor degree). In waterlogged conditions, the autochthonous bacterial communities grow by using the soil organic matter as carbon and energy sources, and transform them into bacterial biomass and soluble organic compounds. The ferric iron is used as electron acceptor, going to its reduction under the soluble ferrous form, that can be exported in the drainage waters. This weathering process appears to be a major phenomenon of the tropical soil evolution, in which iron plays an important role as cement of the structure, and can induce a non reversible degradation of the soil
Wang, Tao. "Développement et évaluation du modèle de surface ORCHIDEE : apport pour la simulation des cycles de l'eau et du carbone aux hautes latitudes". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0045.
Texto completoThis thesis is to evaluate and develop a land surface model ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms). In the first part, ORCHIDEE on multiple timescales is evaluated by a novel methodology linking Artificial Neural Networks to Singular System Analysis. The joint analysis of observations and simulations uncovers the characteristics of model bias at and across timescales in different plant function types and climate groups, which provide references for future ORCHIDEE developments. To have a throughout understanding of snow effects on present and future carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE with a decent snow model should be developed. In the second part, a site-synthesis analysis of winter ecosystem respiration and its controls across eddy covariance sites in mid- and high-latitude regions has been conducted. The result corroborates the role of winter respiration in annual carbon budget, and snow effects on winter respiration could be indirectly observed by its insulating effect on soil. The standard ORCHIDEE snow model is a simple bucket model and has been shown to bias snow simulations. In the third part, internal snow processes (e. G. Snow melting/refreezing; water infiltration between snow layers) were thus developed in ORCHIDEE. Moreover, a new forest albedo parameterization was also implemented. In the third and final parts, this newly developed snow model has been validated based on both site and continental levels, and a significant improvement has been seen in terms of snow pack properties examined. This new snow model coupled with permafrost will be used to explore high-latitude water and carbon dynamics in the future
Brandon, Margaux. "Les changements majeurs de la productivité biologique au cours du Quaternaire et leurs impacts sur les cycles du carbone et de l’oxygène". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ010.
Texto completoDuring glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, the atmospheric CO₂ (pCO₂) concentration is associated with important variations, in particular during transitions between glacial and interglacial periods, also called terminations, with increases of up to 100 ppm of pCO₂ in a few thousand years. While the roles of oceanic circulation and sea-ice cover on pCO₂ are studied for several years now, little is known on the impact of biological productivity. The goal of this thesis is to reconstruct the past changes in biological productivity and to estimate their contributions on atmospheric pCO₂ variations over the last 800 000 years (ka), with particular attention to Termination V (~425 ka) and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, the interglacial period around 400 ka. Two different approaches were combined to reconstruct global and local variations of biological productivity. Measurements of Δ¹⁷O of O₂ in the air trapped in the Antarctic EPICA Dome C ice core between 400 and 800 ka allowed to complete the pre-existing record and trace back variations of global biosphere productivity expressed in oxygen fluxes over the past 800 ka. Micropaleontological (coccoliths, foraminifera) and geochemical (TOC, CaCO₃, XRF) analyses were performed on a sediment core of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (MD04-2718) to reconstruct the changes in biological pump efficiency over the past 800 ka. The results obtained during this thesis showed that, at the scale of glacial-interglacial cycles, global biospheric productivity and Southern Ocean carbonate production are more important during interglacial periods compared to glacial periods, minimizing the impact of marine organic productivity on atmospheric pCO₂. Termination V and MIS 11 register the strongest biosphere productivity of the past 800 ka and the highest marine carbonate production of the past 9 interglacial periods in the Southern Ocean. While the important carbonate production is a source of CO₂ for the atmosphere, the rise in biosphere productivity would counterbalance the increase in pCO₂ through photosynthesis
Grimm, Christian. "Charge particulaire fluviale : effet sur productivité primaire et implications sur le cycle global du carbone organique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30322/document.
Texto completoThe supply of riverine particulate material (RPM) to natural waters plays a vital role in the global cycle of the elements and is considered to influence the organic carbon cycle in two ways. First, RPM comprise a vast source of nutrients which can increase primary production in the oceans. For example, the global RPM flux of nutrients such as Si, P and Fe exceeds its corresponding dissolved flux by factors of 50, 100 and 350. Second, the supply of RPM to the oceans is a major control of organic matter (Corg) burial, an essential process in the long term CO2 drawdown via the organic pathway. To explore the link between RPM supply and primary production in natural waters, a series of microcosm growth experiments was performed with two common primary producing microbes, the freshwater cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. and the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of different RPM at different initial nutrient levels. Results demonstrate that RPM significantly increase bacterial biomass growth as a function of RPM concentration. Notably, in experiments conducted with the freshwater cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., the presence of RPM 1) triggered bacterial growth in otherwise unfavorable conditions, 2) increased total biomass concentration, and 3) induced steady bacterial growth even after consumption of the initial nutrients. The positive effect of RPM on the growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii was most obvious in nutrient free experiments where cultures grew linearly with time in the presence of RPM, whereas these cultures died in RPM free controls. Furthermore, SEM investigations showed direct physical contact between microbes or microbially excreted organic substances and the particulates. In accord with reports in the literature, we suggest that microbes may acquire nutrients directly from the rock, which would again enhance the potential of RPM as source of limiting nutrients. The direct physical contact also suggests an increase in the burial efficiency of Corg through either 1) increasing Corg content absorbed on mineral surfaces, 2) increasing agglomeration and marine snow formation of organic and inorganic particles or 3) increasing organic matter settling velocities through mineral ballasting. The direct attachment of microbes on mineral surfaces was also observed in natural samples obtained from a field study at the Icelandic South coast. The positive effect of RPM on microbial growth and its effect on Corg burial are complimentary. Agglomeration is a function of suspended particle concentration, organic or inorganic. An elevated biomass concentration induced by the presence of RPM results in a high total suspended matter concentration, thus increasing the particle agglomeration rate. Taken together, this study provides experimental evidence for the importance of RPM in the organic C-cycle through its positive impact on primary production. Furthermore, it compiles evidence that particulates may facilitate organic matter burial through direct attachment of microbes on sediment surfaces or the formation of fast settling mineral/microbe agglomerations. Complimentary studies were performed to assess the quality of carbon isotope compositions to preserve estimates of Corg burial rates over geological time. Variations in the degree of primary production and Corg burial during Earths' history are recorded in the C-isotopic signature of marine carbonates. The use of carbon isotopic signatures in carbonates to reconstruct past environmental conditions, however, requires that these signatures are preserved over vast timescales. Experimental results demonstrate, that the carbon isotopic composition of calcite continuously evolves towards mineral-fluid isotopic equilibrium. This observation suggests that calcite C-isotopic compositions might change noticeably if the calcite were continuously in isotopic disequilibria with its co-existing fluid
Lefebvre, Vincent. "Modélisation numérique du cycle du carbone et des cycles biogéochimiques : application aux perturbations climatiques de l’Ordovicien terminal, du Dévonien terminal et du Miocène moyen". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10047/document.
Texto completoCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas known to be a primary driver of the Earth climate at a geological time scale. Its variation during the Phanerozoic determines icehouse and greenhouse periods. Brief perturbations, marked by carbon cycle and consequently atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes, occur during the Phanerozoic. During the PhD a numerical carbon cycle box model has been updated based on a previous version published by Grard et al. (2005). The modelisations realized during the PhD alowed to test different processes leading to a carbon cycle destabilization over several million of years. During the middle Miocene, we propose an intensification of the burial of continental organic carbon by burying 1.5x10*18 mol C in 3 millions of years. This process constitutes the more acceptable scenario that could explain the positive ?*13C excursion of the middle Miocene. Modeling on the Late Ordovician has led to the suggestion of a new hypothesis explaining the Hirnantian cooling : the installation of a continental basaltic province. Finally, the modeling on the Late Devonian has tested the hypothesis that a long-term (more than 10 Myr) geodynamical process such as a major orogeny could lead to a short-term (less than 2 Myr) carbon cycle perturbation associated to the initial mountain uplift. We show that the Eovariscan orogeny can be at the origin of the two Kellwasser events at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary
Lefebvre, Vincent. "Modélisation numérique du cycle du carbone et des cycles biogéochimiques : application aux perturbations climatiques de l’Ordovicien terminal, du Dévonien terminal et du Miocène moyen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10047.
Texto completoCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas known to be a primary driver of the Earth climate at a geological time scale. Its variation during the Phanerozoic determines icehouse and greenhouse periods. Brief perturbations, marked by carbon cycle and consequently atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes, occur during the Phanerozoic. During the PhD a numerical carbon cycle box model has been updated based on a previous version published by Grard et al. (2005). The modelisations realized during the PhD alowed to test different processes leading to a carbon cycle destabilization over several million of years. During the middle Miocene, we propose an intensification of the burial of continental organic carbon by burying 1.5x10*18 mol C in 3 millions of years. This process constitutes the more acceptable scenario that could explain the positive ?*13C excursion of the middle Miocene. Modeling on the Late Ordovician has led to the suggestion of a new hypothesis explaining the Hirnantian cooling : the installation of a continental basaltic province. Finally, the modeling on the Late Devonian has tested the hypothesis that a long-term (more than 10 Myr) geodynamical process such as a major orogeny could lead to a short-term (less than 2 Myr) carbon cycle perturbation associated to the initial mountain uplift. We show that the Eovariscan orogeny can be at the origin of the two Kellwasser events at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary
Krieger, Jean-Philippe. "Réarrangements de cycles et activation de liaisons C-H : synthèse de macrocycles". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066765.
Texto completoThere is currently a growing interest for macrocycles as scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Therefore, the development of new and efficient strategies toward this class of compounds represents a major challenge. In the first part of our research work, we have been interested in the synthesis of functionalized paracyclophanes incorporating heteroatoms, capitalizing on a Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder reaction sequence from tricyclic dienes and acetylenic dienophiles. The tricyclic dienes precursors could be quickly assembled from simple and readily available building blocks, using a reliable sequence involving a Sonogashira cross-coupling, the semi-hydrogenation of an alkyne and a six-pi electron electrocyclization. The resulting tricyclic dienes were engaged in an intermolecular Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder reaction sequence to provide paracyclophanes possessing a trisubstituted aromatic ring. An intramolecular version of this sequence was devised which enabled access to unique paracyclophanes with a cage architecture incorporating a tri- or tetrasubstitued aromatic ring. The second part of our investigations was devoted to the development of transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation mediated macrocyclizations. In the presence of a ruthenium(II) complex as the catalyst, the cyclization of Omethylhydroxamic acids substituted by a carbon chain possessing a remote alkyne could be achieved and provided an efficient access to macrocyclic isoquinolones. A similar transformation was applied to alpha,betaunsaturated hydroxamic acids derivatives substituted by an acetylenic chain, using a catalytic system based on a rhodium(III) complex, to afford macrocyclic pyridones
Deleens, Raynald. "Contribution au développement de nouvelles carbofonctionnalisations d'alcènes, préparation de polycycles aminofonctionnalisés en jonction de cycles et synthèse d'un disélénure chiral de symétrie C2". Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES062.
Texto completoThis work deals with the optimisation of new strategies for the synthesis of functionalised polycycles. In the first part, the study of a new methodology of alkenes carbofunctionalisation, based on the interaction between an episelenonium ion and a non activated silane, was examined. A strategy for the synthesis of bicyclic skeleton with a nitrogen atom at the junction is then described. It is based on the utilisation of nitroacetylene synthetic equivalents in a sequential double cycloaddition reaction. Hyperbaric conditions give access to expected adducts in good yields, and good regio and stereoselectivity. The optimisation of a new method to introduce a double bond in the cycloadduct, using carbenoid, yields cyclic nitroalkenes that could be involved in a second Diels-Alder reaction. An asymmetric version of the reactions described in these two parts is possible. Thus, the conception and the synthesis of a new chiral inductor, parenting a C2 symmetry, from proline, are described
Paris, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux perturbations géologiques du cycle du carbone. Isotopes du carbone, modelisation et apport des isotopes du bore". Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655630.
Texto completoDusza, Yann. "Toitures végétalisées et services écosystémiques : favoriser la multifonctionnalité via les interactions sols-plantes et la diversité végétale". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066033/document.
Texto completoGreen roofs are urban constructed ecosystems, associated with multiple ecosystem services, such as urban heat island and stormwater runoff mitigation or support for biodiversity. Enhancing the quality and quantity of expected ecosystem services requires to understand how interactions between substrate composition, substrate depth and plant community affect multiple ecosystem functions. However, such interactions have never been studied on green roofs. Using experimental approaches under controlled and real conditions on a Parisian rooftop, we focused on the influence of soil-plant interactions on key ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen and water cycles as well as pollination. We highlighted that interactions between substrate type, substrate depth, plant species and plant diversity affect (1) the level of ecosystem functions and (2) interactions between functions. We found that the choice of green roof components could lead to trade-offs between ecosystem services. We propose general guidelines for the conception and management of multifunctional green roofs
Branchu, Philippe. "Cycle du carbone et des éléments majeurs et traces dans les grands lacs de rift tropicaux (Lacs Tanganyka et Malawi) : processus biogéochimiques et enregistrement sédimentaire". Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30062.
Texto completoForest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Texto completoGabrielle, Benoît. "Modélisation des cycles des éléments eau-carbone-azote dans un système sol-plante et application à l'estimation des bilans environnementaux des grandes cultures". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0491.
Texto completoThe field-assessment of the environmental impacts of crop production has emerged as a critical issue, since modern agriculture should be expected not to pose major threats. We have here assessed the nitrogen (N) pollutions, caused by such a crop (oilseed rape), through both experimental and modeling approaches. Two types of pollution were investigated : the leaching of nitrate below the root zone, and the gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. The prediction of N fluxes at the boundaries of the soil-crop system requires the use of a model simulating the dynamics of water, carbon and N within this system. Among the approaches of various complexities undertaken in the literature, we chose two models representing either a simple (CERES) or a more theoretical (DAISY) viewpoint. Five data sets corresponding to a range of climate and soil conditions were used to test various options for both models. None of the models clearly outranked the other. DAISY performed better as regards heat and mass transfer in soil, but CERES proved a superiority for the simulation of crop growth. Actually, the precisions of the models were also dependent on the type of medium investigated : we then suggested that a functional classification of soils could serve as a basis for determining the form of model to use, that would offer the best precision for a given set of available inputs. Overall, the modifications we proposed to the soil components of CERES allowed this simple approach to yield a satisfactory accuracy in the prediction of the water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-crop system
El, Boukhary Mohamed Salem. "Impact des activités humaines sur les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066202.
Texto completoAyache, Mohamed. "Modélisation d’éléments traces (T, 3He, Nd, 14C) en mer Méditerranée pour l’étude des cycles biogéochimiques et de la circulation océanique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV138.
Texto completoUseful diagnostics of the ventilation of the ocean’s interior are derived from geochemical tracers characterized by simple boundary conditions at the ocean’s surface, and a conservative behavior in marine waters. In this thesis, we simulated explicitly some trace elements distribution in the Mediterranean to better constrain the thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles. We used a high resolution physical/biogeochemical model NEMO-MED12-PISCES.The Mediterranean offers a particularly attractive setting for studying geochemical tracers. It’s a semi-enclosed basin, which makes it easier to quantify the various sources and sinks of the elements (atmospheric dust, rivers ...). In particular, we modeled tritium (3H), a transient tracer currently used for the study of the interannual variability of the thermohaline circulation. We also simulated helium isotopes (3He, 4He), useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation.We have simulated the isotopic composition of neodymium (Nd), tracer adapted to investigate the exchanges between dissolved/particulate phases, with the continental margins, and to constrain the modern and paleo thermohaline circulation, as well as radiocarbon (14C), an ideal tracer for studying air-sea gas exchange and for assessing the ventilation rate of the deep water masses over very long timescales.This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure
Hassan, Ali. "Traitement thermochimique et caractérisation spectro-électrochimique des électrodes en feutre de carbone, utilisées dans des cellules pilote d'une batterie à circulation tout vanadium". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30144.
Texto completoIncrease of the share of renewable energy in the overall power production can ensure the future energy demand and help to cope with the environmental challenges inherent to the carbon enrich fossil fuels. Due to intermittent nature of these renewable resources, cost competitive and efficient energy storage devices are required. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising storage devices for the stationary applications due to its easy scalability, long charge-discharge cycles. The graphite and the graphite felt are low cost electrodes materials used by VRFBs which exhibits low kinetic reversibility of the redox reaction involving the system V(V)/V(IV) in the positive half-cell; this fact is responsible of significant kinetics overpotential decreasing the delivered voltage from the battery. In this work, different methods (chemical, thermal, electrochemical,) were tried to activate the surface of commercial graphite, expecting to enhance its electro-kinetics activity, specifically for the positive half-cell reaction (VO2+⇌VO2+). The enhancement of the electro kinetic activity of the electrode surface was characterized by the cyclic and linear sweep voltammetries. Besides the surface chemistry and morphology were analysed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In another study, the electrode-electrolyte interaction was quantified by contact angle measurements allowing access to the surface free energy determination. The activation method enables to create different oxygenal groups (C-OH, C=O -COOH) on the graphite surface and to increase the surface area. Both effects lead to i) the increase by 35 % of the current magnitude of the peak obtained by cyclic voltammetry (for the system VO2+/VO2+) and ii) the decrease of the ΔEpeaks of the same system by 300 mV. The density functional theory calculations (DFT) were performed to evaluate the individual catalytic role of the these oxygenal groups against the redox couple VO2+/VO2+(in the positive electrode). DFT shows that these oxygenal groups increase sp3 hybridization in the structure of the felt, that are facilitating the redox reactions. The intrinsic heterogeneous electronic transfer constant (k°) of V(V)/V(IV) system is enhanced by 2.6 and 6.1 times for the oxidation (V(IV)→V(V)) and reduction (V(V)→V(IV)) reactions, respectively. The electrode-electrolyte interaction improves because of the increment of the surface free energy of GF from 13.9 mN/m to 53.29 mN/m. The electrode performance was evaluated in the classical half-cell by charge discharge cycles. The charging voltage decrease from 1.18V to 1.04V and the discharge voltage increase from 0.42V to 0.75V, after the activation of GF. Proposed activation methods are novel, easy and effective. The charge discharge cycles of VRFB were performed at stack level, into the electrochemical plug flow reactor, by using 100 cm2 GF in each electrolytic section. At a current density of 50 A.m-2, there is an improvement of 20 % and 13 % in energy and voltage efficiency (VE) of stack respectively, due to treated electrode
Criscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066574/document.
Texto completoCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
AITA, CELSO. "Couplage des cycles du carbone et de l'azote dans les sols cultives : etude, au champ, des processus de decomposition apres apport de matiere organique fraiche". Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066731.
Texto completoBenabdesselam, Youssef. "Étude de l'effet de cycles thermiques sur l'adhérence béton/armature en matériaux composites constituée de polymères renforcés de fibres de carbone et de fibres de verre". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0035/MQ67244.pdf.
Texto completoBonelli, Stefano. "Impact des variations de l'insolation et du CO2 atmosphérique sur l'évolution passée et future des calottes de glace". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0054.
Texto completoBetter understanding the Earth’s climate system is a major issue for the scientific community. The climate system is characterized by a high degree of complexity, due to the numerous interactions between its various components (i. E. Atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, lithosphere and cryosphere), operating at different timescales. Furthermore, the anthropogenic pressure has also to be considered in a comprehensive description of the climate system, since it is capable of modifying its state, as well as the amplitude and frequency of the natural variability. The study of past climatic variations represents a primary means to understand the ongoing climate change: on the one hand, it allows direct comparison with previous warm episodes, and, on the other, it is useful to validate climate models for paleo-climatic conditions fully different from the present day ones, yet well-constrained by data-sets. Indeed, the Earth’s climate has always been characterized by changes; the transitions between “cold” states (glacial periods) and “warm” ones (interglacials), and vice versa, have been a major feature of the system for the last three million years. These changes are better known as glacial-interglacial cycles, and their existence is recorded in many climatic archives (i. E. Sea sediments, ice cores, continental records). The main goal of this thesis is to better understand the transition from interglacial periods to glacial ones for different timescales (geological timescale, Milankovitch timescale and future projections), by using a fully coupled climate-ice sheet model. Our work represents a step forward in the study of “low frequency” climate variability. We have tested the model performances for three different case studies, corresponding to different periods of the Earth’s history. The first part of this thesis is focused on the study of the Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica, which enables us to pinpoint the complex links between atmospheric CO2 concentration, tectonics (i. E. The opening of the Drake Passage), global climate and the inception of the Antarctic ice sheet 34 Ma ago. The second part deals with climate-ice sheets interactions at the Milankovitch timescale, and provides a “transient” simulation of the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Finally, the third part is dedicated to the future ice sheet evolution, focusing on the next glacial inception, and on how this transition might be affected by anthropogenic activity. Our approach covers the range of applicability of the coupled model, thus highlighting its strengths, but also its major limitations, and offers new insights for the ongoing studies on the links between climate and ice sheets
Ayache, Mohamed. "Modélisation d’éléments traces (T, 3He, Nd, 14C) en mer Méditerranée pour l’étude des cycles biogéochimiques et de la circulation océanique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV138/document.
Texto completoUseful diagnostics of the ventilation of the ocean’s interior are derived from geochemical tracers characterized by simple boundary conditions at the ocean’s surface, and a conservative behavior in marine waters. In this thesis, we simulated explicitly some trace elements distribution in the Mediterranean to better constrain the thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles. We used a high resolution physical/biogeochemical model NEMO-MED12-PISCES.The Mediterranean offers a particularly attractive setting for studying geochemical tracers. It’s a semi-enclosed basin, which makes it easier to quantify the various sources and sinks of the elements (atmospheric dust, rivers ...). In particular, we modeled tritium (3H), a transient tracer currently used for the study of the interannual variability of the thermohaline circulation. We also simulated helium isotopes (3He, 4He), useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation.We have simulated the isotopic composition of neodymium (Nd), tracer adapted to investigate the exchanges between dissolved/particulate phases, with the continental margins, and to constrain the modern and paleo thermohaline circulation, as well as radiocarbon (14C), an ideal tracer for studying air-sea gas exchange and for assessing the ventilation rate of the deep water masses over very long timescales.This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure
Criscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066574.pdf.
Texto completoCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Versini, Antoine. "Effet de la manipulation des litières aériennes sur les cycles du C et de N dans les sols en plantation d'Eucalyptus au Congo". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0240/document.
Texto completoIn the last decades, fast-growing plantations have emerged as an important option to supply a growing share of the increasing demand for woody forest products and as an alternative to reduce the pressure on tropical rainforests. A major stake is nowadays to ensure the sustainability of these plantations often established on poor soils with large amounts of biomass exported every 6-7 years. Aboveground litters may play a crucial role on the mineral and the organic soil fertility which drive short- and long-term productivity in these tropical ecosystems. The main objective of our study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the Eucalyptus growth response to aboveground litter removal or addition over the two first years after planting. Apart from measurements of tree growth, the dynamic of nitrogen (N) mineralization in decomposing harvest residues has been studied in several experiments. Nutrient fluxes in soil solutions were compared to nutrient stocks initially contained in ecosystem compartments and to nutrient content within trees at age two years. A complete recovery budget of 15N brought within residues at the harvest was made at the stand scale. The long-term impact of aboveground litter manipulations on soil OM stocks was also assessed. Standard soil analyses (C&N) as well as a complete partitioning of soil CO2 efflux were carried out. The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of dissolved OM received special attention. The results show that the rapid release of potassium and the more progressive release of N contained in aboveground litter largely explain tree growth differences observed among OM management treatments. Eucalyptus tree considerably benefit from the nutrient released throughout litter decomposition since losses by deep drainage were very low as a consequence of soil depth and of the very fast development of roots both in the deep soil layers and in the organic layer. Our study also highlighted the large contribution of the topsoil OM (0-15 cm) for the production of nitrate and dissolved OM in gravitational soil solutions. The use of 15N labelling demonstrated that N is initially retained within the organic layer probably by microbial immobilization; transferred in simultaneous and balanced ways between organic residues components (leaves, barks and branches); and finally transported in particulate OM toward the mineral topsoil layer by gravitational water, supplying thus the soil OM pool on which the soil fertility relies. The retention of aboveground litter contributed to maintain soil OM stocks after the clear-cutting while its removal led to an initial decrease in soil OM stocks at the beginning of the rotation, which seemed to be balanced thereafter by litterfall inputs. The addition of litter led to an increase in dissolved OM fluxes in the first 15 centimeters of the soil profile which remained insignificant in comparison with soil OM stocks and exhibited low interactions with soil OM. Despite the rapid recovery of the soil OM pool, some nutrients might limit the productivity of these plantations after several rotations, as a result of repeated biomass exportation. Consequently, the retention of organic residues at the harvest should be optimized and the exportation of woody biomass must be compensated by fertiliser addition, burning of organic residues must be prohibited and wild fires prevented
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066528.pdf.
Texto completoThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Pepin, Laurence. "Variations de la teneur en CO2 de l'atmosphère au cours des 4 derniers cycles glaciaire-interglaciaires, à partir de l'analyse de la carotte de Vostok (Antarctique) : implications sur l'évolution du climat et du cycle du carbone". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701284.
Texto completoManuel, Isabelle. "Étude cinétique et modélisation de réactions mises en jeu en calalyse trois-voies". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066437.
Texto completoRamondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Texto completoThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Braghiroli, Flavia Lega. "Polyphénols végétaux traités par voie humide : synthèse de carbones biosourcés hautement poreux et applications". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0249/document.
Texto completoRenewable resources are considered as sustainable, and sometimes cheaper, alternatives to substitute raw materials of petrochemical origin. We used tannins extracted from Mimosa barks. Tannin is an attractive precursor to synthesize new organic porous materials due to the presence of highly reactive phenolic molecules. The synthesis of these new carbon materials from tannin comprises a two-step process: the first step is a hydrothermal carbonization at moderate temperatures, 180-200°C, which allows obtaining a hydrochar, richer in carbon, and fixing other heteroatoms. These hydrochars present different morphologies as powder or gel. The second step is a carbonization at higher temperature (900°C), which allows increasing surface area (SBET), porosity as well as improving conductivity. The preparation of a porous carbon presenting mesopores perfectly defined in size and in their organization was realized by associating tannin, as carbon precursor, with a surfactant for porosity templating, the copolymer Pluronic F127. These new carbon materials were tested as electrodes of supercapacitor