Tesis sobre el tema "Cycle du carbone terrestre"
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Maisongrande, Philippe. "Modélisation du cycle du carbone dans la biosphère terrestre : intégration de données satellitaires". Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT131H.
Texto completoCadule, Patricia. "Modélisation des interactions entre le système climatique et le cycle du carbone". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066142.
Texto completoSun, Yan. "Simulation du cycle biogéochimique du phosphore dans le modèle de surface terrestre ORCHIDEE : évaluation par rapport à des données d'observation locales et mondiales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ001.
Texto completoPhosphorus (P) plays a critical role in controlling metabolic processes, soil organic matter dynamics, plant growth and ecosystem productivity, thereby affecting greenhouse gas balance (GHG) of land ecosystems. A small number of land surface models have incorporated P cycles but their predictions of GHG balances remain highly uncertain. The reasons are: (1) scarce benchmarking data for key P-related processes (e.g. continental to global scale gridded datasets), (2) lack of comprehensive global evaluation strategy tailored for d P processes and interlinkages with carbon and nitrogen (N) cycles, and (3) insufficient model calibration limited by the high computation cost to simulate coupled CNP cycles which operate on timescales of minutes to millenia. Addressing those research gaps, I apply a combination of statistical methods (machine learning), LSMs and observational data among various scales.Firstly (Chapter 2), to address the lack of benchmarking data, I applied two machine-learning methods with the aim to produce spatial gridded maps of acid phosphatase (AP) activity on continental scale by scaling up scattered site observations of potential AP activity. AP secreted by fungi, bacteria and plant roots play an important role in recycling of soil P via transforming unavailable organic P into assimilable phosphate. The back-propagation artificial network (BPN) method that was chosen explained 58% of AP variability and was able to identify the gradients in AP along three transects in Europe. Soil nutrients (total nitrogen, total P and labile organic P) and climatic controls (annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and temperature amplitude) were detected to be the dominant factors influencing AP variations in space.Secondly (Chapter 3), I evaluated the performance of the global version of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP (v1.2) using the data from chapter 2 as well as additional data from remote-sensing, ground-based measurement networks and ecological databases. Simulated components of the N and P cycle at different levels of aggregation (from local to global) are in good agreement with data-driven estimates. We identified model biases, in the simulated large-scale patterns of leaf and soil stoichiometry and plant P use efficiency, which point towards an underestimation of P availability towards the poles. Based on our analysis, we propose ways to address the model biases by giving priority to better representing processes of soil organic P mineralization and soil inorganic P transformation.Lastly (Chapter 4), I designed and tested a Machine Learning (ML)-based procedure for acceleration of the equilibration of biogeochemical cycles to boundary conditions (spinup) which is causing the low computational efficiency of current P-enabled LSMs. This ML-based acceleration approach (MLA) requires to spin-up only a small subset of model pixels (14.1%) from which the equilibrium state of the remaining pixels is estimated by ML. MLA predicts the equilibrium state of soil, biomass and litter C, N and P on both PFT and global scale sufficiently well as indicated by the minor error introduced in simulating current land carbon balance. The computational consumption of MLA is about one order of magnitude less than the currently used approach, which opens the opportunity of data assimilation using the ever-growing observation datasets.In the outlook, specific applications of the MLA approach and future research priorities are discussed to further improve the reliability and robustness of phosphorus-enabled land surface models
Zhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Texto completoAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Berthelot, Marie. "Couplage entre le système climatique et le cycle du carbone terrestre : étude de la réponse biogéochimique et biogéographique de la biosphère au changement climatique futur". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066374.
Texto completoRiano, Sanchez Jaime Andres. "Evolution of the global productivity of terrestrial ecosystems under constraint linked to nitrogen availability : analysis over the recent historical period and future projections". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ012.
Texto completoTerrestrial ecosystems currently absorb more than a quarter of CO₂ emissions of anthropogenic origin, thanks to the fertilization effect associated with the increase in atmospheric CO₂. Most of the terrestrial system models used in recent IPCC work estimate that terrestrial ecosystems will continue to behave like a carbon sink of greater or lesser magnitude in the 21st century, depending on the future trajectories of atmospheric CO₂ and climate. Whatever the evolution of atmospheric CO₂ concentration, it remains critical to determining whether enough nutrients (particularly nitrogen) will be available to fully support the increase in primary production resulting from the fertilization effect of elevated CO₂. Most global models of terrestrial ecosystems do not account for the nitrogen cycle and the interactions between the nitrogen and carbon cycles. The latest version of the ORCHIDEE model developed in France incorporates these new features.Using this model, the objective of the thesis will be to analyze the evolution of terrestrial productivity over the recent historical period and to quantify the future development of the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems under the combined effect of these global changes: climate, CO₂ concentration, and reactive nitrogen production evolution, according to different socio-economic scenarios. Including the coupled nitrogen and carbon cycle in ORCHIDEE also requires a better approximation to one key Nitrogen input resulting from Biological Nitrogen Fixation that is currently determined by evapotranspiration. This has been recently invalidated by a meta analysis study. The second objective of this thesis consists then of implementing a process-based dynamic model for reproducing BNF in ORCHIDEE to improve the estimation of the carbon fluxes
Adams, Jonathan M. "The role of terrestrial ecosystems in glacial-to-interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle : an approach based on reconstruction of paleovegetation : l'Influence des écosystèmes terrestres sur les changements du cycle global du carbone, entre les aires glaciaires et interglaciaires : une approche par la reconstruction de la paléovégétation". Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22054.
Texto completoSmeds, Jacob. "Inlandsvatten som en del i den terrestra kolcykeln – uppskattningar och osäkerheter". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352772.
Texto completoInland waters, for example lakes and rivers, play a considerable role in the global carbon cycle. In addition to transport carbon between the continents and the oceans, a number of processes occur during the transport along the hydrological chain. Inland water could directly take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere though photosynthesis, but a vast amount of the carbon origins from land. The carbon could either be emitted to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane, stored at the bottom of lakes or reservoirs and/or transported (exported) to the ocean through rivers or groundwater. In this study, publications from 2007 to 2017 were reviewed, and the conclusion is drawn that 3,6 Pg C y-1 are exported to inland waters from land. 2,3 Pg C y-1 are emitted to the atmosphere, 0,15 Pg C y-1 is buried in the sediments of lakes and reservoirs and 1,1 Pg C y-1 is exported to the ocean. To understand how human affects the global carbon budget, a correct description of the natural migration of carbon between the ocean, the continents and the atmosphere is needed. Potential of improvement and uncertainties related to the quantitative estimates of emission, sedimentation and export are to a large extent connected to the poor surveys of small lakes and ponds. A more representative global distribution of the data is also needed for a better understanding of the role of inland waters in the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Bonifacie, Magali. "Cycle du chlore terrestre : les échanges manteau-océan". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077195.
Texto completoWe need a good knowledge of the chlorine geodynamic in order to better constrain the past and modem distribution of chlorine on Earth and the origin of oceans. This work brings new constraints on exchanges between the surface and the interior of the Earth, and particularly mantle-ocean exchanges by studying the oceanic crust (creation, alteration, subduction), as it is the main vector of exchanges between surface and deep : reservoirs. The main tools used in this study are chlorine isotopes compositions (δ³7C1). The first goal of this work was to develop and improve a technique of chlorine-extraction from silicated rocks in order to allow precise δ³7C1 determination. MORB, altered basalts, oceanic serpentinized peridotites and metaperidotite from subduction zones have been analyzed. Hydrothermal fluids (both high and low temperatures) have also been characterized. The whole data reinitialize our knowledge on Cl-isotopic compositions of the depleted mantle, the oceanic crust and the recycled material, as well as on the behavior of chlorine isotopes during assimilation, water-rock interaction and subduction. For the first time, a global view on the oceanic crust chlorine and therefore on the chlorine isotopic cycle is exposed. We propose a model of δ³7C1 evolution of the Earth's reservoirs during geological times, and that the global chlorine cycle is not at steady state. Considering the current chlorine distribution in those reservoirs, the seawater should tend to buffer the mantle δ³7C1
Ek, Ella. "Precipitation variability modulates the terrestrial carbon cycle in Scandinavia". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten- och landskapslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445453.
Texto completoFörändringar och variation i klimatet är sammankopplade med kolcykeln genom komplexa återkopplingsmekanismer. På grund av denna komplexitet är kunskapen om kopplingen mellan klimatvariation och kolcykeln fortfarande bristande, men för att möjliggöra precisa prognoser om framtida klimat är det viktigt att ha kunskap om denna koppling. För att få mer kunskap om klimatvariation syftar därför denna studie till att identifiera återkommande strukturer av nederbördsvariation över Skandinavien under vår respektive sommar från 1981 till 2014. Dessa relateras till förändringar i sommarväxtlighetens grönhet, uppmätt som skillnaden i normaliserat vegetationsindex (NDVI). Även korrelationen mellan sommarstrukturerna av nederbördsvariationen och storskaliga atmosfäriska svängningar, s.k. "teleconnections", över Nordatlanten undersöks. Nederbördsdatan erhölls från ERA5 analysdata från Europacentret för Medellånga Väderprognoser och strukturer av nederbördsvariationen identifierades genom empirisk ortogonal funktionsanalys (EOF) av nederbördsavvikelser. De tre första EOF av vår- respektive sommarnederbördsavvikelser förklarade tillsammans 73,5 % respektive 65,5 % av nederbördsvariationen. Strukturerna av nederbördsvariation under vår respektive sommar uppvisade tydliga likheter sinsemellan. Dessutom identifierades Skanderna vara av stor vikt för nederbördsvariationen i Skandinavien under båda årstider. Avvikande år av nederbördsvariation under våren indikerade att sagda nederbördsvariation haft liten påverkan på NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren. Emellertid verkade nederbördsvariationen under sommaren påverkat NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren i centrala och nordöstra Skandinavien. Detta indikerar att nederbördsvariationen under sommaren till viss del styr den terrestra kolcykeln i dessa regioner. För nederbördsvariationen under sommaren fanns korrelation mellan både Nordatlantiska sommaroscillationen och Östatlantiska svängningen. Det finns således en möjlighet att dessa "teleconnections" har en viss påverkan på den terrestra kolcykeln genom nederbördsvariationen under sommaren.
Tounsi, Khoudhir. "Le cycle du carbone dans l'Océan atlantique tropical". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30233.
Texto completoCachier-Rivault, Hélène. "Approche isotopique du cycle atmospherique du carbone particulaire". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077061.
Texto completoLabbe, Espéret Christiane. "Modélisation et conceptualisation : l'exemple du cycle du carbone". La Réunion, 2002. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/02_07_Labbe_Esp.pdf.
Texto completoCachier-Rivault, Hélène. "Approche isotopique du cycle atmosphérique du carbone particulaire". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376035474.
Texto completoMariotti, Véronique. "Le cycle du carbone en climat glaciaire : état moyen et variabilité". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0071.
Texto completoAtmospheric CO2 variations, of around 100 ppm, between glacial and interglacial climates, and 14C variations, are not well understood. This is also the case for the 20 ppm variations of CO2 associated to abrupts events at glacial times. Combining both models and data, I have shown (1) that the sinking of brines mechanism - pockets of salt rejected by sea-ice formation - around Antarctica, likely able to explain glacial-interglacial CO2 variations according to previous studies, could also explain the 14C, (2) that an oscillation of this mechanism could also induce the 20 ppm variations of CO2, during abrupt events, (3) that marine productivity was correctly simulated on the glacial-interglacial time scale and during abrupts events and (4) that for both kinds of variations, it had a limited role on CO2
Bouttes, Nathaëlle. "L’évolution du cycle du carbone au cours du Quaternaire". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066376.
Texto completoThomassot, Emilie. "Origine et formation des diamants dans le manteau supérieur terrestre : apport d'une systématique multi-isotopique (carbone, azote et soufre)". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077183.
Texto completoIn order to better constraint the origin and the crystallization process of diamond in the Earth upper mantle, we have undertaken a coupled isotopic study of diamond and of their sulfide inclusions. Mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionations are preserved in sulfide inclusions in diamonds (SID) from the Kaapvaal craton (Botswana and South Africa). This specific isotopic signature, produced through photochemical reaction during the Archean, implies that sulfide inclusions in diamonds represent an Archean atmospheric sulfur component that was recycled into the Earth's mantle. However, geochemical characteristics of their host diamonds (δ¹³C, δ¹5N, N-content and its speciation) are largely homogeneous through the population, and close to the non-fractionated mantle-related values. This lack of recycled signature in the carbon diamond source allows us to conclude that diamonds and their inclusions are not necessarily syngenetic. Moreover, the specific geochemical characteristics of sulfide-bearing diamonds differs from silicate-bearing diamond signature. This last observation is unforeseen and discloses that sulfide-bearing diamonds belong to a specific diamond population. The present work, brings evidences in favor of the implication of a metasomatic agent (carbon bearing fluid) leading to diamond cristallization in mantle rocks
RICHARD, Guillaume. "Le cycle de l'eau dans le manteau terrestre: apport de la modelisation numerique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005286.
Texto completoRichard, Guillaume. "Le cycle de l'eau dans le manteau terrestre : apport de la modélisation numérique". Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005286.
Texto completoDi, Cairano Luca. "Etude d'un système réversible climatisation/cycle Rankine organique : application au cas du véhicule terrestre". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM066.
Texto completoIn a light duty vehicle, waste heat recovery is a promising solution for reducing engine fuel consumption and emissions. The strong compactness, weight and cost requirements of the automotive sector are preventing the integration of waste heat recovery systems in vehicles. This work is proposing as a possible solution a multi-generation system called hereafter ReverCycle. ReverCycle is a system with three operating modes: vapor compression air conditioning, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and ejector refrigeration cycle. The system can provide one function at a time. ReverCycle advantages are its compactness and cost since it is possible to exploit the vehicle air conditioning components. This means that the air conditioning scroll compressor is converted into a reversible compressor/expander machine and the condenser is mutualized for the three operating modes. The calculation of the fuel economy and the technical feasibility of the system are investigated combining a modeling approach with experimental activity. A global vehicle model reproduces the vehicle dynamic working conditions and the interaction between the different vehicle sub-systems. The model estimates the annual average fuel economy for different climatic regions. Two different vehicle architectures are investigated: a conventional vehicle and a series hybrid vehicle. For a conventional vehicle the maximum fuel economy is obtained in an oceanic climate ( e.g. Paris) with a 2.1% improvement at a hot start initial condition for the engine and 1.3% improvement at a cold start initial condition. The reference driving cycle for the fuel economy evaluation is the WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles). For a series hybrid vehicle the maximum fuel economy is obtained in a continental climate ( e.g. Moscow) with a 2.2% improvement at a hot start initial condition for the engine and 1.2% improvement at a cold start initial condition. The realization of ReverCycle proof of concept has allowed validating its technical feasibility. Experimental tests have mainly focused on the ORC operating mode. The experimental results show that the maximum cycle efficiency is 3.9% for a steady-state point. The average maximum cycle efficiency over a dynamic cycle, equivalent to a typical conventional vehicle operating mode, is 3.3%
Thouveny, Nicolas. "Variations du champ magnétique terrestre au cours du dernier cycle climatique (depuis 120000 ans) /". Le Puy-en-Velay (Musée Crozatier, Jardins H. Vinay, 43000) : Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les lacs, les anciens lacs et les tourbières, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35537028m.
Texto completoSuan, Guillaume. "Changements climatiques, cycle du carbone et production carbonatée au Pliensbachien-Toarcien". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10194.
Texto completoThe relationships between changes in climate, carbon cycling and carbonate production in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian are investigated using geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological data acquired in Portugal, Italy and northern Siberia. Reconstructions of seawater temperatures inferred from the oxygen isotope composition of brachiopod shells reveal successive and marked cooling and warming episodes. The analysis of calcareous nannofossils and carbonate contents indicate that warming episodes corresponded to drastic carbonate production decline and extinction in both neritic and pelagic settings. Global variations in carbon isotope ratios indicate that warming events were probably controlled by atmospheric CO2 concentrations, likely caused by episodes of intense volcanism in South Africa and in Antarctica
Berthonneau, Clément. "Etude de la dégradation du cycle A de stéroïdes". Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=29099bb0-bb3d-4eb1-bdcf-254fc539d1c2.
Texto completoThis thesis presents a contribution to the development of a fast, efficient and scalable synthesis of steroids containing three carbon 13 atoms. Our strategy is based on two key-steps : ring A degradation of l,4-androstadien-3,17-dione or of 4-androsten-3,17-dione into a keto-aldehyde precursor, and then, ring A reconstruction from this latter intermediate with a three carbon 13 labeled Wittig reagent. Two original approaches were developed for the synthesis of the key keto-aldehyde intermediate, either by a one-pot multi-step process involving an ozonolysis reaction, or through a pallado- catalyzed decarbonylation. This methodology was successfully applied for the gram-scale synthesis of several steroids containing three carbon 13 atoms. As a general remark, this work provides an effective solution to this issue in relation to the existing syntheses found in scientific literature
Racapé, Virginie. "Étude de la distribution du δ13CDIC dans l’océan et évaluation de la composante anthropique du CO2". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066791.
Texto completoThe isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in the ocean is a useful semi-conservative tracer of the carbon cycle to study the anthropogenic CO2 component and paleo-circulation. The mean annual large scale distribution of this tracer is now relatively well documented in surface and at depth, but the temporal variability still needs to be completed. Based on new observations collected since the end of 90s until 2012, this study describes and interprets the seasonal, interannual to decadal variability of the δ13CDIC in three oceanic regions: the North-Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASPG), the gulf of Guinea and the Southwestern and Southern Indian Ocean. In the surface waters of these regions, the δ13CDIC seasonal amplitude varies from 0‰ to 1‰ and depends on the local balance between the biological activity and the ocean dynamics. Negligible in the short-term, the air-sea CO2 exchange includes a large anthropogenic contribution that changes the δ13CDIC in the long term, but could be masked (Indian ocean) or increased (NASPG) by the natural variability. For the global carbon budget, the decrease in δ13CDIC due to the anthropogenic carbon (Cant) uptake in the surface ocean, the so-called oceanic 13C Suess effect, provides additional information to better discriminate the natural variability from the anthropogenic signal. Based on the extended multi-linear regression (eMLR), the oceanic 13C Suess effect and the anthropogenic DIC changes have been estimated together in key regions for the Cant storage: the NASPG and the Southwestern Indian Ocean. These results revealed an anthropogenic change around -0. 013‰ (µmol kg-1)-1 in NASPG, which attests to the low renewal of the Labrador sea-water since the beginning of 90s. In the Indian Ocean, the anthropogenic carbon change, around -0. 021‰ (µmol kg-1)-1, highlights a steady residence time of surface waters. These results are compared to NEMO-PISCES model of IPSL. The δ13CDIC seasonal cycle is under-estimated 2 or 3 times by the model but the anthropogenic signal evaluation is comparable to the direct estimations obtained by this study
Peng, Changhui. "Reconstruction du stock de carbone terrestre du passe à partir de données polliniques et de modèles biosphériques depuis le denier maximum glaciaire". Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30087.
Texto completoBoucham, Abdel Rhani. "Modélisation du cycle du soufre dans l'atmosphère terrestre: constituants soufrés neutres, ionisés et aérosols sulfatés". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212414.
Texto completoKergoat, Laurent. "Contribution à la modélisation du fonctionnement de la biosphère terrestre. Liens avec l'observation spatiale". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30205.
Texto completoGarnier, Matthieu. "Allocation du carbone et métabolisme azoté chez l’haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea". Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=014f2bc2-0d6e-41d6-af47-3bbc37ce8987.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge on mechanisms involved in the response to nitrogen limitation and in lipid accumulation in the microalgae haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea. The wild type strain and a lipid accumulating mutant strain were grown under different nitrogen limitation and starvation and analyzed by functional genomics. Four genes of high-affinity nitrate/nitrite transporter (Nrt2) were identified and characterized to reveal the mechanisms involved in mineral absorption in this species. Transcriptomes of both strains were sequenced and proteins affected by nitrogen starvation and differentially expressed between the two strains were identified. We so identified the functions regulated by nitrogen deficiency and potentially involved in the accumulation of storage lipids. The responses of both strains to thin variations of nitrogen limitation were studied. The results of high-throughput proteomic analyzes suggest that the lipid-accumulation in the mutant strain is the result of carbon metabolism impacted overall, this spurred on signaling mechanisms. Two proteins have been studied since probably involved in carbon and nitrogen remobilization from amino acids catabolism during nitrogen limitation. This work increases knowledge on haptophytes, and brings assumptions on metabolic key involved in nitrogen limitation and carbon allocation in microalgae
Friedlingstein, Pierre. "Modélisation du cycle du carbone biosphérique et étude du couplage biosphère-atmosphère". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212604.
Texto completoMihalopoulos, Nikolaos. "Contribution à l'étude du cycle biogéochimique de l'oxysulfure de carbone dans l'atmosphérique". Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA077162.
Texto completoAmiotte, Suchet Philippe. "Cycle du carbone, érosion chimique des continents et transferts vers les océans /". Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, Institut de géologie : Centre de Géochimie de la surface, CNRS, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35839549z.
Texto completoAmiotte, Suchet Philippe. "Cycle du carbone, erosion chimique des continents et transferts vers les oceans". Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13061.
Texto completoSellin, Murielle. "Complexes octaédriques du fer porteurs de deux ligands alcoxycarbonyle, alkyloxalyl, acétyle ou pyruvoyle : couplage carbone-carbone et isomérie chaîne-cycle". Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2026.
Texto completoPiccoli, Francesca. "High-pressure carbonation : a petrological and geochemical study of carbonated metasomatic rocks from Alpine Corsica". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066448/document.
Texto completoThe balance between the carbon input in subduction zone, mainly by carbonate mineral-bearing rock subduction, and the output of CO2 to the atmosphere by volcanic and metamorphic degassing is critical to the carbon cycle. At fore arc-subarc conditions (75-100 km), carbon is thought to be released from the subducting rocks by devolatilization reactions and by fluid-induced dissolution of carbonate minerals. All together, devolatilization, dissolution, coupled with other processes like decarbonation melting and diapirism, are thought to be responsible for the complete transfer of the subducted carbon into the crust and lithospheric mantle during subduction metamorphism. Carbon-bearing fluids will form after devolatilization and dissolution reactions. The percolation of these fluids through the slab- and mantle-forming rocks is not only critical to carbon cycling, but also for non-volatile element mass transfer, slab and mantle RedOx conditions, as well as slab- and mantle-rock rheology. The evolution of such fluids through interactions with rocks at high-pressure conditions is, however, poorly constrained. This study focuses on the petrological, geochemical and isotopic characteristic of carbonated-metasomatic rocks from the lawsonite-eclogite unit in Alpine Corsica (France). The study rocks are found along major, inherited lithospheric lithological boundaries of the subducted oceanic-to-transitional plate and can inform on the evolution of carbon-bearing high-pressure fluids during subduction. In this work, it will be demonstrated that the interaction of carbon-bearing fluids with slab lithologies can lead to high-pressure carbonation (modeled conditions: 2 to 2.3 GPa and 490-530°C), characterized by silicate dissolution and Ca-carbonate mineral precipitation. A detailed petrological and geochemical characterization of selected samples, coupled with oxygen, carbon and strontium, neodymium isotopic systematic will be used to infer composition and multi-source origin of the fluids involved. Geochemical fluid-rock interactions will be quantified by mass balance and time-integrated fluid fluxes estimations. This study highlights the importance of carbonate-bearing fluids decompressing along down-T paths, such as along slab-parallel lithological boundaries, for the sequestration of carbon in subduction zones. Moreover, rock-carbonation by fluid-rock interactions may have an important impact on the residence time of carbon and oxygen in subduction zones and lithospheric mantle reservoirs as well as carbonate isotopic signatures in subduction zones. Lastly, carbonation may modulate the emission of CO2 at volcanic arcs over geological time scales
Maffre, Pierre. "Interactions entre tectonique, érosion, altération des roches silicatées et climat à l'échelle des temps géologiques : rôle des chaînes de montagnes". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30287.
Texto completoThis thesis explores how orogenies may affect the Earth climate through the quantification of the interactions between climate dynamics, continental erosion, silicate rock weathering rate and geological carbon cycle. The first chapter describes the mechanisms linking the continental topography and its impacts on the atmospheric and oceanic circulations, with emphasis on the thermohaline circulation. The second chapter compares the effects on continental weatherability of climate dynamics and erosional changes related to the presence of mountains. The third chapter describes a dynamic model of regolith designed for global scale simulations, and describes its transient behavior, as well as its response to a CO2 degassing. Finally, the last chapter presents a numerical model of the continental isotopic cycle of lithium, so that its reliability as a proxy of the past weathering can be tested. The model explores the case study of the Amazon lithium cycle
Pfeffer, Julia. "Étude du cycle de l’eau en Afrique sahélienne : Approche multidisciplinaire et apport de la gravimétrie terrestre et spatiale". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/PFEFFER_Julia_2011.pdf.
Texto completoIn regard with climate variability and human activities, recent advances in water resources observation, quantification and prediction have led to a growing interest in the geophysical community. Geodetic techniques allow measuring the shape and the gravity field of the Earth. These measurements are sensitive to the water mass distribution at the Earth’s surface over a wide range of time and space scales. Such techniques may thus provide valuable information about continental water storage changes. In the framework of the AMMA and GHYRAF projects, a bunch of actions have been set up in gravimetry, geodesy, geophysics and hydrology on a pilot site located in south-west Niger, at 70 km of the city of Niamey. The seasonal water cycle, in link with the West African monsoon, is studied at local scale by in situ measurements and at continental scale by satellite data. The observed gravity signal is analysed to retrieve local hydrogeological parameters, such as the drainage porosity. The uncertainties due to the presence of water in the first meters of soil are evaluated with in situ measurements. Porosity values estimated by gravimetry are compared to values of the aquifer water content derived from magnetic resonance soundings. The good agreement between these two independent geophysical methods, displaying different sensitivity as well as spatial and temporal resolutions, shows their potential to constrain local hydrogeological parameters. The spatial heterogeneity of the water storage is investigated at the small catchment scale (~ 2. 5 km2) by an intensive microgravity field campaign. Dynamic variations of the gravity are measured with small to medium amplitudes (≤ 220 nm s-2) and carefully analysed to evaluate the intraseasonal variability of the water storage. The heterogeneity of the water storage in the vadose zone appears as the main reason for the spatial variability of the gravimetric signal at local scale (<1 km)
Paris, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux perturbations géologiques du cycle du carbone. Isotopes du carbone, modelisation et apport des isotopes du bore". Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655630.
Texto completoParis, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux pertubations géologiques du cycle du carbone : isotopes du carbone, modélisation et apport des isotopes du bore". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0017.
Texto completoStudying geological carbon cycle disruption helps to further understand modern carbon cycle and to better apprehend the consequences of the current increase in atmospheric CO2. Specifically, geological crisis highlight the reaction ability of the environment to stressful situation. We used a multi‐proxy approach to study the Triassic‐Jurassic (TJ) boundary events. This transition period is characterized by a succession of two carbon isotopes negative excursions (CINEs) in sections from Tethyan realm. Through GEOCLIM modeling, we show that the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) likely generated the carbonate production crisis observed during the first CINE provided that emplacement is modeled as a succession of intense short‐lived pulses (<400y) as suggested by recent studies. If emitted mantellic carbon is isotopically light (<‐20‰), CAMP emplacement also generated the first CINE. We investigated British and Austrian sections through carbon and nitrogen isotopes for local consequences of global TJ transition events (CAMP emplacement and sea level variations). We showed that the biological pump is perturbated by eutrophication and blooms of prokaryotic organisms. A supplementary tool is provided by boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of carbonates that record seawater pH. However, inter‐laboratory discrepancies prevent this tool from being broadly used. Here, we present a recently developed injection device for boron isotopes analysis on MC‐ICP‐ MS and use it for studying boron isotopes on Middle Jurassic limestones during a time of carbonate production perturbation. Nevertheless, we remain speculative in our interpretation for carbonate δ11B values record both seawater pH and δ11B values. As a consequence, we initiated the reconstruction of Phanerozoic seawater δ11B values by measuring δ11B values in marine halites. The reconstructed values exhibit clear variations through time that are related to geodynamic parameters. This study underlines the necessity for multi‐proxy approach to bring new light on atmospheric pCO2 and seawater chemical composition
Barral, Cuesta Abel. "The carbon isotope composition of the fossil conifer Frenelopsis as a proxy for reconstructing Cretaceous atmospheric CO2". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1148.
Texto completoThe Cretaceous was a period characterized by strongly marked climate change and major carbon cycle instability. Atmospheric CO2 has repeatedly been pointed out as a major agent involved in these changing conditions during the period. However, long-term trends in CO2 described for the Cretaceous are not consistent with those of temperature and the large disturbance events of the carbon cycle described for the period. This raises a double question of whether descriptions of the long-term evolution of atmospheric CO2 made so far are accurate or, if so, atmospheric CO2 was actually a major driver of carbon cycle and climate dynamics as usually stated. In this thesis the close relationship between the carbon isotope composition of plants and atmospheric CO2 is used to address this question. Based on its ecological significance, distribution, morphological features and its excellent preservation, the fossil conifer genus Frenelopsis is proposed as a new plant proxy for climate reconstructions during the Cretaceous. The capacity of carbon isotope compositions of Frenelopsis leaves (d13Cleaf) to reconstruct past atmospheric CO2, with regards to both carbon isotope composition (d13CCO2) and concentration (pCO2), is tested based on materials coming from twelve Cretaceous episodes. To provide a framework to test the capacity of d13Cleaf to reconstruct d13CCO2 and allowing for climate estimates from carbon isotope discrimination by plants (?13Cleaf), a new d13CCO2 curve for the Cretaceous based on carbon isotope compositions of marine carbonates has been constructed. Comparison with d13Cleaf-based d13CCO2 estimates reveals that although d13CCO2 and d13Cleaf values follow consistent trends, models developed so far to estimate d13CCO2 from d13Cleaf tend to exaggerate d13CCO2 trends because of assuming a linear relationship between both values. However, given the hyperbolic relationship between ?13Cleaf and pCO2, by considering an independently-estimated correction factor for pCO2 for a given episode, d13Cleaf values may be a valuable proxy for d13CCO2 reconstructions. ?13Cleaf estimates obtained from d13CCO2 and d13Cleaf values were used to reconstruct the long-term evolution of pCO2. The magnitude of estimated pCO2 values is in accordance with that of the most recent and relevant model- and proxy-based pCO2 reconstructions. However, these new results evidence long-term drawdowns of pCO2 for Cretaceous time intervals in which temperature maxima have been described
Aumont, Olivier. "Etude du cycle naturel du carbone dans un modele 3d de l'ocean mondial". Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066396.
Texto completoKuppel, Sylvain. "Assimilation de mesures de flux turbulents d'eau et de carbone dans un modèle de la biosphère continentale". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0041.
Texto completoAssimilating terrestrial ecosystem data is an approach increasingly used to fill the gap between experimental observations and the ecophysiological theory as embodied in process-based land surface models. In this thesis, we have sought to use the information content of eddy covariance measurements of net carbon dioxide (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes made at the sites of the FLUXNET global network, aiming at optimizing key parameters of the ORCHIDEE vegetation model and at refining the uncertainty budget. A Bayesian statistical approach has been chosen, so as to account for prior knowledge of the uncertainties related to the model parameters, the model equations, and the measurements. The major line of work has been to develop a data assimilation method where observations from several flux sites are simultaneously used as a constraint, in order to optimize a unique set of parameters considered as generic within a given class of ecosystem. We found that this multi-site approach significantly improves the model-data agreement at seasonal and annual time scales, with performances fairly similar to those brought by site-scaled, independently optimized parameters (single-site approach). We notably discuss the fact that the multi-site parameters’ values are not always a mere average of their single-site counterparts. Making use complementary data, we also evaluated the ability of the multi-site optimizations to improve the simulation of the gross carbon fluxes (photosynthesis and respiration) at the site scale, while at the global scale we considered the modeled phenology of the leaf cover and the seasonal cycle of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Within our methodological developments, we have also proposed a technique to infer the statistical structure of the error stemming from inadequate and/or missing process representations in a global vegetation model such as ORCHIDEE. Focusing on net carbon fluxes, our results suggest that this « model error » deserves an explicit representation in the uncertainty budget inherent to carbon cycle modeling
Ståhl, Henrik. "Carbon-cycling in deep-sea and contrasting continental margin sediments /". Göteborg : Göteborg university, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401108738.
Texto completoPara, Julien. "Etude de la Matière Organique Dissoute Chromophorique et du rayonnement solaire (UV-visible) dans les eaux de surfaces côtières méditerranéennes et articques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22041/document.
Texto completoTo understand, characterize, and predict the evolution of oceanic biogeochemical cycles in relation to the global climate change, it is necessary to better understand the dynamics of organic matter (OM). In this context, the overall objective of this thesis was to get more insights chromophoric dissolved fraction of OM (CDOM) dynamics in surface Mediterranean and Arctic coastal waters and to determine the impact on attenuation of ultraviolet (UVR) and visible (PAR) underwater radiation. For this, the study of optical properties of absorbance and fluorescence of CDOM, coupled with atmospheric and underwater radiometric measurements, were made during a seasonal cycle in the Bay of Marseille (SOFCOM station), and in the Beaufort Sea during summer 2009. The Bay of Marseilles is characterized by low amounts of CDOM (aCDOM(350) = 0.10 ± 0.02 m-1), particularly in end summer stratification period due to the intensity of the solar irradiance, enriched in UVR-B, which degrades and bleaches CDOM (SCDOM = 0.023 ± 0.003 nm-1). In this highly urbanized coastal area, the dynamics of CDOM are driven by biotic processes (in situ biological production and within the Rhône River plume) and abiotic (photo-bleaching and mixing). Our results showed that CDOM is mostly of autochthonous origin, even during Rhône plume intrusion events (photo-degradation of terrestrial CDOM during the transit). During bloom periods, the CDOM consists mainly of a recent type protein (peak T), which preferentially absorbs in the short UVR. These pulses of recent CDOM are superimposed on a persistent background of CDOM mainly composed of aged material, humic-type (peaks M and C), which absorbs UVR and PAR. Over the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea, CDOM is highly abundant (aCDOMmax (350) = 6.36 m-1) and strongly influenced by allochthonous inputs from the Mackenzie (peaks A-C and M) decreasing conservatively with salinity. In marine waters (salinity> 25), CDOM had lower concentrations (aCDOM(350) = 0.21 ± 0.13 m-1) and originated from a recent in situ biological production favored by upwelling and brine injections (peaks B-T and M). Surprisingly, the main source of the marine humic-like component (peak M) was not autochthonous. This material originates from allochthonous inputs from the Mackenzie River, which traverses numerous lakes where intense biological activity occurs. We suggest that this activity is mainly due to the macrophytes development, which may in part explain the origin of the peak M. This source of organic allochthonous CDOM coupled to other processes such as photobleaching and absorption on the particles of terrestrial CDOM, could explain the high values of SCDOM (≈ 0.020 nm-1) recorded in the Mackenzie during summertime
Leloup, Gaëlle. "Le climat du prochain million d'années : quels scénarios pour le futur ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ001.
Texto completoWhile many studies focus on the impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas on climate on the timescale of the next century, very few have investigated the impacts on a longer timescale, from tens of millennia to a million years. However, due to the long lifetime of CO2 in Earth's surface reservoirs, current anthropogenic emissions are expected to impact the climate on a much longer timescale than the coming century.The objective of this thesis is to broaden the scope of existing studies on the climate of the next million years, by revisiting some of their classical hypotheses. Existing studies rarely consider a partial or total melt of the Antarctic ice sheet, and assume that atmospheric CO2 concentrations come back to pre-industrial levels after hundreds of thousands years, due to silicate weathering.In this study, we explore potential evolutions of the Antarctic ice sheet.More precisely, I have investigated the long term equilibrium of the Antarctic ice sheet under different CO2 levels, using the Earth System model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM, coupled to the GRISLI Antarctic ice sheet model, by first applying increasing CO2 levels until the Antarctic ice sheet retreats entirely, and then applying decreasing CO2 levels until the ice sheet regrows. Our results show that the ice sheet exhibits a strong hysteresis behavior. Due to the inclusion of the albedo-melt feedback in our setup, the transition between a glaciated Antarctic ice sheet and an ice-free Antarctic and conversely is more brutal than in previous studies not including this feedback. The CO2 threshold for both Antarctic glaciation and deglaciation varies with the orbital configuration.Additionally, I have developed a conceptual model for the geological carbon cycle that includes multiple equilibria in order to reproduce multi million year cycles in the d13C that are coherent with the data. These potential multiple equilibria in the carbon cycle could lead to a widely different atmospheric CO2 concentration evolution on long timescales, compared to existing studies.Finally, we discuss the implications of our results on a potential end of the Quaternary in the future, with a disappearance of Northern Hemisphere glaciations, but also a disappearance of the Antarctic ice sheet
Chamorro, Perez Eva Maria. "Les volatils dans le manteau terrestre : étude expérimentale à haute pression et haute température ; l'exemple de l'argon et du carbone". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10178.
Texto completoBoulard, Eglantine. "Stabilité de phases carbonatées en conditions mantelliques : implications pour le cycle géodynamique du carbone". Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669781.
Texto completoLoukos, Harilaos. "Simulation du cycle oceanique du carbone dans l'atlantique equatorial. Validation de l'annee 1983 (focal)". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066148.
Texto completoBergeot, Vincent. "Polymérisation par ouverture de cycle de l'ε-caprolactone dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique". Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12584.
Texto completoPfeffer, Julia. "Étude du cycle de l'eau en Afrique sahélienne : Approche multidisciplinaire et apport de la gravimétrie terrestre et spatiale". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665117.
Texto completoLambert, Thibault. "Sources, production et transfert du carbone organique dissous dans les bassins versants élémentaires sur socle : apports des isotopes stables du carbone". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857422.
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