Tesis: "Crustal fluids"

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Ballentine, Christopher John. "He, Ne, and Ar isotopes as tracers in crustal fluids". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387053.

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2

Wilkinson, Jamie John. "The origin and evolution of Hercynian crustal fluids, South Cornwall, England". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252719.

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3

Blythe, Lara S. "Understanding Crustal Volatiles : Provenance, Processes and Implications". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Berggrundsgeologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171486.

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Knowledge of the provenance of crustal volatiles and the processes by which they are released is extremely important for the dynamics of magmatic systems. Presented here are the results of multiple investigations, which aim to understand magmatic volatile contamination from contrasting but complementary perspectives. The main methodologies used include He and C isotope values and CO2/3He ratios of volcanic gases and fluids; simulation of magma-carbonate interaction using high-pressure high-temperature experimental petrology; X-ray microtomography of vesiculated xenoliths and computer modeling. Findings show that the contribution from upper crustal volatiles can be substantial, and is dependant on the upper crustal lithology on which a volcano lies, as well as the composition of the magma supplied. Carbonate dissolution in particular is strongly controlled by the viscosity of the host magma. The details of the breakdown of vesiculated xenoliths is complex but has wide reaching implications, ranging from the dissemination of crustally derived materials through a magma body to highlighting that crustal volatiles are largely unaccounted for in both individual volcano and global volatile budgets. In synthesizing the conclusions from each of the individual perspectives presented, I propose the contribution of volatiles from crustal sources to play a significant role in many geological systems. This volatile component should be taken into consideration in future research efforts.

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4

Dantas, Cardoso Carolina. "Isotopic tracing of fluids sources and transfer in the crust". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0139.

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Les gaz rares sont présents en faible concentration sur Terre et sont relativement inertes, ce qui en fait de bons traceurs des interactions fluides. Contrairement à la plupart des isotopes stables ou des éléments majeurs couramment utilisés comme traceurs géochimiques, les gaz rares sont moins sensibles aux modifications dues aux interactions eau/roche. En raison de leurs rapports très variables entre les trois principaux réservoirs terrestres, les systèmes isotopiques He et Ne présentent un intérêt particulier, fournissant des informations sur la source des fluides. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de détecter les sources de fluides crustaux dans différents contextes géologiques et géotectoniques avec un accent particulier sur la précision des processus de transport dans la croûte : (i) monitoring et signature régionale isotopique dans le Nord de l'Islande, (ii) traçage de la source de He dans un bassin continental dans la Nièvre, et (iii) traçage de la source de He dans le champ géothermique du Lac Abhe (Djibouti). D'après les résultats rapportés dans cette thèse, les isotopes de l'He montrent que l'apport du manteau est présent dans différents contextes géotectoniques, pas nécessairement liés au volcanisme actif ou à l'extension, comme le cas des zones hors-rift en Islande et du Bassin parisien, ce dernier en contexte de croûte continentale. Dans le système géothermique du Lac Abhe, la signature isotopique de l'He est inférieure à celle attendue pour ce segment du système du rift est-africain, où un composant mantellique de type panache était anticipé, comme observé à quelques kilomètres de là, dans le SW Afar (∼ 55 km) et le Graben de Tendaho (∼ 110 km NO). Les isotopes de l'He sont un outil puissant pour retracer l'influence et les complexités de la présence et du transfert du composant mantellique dans les différents contextes géologiques. Cette thèse est organisée en 7 chapitres ; les trois premiers d'entre eux présentent des informations générales sur les différentes études et les suivants traitent des résultats et des conclusions de ces études. Le chap. 4 présente les résultats de l'enquête dans le nord de l'Islande - à la fois l'étude isotopique de divers systèmes et la série temporelle de 3He/4He d'échantillons d'eau géothermales provenant d'un forage (HA-01). Les résultats montrent l'influence d'un composant enrichi de type panache mantellique dans cette zone hors rift de l'Islande, via le transport vertical le long de zones de fissures volcaniques actuellement inactives. L'un des fjords présente des rapports 3He/4He inférieurs à une valeur mantellique standard pour ce contexte que nous attribuons à la libération de 4He* (radiogènique) renforcée par l'activité sismique le long du linéament de Dalvík. Nous interprétons les petites variations que nous avons observées dans la série temporelle comme dues à un mélange latéral à l'échelle locale des eaux souterraines pendant les périodes d'activité sismique (M ≥ 5 tremblements de terre). Le chap. 5 présente les principaux résultats de notre étude du gisement de gaz et des sources naturelles voisines dans la Nièvre. Nos résultats, à partir des différents systèmes isotopiques utilisés, indiquent un apport mantellique clair mais limité (∼ 2,5%) dans ce segment de la croûte continentale, le long des systèmes de failles N-S du centre de la France, en lien avec le Bassin parisien. Le chap. 6 rapporte les résultats de l'étude isotopique réalisée sur le champ géothermique du lac Abhe et les régions voisines. À partir des résultats isotopiques, nous déduisons que la source de chaleur du champ géothermique du lac Abhe est le volcan Dama Ali (∼ 30 km), qui est aussi la source du signal mantellique observé pour l'He et le CO2, tous deux transportés par un aquifère régional alimenté par de l'eau météorique. Le chap. 7 résume les principaux résultats et conclusions de cette thèse, ainsi que les questions restantes et les études futures potentielles
Noble gases occur in low concentration on Earth and are relatively inert, making them good tracers of fluid interactions. Contrary to most stable isotopes or major elements commonly used as geochemical tracers, noble gases are less susceptible to water/rock interactions modifications. Due to their widely variable ratios among the three main Earth reservoirs (mantle, continental crust, and atmosphere), the He and Ne isotopic systems are of particular interest, providing information on the source of fluids. The main goal of this thesis was to detect the sources of crustal and geothermal fluids in different geological and geotectonic settings with a specific emphasis on precising transport processes in the crust: : (i) isotopic monitoring and survey in North Iceland, (ii) tracing the source of He in a continental basin in Central France, and (iii) tracing the source of He in the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti). From the results reported in this thesis, helium isotopes show that mantle input is present in different geotectonic contexts, not necessarily linked to active volcanism or extension, such as the case of off-rift zones in Iceland (Chapter 4) and of the Paris Basin (Chapter 5), the latter inserted in a continental crust setting. In the Lake Abhe geothermal system (Chapter 6), the helium isotopic signature is below the one expected for this segment of the East African Rift System (EARS), where an enriched plume-like endmember was anticipated, as observed a few kilometres away, in SW Afar (∼ 55 km) and Tendaho Graben (∼ 110 km NW). Thus, helium isotopes are a powerful tool to trace the mantle influence and transport complexities at different geological settings. This thesis is organized in seven chapters; the first three of them give background information on the different studies and the the next ones deal with the results and conclusions of such studies. Chapter 1 presents the context of the thesis, the helium isotopes systematics, and target areas. I detail the principle of helium and neon isotopes, the different applications of these systems in the study of fluids in the crust, finalizing with the presentation of the objectives of each case study. Chapter 2 lists the main sampling procedures I followed and Chapter 3 describes the different steps of helium isotope analyses, the main methodology I employed in this thesis. Chapter 4 presents the results of the investigation in North Iceland - both the isotopic survey of various systems and the time series of 3He/4He of groundwater samples from a borehole (HA-01). The results show the influence of an enriched and plume-like endmember in this off-rift zone of Iceland, via vertical transport along extinct volcanic fissure swarms. One of the fjords exhibit 3He/4He ratios lower than expected for typical mantle values in such a context, that we attribute to 4He* (radiogenic) release enhanced by seismic activity along the Dalvík lineament. We interpret the small variations we observed in the time series as a result of a local scale lateral mixing of groundwater during periods of unrest (M ≥ 5 earthquakes). Chapter 5 presents the main results of our study of the gas reservoir and its nearby springs in Nièvre, Central France. Our findings, from the various isotopic systems employed, indicate a clear yet limited mantle input (∼ 2.5%) in this segment of the continental crust, along N-S fault systems in Central France, reaching the Paris Basin. Chapter 6 reports results from the isotopic investigation performed at the Lake Abhe geothermal field and nearby regions (SW Afar and Tendaho Graben). From the results of multiple isotopic systems, we infer the Lake Abhe geothermal field source of heat is the Dama Ali volcano (∼ 30km), source of the mantle signal observed in helium and CO2, both transported by a regional aquifer fed by meteoric water. Chapter 7 summarizes the main results and conclusions of this thesis, along with the remaining questions and potential future studies

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Eglinger, Aurélien. "Cycle de l'uranium et évolution tectono-métamorphique de la ceinture orogénique Pan-Africaine du Lufilien (Zambie)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0306/document.

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L'uranium, élément lithophile et incompatible, peut être utilisé en traceur géochimique pour discuter des différents modèles de formation et d'évolution de la croûte continentale. Ce travail de thèse, ciblé sur la ceinture Pan-Africaine du Lufilien en Zambie, caractérise le cycle de l'U et les minéralisations d'U pour ce segment de croûte continentale. Les séries silicoclastiques/évaporitiques de la ceinture du Lufilien, encaissant les minéralisations d'U, se sont déposées en contexte de rift (bassin du Roan) lors de la dislocation du supercontinent Rodinia au Néoprotérozoïque inférieur. Les âges U-Pb des grains de zircon détritique de ces séries métasédimentaires soulignent une source principalement Paléoprotérozoïque. Ces mêmes grains de zircon présentent des signatures isotopiques epsilonHf inférieures au CHUR (entre 0 et -15) et des âges modèles TDM Hf, compris entre ~2.9 et 2.5 Ga. Ces données suggèrent donc la formation d'une croûte continentale précoce, et donc une extraction mantellique de l'U dès la fin de l'Archéen puis une remobilisation par déformation et métamorphisme au cours du Protérozoïque. L'U aurait donc été remobilisé et re-concentré au cours d'orogenèses successives jusqu'au cycle Pan-Africain. Durant ce cycle Pan-Africain, la datation U-Pb et la signature REY (REE et Yttrium) des cristaux d'uraninite caractérisent un premier évènement minéralisateur, daté vers 650 Ma, associé à la circulation de fluides de bassin expulsés des évaporites du Roan, circulant à l'interface socle/couverture, dans ce contexte de rift continental. Un second événement minéralisateur, daté vers 530 Ma et contemporain du pic métamorphique, est assuré par des fluides métamorphiques issus de la dissolution des évaporites, en contexte de subduction/accrétion continentale. Quelques remobilisations tardives de l'U sont observées lors de l'exhumation des roches métamorphiques
Uranium is an incompatible and lithophile element and can be used as a geochemical tracer to discuss the generation and the evolution of continental crust. This thesis, focused on the Pan-African Lufilian belt in Zambia, characterizes the U cycle for this crustal segment. Silici-clastic and evaporitic sediments have been deposited within an intracontinental rift during the dislocation of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Neoproterozoic. U-Pb ages on detrital zircon grains in these units indicate a dominant Paleoproterozoic provenance. The same zircon grains show subchondritic epsilonHf (between 0 and -15) and yield Hf model ages between ~2.9 and 2.5 Ga. These data suggest that the continental crust was generated before the end of the Archean associated with U extraction from the mantle. This old crust has been reworked by deformation and metamorphism during the Proterozoic. U has been remobilized and re-concentrated during several orogenic cycles until the Pan-African orogeny. During this Pan-African cycle, U-Pb and REY (REE and Yttrium) signatures of uranium oxides indicate a first mineralizing event at ca. 650 Ma during the continental rifting. This event is related to late diagenesis hydrothermal processes at the basement/cover interface with the circulation of basinal brines linked to evaporites of the Roan. The second stage, dated at 530 Ma, is connected to metamorphic highly saline fluid circulations, synchronous to the metamorphic peak of the Lufilian orogeny. These fluids are derived from the Roan evaporite dissolution. Some late uranium remobilizations are described during exhumation of metamorphic rocks and their tectonic accretion in the internal zone of the Lufilian orogenic belt

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6

Hopkinson, Laurence. "The role of aqueous fluids in crustal processes at the inter and intra-crystalline level". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296147.

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7

Ay, Erkan. "Origin of crustal reflectivity and influence of fluids and fractures on velocity at the Kola superdeep borehole". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1453231711&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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8

Ricci, Andrea <1989&gt. "Geochemistry of C-bearing gas compounds in natural fluids under crustal conditions: insights into deep and shallow processes". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9007/1/ricci_andrea_tesi.pdf.

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The PhD research project was aimed to improve the scientific knowledge of the origin and fate of C-bearing gas compounds released from active volcanoes, hydrothermal systems and tectonically active sedimentary basins. The first goal was to investigate the primary source(s) of CH4 and light hydrocarbons in volcanic-hydrothermal gases under crustal conditions. This objective was achieved by comparing the composition of low molecular weight organic fraction (C1-C4) and associated CO2 and H2O in fumarolic gases and geothermal wells from different study areas around the world. We demonstrated that these hydrocarbons derive from biotic sources, i.e., predominantly from the thermal decomposition of organic matter. Meteoric waters and seawater circulating through the crust shuttle organic matter from Earth’s surface into the reservoir rocks. There, high temperature pyrolysis of organic matter and open system degassing generates n-alkanes with isotopic compositions previously classified as being indicative for abiogenesis. These results led us to question the dogma of crustal production of abiotic hydrocarbons and highlighted the potential of n-alkanes to become sensitive indicators of life on habitable (exo)planets. The second goal was to study the secondary processes affecting the composition of CO2, CH4 and light hydrocarbons in natural fluids during their uprising from the deep reservoirs to the surface in different geologic setting, ranging from active volcanoes to sedimentary basins. Under magmatic-hydrothermal conditions, catalytic organic reactions may strongly affect volatile organic compounds, drastically changing alkanes-alkenes-aromatics relative abundances and isotopic composition of C1–C4 hydrocarbons. At peripheral areas of volcanic systems and tectonically active sedimentary basins, composition of CO2 and CH4 in interstitial soil gases and dissolved gases in groundwater are mainly controlled by supergene mechanisms, such as calcite precipitation and microbial-driven processes. These secondary processes likely play a major role in regulating the ultimate release of C-bearing gas compounds into the atmosphere.

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Fichtel, Katja [Verfasser], Heribert [Akademischer Betreuer] Cypionka y Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Rabus. "Influence of crustal fluids on growth and activity of marine deep biosphere microbial populations / Katja Fichtel. Betreuer: Heribert Cypionka ; Ralf Rabus". Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066873305/34.

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Moore, Myles Thomas. "Noble Gas and Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Coalbed Methane Fields from the Illinois Basin". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462561493.

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Barker, Shaun y sbarker@eos ubc ca. "Dynamics of fluid flow and fluid chemistry during crustal shortening". The Australian National University. Research School of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090711.074630.

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In this thesis, an integrated structural and chemical approach has been used to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of fluid chemistry, and fluid flow pathways, during crustal shortening. The Taemas Vein Swarm is hosted in a limestone-shale sequence, the Murrumbidgee Group, in the Eastern Belt of the Lachlan Orogen, in New South Wales, Australia. The Taemas Vein Swarm (TVS) is composed of calcite ± quartz veins, hosted in a series of faults and fractures, which extends over an area of approximately 20 km2. The Murrumbidgee Group is composed of several formations, comprising massive grey micritic limestones, redbed sandstones and shales,and thinly interbedded (1020 cm scale) limestones and shales. ¶ The sedimentary sequence has been folded into a series of upright, open to close folds, and was probably deformed during either mid-late Devonian, or early Carboniferous, crustal shortening. To the east, the Murrumbidgee Group is overthrust by a Silurian volcanic sedimentary sequence along the Deakin-Warroo Fault System. Crosscutting and overprinting relationships demonstrate that vein growth was synchronous with folding, with different vein types related to different fold mechanisms at various stages of fold growth. ¶ Flexural slip folding led to the development of bedding-concordant veins (hereafter called bedding-parallel veins). Flexural flow in semicompetent to incompetent beds caused en echelon extension vein arrays to grow. Decoupling between beds, and dilatancy at fold hinges led to significant vein growth. In addition, fold lock-up led to limb-parallel stretching, and the growth of bedding-orthogonal extension fractures. ¶ Vein growth is inferred to have occurred in a compressional tectonic regime (i.e. sigma3=vertical). Oxygen isotope quartz-calcite thermometry suggests that veins formed at temperatures of 100200 oC. The depth of vein formation may have been between about 5 and 8 km. Vein textures indicate that growth of veins occurred during multiple cycles of permeability enhancement and destruction. Subhorizontal extension fractures, and faults at unfavourable angles for reactivation, imply that fluid pressures exceeded lithostatic levels during the growth of some veins. Coexisting extension and shear fractures imply that differential stress levels varied over time. ¶ Flexural slip continued throughout folding at Taemas, despite some fold limbs being at angles extremely unfavourable for reactivation ( > 60). As folds approached frictional lock-up, flexural slip continued to occur when supralithostatic fluid pressures were developed. Therefore, large, bedding-discordant faults were not developed to accommodate strain during folding, explaining a deficiency of larger faults in the TVS. ¶ Infiltration of overpressured fluids occurred into the base of the Murrumbidgee Group, and was channelled into a distributed mesh of small faults and fractures. At the point that a connected backbone flow network developed in the TVS, highpressure fluids would no longer be available to allow continuing flexural slip on fold limbs approaching lockup. Thereafter, larger faults would develop, which would adjust the fault population in the TVS to a more typical displacement-frequency distribution. This had not occurred in the Taemas area by the time crustal shortening ceased. An abundance of small faults, and fracturing driven by invasion of overpressured fluid, implies that the TVS formed via an earthquake swarm process. ¶ Modern analytical techniques, utilising laser ablation sampling technology, allow high-spatial resolution chemical data to be collected from syntectonic veins. Insights into the role that fluid-mineral interface processes may have on the chemistry of minerals grown in syntectonic veins were provided by an experimental study. Moderate sized ( < 1−5 mm) synthetic calcite crystals were successfully grown to investigate the uptake of rare earth elements (REE) into calcite. Changes in crystal morphology are linked to variable solution chemistry, which has important implications for the interpretation of hydrothermal vein textures. High-spatial resolution chemical analyses of synthetic calcite crystals demonstrate significant fluctuations in REE concentrations over distances of < 200 μm within calcite crystals. Time-equivalent regions on different crystal faces have significantly different REE concentrations, indicating that fluctuations in calcite trace element composition cannot be interpreted exclusively in terms of changing bulk fluid composition. Rare earth element anomalies (Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce*) are not significantly influenced by compositional zoning, and may be robust indicators of changes in solution bulk chemistry and fluid oxidation state. ¶ Changes in isotopic ratios (13C, 18O and 87Sr/86Sr), and trace element concentrations in veins from the TVS are related to variations in fluid source, flow pathways and chemical conditions (e.g. trace element complexation, precipitation rate, fluid oxidation) during hydrothermal fluid flow. This integrated structural, textural and chemical approach has direct application to the examination of hydrothermal veins in fracture-hosted ore deposits, and may allow the fluid source and/or chemical conditions conducive to the formation of high-grade ore to be discerned. ¶ Vein 18O compositions systematically increase upwards through the Murrumbidgee Group, caused by progressive reaction of an externally derived, low-18O fluid (of probable meteoric origin) with host limestones. Vein 18O and 87Sr/86Sr compositions vary spatially and temporally within the same outcrop, and within individual veins, which is inferred to be caused by the ascent of packages of fluid along constantly changing flow pathways. Fluid-buffered oxygen isotope ratios at the earliest stages of deformation imply that the TVS formed via an invasion percolation process. Fluid pathways are inferred to have changed constantly, with fractures toggleswitching between high-permeability and low-permeability states, due to repeated fracture opening and sealing events.

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12

Kleine, Barbara. "How do fluids move through rocks? : High fluxes of CO2 in the Earth's crust". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-84007.

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Metamorphic hydrous, CO2-bearing fluids play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. However, how big this influence is on the global carbon cycle and therefore on global climatic processes, is unknown. The actual amount of CO2 which is released into the atmosphere due to metamorphic processes is still debated. For this purpose, fluid-driven reactions in metamorphic rocks must be studied by tracking fluid-rock interactions along pathways of ancient fluids. In the study presented in this thesis, we study fluid-rock interaction in the southeastern part of the Greek island Syros in the Cycladic Archipelago (Aegean). On Syros fluid-rock interaction is recorded by the preservation of blueschist facies assemblages at greenschist facies conditions along a normal shear zone. Blueschist preservation is caused by a combination of metasomatic addition of SiO2 and Na2O and elevated XCO2 which is maintained by high fluxes of a CO2-bearing, hydrous fluid along the shear zone. This research aims to provide a better understanding of the role of mountain building in the carbon cycle. Flux estimates for climate-forcing fluid components (e.g. carbon) require that their concentration in the fluid, fluid volumes and velocities are known. This will be the focus of future work. Further, whole rock chemistry and the availability of specific minerals will be studied to achieve knowledge about which kind of parameters influence and enhance the propagation of fluids through rocks.

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13

Warwick, Alison Julie. "Mineral growth and fluid migration in mid-crustal shear zones". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340287.

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14

Porritt, R. W. y S. Yoshioka. "Evidence of Dynamic Crustal Deformation in Tohoku, Japan, From Time-Varying Receiver Functions". AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626288.

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Temporal variation of crustal structure is key to our understanding of Earth processes on human timescales. Often, we expect that the most significant structural variations are caused by strong ground shaking associated with large earthquakes, and recent studies seem to confirm this. Here we test the possibility of using P receiver functions (PRF) to isolate structural variations over time. Synthetic receiver function tests indicate that structural variation could produce PRF changes on the same order of magnitude as random noise or contamination by local earthquakes. Nonetheless, we find significant variability in observed receiver functions over time at several stations located in northeastern Honshu. Immediately following the Tohoku-oki earthquake, we observe high PRF variation clustering spatially, especially in two regions near the beginning and end of the rupture plane. Due to the depth sensitivity of PRF and the timescales over which this variability is observed, we infer this effect is primarily due to fluid migration in volcanic regions and shear stress/strength reorganization. While the noise levels in PRF are high for this type of analysis, by sampling small data sets, the computational cost is lower than other methods, such as ambient noise, thereby making PRF a useful tool for estimating temporal variations in crustal structure.

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15

Alikouss, Saïda. "Contribution a l'étude des fluides crustaux : approche expérimentale et analytique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL055N.

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Le développement des techniques d'analyse des inclusions fluides nécessite une calibration précise des installations micro-thermométriques. Une collection d'inclusions fluides synthétiques a été réalisée à partir de systèmes simples (h2o, h2o-co2) et de divers systèmes binaires bien connus (h2o-nacl, h2o-licl, h2o-kcl). Une étude d'inclusions fluides naturelles a été menée afin de caractériser la nature des paléofluides et leur éventuelle contribution à minéralisation en sn-w dans deux sites du limousin: 1) les indices du nord du granite de Saint-Goussaud: des fluides aqueux a h2o-nacl sans aucun composant volatil ont été mis en évidence. Trois groupes de fluides ont été différenciés: des fluides associés à la minéralisation qui traduisent une dilution; des fluides dilués, analogues à ceux de l'episyenisation du massif de St-Sylvestre, traduisant une évolution par condensation à 300 (100) bars; des fluides sales tardifs comparables a ceux associes au dépôt de la pechblende dans le massif de St. Sylvestre; 2) le pipe brechique du Puy-Les-Vignes mis en place au sein de l'unité inferieure des gneiss. Il se distingue du précédent par des fluides très riches en volatiles (co2-ch4-n2-naclh2s. Deux grands stades minéralisateurs ont été identifiés: un stade précoce à tungstene arsenopyrite associé à un fluide à h2o-co2-n2-nacl (ch4) et un stade tardif à sulfures (arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite. . . ) Asocial à un fluide a h2o-co2-ch4-nacl(n2). Ces modifications dans la composition du fluide s'accompagnent de modifications des conditions d'oxydo-reduction du milieu qui favorisent le dépôt du minerai

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16

Siebenaller, Luc. "Circulations fluides au cours de l'effondrement d'un prisme d'accrétion crustal : l'exemple du "Metamorphic Core Complex" de l'île de Naxos (Cyclades, Grèce)". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10139/document.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de caractériser les circulations de fluides en contexte d’effondrement d’un prisme d’accrétion crustal. Le Metamorphic Core Complex (MCC) de Naxos comprend un système de détachement/décollement caractérisé par mylonites, ultramylonites, cataclasites et failles normales dont les relations géométriques témoignent du litage rhéologique de la croûte continentale. La chimie des inclusions fluides déterminée par l’analyse microthermométrique, la spectroscopie RAMAN, l’ablation laser couplée à l’analyse spectroscopique (LA-ICP-MS), le « crush-leach », et les signatures isotopiques C et H des inclusions fluides permettent d’identifier trois grands types de fluides (1) des fluides salés riche en métaux, ii) des fluides aquo-carboniques en équilibre avec les encaissants métamorphiques, et iii) des fluides aqueux, probablement d’origine météorique. Ces données indiquent que la croûte est subdivisée en deux réservoirs séparés par la transition fragile-ductile. Les fluides météoriques circulent en association avec la déformation fragile de la croûte supérieure alors que les fluides salés et les fluides aquo-carboniques circulent en relation avec la déformation ductile. La géométrie de ces réservoirs évolue lors de la formation du MCC, conjointement avec l’exhumation et le refroidissement des roches métamorphiques. Le passage des roches du réservoir ductile au réservoir fragile est associée à un changement depuis un gradient géothermique élevé (60-100°C/km) vers un gradient géothermique plus faible (35-60°C/km). La transition fragile-ductile correspond ainsi à la fois à une limite rhéologique corrélée à une limite thermique et une limite de perméabilité
The aim of this thesis is to characterize fluid circulations in the context of the collapse of a crustal accretionary belt. The Naxos Metamorphic Core Complex comprises a detachment/decollement system characterized by mylonites, ultramylonites, cataclasites and normal faults with structural relationships reflecting the rheological layering at the crustal scale. Fluid inclusion chemistry is determined by microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy; laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), crush-leach and stable isotopes (C and H) analyses. These data characterize three different types of fluids: (1) high salinity fluids with a high metal content and high Th, (2) aqueous-carbonic fluids in equilibrium with the wall rocks and (3) aqueous probably surface-derived fluids. These data indicate that the crust is subdivided into two crustal reservoirs separated by the brittle/ductile transition. Surface-derived aqueous fluids circulate in association with the brittle deformation within the upper crust whereas aqueous-carbonic and high salinity fluids circulate in relation with ductile deformation. The characteristics of the trapped fluids indicate that as rocks have passed through the ductile/brittle transition they undergo a drastic change in geothermal gradient from 60 to 100°C/km within a lithostatic pressure regime to 35-60°C/km within a hydrostatic pressure regime. This implies that the fluid circulations are closely related to the rheological layering within the crust and its evolution during crustal extension. The ductile/brittle transition corresponds to a rheological boundary correlated to a thermal boundary and impermeable cap

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17

Nüchter, Jens Alexander. "The structural record of mid crustal stress and pore fluid pressure changes related to the earthquake cycle". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=983666849.

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Siebenaller, Luc Vanderhaeghe Olivier. "Circulations fluides au cours de l'effondrement d'un prisme d'accrétion crustal l'exemple du "Metamorphic Core Complex" de l'île de Naxos (Cyclades, Grèce) /". S. l. : Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2008_0139_SIEBENALLER.pdf.

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19

Hutnak, Michael. "Heat and fluid flux at a crustal scale : observations and models of coupled transport in young oceanic lithosphere /". Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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20

De, Toffoli Barbara. "Gas emission centres on Mars surface and putative biological contribution: insights on hydrothermal fluid circulation in the upper crust". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425754.

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The herein presented work aims to develop and expand Mars geological exploration in a search for life prospective and, accordingly, water resurgence features and possible degassing centers have been given a central role in the target selection and process investigation. Hydrothermal fluid circulation in the Martian crust is among the natural processes characterized by the combined involvement of fluids such water and methane so defining a potential set of environments prone to biosphere growth and flourish. Subsurface fluid flow is a key area of planetary science research because fluids affect almost every physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal property of the upper crust. Hydrothermal systems are closely bond to the transport of mass, heat, nutrients and chemical species in hydrogeological systems making these mechanisms central in fields such as volcano-tectonic, deep-biosphere and water/ice cycle. To step forward toward a new generation of planetary exploration that aims, not only to analyse and map the surfaces of planetary bodies other than Earth, but also to push the survey down in depth, in the first chapter we successfully test the efficiency of a rising technique that allows to probe the subsurface starting from surface case studies: fractal analysis. This method was firstly applied on many different study cases on Earth to investigate the location at depth of magma chambers and sediment source layers beneath volcanic vent and mud volcano fields. We thus took this technique and applied it to many different well-known morphologically convergent features on Mars, but with very different inferred formation process, in order to test if fractal analysis were an efficient methodology to identify spatial patterns linked to system of percolating connected fractures and drained material source depth by outputting the expected outcomes for the different cases. Thanks to the successfully obtained results we fostered the implementation of such method in the planetary exploration research field. In the second chapter is reported the produced work concerning the exploration and investigation aimed to identify new regions on Mars with a high astrobiological potential through the usage of classic and fractal analyses. Since the main objective of the herein presented work is to spot emission centers linked to water and methane release, we set our starting point on the search for fields of pitted mounds, which are good candidate morphologies for our purposes. Many different areas, with large coverages and very different geological context showed a relationship with systems of connected fractures extending many kilometres beneath the surface. We were not just able to profitably analyse different areas and locate several interesting vast regions, but we observed a systematic linkage between large fields of pitted mounds on the surface and the shallowest interface between gas hydrate-rich cryosphere and hydrosphere hypothesised for the Martian subsurface, so discovering the potential key role of clathrates on a, geologically speaking, recent Mars. The intriguing results produced and displayed in the first two chapters of this work led to a spectrum of unsolved questions concerning the processes that could be involved in such kind of phenomena. We thus choose to approach this topic from the structural side aiming to produce structural asset interpretations based on fluid circulation evidence, where information is available. In the third chapter, we hence face a propaedeutic explorative study which has the objective to compare sulfate vein networks on several locations on Earth with sulfate veins outcropping in the Gale crater (Curiosity Rover landing site, Mars), that represent the only case of close up acquisitions of Martian features that surely experienced fluid circulation. A better understanding of the structural asset on portions of the Martian surface will progressively lead to a contextualisation of the forces that could have contributed to drive the fluid flows in the upper Martian crust and again pushing the exploration toward the subsurface realm and to the identification of outgassing and water related environments. In the fourth chapter are exposed preliminary works that further pursue the aim of identify and investigate environments that experienced fluid circulation, backbone of this thesis. On one side, we moved on in exploring the Martian surface throughout the observation of the freshly acquired four-colours images of the CaSSIS camera we are involved in, with remarkable outcomes thanks to the location of light-toned ridges possibly linked to hydrothermal fluid percolation and connected rocks alteration. Contextually, we also approached the question from the compositional side by enhancing spectral libraries with the production of spectral signatures, on ultraviolet- far infrared wavelength span, of minerals belonging to environments that, on Earth, are linked to low temperature hydrothermal circulation and of rare bio-mineralisation features that are siliceous stromatolites.
Il lavoro presentato ha lo scopo di sviluppare ed espandere l'esplorazione geologica di Marte nell’ottica di ricerca di ambienti adatti allo sviluppo della vita e, di conseguenza, centri di risalita di acqua e centri di degassamento hanno avuto un ruolo centrale nella selezione degli obiettivi di indagine. La circolazione idrotermale nella crosta marziana è tra i processi naturali caratterizzati dal coinvolgimento combinato di fluidi quali acqua e metano, definendo così un potenziale insieme di ambienti inclini alla crescita e allo sviluppo della biosfera. La circolazione di fluidi nel sottosuolo è un'area chiave nel contesto delle scienze planetarie perché essi influenzano quasi ogni proprietà fisica, chimica, meccanica e termica della crosta superiore. I sistemi idrotermali sono strettamente legati al trasporto di massa, calore, sostanze nutritive e specie chimiche nei sistemi idrogeologici, rendendo questi meccanismi centrali in campi quali il ciclo vulcano-tettonico, la biosfera profonda e il ciclo acqua / ghiaccio. Per sviluppare una nuova generazione di esplorazione planetaria che mira non solo ad analizzare e mappare le superfici dei corpi planetari diversi dalla Terra, ma anche a sondarne le profondità, nel primo capitolo testiamo con successo l'efficienza di una nuova tecnica che permette di investigare il sottosuolo partendo dalle osservazioni di superficie: l’analisi frattale. Questo metodo è stato applicato per la prima volta sulla Terra per indagare la profondità delle camere magmatiche e degli strati sorgente che alimentano vulcanesimo magmatico e vulcani di fango. Abbiamo quindi applicato questa tecnica a diverse strutture di superficie su Marte con caratteristiche morfologicamente convergenti, ma con processi di formazione molto diversi, al fine di verificare se l'analisi frattale fosse una metodologia efficiente per identificare la presenza di un sistema percolante di fratture connesse e la profondità della sorgente del materiale drenato. I risultati sono stati positivi promuovendone così l'implementazione nel processo di esplorazione planetaria. Nel secondo capitolo viene riportato il lavoro prodotto relativo all'esplorazione volto a identificare nuove regioni ad alto potenziale su Marte attraverso l'uso di analisi classiche e frattali. Poiché l'obiettivo principale del presente lavoro presentato è quello di individuare i centri di emissione legati al rilascio di acqua e metano, poniamo il nostro punto di partenza nella ricerca di campi di pitted mounds, che sono ottimi candidati per i nostri scopi. Varie aree, con grandi coperture e un contesto geologico molto diverso, hanno mostrato una relazione con sistemi di fratture connesse con estensioni fino svariati chilometri di profondità. Non solo siamo stati in grado di analizzare proficuamente aree diverse e localizzare vaste regioni ad alto interesse, ma abbiamo osservato un collegamento sistematico tra grandi campi di pitted mounds sulla superficie e l'interfaccia più superficiale tra la criosfera ricca in clatrati e l'idrosfera ipotizzata per il sottosuolo marziano, scoprendo così il ruolo chiave che i clatrati potrebbero aver avuto su Marte i un passato geologicamente recente. I risultati promettenti prodotti e mostrati nei primi due capitoli di questo lavoro hanno portato a uno spettro di domande riguardanti i processi che potrebbero essere coinvolti in questo tipo di fenomeni. Scegliamo quindi di affrontare questo argomento tramite l’interpretazione dell’assetto strutturale basato su evidenze di circolazione di fluidi, in aree in cui tali informazioni sono disponibili. Nel terzo capitolo, quindi, affrontiamo uno studio esplorativo propedeutico che ha l'obiettivo di confrontare sistemi di vene a solfati in diverse località sulla Terra con le vene a solfati affioranti nel Gale crater, che rappresentano l'unico caso di acquisizioni ravvicinate di strutture marziane che sicuramente hanno sperimentato circolazione di fluidi. Una migliore comprensione dell’assetto strutturale su porzioni della superficie marziana può portare progressivamente ad una contestualizzazione delle forze che potrebbero aver contribuito a guidare i flussi di fluido nella crosta superiore marziana e inoltre a migliorare la corrente conoscenza del sottosuolo marziano nonché all’identificazione di ambienti legati all'acqua. Nel quarto capitolo sono esposti i lavori preliminari che hanno come obiettivo quello di identificare e indagare ambienti che hanno subito la circolazione di fluidi, spina dorsale di questa tesi. Da un lato, siamo andati avanti nell'esplorazione della superficie marziana attraverso l'osservazione delle immagini a quattro colori appena acquisite della camera CaSSIS, con esiti notevoli grazie all’individuazione di creste probabilmente legate alla percolazione di fluido idrotermale e all'alterazione delle rocce incassanti. Contestualmente, abbiamo anche affrontato la questione dal lato composizionale migliorando le librerie spettrali con la produzione di firme spettrali, in lunghezze d'onda dall'ultravioletto al lontano infrarosso, di minerali appartenenti ad ambienti che, sulla Terra, sono legati alla circolazione idrotermale a bassa temperatura e di rare bio-mineralizzazioni quali le stromatoliti silicee.

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21

Furtney, Jason. "Some aspects of fluid flow in the earth's crust". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612773.

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22

Wijns, Christopher P. "Exploring conceptual geodynamic models : numerical method and application to tectonics and fluid flow". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0068.

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Geodynamic modelling, via computer simulations, offers an easily controllable method for investigating the behaviour of an Earth system and providing feedback to conceptual models of geological evolution. However, most available computer codes have been developed for engineering or hydrological applications, where strains are small and post-failure deformation is not studied. Such codes cannot simultaneously model large deformation and porous fluid flow. To remedy this situation in the face of tectonic modelling, a numerical approach was developed to incorporate porous fluid flow into an existing high-deformation code called Ellipsis. The resulting software, with these twin capabilities, simulates the evolution of highly deformed tectonic regimes where fluid flow is important, such as in mineral provinces. A realistic description of deformation depends on the accurate characterisation of material properties and the laws governing material behaviour. Aside from the development of appropriate physics, it can be a difficult task to find a set of model parameters, including material properties and initial geometries, that can reproduce some conceptual target. In this context, an interactive system for the rapid exploration of model parameter space, and for the evaluation of all model results, replaces the traditional but time-consuming approach of finding a result via trial and error. The visualisation of all solutions in such a search of parameter space, through simple graphical tools, adds a new degree of understanding to the effects of variations in the parameters, the importance of each parameter in controlling a solution, and the degree of coverage of the parameter space. Two final applications of the software code and interactive parameter search illustrate the power of numerical modelling within the feedback loop to field observations. In the first example, vertical rheological contrasts between the upper and lower crust, most easily related to thermal profiles and mineralogy, exert a greater control over the mode of crustal extension than any other parameters. A weak lower crust promotes large fault spacing with high displacements, often overriding initial close fault spacing, to lead eventually to metamorphic core complex formation. In the second case, specifically tied to the history of compressional orogenies in northern Nevada, exploration of model parameters shows that the natural reactivation of early normal faults in the Proterozoic basement, regardless of basement topography or rheological contrasts, would explain the subsequent elevation and gravitationally-induced thrusting of sedimentary layers over the Carlin gold trend, providing pathways and ponding sites for mineral-bearing fluids.

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23

Salazar, Reinoso Pablo [Verfasser]. "The upper crustal microseismicity image from the North Chilean subduction zone : implications for tectonics and fluid migration / Pablo Salazar Reinoso". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025511484/34.

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24

Blereau, Eleanore Renee. "A Petrochronological Investigation of Metamorphic, Melt and Fluid Related Processes in Lower Crustal Rocks from Southwestern Norway and Southern India". Thesis, Curtin, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59704.

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A petrochronological approach permitted quantitative constraints on the duration, conditions and spatio-temporal controls on metamorphism within complex high-grade metamorphic terranes. The effects of prolonged high temperatures on commonly used geochronometers, zircon and monazite, contrasts between terranes. The availability of these minerals and information recorded in lower crustal rocks is highly controlled by lower crustal processes, but the involvement of particular processes is resolvable through the integration of many analytical techniques into a coherent multidisciplinary interpretation.

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25

Hood, Shawn Bruce. "Mid-crustal Cu-Au mineralisation during episodic pluton emplacement, hydrothermal fluid flow, and ductile deformation at the Minto deposit, YT, Canada". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42818.

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The genesis of the Minto copper-gold deposit, YT, Canada, has been variously interpreted since its discovery although no existing model accounts for ductile deformation as a control on mineralization. Results from this study show that Minto ore is hosted within ductiley deformed granitoid host rocks emplaced as multiple intrusions into an actively deforming environment, with the variably sheared host rocks separated by incipiently deformed granodiorites essentially barren of mineralisation. Contacts between deformed/mineralized rock and incipiently deformed/barren rock range from abrupt to gradational, and are the product of pre-existing igneous contacts, variably partitioned deformation, or a combination of these. Deformation of granitoids is interpreted to have controlled fluid flow, with associated alteration promoting further deformation and fluid flow. Potassic alteration, in the form of biotite-magnetite, is the dominant alteration associated with mineralisation, and analysis of alteration using isocon diagrams indicates that K, Fe, Si, Cu, Au, and Ag have been added during alteration, although mass has been lost overall due to a relative reduction in Na and Ca. Host rock intrusion, mineralization, and deformation are interpreted via geochronology and crosscutting relationships as ongoing over at least 5 m.a., from about 202 Ma until about 197 Ma, based on U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology of zircons in granitoids and Re-Os ICP-MS geochronology of molybdenite. The trend of mineralisation is now coincident with the strike of foliation on short steep limbs and of axial planes of folded foliation. This geometry may not be representative of original processes, but of remobilization of ore during continued deformation. The above observations, coupled with data from existing studies, strongly suggest Minto is representative of deposit generation within an arc subduction environment at depths not typically considered for copper-gold deposit formation.

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26

Maggi, Matteo <1981&gt. "The role of the fluid phase in the chemico-mechanical evolution of a mid-crustal shear zone: an example from Alpine Corsica". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3773/1/The_role_of_the_fluid_phase_in_the_chemico-mechanical_evolution.pdf.

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27

Maggi, Matteo <1981&gt. "The role of the fluid phase in the chemico-mechanical evolution of a mid-crustal shear zone: an example from Alpine Corsica". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3773/.

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28

Zoporowski, Anna [Verfasser]. "Dynamical and Mechanistic Effects of High Pressure Fluids in the Earth's Crust / Anna Zoporowski. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021444855/34.

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29

Yuan, Xiaoping. "Extensional collapses in the overpressured frictional upper crust based on limit analysis". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE009/document.

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Dans ce manuscrit nous développons l'approche cinématique 2D du calcul à la rupture pour examinerles effondrements en extension (ou failles normales) de la croûte supérieure cassante qui résultent desurpressions de fluides. Les sujets d'intérêt liés à la déformation en extension sont (1) les roles de lapression des fluides, des processus de surface, et des propriétés des matériaux et des failles sur lastabilité des structures d'extension; (2) la formation de failles normales à faible pendage et de failleslistriques; (3) la distribution de la déformation au dessus d'un glissement à faible pendage; et (4)l'influence de l'adoucissement mécanique des failles et des processus de sédimentation sur cettedistribution.Cette approche mécanique est vérifiée par la théorie du prisme critique de Coulomb, et la généralise pour étudier la topographie complexe de la péninsule de Mejillones dans le Nord du Chili. Cetteapproche est aussi appliquée à l'instabilité gravitaire dans le delta du Niger en reliant les structurescompressives en bas de pente aux structure extensives en amont par un détachement profond. Nousprédisons des surpressions de fluides beaucoup plus élevée que celles obtenues par application duprisme de Coulomb. Enfin, cette méthodologie est appliquée à l'étude de la forme de failles normalesreliant un détachement profond à la surface. Dans le cas du delta du Niger, nous montrons que lesfailles à faible pendage et les failles listriques impliquent que la profondeur de rétention des fluides estfaible. La version séquentielle de l'analyse limite ouvre de nouvelles voies pour suivre l'évolutionstructurale dans le temps du jeu sur les failles normales. Les simulations montrent en particulier qu'unefaille normale tourne vers des pendage plus faibles au fur et à mesure de la dénudation du mur, formantune région qui passe du mur au toit de la faille active en rotation. La prédiction de cette région estillustrée par des expériences analogiques et des exemples de terrain
This manuscript develops a 2D kinematic approach of Limit Analysis to examine the extensionalfailures in the brittle, upper crust resulting from fluid overpressures and normal faulting. There aremany interesting topics related to the extensional deformation such as (1) the roles of fluid pressure,topographic process, material and fault properties on the stability of extensional structures; (2) theformation of low-angle and listric normal fault; (3) the deformation pattern due to slip on a low-anglefault; and (4) the influence of fault softening and sedimentation processes on this deformation pattern.This mechanical approach applied to wedge prototypes is validated by the critical Coulomb wedge(CCW) theory, and it generalizes the CCW theory to investigate the complex topography on theMejillones peninsula, Northern Chile. Additionally, this approach is also applied to investigate gravityinstability of Niger Delta by linking down-slope compressional to up-slope extensional failures througha deep detachment. We predict much higher fluid overpressures than that of the CCW theory. Finally,this Limit Analysis methodology is applied to investigate the shape of normal fault linking a lowdetachment to the surface. The application to Niger Delta implies that the formation of very low-angleand strongly listric faults results from a shallow fluid-retention depth. The sequential version of LimitAnalysis opens new ways to envision the structural evolution through time resulting from normalfaulting. The simulations show that the normal fault rotates during extension, forming a region of Footto-Hanging Wall (FHW) where the material in the footwall is sheared upon entering the hanging wall.The creation of the FHW region is illustrated by sandbox experiments and field examples

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30

Tourneur, Enora. "Circulation de fluides aux abords de failles d’échelle crustale : contraintes structurales, microtectoniques, inclusions fluides et géochimiques sur les processus de formation du gisement de Bou Azzer (Ni-Co), Anti-Atlas, Maroc". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG064.

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Le district de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer est un gisement unique au monde mis en place dans un environnement de serpentinite carbonatée. Deux types de minéralisations sont exploités : des minéralisations massives et un système de veines. Les minéralisations massives sont des corps métalliques, sous forme de lentilles, orientées N120°E et essentiellement enrichies en arséniures de nickel et de cobalt. Elles sont localisées au contact entre une serpentinite, une diorite quartzique ou des roches volcaniques précambriennes. Leur mise en place se fait dans des conditions de moyennes températures (à 220°C en moyenne), de fortes salinités à 38%pds eq. NaCl et de pressions variables entre 67-2883 bars.Les systèmes de veines sont des failles systématiquement minéralisées en arséniures de cobalt et de fer lorsqu’elles recoupent les minéralisations massives. Ces failles recoupent toutes les unités lithologiques de la boutonnière de Bou Azzer, sauf la formation sédimentaire cambrienne. Elles ont des orientations oscillantes entre N/S à N 070°E et sont systématiquement associées à un mouvement normal observé dans le plan vertical. Dans le plan horizontal, les failles minéralisées présentent des jeux sénestres ou dextres cohérents avec un contrôle transtensif selon une direction de raccourcissement orientée N030°E. Le fluide des structures extensives décrit des températures à 170°C en moyenne des salinités entre 32 et 41 %pds eq. NaCl et des pressions variant de 24 et 1800 bars. Les trois types de structures décrivent la même paragenèse minérale, les mêmes textures et les mêmes types de gangues encaissant les minéralisations (quartz et carbonates). Le système évolue de fluides riches en Ni-(Co-Fe) à des fluides riches en Co-(Ni-Fe) depuis les minéralisations massives jusqu’aux systèmes des veines induisant un continuum dans la formation de ces deux types de minéralisations. Deux types de textures sont également observés au sein des minéralisations massives : i) une texture Bréchifiée des Minéralisations Massives (BMM) et une texture Laminée des Minéralisations Massives (LMM). La BMM est illustrée par des arséniures de nickel et de cobalt fracturés par de la serpentine ; par des fragments résiduels de serpentinite, des reliques de spinelles et des fragments d’arséniures de nickel isolés au sein de la gangue carbonatée. La texture de la gangue traduit le fait que ces lentilles minéralisées sont certainement d'anciens corps bréchifiés d’une gangue précoce de serpentinite et des reliques de spinelles. La LMM est décrite par des niveaux alternant entre des arséniures de nickel et de la gangue carbonatée. Cette texture traduit l’architecture précoce du contact faillé sous forme d’anciens lits de spinelles remobilisés par le fluide minéralisateur. Les analyses géochimiques menées sur les arséniures, les gangues carbonatées, les spinelles et le fluide montrent un enrichissement commun en Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag et Au et la même signature en Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. La relation étroite entre ces minéralisations et leurs encaissants indique que le lessivage des structures pré-existantes (spinelles et arséniures de nickel) par un fluide minéralisateur et la précipitation in-situ des métaux sont les processus à l’origine des gisements de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer. La formation précoce de la gangue de serpentinites résulterait d’un amincissement crustal en contexte hyper-extensif en transtension décrit il y a 540-560 Ma et accompagné d’un début d’océanisation lors de la formation du complexe supérieur. La circulation d’eau de mer dans le manteau serait l’agent principal de sa serpentinisation. L’exhumation serait le vecteur de la remontée et de la bréchification de la serpentinite mise en contact avec une diorite quartzique. Le timing de formation des minéralisations de Bou Azzer débuterait avec le processus de serpentinisation, décrit pendant les premiers stades de la formation des minéralisations
The Co-Ni district of Bou Azzer (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) is a unique and particular type of deposit because formed in a context carbonated serpentinite. Two types of mineralisation are exploited: massive orebodies and a system of veins.The massive mineralisations are metallic bodies, in the form of lenses, oriented N120°E and essentially enriched in Ni- and Co-arsenides. They are located at the contact between serpentinite, quartz diorite and Precambrian volcanic rocks. Their formation is realised under medium temperature conditions at ca. 220°C, high salinity at 38% wt eq. NaCl fluids and pressures bracketed between 67-2883 bars.Vein systems are controlled by faults that are systematically mineralised in Co- and Fe- arsenides when they intersect the massive mineralisations. These veins intersect all the lithologic units of the Bou Azzer inlier, except for the Cambrian sedimentary formation. They are trending between NS to N070°E and are systematically associated with normal movements in vertical planes. In the horizontal plane, the mineralised faults present sinistral or dextral motions coherent with a transtensive context controlled by a N030°E shortening direction. Associated fluid yields minimum temperatures of emplacement at 170°C in average, salinity between 32 and 41% wt eq. NaCl and pressures ranging from 24 to 1800 bars.All structures describe a same mineral paragenesis, a same textures and a same type of hosted gangues (quartz and carbonates). Fluids evolve since Ni-(Co-Fe) rich end-members to Co-(Ni-Fe) rich one since massive mineralisations to vein systems inducing a continuum in the formation of both types of mineralisation.Two types of textures are observed in massive mineralisation: a Brecciated Massive Mineralisation (BMM) texture and a Laminated Massive Mineralisation (LMM) one. BMM is characterised by i) Ni-/Co-arsenides fractured by serpentine; ii) residual fragments of serpentinite, iii) spinel relics and iv) fragments of Ni-arsenides isolated within the carbonated gangue. The texture of the gangue reflects the fact that these mineralised lenses are certainly previously formed brecciated bodies of an early gangue of serpentinite and spinel relics. The LMM is described as alternating Ni- arsenides and carbonated gangue layers. The combination of these two textures reflects the early architecture of the faulted contact, i.e. the BMM are ancient brecciated bodies whereas the LMM are witness of ancient mylonitic levels.Geochemical analyses carried out on arsenides, carbonate gangues, spinels and the liquid part of fluid inclusions show a common enrichment in Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag and Au and the same for Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. The close relationship between these mineralisations and their host-rocks indicates that the leaching of pre-existing ultramafic fragments (spinels and Ni-arsenides) by a mineralising fluid and the in-situ metal precipitation are the processes at the origin of the cobalt- Bou Azzer nickel.The early formation of the serpentinite brecciated gangue is interpreted as a result of crustal thinning in a hyper-extensional context that occurred around 540-560 Ma and accompanied by an initiation of oceanic crust formation. The circulation of seawater in the mantle would be the main agent of its serpentinisation. The exhumation would be the vector of the rise and the brecciation of the serpentinite put in contact with a quartz diorite. Consequently, the formation of the Bou Azzer mineralisation would begin with the serpentinisation process, described during the early stages of the mineralisation process and ended by tectonically controlled vein formation

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31

Mottaghy, Darius Christopher. "Heat transfer processes in the upper crust: influence of structure, fluid flow, and palaeoclimate". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985669136.

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Morgan, Sally Jane. "High temperature fluid-rock interaction in oceanic crust: a study of fluid inclusions from the Trooso ophiolite and ODP/IODP Hole 1256D". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493781.

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Fluid inclusions offer the only available samples of uncontaminated sub-seafloor fluids. To date, microthermometry of such fluid inclusions trapped in ocean crust rocks has revealed that fluids of a wide range of salinities exist in both modem and ancient hydrothermal systems. LAICPMS analyses of fluid inclusion chemistry are reported here.

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33

Rigaudier, Thomas. "Analyse isotopique des inclusions fluides des matériaux de la croûte terrestre : caractérisation des sources des fluides et reconstitutions paléoclimatiques". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733643.

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Un des enjeux majeurs en Science de la Terre ces dernières décennies est de comprendre les interactions entre les différentes enveloppes terrestres. Le but poursuivi par ce travail est d'aborder quelques aspects de ces interactions du point de vue des cycles géochimiques des éléments volatils H2O et CO2 en se basant sur l'étude des inclusions fluides piégées dans des roches variées de la croûte terrestre, depuis sa surface jusqu'à l'interface croûte-manteau. La première partie de mon travail présente des travaux expérimentaux effectués sur de la halite. L'étude du fractionnement isotopique de l'oxygène et des cinétiques d'équilibration entre H2O et CO2 lors de l'évaporation de saumures a montré l'importance des corrections à effectuer sur les mesures isotopiques de l'oxygène pour des solutions de haute salinité. L'élaboration d'un protocole expérimental de précipitation de halite en milieu contrôlé a permis de mettre en évidence le potentiel des inclusions fluides pour les reconstitutions paléoclimatiques. La combinaison des données microthermométriques et des compositions isotopiques de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène des inclusions aqueuses permet d'estimer les sources et la température de l'eau de formation de la halite ainsi que la vitesse du vent à l'interface eau-air pendant la croissance du cristal. Cette méthode a été ensuite appliquée aux dépôts de halite de Sicile datés du Messinien. La deuxième partie de mon travail est consacrée à l'identification des compositions chimiques et des sources des fluides circulant dans la croûte et à l'interface croûte-manteau à travers l'analyse des compositions isotopiques des inclusions fluides des granites et granulites.

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34

Leclère, Henri. "Comportement sismo-mécanique des failles crustales et interactions fluides-séismes : Une étude de la région de l'Ubaye (Alpes du sud) combinant sismologie, géologie structurale, pétrophysique et modélisation numérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2044.

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Ce travail s'intéresse à l'étude du comportement en conditions statiques des failles dans la croûte supérieure continentale et plus particulièrement à l'effet des surpressions de fluides sur la réactivation des failles et le déclenchement des séismes. Pour ce faire, une analyse associant sismologie, géologie structurale, pétrophysique, géochimie et modélisation hydromécanique a été menée dans la région de l'Ubaye (Alpes du sud) où a eu lieu, en 2003-2004, un essaim sismique en relation avec des failles régionales affleurant plus au sud dans le massif cristallin de l'Argentera. Les mécanismes au foyer de 74 événements de cet essaim sismique ont été déterminés. À partir de ces mécanismes et d'autres données sismologiques ainsi que de modèles mécaniques basés sur la théorie de Mohr-Coulomb, cette étude a permis de confirmer que l'activité sismique de l'essaim était liée à la présence de surpressions de fluides et d'expliquer l'évolution spatio-temporelle des surpressions. Un modèle hydromécanique est proposé afin de concilier les évolutions spatio-temporelles de la sismicité et des surpressions de fluides. L'étude d'un affleurement d'une faille régionale de l'Argentera combinant analyse structurale, mesures pétrophysiques et modélisation hydromécanique a ensuite permis de préciser le comportement hydromécanique des failles aux profondeurs hypocentrales et plus particulièrement leur capacité à être compactées et à développer des surpressions de fluides. Finalement, l'initiation des séismes à la base de la zone sismogénique est explorée à partir d'analyses géochimiques et mécaniques menées sur de veines à paragénèse quartz-chlorite formées à la base de la zone sismogène. Ces résultats sont comparés avec ceux déduits de l'analyse de l'essaim sismique de l'Ubaye. Ce travail a permis d'étudier le comportement sismomécanique des failles et les interactions entre failles, fluides et séismes à travers la zone sismogène. Il met l'accent sur l'importance de coupler les approches sismologiques, hydrauliques et mécaniques dans l'étude des failles actives
This work adresses the behavior of faults in the upper continental crust under static conditions and moreparticularly the effect of fluid overpressures on fault reactivation and earthquake triggering. In order toreach this goal, an analysis combining seismology, structural geology, petrophysics, geochemistry andhydromechanical modeling has been carried out in the Ubaye region (southern French-Italian Alps) wherea seismic swarm related to regional faults exposed in the Argentera basement massif (located furthersouth) occurred in 2003-2004. Focal mechanisms of 74 events from this seismic swarm have beendetermined. Based on these mechanisms and other seismological data and on mechanical modeling basedon the Mohr-Coulomb theory, this study allows to confirm that the seismic activity of the swarm waslinked to the presence of overpressurized fluids and to explain the spatio-temporal evolution ofoverpressures. A hydromechanical model is proposed in order to account for the spatio-temporalevolutions of both seismicity and pore fluid overpressures. The study of an exposure of an Argenteraregional fault combining a structural analysis, petrophysical measurements and a hydromechanicalmodeling has allowed to decipher the hydromechanical behavior of faults at hypocentral depths, and moreparticularly to determine the ability of faults to be compacted and to develop fluid overpressures. Lastly,the initiation of earthquakes at or near the base of the seismogenic zone is explored through geochemicaland mechanical analyses of quartz-chlorite veins formed at the base of the seismogenic zone. Theseresults are then compared with those deduced from the analysis of the Ubaye seismic swarm. This workallows to study the seismo-mechanical behavior of faults and the interactions between faults, fluids andearthquakes across the seismogenic zone. It emphasizes the importance of associating seismological,hydraulic et mechanical analyses in the study of active faults

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35

Diop, Catherine Bineta. "Structures et circulations de fluides dans un avant-pays synschisteux : le système de chevauchements des Mauritanides du Sénégal". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL044N.

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Les Mauritanides du Sénégal (Afrique de l'ouest) sont constituées par des nappes épizonales mises en place au varisque. Ces nappes sont constituées de séries du précambrien supérieur au silurien, répétées dans des duplex caractéristiques des systèmes de chevauchements en rampes et paliers. Les chevauchements sont associés à une schistosité majeure S2 orientée N030°E, 15°NW portant une linéation d'étirement régionalement orientée N130°E. Des critères cinématiques suivant cette linéation indiquent que la mise en place des nappes s'est faite du NW vers le SE. La propagation des nappes vers le SE est accommodée par des structures plicatives variées: antiformes de propagation associées à des kinks, plis déjetés au SE et plis isoclinaux dans les contacts chevauchants, toutes développées dans un même continuum de déformation monocyclique. On observe une deformation cisaillante marquée uniquement au niveau des contacts ; mais dans les nappes, la déformation est à dominante co-axiale, comme le montrent les opr du quartz, qui indiquent une activation des systèmes basal et prismatique . Ces témoins de la déformation plastique sont accompagnés d'une dissolution-cristallisation importante assistée par les fluides et se traduisant par des veines et fentes de tension remplies de quartz, des stylolites et des microfractures indiquant un raccourcissement perpendiculaire à S2. L’étude de la fabrique de forme de marqueurs au sein des nappes a montré une forme généralement aplatie dans la schistosite S2, et compatible avec l'action de la dissolution-cristallisation. Les conditions métamorphiques pendant la formation des nappes déterminée par la pétrologie et l'étude des inclusions fluides ont été estimées entre 500°C et de 300°C du NW au SE pour des pressions maximales de 4 kbars. Les fluides mis en place dans les nappes, principalement aux zones de contact, ont une composition influencée par la nature du substratum. Les Mauritanides sont un avant-pays caractérisé par une tectonique pelliculaire

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Zirner, Aurelia [Verfasser]. "Fluid driven processes in the crust - the formation of anorthositic dykes in the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus) / Aurelia Zirner". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149154020/34.

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Laurie, Angelique. "The formation of Earth’s early felsic continental crust by water-present eclogite melting". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80214.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sodic and leucocratic Tonalite, Trondhjemite and Granodiorite (TTG) granitoid series of rocks characterise Paleo- to Meso- Archaean felsic continental crust, yet are uncommon in the post-Archaean rock record. Consequently, petrogenetic studies on these rocks provide valuable insight into the creation and evolution of Earth’s early continental crust. The highpressure (HP)-type of Archaean TTG magmas are particularly important in this regard as their geochemistry requires that they are formed by high-pressure melting of a garnet-rich eclogitic source. This has been interpreted as evidence for the formation of these magmas by anatexis of the upper portions of slabs within Archaean subduction zones. In general, TTG magmas have been assumed to arise through fluid-absent partial melting of metamafic source rocks. Therefore, very little experimental data on fluid-present eclogite melting to produce Archaean TTG exist, despite the fact that water drives magmatism in modern arcs. Consequently, this study experimentally investigates the role of fluid-present partial melting of eclogite-facies metabasaltic rock in the production of Paleo- to Meso-Archaean HP-type TTG melts. Experiments are conducted between 1.6 GPa and 3.0 GPa and 700 ºC and 900 ºC using natural and synthetic eclogite, and gel starting materials of low-K2O basaltic composition. Partial melting of the natural and synthetic eclogite occurred between 850 ºC and 870 ºC at pressures above 1.8 GPa, and the melting reaction is characterised by the breakdown of sodic clinopyroxene, quartz and water: Qtz + Cpx1 + H2O ± Grt1 = Melt + Cpx2 ± Grt2. The experimental melts have the compositions of sodic peraluminous trondhjemites and have compositions that are similar to the major, trace and rare earth element composition of HPtype Archaean TTG. This study suggests that fluid-present eclogite melting is a viable petrogenetic model for this component of Paleo- to Meso-Archaean TTG crust. The nature of the wet low-K2O eclogite-facies metamafic rock solidus has been experimentally defined and inflects towards higher temperatures at the position of the plagioclase-out reaction. Therefore, the results indicate that a crystalline starting material is necessary to define this solidus to avoid metastable melting beyond temperatures of the Pl + H2O + Qtz solidus at pressures above plagioclase stability. Furthermore, this study uses numerical and metamorphic models to demonstrate that for reasonable Archaean mantle wedge temperatures within a potential Archaean subduction zone, the bulk of the water produced by metamorphic reactions within the slabs is captured by an anatectic zone near the slab surface. Therefore, this geodynamic model may account for HP-type Archaean TTG production and additionally provides constraints for likely Archaean subduction. The shape of the relevant fluid-present solidus is similar to the shape of the pressure-temperature paths followed by upper levels of the proposed Archaean subducting slab, which makes water-fluxed slab anatexis is very dependant on the temperature in the mantle wedge. I propose that cooling of the upper mantle by only a small amount during the late Archaean ended fluid-present melting of the slab. This allowed slab water to migrate into the wedge and produce intermediate composition magmatism which has since been associated with subduction zones.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die reeks natruimhoudende en leukokraties Tonaliet, Trondhjemiet en Granodioriet (TTG) felsiese stollingsgesteentes is kenmerkend in die Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum felsiese kontinentale kors, maar is ongewoon in die post-Argeïese rots rekord. Gevolglik, petrogenetiese studies op hierdie rotse verskaf waardevolle insig in die skepping en evolusie van die aarde se vroeë kontinentale kors. Die hoë-druk (HD)-tipe van die Argeïkum TTG magmas is veral belangrik in hierdie verband as hulle geochemie vereis dat hulle gevorm word deur hoë druk smelting van 'n granaat-ryk eklogitiese bron. Dit word interpreteer as bewys vir die vorming van hierdie magmas deur smelting van die boonste gedeeltes van die blaaie in Argeïese subduksie sones. TTG magmas in die algemeen, is veronderstel om op te staan deur middel van water-afwesig gedeeltelike smelting van metamafiese bron rotse. Daarom bestaan baie min eksperimentele data op water-teenwoordig eklogiet smelting om Argeïkum TTG te produseer, ten spyte van die feit dat water magmatisme dryf in moderne boë. Gevolglik is hierdie studie ‘n eksperimentele ondersoek in die rol van water-teenwoordig gedeeltelike smelting van eklogiet-fasies metamafiese rots in die produksie van Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum HD-tipe TTG smelte. Eksperimente word uitgevoer tussen 1.6 GPa en 3.0 GPa en 700 ºC en 900 ºC met behulp van natuurlike en sintetiese eklogiet, en gel begin materiaal van lae-K2O basaltiese samestelling. Gedeeltelike smelting van die natuurlike en sintetiese eklogiet het plaasgevind tussen 850 ºC en 870 ºC te druk bo 1.8 GPa, en die smeltings reaksie is gekenmerk deur die afbreek van natruimhoudende klinopirokseen, kwarts en water: Qtz + Cpx1 + H2O ± Grt1 = Smelt + Cpx2 ± Grt2. Die eksperimentele smelte het die komposisies van natruimhoudende trondhjemites en is soortgelyk aan die hoof-, spoor- en seldsame aard element samestelling van HD-tipe Argeïkum TTG. Hierdie studie dui daarop dat water-teenwoordig eklogiet smelting 'n lewensvatbare petrogenetiese model is vir hierdie komponent van Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum TTG kors. Die aard van die nat lae-K2O eklogietfasies metamafiese rock solidus is eksperimenteel gedefinieër en beweeg na hoër temperature by die posisie van die plagioklaas-out reaksie. Daarom dui die resultate daarop dat 'n kristallyne materiaal nodig is om hierdie solidus te definieër en metastabiele smelting buite temperature van die Pl + H2O + Qtz solidus druk bo plagioklaas stabiliteit te vermy. Verder maak hierdie studie gebruik van numeriese en metamorfiese modelle om aan te dui dat die grootste deel van die water geproduseer deur metamorfiese reaksies binne die blaaie bestaan vir redelike Argeïkum mantel wig temperature binne 'n potensiële Argeïkum subduksie sone, en word opgevang deur 'n smelting sone naby die blad oppervlak. Daarom kan hierdie geodinamies model rekenskap gee vir HD-tipe Argeïkum TTG produksie en dit bied ook die beperkinge vir waarskynlik Argeïese subduksie. Die vorm van die betrokke waterteenwoordig solidus is soortgelyk aan die vorm van die druk-temperatuur paaie gevolg deur die boonste vlakke van die voorgestelde Argeïkum subderende blad, wat water-vloeiing blad smeltingbaie afhanklik maak van die temperatuur in die mantel wig. Ons stel voor dat afkoeling van die boonste mantel met slegs 'n klein hoeveelheid gedurende die laat Argeïese, die water-vloeiing smelting van die blad beëindig. Dit het toegelaat dat die blad water in die wig migreer en intermediêre samestelling magmatisme produseer wat sedert geassosieer word met subduksie sones.

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Higashino, Fumiko. "Infiltration process of brine in the deep crust constrained from multi-scale major and trace element zonings in high-grade metamorphic rocks". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215324.

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Marchesini, Barbara <1991&gt. "The role of fluids on strain localization at the base of the seismogenic crust: a case study from the Olkiluoto deep nuclear waste repository, southwestern Finland". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9262/1/PhD%20Thesis_Barbara%20Marchesini.pdf.

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This study focuses on the detailed investigation of the role played by fluids in triggering and controlling transient and repeated fluctuations between the frictional and viscous deformation end-members at the brittle-ductile transition zone (BDTZ) of the continental crust. Faults exhumed from the BDTZ and exposed in the Olkiluoto high-grade nuclear waste repository were studied combining field and microstructural observations with fluid inclusions and mineral pair geothermometry on fault minerals to reconstruct the temporal variations in fluid pressure, temperature and composition of the synkinematic fluids. Combined LA-ICP-TOFMS and EBSD analysis were also applied on authigenic sulphides to gain insights into their role upon strain accommodation and deformation-induced elemental transport at the microscopic scale. Faulting initiated as a consequence of a first event of fluid overpressure (Pf > 210 MPa) with the formation of a diffuse network of joints and hybrid–shear fractures. Cyclical brittle and ductile shearing followed, triggered by repeated hydrofracturing induced by a fluid pressure up to 210 MPa under overall ductile environmental conditions, demonstrated by mutually overprinting veining, crystal-plastic deformation and cataclasis. Later exhumation and cooling of the fault system to fully brittle conditions was aided by reactivation triggered by a distinct fluid ingress at lower pressure (140-180 MPa) and temperature (≤ 300° C). Deformation was accommodated at that stage by the interplay of brittle fracturing and low-temperature crystal-plasticity in sulphides. Strain and fluid flow created high diffusivity pathways within the pyrite crystal lattices contributing to- and enhancing the net transport of a significant range of heavy elements (e.g. Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Ag, As, Sb, Pb). These data indicate that the studied fault acted as a chemically open system and fault valve. Hydrofracturing and their association with pseudotachylite-bearing faults suggest that fluid-mediated deformation may represent the record of the seismic cycle in the studied fault system.

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Louis-Napoléon, Aurélie. "Modélisation d'instabilités gravitaires au sein de la croûte partiellement fondue par une méthode de Volume-Of-Fluid". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0124.

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Les instabilités gravitaires au sein des racines orogéniques partiellement fondues peuvent être à l'origine du développement de dômes de migmatites. Non seulement ces dômes peuvent concentrer des matériaux d’intérêt économique, mais une meilleure compréhension de leur formation présente un intérêt fort dans la connaissance de l’évolution et de la différenciation de la croûte terrestre. Bien que les forces horizontales peuvent être impliquées dans la formation de dômes, l’objectif de cette thèse consistait à regarder uniquement l’influence des forces verticales en étudiant la convection et le diapirisme. Pour cela, nous avions le choix entre deux codes, basés sur la méthode numérique de Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF): JADIM (code de l'IMFT) et OpenFOAM (open-source). Nous avons dans un premier temps montré que la méthode VOF est adaptée à la modélisation des instabilités gravitaires en comparant les résultats obtenus avec i) ceux de la littérature concernant les instabilités de Rayleigh-Taylor et de Rayleigh-Bénard, ii) ceux donnés par le code de géodynamique ASPECT. Nous avons trouvé que JADIM et OpenFOAM fournissent des résultats en bon accord avec ceux de la littérature et conservent mieux la masse qu'ASPECT. Nous avons choisi OpenFOAM pour la suite de ce travail car il est plus rapide que JADIM. Ensuite, nous avons appliqué la méthode VOF au contexte de formation des dômes de migmatites, en considérant plus particulièrement le cas de l'île de Naxos (Grèce). Ces dômes se sont formés entre 24 et 16 millions d'années et présentent une structure imbriquée de sous- dômes de 2 km dans un dôme majeur de 10 km. Des datations sur zircon ont montré que les roches ont subi une alternance de température d'une période de 2 Ma. Ces dômes sont intéressants car ils se sont formés récemment dans l'histoire de la Terre dans une zone orogénique, ils sont donc mieux préservés que les dômes plus anciens. Nous avons cherché à montrer que ces structures peuvent résulter d'épisodes convectif et diapirique. Nous avons d'abord considéré la croûte chaude comme un système constitué de trois couches horizontales. Ce système ne permet pas de former des dômes imbriqués par convection et diapirisme. En effet, les dômes formés au cours de la simulation sont détruits par la convection. Nous avons donc complexifié le système. Nous avons pris en compte le chauffage interne, la fusion partielle, la dépendance des rhéologies sur la température et le taux de déformation, et avons ajouté des hétérogénéités compositionnelles (inclusions). Tous ces éléments ont fait l'objet de tests paramétriques et nous permettent finalement de proposer deux scénarios pour expliquer la formation des dômes de Naxos : le premier fait émerger des diapirs composés d'inclusions au dessus de cellules convectives locales, formées lors de la ségrégation des inclusions lourdes et légères, tandis que le second scénario permet aux inclusions de s'élever pendant la disparition de la cellule convective globale pour former des dômes lors du refroidissement du système. Toutefois, ces scénarios n'excluent pas le rôle de forces latérales extérieures à la fin de l'orogène pour expliquer l'exhumation des dômes. Plus généralement, nous avons trouvé que les caractéristiques des dômes (taille et homogénéité) sont déterminées par leur mode de formation (présence d'inclusions, de convection ...). L'analyse dimensionnelle des systèmes avec fusion partielle nous a permis de distinguer plusieurs régimes convectifs et de déterminer les paramètres nécessaires à la sédimentation (vers le haut et vers la bas) des inclusions lors d'une convection crustale
Gravity instabilities within partially molten orogenic roots may form migmatite domes. Not only can these domes concentrate materials of economic interest, but they also bring a better understanding of the evolution and differentiation of Earth's crust. Although horizontal forces can be involved in the formation of domes, the objective of this thesis was to look only at the influence of vertical forces by studying convection and diapirism. We had at our disposal two numerical codes based on Volume-Of-Fluid methods (VOF): JADIM (IMFT code) and OpenFOAM (open-source). We first showed that the VOF method is suitable for the modeling of gravity instabilities. Therefore we compared the results obtained with JADIM and OpenFOAM with i) theoretical, experimental and numerical results from the literature of RayleighTaylor and Rayleigh-Bénard instabilities and with ii) the results of the geodynamic code ASPECT . We found that JADIM and OpenFOAM provide results in good agreement with those in the literature and conserve mass better than ASPECT. We chose OpenFOAM for the rest of this work because it is faster than JADIM. Then, we applied the VOF method to the context of the migmatite domes from Naxos island (Greece). These domes were formed between 24 and 16 Ma and feature nested structures of 2 km sub-domes in a 10 km major dome. Zircon dating has shown that the rocks have undergone a temperature alternation with a 2 Ma period. These domes are interesting because they are recent and thus better preserved than older domes. We have tried to show that they can result from a combination of convective and diapiric episodes. We first considered the hot orogenic crust as a system made of 3 horizontal layers with temperature dependent viscosity. We showed that both in 2D and 3D, we cannot reproduce nested domes: the simulated domes are destroyed by convection when it appears. Therefore we made the system more complex. We took into account internal heating and partial melting which allow to achieve low viscosities. In addition, we added the strain-rate dependency of the rheology, as well as compositional heterogeneities (inclusions). All these factors were subjected to parametric tests, which finally allow us to propose two scenarios explaining the formation of the Naxos domes. The first scenario takes into account a nonlinear rheology and heavy and light inclusions, making it possible to generate local convection: convection and diapirism are then simultaneous, and diapirs emerge above the convective cells. The second scenario takes into account partial melting, but the progressive cooling of the system is the key mechanism that allows light inclusions to rise and form domes. However, both these scenarios do not exclude the role of external lateral forces at the end of the orogen on the remaining exhumation. More generally, we have found that the characteristics of the domes (size and homogeneity) are determined by their mode of formation (presence of inclusions, convection ...) The dimensional analysis of systems with partial melting allows us to distinguish several convective regimes and to determine the parameters necessary for the sedimentation (upwards and downwards) of inclusions during crustal convection

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41

Dubois, Michel. "Fluides crustaux : approche expérimentale et analytique : 1) détermination du solvus des systèmes H2O-MCL (M=Li, K, Rb, Cs) et 2) caractérisation et dynamique des fluides des dômes thermiques, sur l'exemple du Diapir Vellave (S-E Massif Central Francais)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_DUBOIS_M.pdf.

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L’étude expérimentale réalisée sur les domaines d'immiscibilité liquide-vapeur des systèmes binaires eau-chlorure alcalin à 500 et 600°C montre une corrélation entre le rayon ionique du cation et la largeur du solvus tandis que la pression critique diminue. Cette étude a nécessité la reconstruction des diagrammes de phase des systèmes H2O-CsCl et H2O-RbCl par une méthode des moindres carrés modifiée. Une étude d'inclusions fluides a été menée sur les différents faciès lithologiques du dôme du Velay (Massif Central Francais). Dans les vaugnerites et les pegmatites associes ont été observés des fluides H2O-CO2-CH4-N2+-H2S. Dans les vaugnerites, ces fluides indiquent des pressions de mise en place trop faible suggérant des modifications post-piégeages. Dans les pegmatites, ces fluides subissent une ébullition à basse pression lors du retour en conditions retromorphiques. Des fluides à CH4-N2+-H2O ont également été retrouvés dans les vaugnerites. Les densités des fluides du métamorphisme (H2O-CO2+-CH4) sont globalement concordantes avec les données geothermobarométriques. Des fluides aqueux de faible salinité ont circulé durant les étapes finales de la mise en place du dôme

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42

Wiersberg, Thomas. "Edelgase als Tracer für Wechselwirkungen von Krusten- und Mantelfluiden mit diamantführenden Gesteinen des östlichen Baltischen Schildes". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2001. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/27/.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden anhand der Edelgaszusammensetzung von Kimberliten und Lamproiten sowie ihrer gesteinsbildenden Minerale die Wechselwirkungen dieser Gesteine mit Fluiden diskutiert. Die untersuchten Proben stammen vom östlichen Baltischen Schild, vom Kola-Kraton (Poria Guba und Kandalaksha) und vom karelischen Kraton (Kostamuksha). Edelgasanalysen nach thermischer oder mechanischer Gasextraktion von 23 Gesamtgesteinsproben und 15 Mineralseparaten ergeben folgendes Bild: Helium- und Neon-Isotopendaten der Fluideinschlüsse von Lamproiten aus Kostamuksha lassen auf den Einfluss einer fluiden Phase krustaler Herkunft schliessen. Diese Wechselwirkungen fanden wahrscheinlich schon während des Magmenaufstiegs statt, denn spätere Einflüsse krustaler Fluide auf die Lamproite und ihr Nebengestein (Quarzit) sind gering, wie anhand der C/³⁶Ar-Zusammensetzung gezeigt wird. Auch sind die mit verschiedenen Datierungsmethoden (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, K-Ar) an Mineralseparaten und teilweise an Gesamtgestein ermittelten Alter konsistent und machen eine metamorphe Überprägung unwahrscheinlich. Aufgrund der Verteilung der primordialen Edelgasisotope zwischen Fluideinschlüssen und Gesteinsmatrix ist ein langsamer Magmenaufstieg anzunehmen, was die Möglichkeit der Kontamination mit einem krustalen Fluid während des Magmenaufstiegs erhöht.

Die Gasextraktion aus Mineralseparaten erfolgte thermisch, wodurch eine Freisetzung der Gase ausschließlich aus Fluideinschlüssen nicht möglich ist. Hierbei zeigen Amphibol und Klinopyroxen, separiert aus Kostamuksha-Lamproiten, in ihrer Neon-Isotopenzusammensetzung im Vergleich zur krustalen Zusammensetzung (Kennedy et al., 1990) ein leicht erhöhtes Verhältnis von ²⁰Ne/²²Ne, was ein Hinweis auf Mantel-Neon sein könnte. Kalifeldspäte, Quarz und Karbonate enthalten dagegen nur Neon krustaler Zusammensetzung. Phlogopite haben sehr kleine Verhältnisse von ²⁰Ne/²²Ne und ²¹Ne/²²Ne, zurückzuführen auf in-situ-Produktion von ²²Ne in Folge von U- und Th-Zerfallsprozessen.

Wie unterschiedliche thermische Entgasungsmuster für ⁴⁰Ar und ³⁶Ar zeigen, ist ³⁶Ar in Fluideinschlüssen konzentriert. Das ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar-Isotopenverhältnis der Fluideinschlüsse von Lamproiten aus Kostamuksha ist antikorreliert mit der durch thermische Extraktion bestimmten Gesamtmenge an ³⁶Ar. Argon aus Fluideinschlüssen setzt sich daher aus zwei Komponenten zusammen: Einer Komponente mit atmosphärischer Argon-Isotopenzusammensetzung und einer krustalen Komponente mit einem Isotopenverhältnis ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar > 6000. Diffusion von radiogenem ⁴⁰Ar aus der Kristallmatrix in die Fluideinschlüsse spielt keine wesentliche Rolle.

Kimberlite aus Poria Guba und Kandalaksha zeigen anhand der Helium- und z. T. auch der Neon-Isotopenzusammensetzung eine Mantelkomponente in den Fluideinschlüssen an. Bei einem angenommenen ²⁰Ne/²²Ne-Isotopenverhältnis von 12,5 in der Mantelquelle ergibt sich ein ²¹Ne/²²Ne-Isotopenverhältnis von 0,073 ± 0,011 sowie ein ³He/⁴He-Isotopenverhältnis, welches im Vergleich zum subkontinentalem Mantel (Dunai und Baur, 1995) stärker radiogen geprägt ist. Solche Isotopensignaturen sind mit höheren Konzentrationen an Uran und Thorium in der Mantelquelle der Kimberlite zu erklären.

Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Altersbestimmungen erfolgten von russischer Seite (Belyatskii et al., 1997; Nikitina et al., 1999) und ergeben ein Alter von 1,23 Ga für den Lamproitvulkanismus in Kostamuksha. Eigene K-Ar-Datierungen an Phlogopiten und Kalifeldspäten stimmen mit einem Alter von 1193 ± 20 Ma fast mit den Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Altern überein. Die K-Ar-Datierung an einem Phlogopit aus Poria Guba, separiert aus dem Kimberlit PGK 12a, ergibt ein Alter von 396 Ma, ebenfalls in guter Übereinstimmung mit Rb-Sr-und Sm-Nd-Altern (ca. 400 Ma, Lokhov, pers. Mitteilung). K-Ar-Altersbestimmungen an Gesamtgestein aus Poria Guba erbrachten kein schlüssiges Alter. Die Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Alter des Lamproitmagmatismus in Poria Guba betragen 1,72 Ga (Nikitina et al., 1999).

Vergleiche von gemessenen mit berechneten Edelgaskonzentrationen aus in-situ-Produktion zeigen weiterhin, dass in Abhängigkeit vom Alter der Probe Diffusionsprozesse stattgefunden haben, die zu unterschiedlichen und z. T. erheblichen Verlusten an Helium und Neon führten. Diffusionsverluste an Argon sind dagegen kaum signifikant. Unterschiedliche Diffusionsverluste in Abhängigkeit von Alter und betrachtetem Edelgas zeigen auch die primordialen Edelgase.
In the present thesis, interactions of kimberlites and lamproites as well as their constituent minerals with fluids are discussed based on noble gas compositions. The samples originate from the eastern Baltic Shield, more specifically from the Kola craton (Poria Guba and Kandalaksha) and the Karelia craton (Kostamuksha). Gas was extracted by stepwise heating and crushing from 23 whole rock samples and 15 mineral separates. These two techniques allow differential extraction of gas from fluid inclusions (crushing technique) and from the bulk sample (stepwise heating). The noble gas analyses provide the following information:

Helium and neon isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in lamproites reveal the presence of a crustal fluid phase. Fluid interaction probably ocurred already during the process of magma ascent. Interaction after lamproite emplacement seems unlikely. The lamproites and their host rock differ in the degree of fluid-rock interaction, as demonstrated by the C/³⁶Ar composition. In addition, various dating methods (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, K-Ar) yield almost the same age within analytical error. Thus, a metamorphic overprint can be excluded. The distribution of primordial noble gases between fluid inclusions and crystal lattice suggests a relatively slow magma ascent, making an interaction of the lamproitic magma with crustal fluids even more likely. Since noble gases from mineral separates were extracted only by the stepwise heating method, gases stored in fluid inclusions could not be released separately.

Amphibole and clinopyroxene separates yielded a higher ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratio in comparison to crustal composition (Kennedy et al., 1990). This presumably is an indication of a mantle derived fluid phase. On the other hand, neon isotopic composition of K-feldspar, quartz and carbonate separates are indistinguishable from the crustal composition. In comparison to other mineral separates, phlogopite yields very low ratios of ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and ²¹Ne/²²Ne due to in situ production of ²²Ne, which is a result of nuclear reactions.

The distinct thermal gas release patterns of ⁴⁰Ar and ³⁶Ar indicates that ³⁶Ar is concentrated in fluid inclusions. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar isotopic ratio in fluid inclusions shows a negative correlation with the total amount of ³⁶Ar released by thermal extraction. Therefore, argon from fluid inclusions is a simple 2-component mixture of air and a crustal component with an ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio > 6000. It can be shown that diffusion of ⁴⁰Ar from the matrix into fluid inclusions is negligible.

In contrast to lamproites, whole rock kimberlite samples from Poria Guba and Kandalaksha show clear evidence in helium and, to a certain extentalso in neon isotope ratios, of interaction with a mantle derived fluid phase. Assuming a ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratio of 12.5 for the mantle endmember, a ²¹Ne/²² Ne ratio of 0.073 ± 0.011 can be calculated. Likewise, the resulting ³He/⁴He ratio is more strongly influenced by radiogenic helium in comparison to the mean subcontinental mantle (Dunai und Baur, 1995). Such behaviour reflects higher concentrations of uranium and thorium in the magma source of kimberlites than the subcontinental mantle.

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd age determinations (Belyatskii et al., 1997; Nikitina et al., 1999) yield 1.23 Ga for the lamproite magmatism in Kostamuksha. K-Ar dating of phlogopite and K-feldspar provides similar ages (1.19 Ga). K-Ar dating of a single phlogopite separate from the Kimberlite sample PGK12a from Poria Guba, yields an age of 396 Ma which corresponds well with Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages.

Depending on sample age, distinct and partly extensive diffusive loss of helium and neon has occurred, as shown by comparison of measured and calculated concentrations of in situ produced isotopes. Diffusion loss is negligible for argon. This is also strongly supported by primordial noble gas composition.

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43

Wilckens, Frederike Kristina [Verfasser], Simone A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kasemann, Simone A. [Gutachter] Kasemann y Wolfgang [Gutachter] Bach. "Isotopic signatures in hydrothermal vent fluids and the oceanic crust : tracing of sub-seafloor magmatic and hydrothermal processes / Frederike Kristina Wilckens ; Gutachter: Simone A. Kasemann, Wolfgang Bach ; Betreuer: Simone A. Kasemann". Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/115700704X/34.

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44

Ichiki, Masahiro. "Resistivity Structures of a Subduction Zone and a Seismically Active Area - Some Evidence of Fluid and its Role in the Earth's Crust and the Uppermost Mantle". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181956.

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45

Grasso, Jean-Robert. "Fluides et instabilités sismiques : implications pour le comportement mécanique de la croûte supérieure". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703292.

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Sur la base des faibles variations de contraintes poroélastiques qui sont à l'origine de la séismicité déclenchée localement par la baisse de pression du gisement de Lacq, on tente dans le chapitre 3 d'évaluer les échelles spatiales des connections fluides dans la croûte supérieure à l'aide de la migration des fronts de pression induits. Les séismes associés à la mise en eau d'une retenue artificielle (M 4-5, Monteynard, Vercors, France) permettent par exemple de cartographier des failles sismiques potentielles au sud de l'agglomération grenobloise, les séismes induits jouant alors le rôle de jauges de contrainte. Dans la région de Lacq, à l'aide de modélisations analytiques des transferts de contraintes visco-élastiques et poro-élastiques, on montre qu'on ne peut rejeter a-priori des interactions entre l'extraction du champ de Lacq, les séismes majeurs de la faille Nord-Pyrénéenne distants d'une trentaine de kilomètres, et les séismes locaux à l'aplomb du champ d'hydrocarbure. Le chapitre 4 constitue une synthèse des mécanismes d'instabilités sismiques déclenchées par les exploitations d'hydrocarbures. On isole trois classes de mécanismes de déclenchements des séismes correspondant à des types d'exploitations et à des réponses sismiques (taille-temps-espaces) bien différenciés: augmentation de pression due à l'injection de fluide; baisse de pression due à extraction de fluide, déficit de masse lors d'extraction massive. Les mécanismes de ruptures sont en accord avec les lois de contraintes effectives, et s'expliquent soit par des transferts poroélastiques soit par des compensations isostasiques. Si la sismicité induite par les extractions de fluides reste marginale par rapport au nombre de gisements exploités, la surveillance sismique fine effectuée sur les gisements montre que de nombreux petits séismes (M < 3) sont présents et permettent un suivi in-situ du comportement des réservoirs au cours de l'exploitation. Notre approche de la séismicité à l'aide des séismes induits par des activités humaines montre les limites des lois de la mécanique classique qui, si elles permettent de comprendre et d'évaluer les seuils critiques qui déclenchent les instabilités sismiques, ne peuvent expliquer ni la durée des phénomènes d'instabilités qui sont entretenus durant de nombreuses années ni la taille des instabilités sismiques (Mmax 7). Sur la base des cas mondiaux de séismicité induite on propose la notion de Systèmes Critiques Auto Organisés Induits où l'on peut observer la genèse, la pérennité et la disparition de systèmes critiques dans un contexte, proposé par ailleurs, d'état critique auto-organisé pour l'ensemble de la croûte supérieure.

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46

Abily, Bénédicte. "Caractéristiques pétrographique, géochimique et structurale de la section crustale profonde de l'ophiolite d'Oman : Implications pour la genèse des magmas et le fonctionnement des chambres magmatiques à l'aplomb d'un centre d'expansion océanique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627553.

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Ce travail repose sur (1) une étude de terrain des cumulats lités de l'ophiolite d'Oman, notamment dans plusieurs massifs où cette unité restait largement inexplorée, (2) une étude pétrographique et géochimique (microsonde électronique et LA-ICP-MS) d'environ 700 échantillons et (3) une simulation en laboratoire de la cristallisation de magmas boninitiques en présence d'eau. La cinquantaine de faciès pétrographiques définie, gabbroïques et ultrabasiques, est indispensable pour décrire rigoureusement la croûte profonde omanaise. Cette variété lithologique est révélatrice de la très grande variabilité des paramètres intensifs (P, T°, PH2O ...) et extensifs (composition) lors de la cristallisation des magmas au sein des chambres magmatiques à l'aplomb d'un centre d'expansion océanique. L'orthopyroxène précoce dans les cumulats primitifs (XMg > 80 %) est beaucoup plus commun que ce qui était proposé jusqu'à présent, ce qui remet en cause certaines idées reçues concernant l'origine de l'ophiolite. Je démontre que cette variété lithologique, l'abondance d'orthopyroxène, et d'autres caractéristiques pétrographiques et géochimiques des cumulats d'Oman s'expliquent par le mélange, dans des proportions variables, de deux principaux magmas : un d'affinité tholéiitique issu de la fusion d'une source asthénosphérique " N-MORB ", et un d'affinité andésitique à boninitique issu de la fusion hydratée d'une source lithosphérique déprimée. Ces deux magmas ont circulé dans des chenaux mantelliques (" filons ") avant d'alimenter les chambres. Le rôle de " mélangeur " des chambres magmatiques est ainsi confirmé. La contribution relative de ces deux magmas évolue au cours de l'ascension de diapirs asthénosphériques dans la lithosphère. Des variations abruptes de la pression partielle d'eau sont également indispensables pour rendre compte de l'ensemble de mes observations. Je montre aussi que les failles syn-accrétions, dont l'importance en Oman restait largement sousévaluée, sont un vecteur principal de la pénétration de fluides hydrothermaux jusque dans la croûte profonde en cours de cristallisation. Mon étude me permet également de mieux contraindre l'origine, encore très discutée, des intrusions " wehrlitiques " et de la zone de transition dunitique.

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47

Baese, Rauno [Verfasser]. "Fluid-rock interaction processes during subduction and exhumation of oceanic crust: Constraints from jadeitites in serpentinites, eclogite veins in blueschists and tectonic breccias formed during uplift / Rauno Baese". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1030604762/34.

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48

Boulanger, Marine. "Le devenir des liquides au sein de la croûte océanique des dorsales à expansion lente : nouveaux apports de l'étude d'Atlantis Bank (dorsale Sud-Ouest Indienne)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0030.

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Les processus magmatiques qui régissent l'accrétion crustale au niveau des dorsales médio-océaniques à expansion lente restent à l'heure actuelle mal contraints. Parmi les processus potentiellement impliqués dans l'évolution des réservoirs de magma de la croûte inférieure, les réactions associées à des écoulements poreux réactifs au travers de bouillies cristallines - ou mush - tendent à supplanter les processus classiques de cristallisation simple des magmas. La part de ces processus dans la formation des gabbros cumulatifs de base de croûte est dépendante des modes de migration des liquides, qui sont eux-mêmes corrélés à la géométrie des réservoirs considérés. En combinant des études structurales, pétrographiques et géochimiques à haute résolution de sections in situ forées dans un corps complexe océanique de la dorsale Sud-Ouest indienne, j'ai pu apporter de nouvelles contraintes sur les modes de formation et d'évolution des réservoirs magmatiques impliqués lors de l'accrétion crustale. Le modèle de réservoir développé est généralisable, au moins en partie, à d'autres portions de croûte inférieure océanique. Ce modèle, ainsi que les nouvelles contraintes de l'étude expérimentale couplée des processus de cristallisation, ouvre la voie vers de nouvelles quantifications des processus d'interaction liquides-roches dans la différenciation des lithologies gabbroïques, et de manière plus générale dans l'évolution des liquides magmatiques de la croûte océanique. Ces développements vont de pair avec l'évolution au cours des dernières décennies de la vision des systèmes magmatiques crustaux, passant de chambres magmatiques constituées de liquides vers des modèles de réservoirs magmatiques majoritairement constitués de mush cristallins
Magmatic processes that govern crustal accretion at mid-ocean ridges still need to be better constrained. Among the processes potentially involved in the evolution of the lower crust magma reservoirs, reactions associated with reactive porous flow through crystal mushes tend to be considered as one of the predominant processes together with simple crystallization of magmas. The share of these processes during magma differentiation is dependent on the modes of melt migration and is thus correlated to the geometry of the reservoirs considered. By combining high-resolution structural, petrographic and geochemical studies of in situ sections drilled in an oceanic core complex of the Southwest Indian Ridge, I was able to bring new constraints on the formation and evolution of magmatic reservoirs involved in crustal accretion. All or part of the igneous reservoir model developed herein can be applied to other sections of lower oceanic crust. This model, together with additional constraints obtained by the coupled experimental petrology study of crystallization processes, paves the way for new quantifications of the involvement of melt-rock reactions in the differentiation of gabbroic lithologies, and more generally in the evolution of melts within the oceanic crust. Those developments are consistent with the constant evolution in recent decades of the understanding of crustal magmatic systems, which shifted from melt-filled magma chambers to igneous reservoir models mostly composed of crystal mushes

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49

Soeffky, P. "Delineating the deep crustal fluid link between the Paralana Enhanced Geothermal System and the Beverley Uranium Mine using magnetotellurics". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/95486.

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The global demand for clean energy alternatives is constantly increasing, creating significant interest for more sustainable energy resources such as uranium and geothermal. Australia is host to over 25% of the world's known uranium resources as well as having significant geothermal potential. The Mount Painter Domain, in the Northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia, is in a region of anomalously high heat flow generated by radiogenic decay of uranium and thorium rich granites. Two distinct uranium deposits have formed from dissolved uranium carried from the ranges by fluids, being deposited where reduction in sediment pH precipitates uranium. In May 2012 a magnetotelluric profile was collected, extending from the Northern Flinders Ranges to the Lake Frome embayment to help constrain existing resistivity models. Precipitation of uranium at the Beverley Mine site is anomalous as no surface water flow is present, suggesting the presence of subsurface processes. This pathway is linked to a 50m conductive body at the brittle-ductile boundary of the mid-crust, directly under the Paralana geothermal prospect. 3D modelling of the Paralana geothermal prospect suggests deep conductive features connecting with features at the surface.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012

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Robin, Catherine M. I. "Diapirism on Venus and the Early Earth and The thermal effect of fluid flows in AECL's Tunnel Sealing Experiment". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24863.

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Flow instabilities occur at all scales in planetary systems. In this thesis we examine three cases of such instabilities, on three very different length scales. In the first part, we test the idea that Archean granite-greenstone belts (GGBs) form by crustal diapirism, or Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. GGBs are characterized by large granitic domes (50-100 km in diameter) embedded in narrow keel-shaped greenstones. They are ubiquitous in Archean (> 2.5 Ga) terrains, but rare thereafter. We performed finite element calculations for a visco-elastic, temperature-dependent, non-Newtonian crust under conditions appropriate for the Archean, which show that dense low-viscosity volcanics overlying a felsic basement will overturn diapirically in as little as 10 Ma, displacing as much as 60 % of the volcanics to the lower crust. This surprisingly fast overturn rate suggests that diapiric overturn dominated crustal tectonics in the hot conditions of the Early Earth, becoming less important as the Earth cooled. Moreover, the deposition of large volumes of wet basaltic volcanics to the lower crust may provide the source for the formation of the distinctly Archean granitic rocks which dominate Earth's oldest continents. The second part examines the origin of Venusian coronae, circular volcanic features unique to Venus. Coronae are thought to result from small instabilities (diapirs) from the core-mantle boundary, which are typical of stagnant-lid convection. However, most young coronae are located in a region surrounded by long-lived hotspots, typical of a more active style of mantle convection. Using analogue experiments in corn syrup heated from below, we show that the co-existence of diapirs and long-lived mantle plumes are a direct consequence of the catastrophic overturn of the cold Venusian lithosphere thought to have occurred ~ 700 Ma ago. In the last part we analyze the thermal effect of fluid flow through a full-scale experiment testing clay and concrete tunnel seals in a Deep Geological Repository for nuclear was finite element software, we were able to show that the formation of fissures in the heated chamber between the two seals effectively limited heat flow, and could explain the discrepancy between the predicted and measured temperatures.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Crustal fluids"

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