Tesis sobre el tema "Crues urbaines"
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Boutilier, Miranda. "Décomposition de domaine et méthodes numériques multi-échelles pour la modélisation des crues urbaines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5042.
Texto completoThe work of this thesis is dedicated to the simulation and numerical analysis of urban flood problems.While urban flooding caused by exceptional rainfall is particularly devastating in terms of economic and human damage, numerical modeling can be used to predict, anticipate and control such events.From the numerical perspective, the major challenge comes from a large contrast between a typical size of the simulation domain (10-100km) and the size of the relevant structural features, which have to be represented at metric or infra-metric scales. This thesis addresses the multi-scale character of the urban flows by means of Domain Decomposition (DD) and Multi-scale (Ms) numerical methods.The first part of the thesis focuses on linear diffusion problems posed in domains containing a large number of polygonal perforations representing realistic structures in urban areas. We propose a low-dimensional coarse approximation space based on a coarse polygonal partitioning of the domain. Similarly to other multiscale numerical methods, this coarse space is spanned by locally discrete harmonic basis functions. The main theoretical contribution of this part is an error estimate regarding the H¹-projection over the coarse space; this error estimate is independent of the global regularity of the solution, which is expected to be low due to multiple corner singularities.Additionally, this part numerically explores the combination of the coarse space with overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition methods. This combination leads to an efficient two-level iterative linear solver and preconditioner for a Krylov method.The second part of the thesis extends our methodology to nonlinear urban flow models. That is, we design DD and Ms methods to numerically solve the Diffusive Wave equation, which is obtained from Shallow Water systems by neglecting inertia terms. We show that the two-level preconditioner previously designed for linear diffusion problems performs well on the linearized Diffusive Wave model which arises at each iteration of Newton's method. Furthermore, we present nonlinear preconditioning techniques, including one and two-level RASPEN, which significantly reduce iteration counts when compared to Newton's method. These nonlinear preconditioning techniques use the coarse space to form robust two-level methods. Numerical experiments are conducted, with the main example being the numerical solution of the Diffusive Wave equation on a large urban area of Nice, France.In the last part of the thesis, for nonlinear elliptic PDEs, we investigate a multi-scale method that combines tools from the classical Multi-scale Finite Element Method and Machine Learning. Our approach is based on the approximate substructured formulation in which the traces of the unknown function belong to a coarse finite element space. The substructured problem is solved by Newton's method, using local Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operators at each iteration. In order to reduce the computational cost associated with the evaluation of DtN operators, the latter are replaced by approximate models built on the basis of artificial neural networks.Numerical experiments on nonlinear p-Laplace and degenerate scattering problems in 1D and 2D show promising results. With only a few training points per dimension of the DtN operator domain, the approximate model achieves an accuracy of a few percent
Villordon, Mae Brigitt Bernadel. "Index de vulnérabilité sanitaire pour les crues urbaines : évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale et des risques". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4145/document.
Texto completoAccording to the World Risk Report released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, the Philippines is ranked third globally in terms of disaster risk. Public health risks and understanding social vulnerability are usually overlooked and very little attention is given. Thus, this research work focuses on. This research was an exploratory step and a rapid assessment of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of the community people towards flood vulnerability and resilience and their exposure to microorganisms such as E.coli, Leptospirosis and the Dengue Fever mosquito. Appropriate community-based indicators were formulated and developed. Their socio-demographic profile, housing conditions, physical environment and governance were also included. The survey was done from March 2013 to July 2013 to capture the dry and wet season for bacterial sampling. A total of 357 household respondents from the 12 communities and 30 respondents from the LGU and NGO were surveyed. Results of the study revealed an overall Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) of 39.34%. Barangay Tabuc-tubig (53.39%) topping from all the 12 communities surveyed using the newly developed 36 community-based flood vulnerability indicators with its corresponding 5 major components namely; hydro-climatic, social, economic, socio-behavioral and the politico-administrative. It is interesting to note that FVI remains low in spite that the exposure indicators are high. The low FVI can be attributed to the community’s high resilience in its coping and adaptation strategies. In this research work, the FVI is significantly sensitive to susceptibility and flood resilience variables
Batica, Jelena. "Méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la résilience urbaine face aux crues et développement des stratégies de prévention". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4006/document.
Texto completoFloods that happen in urban areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence structures demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies. The new holistic approach is based on resilience concept give a place for new development and implementation of new approaches under existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a first step. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI) is developed in this thesis is a unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in urban systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is done on micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is evaluated on macro scale. The main reflection is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice the level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood risk. The developed method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to any urban system of any geographic scale. Connections and dependences between main city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process) are defined. With its implementation, social, economical, political and cultural relations between cities will be more visible and better established and flood risk management well implemented
Radojevic, Biljana. "Méthode d'évaluation de l'influence urbaine sur le régime des crues d'un bassin versant de 130 km2". Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0083/these.pdf.
Texto completoThe objective of this research consists in evaluating the influence of urban development in particular, and of the modification of soil use in general, on the risk of floods. The study relates to the catchment of Yzeron. It is a little catchment (150 km²), located at the west of Lyon, where a fast and heterogeneous evolution of the urbanisation can be observed. This evolution generally develops in the form of small urban centres around old villages and structures itself around the main axes of circulation. We worked on two well differentiated states of the occupation of the ground : the state "the Seventies", and the state "the Nineties". Concerning the specific site of study, it seems that the increase observed in the floods is due to a conjunction of causes which play all in the same direction (stronger rainfall in the Nineties than in the Seventies and modification of the occupation of the grounds), without one of these causes being sufficient alone to explain the totality of the phenomenon. On the methodological level, two major lessons can be learn from this research : - The use of a simulation model correctly calibrated on series of good quality measurements allows to a certain extent to free ourselves from the inter-annual fluctuations of the rainfall and to isolate the influence of urbanisation on floods conditions. - The analysis of differences between QCX curves by means of statistical tests has the advantage of allowing the comparison of the statistical properties of the series of floods while being freed from part of the difficulties due to differences between measurements and results of simulation
Radojevic, Biljana Chocat Bernard. "Méthode d'évaluation de l'influence urbaine sur le régime des crues d'un bassin versant de 130 km2". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://csidoc.insa-lyon.fr/these/2002/radojevic/index.html.
Texto completoBocquentin, Marie. "Etude et modélisation des phénomènes d’(inter)dépendances et de défaillances en cascade au sein des réseaux techniques urbains : vers une aide à la décision pour une application à l’agglomération parisienne face à une crue majeure". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2015.
Texto completoThe functioning of urban area is based on technical services and networks which are always more expanded, complex, dense and sophisticated. These networks, although efficient and robust in their day-to-day management, are vulnerable to major hazards and dependent on one another. Phenomena of cascading failures can then occur within these complex systems, whether at technical or organizationel level. This propagation of system-to-system failures is done through dependencies and leads to the gradual aggravation of the impacts of the initial event and the increase of the impacted area, making recovery processes more difficult and slower. The definition and characterization of these phenomena underline their importance, their complexity, their criticality, and paradoxically the lack of information related to them. These conclusions lead us to consider the interest of their study, whether before or after their occurrence, empirically or through models, in order to help stakeholders identify and predict cascading scenarios, or to consider palliatives solutions and vulnerability reduction actions. The state of the art shows that the study and modelling approaches are very varied, due to the methodologies used but also due to the absence of common definitions and the diversity of contexts. A comparative analysis for selection and application purposes seems to be delicate for a potential leading stakeholder. First, we propose a characterization of these approaches according to parameters that may correspond to the choice criteria. We then propose a more theoretical typology of these approaches, complementary to the characterization of the modeling theories used in the literature. Faced with the challenges posed by the implementation process, we are looking into the question of choosing and developing an appropriate approach for a given context, with the aim of supporting local decision-makers. The aim is to help the leaders to build an approach capable of meeting the needs and objectives of local stakeholders, despite their constraints, to operate with potentially very diverse and imperfect data, to adapt to spatial-temporal resolutions and variable granularities, but also to take advantage of the knowledge acquired by local actors and the tools and resources available. Finally, we propose several standard profiles of approaches, characterized according to the objectives pursued and the context of implementation. An application is then carried out on the Paris metropolitan area, where the risk of major flooding is particularly likely and feared. The aim is to provide elements to improve the consideration and prediction of interdependencies and cascading failures, through an in-depth context analysis, meetings with stakeholders and a survey of network operators. Proposals are made concerning feedbacks analysis and concerning vulnerability mapping currently used. The foreseeable needs for the implementation of a more substantial approach are also identified
Martelli, Kim. "Vulnérabilité physique des milieux urbanisés face à la menace des inondations (lahars et crues éclair) : application au cas d'étude d'Arequipa au Pérou". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881754.
Texto completoMenad, Wahiba. "Risques de crue et de ruissellement superficiel en métropole méditerranéenne : cas de la partie ouest du Grand Alger". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787142.
Texto completoCombe, Claire. "La ville endormie ? Le risque d’inondation à Lyon : approche géohistorique et systémique du risque de crue en milieu urbain et périurbain". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/combe_c.
Texto completoIn the region of Lyons, the risk of flooding is the result of complex interactions between the city and its rivers, characterized by its spatial-temporal variability. This geohistorical and systemic analysis was done from archival sources and made it possible to understand the interactions between the urbanization, the hydrosystem and the risk. The approach, which is multiscale, is based on a historical GIS used as a tool for territorialization of dynamic components of risk. Started in a quite hydrological time more than 2000 years ago, the urbanization of the fluvial corridor was altered by the fluvial adaptation to the harder hydroclimatic conditions of the Little Ice Age (XIVth-XIXth century). This hydrogeomorphological crisis coincided with a crisis of overpopulation which caused the medieval sites to expand. It resulted in an increase in risk and generated a policy of defending the city against fluvial constraint. This set the base for today’s flood management. During the XXth century, the absence of strong floods has contributed to a feeling of security within the city while in fact urban expansion has led to a latent increase in risk. This situation contrasts with the observable demands on the margins of the urban area. The recent studies of risk for Lyon have led to the understanding that the city is potentially exposed to floods. What this work brings to the classical risk equation is the fact that it takes into account the dynamic role of geomorphologic heritages and the history of flood management policies. It provides a key to understanding the complexity of the risk of flooding in an urban and periurban environment
Combe, Claire Bravard Jean-Paul. "La ville endormie ? Le risque d'inondation à Lyon Approche géohistorique et systémique du risque de crue en milieu urbain et périurbain /". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2008. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2007/combe_c.
Texto completoMaillot, Mathias. "Étude des remontées de nappe de Paris et de la Petite Couronne lors des épisodes de crue de la Seine et de la Marne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM057.
Texto completoThe Paris urban area is a densely populated city where strategic infrastructures and population are subject to the floodingrisk during Seine and Marne Rivers flood events. The groundwater rising process is associated with flood event throughthe draining of streamwater toward the aquifer. The hydrogeological environment into an urban context is strongly affectedby the anthropic activities like permanent pumping and underground structures occurrence (basements, subway, etc. . . ).This study is based on two different approaches to describe the superficial aquifer of Paris urban area: (1) the water tablemapping using geostatistical tools helps to determine the streamwater-groundwater connection status, and to describethe hydrogeological functioning of the studied area. (2) The modelling of groundwater during flood events allows for theunderstanding of the risk from groundwater flooding
Guiton, Martine. "Ruissellement et risque majeur crue centennale en milieu urbanisé. Etudes de cas : Le Grand-Bornand, Nîmes, Paris et Vaison-La-Romaine". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569131.
Texto completoChirhalwirwa, Liévin. "Habitat périurbain autoconstruit en République démocratique du Congo: perspectives d'amélioration des logements de terre crue en climat tropical". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210462.
Texto completoCette thèse démontre qu’il est possible, à travers l’autoconstruction – procédé utilisé par plus de 80% de ménages congolais pour produire leurs logements – ,d’améliorer l’habitat dans ce pays en partant de la zone périurbaine. On peut donc, à partir des propositions faites dans cet espace idéalement localisé entre les zones urbaine et rurale, envisager des répercutions positives au sein de ces deux zones qui lui sont contiguës.
L’observation constitue la principale méthodologie utilisée.
Des enquêtes menées sur quelques 930 logements situés au sein de trois sous zones climatiques de la RDCONGO ont permis, suivant 29 critères principaux appliqués sur 3 différents paliers (la maison, la parcelle et le quartier) d’engranger plus de 100 000 (cent mille) données reprises dans les annexes à la présente et offrant la possibilité d’extrapoler les résultats obtenus sur l’ensemble du territoire de la RDCONGO.
Inventaire des intelligences et connaissances locales relatives à l’utilisation du matériau terre en construction (Savoirs et Pratiques Populaires « SPP »), espaces engendrés par les architectures de terre en RDCONGO, cartographies des constructions en terre en RDCONGO, maisons périurbaines autoconstruites en adobes, modélisation d’un lotissement de 200 logements réalisables en terre crue, etc. constituent les principaux résultats atteints par cette thèse.
Toutefois, il sied de préciser qu’il s’agit ici, non seulement de construire des maisons en terre, mais surtout de développer un style d’habitat répondant à la fonctionnalité des logements et susceptible de renforcer les dimensions sociales et culturelles tout en respectant l’environnement.
Enfin, des pistes de recherches ultérieures sont envisagées. Elles nécessitent d’être creusées en vue d’autres améliorations des logements de terre crue en climat tropical.
Il s’agit de :l’érosion due au ruissellement sur les murs de terre, l’étude des logements de terre crue en hauteur (R+1, 2, 3, …n ;où n représente le nombre d’étages) pour la RDCONGO, le développement des activités économiques liées aux constructions en terre, la stabilisation organique des sols à l’aide des produits locaux, etc.
Contact :arch2002chiral@yahoo.fr
Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bouchenafa, Walid. "Modélisation des inondations en tunnel en cas de crue de la Seine pour le Plan de Protection des Risques Inondations de la RATP (PPRI)". Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2338/document.
Texto completoThe 1910 flood of the Seine had a direct impact on the functioning of the different networks (Electricity network, sewerage, transport, water distribution). The RATP network was particularly affected in its functioning. The damage that centennial flood could cause today may be even greater because the current network is more vulnerable because of the numerous electrical and computer equipment that it comprises. The majority of the emergences (The water ingress) of the RATP is located in flood areas. During a major flooding of the Seine, the flows due to the floods propagate directly into the underground and central part of the network (Metro and RER) through these emergences. This thesis is interested in a hydrodynamic simulation by MIKE URBAN, Model used to model the RATP network due to its MOUSE engine developed by DHI for the sewerage networks. This work also presents the results obtained on a physical model of a subway station. The experimental data were used to model water ingress within the RATP network from the subway station. Network protection against infiltration requires a thorough knowledge of underground flow conditions. Infiltrations through the tunnels are estimated numerically. The aim of this research is to improve and validate a simulation model. It is a question of implementing an operational decision support tool which will allow the flood cell of the RATP to understand the functioning of its network in order to improve its flood risk protection plan
Kovacs, Yves. "Modèles de simulation d'écoulement transitoire en réseau d'assainissement". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520785.
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