Artículos de revistas: "Crown-gall disease"

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Faist, Hanna, Alexander Keller, Ute Hentschel y Rosalia Deeken. "Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Crown Galls Host Distinct Microbiota". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n.º 18 (1 de julio de 2016): 5542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01131-16.

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ABSTRACTCrown gall disease of grapevine is caused by virulentAgrobacteriumstrains and establishes a suitable habitat for agrobacteria and, potentially, other bacteria. The microbial community associated with grapevine plants has not been investigated with respect to this disease, which frequently results in monetary losses. This study compares the endophytic microbiota of organs from grapevine plants with or without crown gall disease and the surrounding vineyard soil over the growing seasons of 1 year. Amplicon-based community profiling revealed that the dominating factor causing differences between the grapevine microbiota is the sample site, not the crown gall disease. The soil showed the highest microbial diversity, which decreased with the distance from the soil over the root and the graft union of the trunk to the cane. Only the graft union microbiota was significantly affected by crown gall disease. The bacterial community of graft unions without a crown gall hosted transient microbiota, with the three most abundant bacterial species changing from season to season. In contrast, graft unions with a crown gall had a higher species richness, which in every season was dominated by the same three bacteria (Pseudomonassp.,Enterobacteriaceaesp., andAgrobacterium vitis). Forin vitro-cultivated grapevine plantlets,A. vitisinfection alone was sufficient to cause crown gall disease. Our data show that microbiota in crown galls is more stable over time than microbiota in healthy graft unions and that the microbial community is not essential for crown gall disease outbreak.IMPORTANCEThe characterization of bacterial populations in animal and human diseases using high-throughput deep-sequencing technologies, such as 16S amplicon sequencing, will ideally result in the identification of disease-specific microbiota. We analyzed the microbiota of the crown gall disease of grapevine, which is caused by infection with the bacterial pathogenAgrobacterium vitis.All otherAgrobacteriumspecies were found to be avirulent, even though they lived together withA. vitisin the same crown gall tumor. As has been reported for human cancer, the crown gall tumor also hosted opportunistic bacteria that are adapted to the tumor microenvironment. Characterization of the microbiota in various diseases using amplicon sequencing may help in early diagnosis, to serve as a preventative measure of disease in the future.

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Gelvin, Stanton B. "Crown Gall Disease and Hairy Root Disease". Plant Physiology 92, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1990): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.92.2.281.

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YAĞCI, A. "PRODUCER FIGHT AGAINST CROWN GALL DISEASE". Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, n.º 3 (2018): 3035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_30353042.

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Weiler, Elmar W. y Joachim Schröder. "Hormone genes and crown gall disease". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12 (enero de 1987): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(87)90133-2.

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Kawaguchi, Akira, Koji Inoue y Koji Tanina. "Evaluation of the Nonpathogenic Agrobacterium vitis Strain ARK-1 for Crown Gall Control in Diverse Plant Species". Plant Disease 99, n.º 3 (marzo de 2015): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-14-0588-re.

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The nonpathogenic strain of Agrobacterium (=Rhizobium) vitis ARK-1 is a biological agent able to effectively control grapevine crown gall. In this study, treating apple, Japanese pear, peach, rose, and tomato by soaking the roots in a cell suspension of ARK-1 before planting into soil infected with tumorigenic Agrobacterium spp. reduced the number of plants developing crown gall tumors. Meta-analyses of the results from six field trials of apple, four field trials of Japanese pear, and four field trials of peach, from 2010 to 2013, showed integrated risk ratio (IRR) after treatment with ARK-1 to be 0.38 for apple crown gall, 0.16 for Japanese pear crown gall, and 0.20 for peach crown gall, indicating that the disease incidence was significantly reduced by ARK-1 treatment. Meta-analyses of the results from three greenhouse trials of rose and three greenhouse trials of tomato showed IRR after treatment with ARK-1 to be 0.29 for rose crown gall and 0.16 for tomato crown gall, indicating that the disease incidence was significantly reduced by ARK-1 treatment. These results indicated that control by ARK-1 covers five different species of host plants and tumorigenic (Ti) strains of Agrobacterium species.

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Chen, F., Y. B. Guo, J. H. Wang, J. Y. Li y H. M. Wang. "Biological Control of Grape Crown Gall by Rahnella aquatilis HX2". Plant Disease 91, n.º 8 (agosto de 2007): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-0957.

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Crown gall induced by Agrobacterium vitis is a worldwide plant disease in grape-growing regions. Rahnella aquatilis HX2, a new isolate from vineyard soil in Beijing, showed a significant inhibition effect on the development of crown galls in grapevines. In field trials, immersion of the basal ends of grape cuttings with HX2 cell suspension inhibited or completely prevented crown gall formation caused by A. vitis K308 in the roots of the plants from the cuttings. The 3-year average disease incidence in grape plants treated with HX2 was 30.8% compared to 93.5% in plants without HX2. The culture supernatant of HX2 exhibited a stronger inhibition effect on disease development than did the cell suspension. HX2 could be found in the grape rhizosphere, grown under field conditions, for up to 90 days after inoculation. There was no significant difference in the mean population sizes of root microflora between plants treated and not treated with HX2. The inhibition effect of HX2 on crown gall in sunflower, caused by different agrobacterial strains, varied between 30.7 and 100%, depending on strains. Our results showed that Rahnella aquatilis HX2 may be used as a biological control agent for crown gall disease of grapes.

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Rahman, A. F. Abd El, H. Abd El Ghany, Z. Moussa y Hanan A. Shaheen. "Use of Chitosan to Control Crown Gall Disease". Plant Pathology Journal 14, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2015): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2015.130.135.

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Jeon, Yong-Ho, Hoon Park, Byeong-Dae Lee, Yun-Hyun Yu, Sung-Pae Chang, Sang-Gyu Kim, In-Gyu Hwang y Young-Ho Kim. "First Description of Crown Gall Disease on Ginseng". Plant Pathology Journal 24, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2008): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2008.24.2.207.

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Poncet, C., G. Bonnet, S. Pionnat, D. Héricher y A. Bettachini. "SPREAD OF CROWN GALL DISEASE IN ROSE CULTURES". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 547 (febrero de 2001): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.547.9.

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Kawaguchi, Akira, Teruo Sone, Sunao Ochi, Yosuke Matsushita, Yoshiteru Noutoshi y Mizuho Nita. "Origin of Pathogens of Grapevine Crown Gall Disease in Hokkaido in Japan as Characterized by Molecular Epidemiology of Allorhizobium vitis Strains". Life 11, n.º 11 (19 de noviembre de 2021): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111265.

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Crown gall is a globally distributed and economically important disease of grapevine and other important crop plants. The causal agent of grapevine crown gall is tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (Ti) strains that harbor a tumor-inducing plasmid (pTi). The epidemic of grapevine crown gall has not been widely elucidated. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of 89 strains of Ti and nonpathogenic A. vitis to clarify their molecular epidemiology. Multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the partial nucleotide sequences of pyrG, recA, and rpoD was performed for molecular typing of A. vitis strains isolated from grapevines with crown gall symptoms grown in 30 different vineyards, five different countries, mainly in Japan, and seven genomic groups A to F were obtained. The results of MLSA and logistic regression indicated that the population of genetic group A was significantly related to a range of prefectures and that the epidemic of group A strains originated mainly in Hokkaido in Japan through soil infection. Moreover, group E strains could have been transported by infected nursery stocks. In conclusion, this study indicates that both soil infection and transporting of infected nursery stocks are working as infection source in Hokkaido.

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Handayati, Wahyu y Donald Sihombing. "Recent Status of Pests and Diseases on Cut Roses in Batu East Java". KnE Life Sciences 2, n.º 6 (26 de noviembre de 2017): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1086.

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Rose is one of the most important ornamental plants in Indonesia. Almost 57.02% of the national cut rose’s demand was supplied from East Java, mainly from Batu. However, in the production process, there are various problems, especially pest and disease damages. In this regard, a study was conducted to determine recent status of the pests and diseases on roses in cultivation center of Batu, East Java. Observation was carried out in the farmers’ field randomly, from October to December 2014. Observation was performed on type and damage intensity of the pests and diseases. The pests and plant damage were sampled for further identification. An interview was made with some farmers to get secondary data about the type and the importance of the pests and diseases as well as the effort for controlling them. The result showed that some pests and diseases found included aphid, armored scale insect, spider mite, thrips, black spot, crown gall and powdery mildew. Based on morphological identification, there were two families of armored scale insect, i.e., Coccidae and Diaspidae. The highest damage intensity was due to armored scale insect, thrips, black spot and crown gall with the percentage of damage intensities of 50.50%, 20.00%, 45.50% and 65.00%, respectively. Based on those data, scale insect, thrips, black spot and crown gall were classified as important pests and diseases on roses in this area. Some pesticides and other materials like petroleum oil and detergent were used by the farmers to control either pests or diseases, but they were ineffective, especially in controlling armored scale insect and crown gall. Keywords: Cut roses, pest, disease, inventory, observation, status

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Barakat, Farouk, Maurice Mikhail, Aly Tawfik y Rabab Abd-El-Aziz. "Role of some Factors Affecting Crown Gall Disease Development". Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 39, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2011): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejp.2011.166513.

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Farri, Kayvan y Maryam Khezri. "11. Integrate management method of plants crown gall disease". Plant Pathology Science 10, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/pps.10.2.116.

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Escobar, Matthew A., Charles A. Leslie, Gale H. McGranahan y Abhaya M. Dandekar. "Silencing crown gall disease in walnut (Juglans regia L.)". Plant Science 163, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2002): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00164-4.

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Noutoshi, Yoshiteru, Atsushi Toyoda, Tomoya Ishii, Kirara Saito, Megumi Watanabe y Akira Kawaguchi. "Complete Genome Sequence Data of Tumorigenic Rhizobium vitis Strain VAT03-9, a Causal Agent of Grapevine Crown Gall Disease". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): 1280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0180-a.

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Rhizobium vitis strain VAT03-9 (MAFF 211676) is a causal agent of crown gall disease in grapevine. It is one of the pathogenic strains of R. vitis isolated from graft unions of grapevine in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Inoculation tests verified its virulence for gall formation on grapevine, tomato, and sunflower. It harbors tumor-inducing plasmid. Here, we present the complete genome sequence with annotation of R. vitis VAR03-9 obtained by assembling reads from PacBio and Illumina-sequencers. This genome sequence should be useful for the analyses of pathogenicity and evolutionary lineage of the pathogens of crown gall disease. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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He, Linan, Jinqiao Shi, Zhibo Zhao, Fei Ran, Feixu Mo, Youhua Long, Xianhui Yin, Wenzhi Li, Tingting Chen y Jia Chen. "First Report of Crown Gall of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Caused by Agrobacterium fabacearum in China and the Establishment of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 1 (24 de diciembre de 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010207.

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Kiwifruit is moderately sweet and sour and quite popular among consumers; it has been widely planted in some areas of the world. In 2019, the crown gall disease of kiwifruit was discovered in the main kiwifruit-producing area of Guizhou Province, China. This disease can weaken and eventually cause the death of the tree. The phylogeny, morphological and biological characteristics of the bacteria were described, and were related to diseases. The pathogenicity of this species follows the Koch hypothesis, confirming that A. fabacearum is the pathogen of crown gall disease of kiwifruit in China. In this study, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) analysis for genome-specific gene sequences was developed for the specific detection of A. fabacearum. The detection limit of the LAMP method is 5 × 10−7 ng/μL, which has high sensitivity. At the same time, the amplified product is stained with SYBR Green I after the reaction is completed, so that the amplification can be detected with the naked eye. LAMP analysis detected the presence of A. fabacearum in the roots and soil samples of the infected kiwifruit plant. The proposed LAMP detection technology in this study offers the advantages of ease of operation, visibility of results, rapidity, accuracy and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the early diagnosis of crown gall disease of kiwifruit.

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Roy, Subhas Chandra. "Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in higher plants". NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 1, n.º 1 (2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2007.v01i01.001.

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The genetic engineering of plants actually started with the discovery of a pathogenic bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, causing a disease known as crown gall (tumor). The bacterium transfers a set of genes from its plasmid into infected plant cells, where the transferred genes are expressed and produced gall at the junction of root and stem (i.e., crown region of the plant). This discovery has revolutionized the plant transformation method through which any gene can be introduced into plant genome to change their genetic make-up for commercial benefits, spaning from disease resistance to the production of pharmaceutically important proteins.

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Kawaguchi, A., K. Inoue y Y. Ichinose. "Biological Control of Crown Gall of Grapevine, Rose, and Tomato by Nonpathogenic Agrobacterium vitis Strain VAR03-1". Phytopathology® 98, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2008): 1218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-11-1218.

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A nonpathogenic strain of Agrobacterium vitis VAR03-1 was tested as a biological control agent for crown gall of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). When roots of grapevine, rose (Rose multiflora), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were soaked in a cell suspension of antagonists before planting in soil infested with tumorigenic A. vitis, A. rhizogenes, and A. tumefaciens, respectively, treatment with VAR03-1 significantly reduced the number of plants with tumors and disease severity in the three plant species. The inhibitory effects of treatment with VAR03-1 and the nonpathogenic A. rhizogenes strain K84 on crown gall of rose and tomato were almost identical, and the inhibitory effect of VAR03-1 on grapevine was superior to that of K84. Moreover, VAR03-1 greatly controlled crown gall of grapevine due to tumorigenic A. vitis in the field. VAR03-1 established populations averaging 106 colony forming units (CFU)/g of root in the rhizosphere of grapevine and persisted on roots for 2 years. VAR03-1 was bacteriocinogenic, producing a halo of inhibition against those three species of Agrobacterium. This is the first report that a nonpathogenic strain, VAR03-1, can effectively control crown gall caused by tumorigenic A. vitis, A. rhizogenes, and A. tumefaciens.

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Smith, Michael W., William D. Goff y M. Lenny Wells. "Pecan Orchard Renewal: Influence of Established Trees and Remaining Stumps on Transplant Growth and Crown Gall Infection". HortScience 48, n.º 6 (junio de 2013): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.720.

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The productive life of a pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchard frequently spans two or more generations, but eventually orchards require renewal. Weather events damage tree canopies, pests affect tree health and productivity, and new cultivars offer greater yield potential or better nut quality. A popular method of orchard renewal is selective tree removal combined with interplanting new trees. Many old pecan orchards in the southeastern United States are infected with crown gall [Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn.], potentially a problem for interplanted trees. Two tree types, nursery-grafted trees and seedling trees that were grafted 3 years after transplanting, were evaluated 6 years after transplanting. Transplanted trees varied in distances from established 80-year-old trees or residual stumps after tree removal. Ten trees near the study site, located 3.6 m from crown gall-infected stumps, were excavated to determine disease incidence. No crown gall was observed on any of the 87 trees in the study or the excavated trees. Trunk diameters of interplanted trees increased as distance from the nearest stump decreased and distance from the nearest established tree increased. Leaf elemental concentrations of the 6-year-old transplants were not related to observed growth differences. Conclusions include 1) stumps promoted rapid transplant growth; 2) crown gall infections of transplanted trees were unlikely even when crown gall symptoms were obvious on adjacent trees and stumps; and 3) transplant growth was suppressed by established trees.

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Turechek, W. W. "Spatial Distribution of Crown Gall in a Commercial Nursery of Weeping Fig". Plant Health Progress 13, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-1126-01-rs.

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Agrobacterium larrymoorei causes tumors on weeping fig. The association between propagation and pathogen spread in mother trees and daughter branches was studied in a commercial nursery. The mother tree planting was scouted for tumors prior to and after propagation. Branches selected for propagation were tagged to track disease development. The spatial distribution of crown gall in the mother tree planting was characterized with runs, join-count, and spatial autocorrelation analyses. The association of disease in mother trees and daughter branches was characterized with cross-correlation analysis. The incidence of crown gall in the mother tree planting increased from 7% prior to propagation to 32% eight months after propagation. Of the 4193 daughter branches monitored, 3.8% developed tumors. Runs analysis indicated significant clustering of diseased mother trees. Significant cross-correlations between mother trees and daughter branches with symptoms of crown gall were detected out to a distance of two plants from the source. Although pruning shears were routinely soaked in a disinfectant in this nursery, the degree of sterilization achieved apparently was not sufficient to prevent pathogen transmission. This study suggests that alternative sanitation measures should be sought and that infected mother trees and their neighbors should be avoided for propagation. Accepted for publication 5 November 2012. Published 26 November 2012.

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KAWAGUCHI, Akira. "Save the Wine Production in the World by Management for Crown Gall Disease of Grapevine: Control for Grapevine Crown Gall". KAGAKU TO SEIBUTSU 56, n.º 11 (20 de octubre de 2018): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.56.712.

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Kuzmanović, Nemanja, Patric Behrens, Elke Idczak, Stefan Wagner, Monika Götz, Cathrin Spröer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann y Kornelia Smalla. "A Novel Group of Rhizobium tumorigenes-Like Agrobacteria Associated with Crown Gall Disease of Rhododendron and Blueberry". Phytopathology® 109, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2019): 1840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-19-0167-r.

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Crown gall is an economically important and widespread plant disease caused by tumorigenic bacteria that are commonly affiliated within the genera Agrobacterium, Allorhizobium, and Rhizobium. Although crown gall disease was reported to occur on rhododendron, literature data regarding this disease are limited. In this study, an atypical group of tumorigenic agrobacteria belonging to the genus Rhizobium was identified as a causative agent of crown gall on rhododendron. Genome analysis suggested that tumorigenic bacteria isolated from rhododendron tumors are most closely related to Rhizobium tumorigenes, a new tumorigenic bacterium discovered recently on blackberry in Serbia. However, R. tumorigenes and novel rhododendron strains belong to separate species and form a homogenous clade within the genus Rhizobium, which we named the “tumorigenes” clade. Moreover, tumorigenic bacteria isolated from rhododendron seem to carry a distinct tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid, compared with those carried by R. tumorigenes strains and Ti plasmids described thus far. To facilitate rapid identification of bacteria belonging to the “tumorigenes” clade, regardless of whether they are pathogenic or not, a conventional PCR method targeting putative chromosomal gene-encoding flagellin protein FlaA was developed in this study. Finally, our results suggested that this novel group of tumorigenic agrobacteria occurs on blueberry but it cannot be excluded that it is distributed more widely.

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Tsiantos, J., P. Psallidas y J. M. S. Martins. "Assessment of genetic resistance to crown gall in roots of apricot hybrid descents". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10553-pps.

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Plants from five inter-varietal crosses of the apricot cultivars Bergeron, Stark Early Orange and Stella were tested for their resistance to Crown Gall in field conditions at Velestino, Greece. One-year-old plants were inoculated by immersing the roots in a suspension of a mixture of local strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens immediately before they were planted. Resistance was evaluated by the weight of the galls eight months after inoculation. Segregation of characters was observed in all the descents, demonstrating the heterozygotic nature of the parent cultivars. The distributions of gall weights obtained in the five hybrid families indicate that at least two allele pairs are involved in the determination of the level of resistance to the disease.

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Pionnat, Sandrine, Harald Keller, Delphine Héricher, Andrée Bettachini, Yves Dessaux, Xavier Nesme y Christine Poncet. "Ti Plasmids from AgrobacteriumCharacterize Rootstock Clones That Initiated a Spread of Crown Gall Disease in Mediterranean Countries". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1999): 4197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.9.4197-4206.1999.

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ABSTRACT Crown gall caused by Agrobacterium is one of the predominant diseases encountered in rose cultures. However, our current knowledge of the bacterial strains that invade rose plants and the way in which they spread is limited. Here, we describe the integrated physiological and molecular analyses of 30 Agrobacteriumisolates obtained from crown gall tumors and of several reference strains. Characterization was based on the determination of the biovar, analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms by PCR (PCR-RFLP), elucidation of the opine type, and PCR-RFLP analysis of genes involved in virulence and oncogenesis. This study led to the classification of rose isolates into seven groups with common chromosome characteristics and seven groups with common Ti plasmid characteristics. Altogether, the rose isolates formed 14 independent groups, with no specific association of plasmid- and chromosome-encoded traits. The predominant Ti plasmid characteristic was that 16 of the isolates induced the production of the uncommon opine succinamopine, while the other 14 were nopaline-producing isolates. With the exception of one, all succinamopine Ti plasmids belonged to the same plasmid group. Conversely, the nopaline Ti plasmids belonged to five groups, one of these containing seven isolates. We showed that outbreaks of disease provoked by the succinamopine-producing isolates in different countries and nurseries concurred with a common origin of specific rootstock clones. Similarly, groups of nopaline-producing isolates were associated with particular rootstock clones. These results strongly suggest that the causal agent of crown gall disease in rose plants is transmitted via rootstock material.

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Kahla, Yosra, Karama Zouari-Bouassida, Fatma Rezgui, Mohamed Trigui y Slim Tounsi. "Efficacy ofEucalyptus cinereaas a Source of Bioactive Compounds for Curative Biocontrol of Crown Gall Caused byAgrobacterium tumefaciensStrain B6". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9308063.

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This research investigated theEucalyptus cinerealeaves efficiency in theAgrobacterium tumefaciensbiocontrol, the causative agent of crown gall. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil (EO) showed that the main components were 1,8-cineole (61%) and camphene (15.13%). Thanks to its polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins richness, the EtOAc-F exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity in vitro. Indeed, compared to the other fractions, it has the lowest MIC and MBC values of 0.312 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of EtOAc-F confirmed its richness in antibacterial compounds including gallic acid (7.18%), shikimic acid (5.07%), and catechin (3.12%). The time-kill curve assay of EtOAc-F (2.5 mg/mL) showed a potent bactericidal effect after 20 min of direct contact withA. tumefaciens. In planta experiments, gall weights were significantly reduced when EtOAc-F was applied at 0.625 and 2.5 mg/wounds. Besides, the disease reduction rates in gall weight were 95% and 97.5%, respectively. Interestingly, no phytotoxic effect was observed since tomato seeds germinated in the presence of the different concentrations of EtOAc-F. These results suggest that EtOAc-F has a good potential to be a curative biocontrol agent for crown gall disease.

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Buchner, Richard P. "Alternative Production and Protection Practices for Tree Nut Crops". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 691d—691. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.691d.

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California walnut farmers compete with pests and diseases to produce an economically viable crop. Current control strategies work reasonably well for most pest and diseases. However, the future of these techniques is a matter of speculation. This presentation describes current production practices and potential alternatives to “traditional” pest and disease control. Codling moth, walnut husk fly, mites, navel orangeworm, aphids, and scale are typical insect pests that have an impact on California walnut production. Spray decisions using Integrated Pest Management, beneficial insect releases, mating disruption, insect growth regulators, and orchard sanitation offer potential alternatives. Major diseases include: Phytophthora crown and root rot, crown gall, oak root fungus, and walnut blight. Control options include careful site selection and orchard management, resistant rootstocks, competitive bacteria for crown gall control, and copper compounds for walnut blight suppression. Weed growth is related to the amount of light reaching the orchard floor. Mature trees often shade the orchard floor, subsequently reducing the need for weed suppression. Herbicides are typically used for vegetation control. Choice of irrigation system, cultivation, mowing, cover crops, and flaming offer potential alternatives either alone or in combination with conventional herbicides.

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HORUZ, Sümer, Behçet Kemal ÇAĞLAR, Mustafa KÜSEK y Yeşim AYSAN. "Crown Gall Disease Susceptibility of Some Stone Fruit Rootstocks in Turkey". Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 24, n.º 4 (5 de diciembre de 2018): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.490932.

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Zhou, Lin, Kuninori Suzuki, Takehiro Naruse, Hirokazu Fukui, Shogo Matsumoto y Kohji Kageyama. "In Vitro Testing of Rose Rootstocks Resistance to Crown Gall Disease." Engei Gakkai zasshi 69, n.º 2 (2000): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.69.171.

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Thomson, Jennifer A. "The potential for biological control of crown gall disease on grapevines". Trends in Biotechnology 4, n.º 8 (agosto de 1986): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(86)90265-9.

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Atsango, Emmanuel Wesonga, William Maina Muiru, Agnes Wakesho Mwang’ombe y Liu Gaoqiong. "Use of Amino Oligosaccharins and Alternaria Fine Protein in the Management of Crown Gall Disease in Roses". Current Agriculture Research Journal 8, n.º 2 (31 de julio de 2020): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.8.2.07.

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Rose (Rosa hybrida Vill.) production is limited by a variety of factors such as poor mineral nutrition, high salinity, pests and diseases. Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes a significant damage to roses in Kenya. The study was carried out in Winchester farm (Nairobi) and Bahati farm (Nakuru) to determine the effects of a mixture of amino oligosaccharins and Alternaria fine proteins on crown gall disease in roses. The experiment was conducted on Rosa hybrida var. Mariyo in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The treatments comprised of different rates 0.5, 1, 1.5g/L of water of the product at 3% concentration applied as foliar spray and a commonly used product copper sulphate pentahydrate (Mastercop) produced by ADAMA applied at 2ml/ L as the standard and water as a negative control. Crown gall tissues were collected from four different roses per treatment from the two sites, counted and used for biochemical tests in Kabete laboratory. Bacteria were isolated by culturing and the representative colony types growing on nutrient agar media selected and sub-cultured by successive streaking on nutrient agar media. The biochemical test for the different isolates was done to identify the bacterial isolates. Application of the mixture of amino oligosaccharins and Alternaria activated protein at the rate of 1.5g/L had significant effects on galls formation and reduced the numbers significantly at both farms. The gram reaction indicated that the selected isolates were gram negative and were positive for motility, catalase, oxidase, lactose, mannitol, and salt tolerance tests. There was a significant reduction in the number of galls and size following the application of amino oligosaccharins and Alternaria fine proteins as well as improvement in plant growth. The ability to manage the disease can be attributed to enhanced defense enzyme activity enhanced by amino oligosaccharins and Alternaria fine proteins.

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31

Noutoshi, Yoshiteru, Atsushi Toyoda, Tomoya Ishii, Kirara Saito, Megumi Watanabe y Akira Kawaguchi. "Complete Genome Sequence Data of Nonpathogenic Strain Rhizobium vitis VAR03-1, a Biological Control Agent for Grapevine Crown Gall Disease". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): 1451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0181-a.

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Crown gall disease in grapevine is caused by pathogenic strains of Rhizobium vitis with a tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids. A nonpathogenic strain, VAR03-1 of R. vitis, has been isolated from the grapevine root of nursery stock and it was shown to act as a biological control agent to crown gall disease. Its disease-suppressive effect was observed even when it was coinoculated with the pathogen in a 1:1 ratio. Here, we present the complete genome data of R. vitis VAR03-1, assembled by sequencing reads obtained by both PacBio and Illumina technologies with annotation. This genome sequence could contribute to investigations of the molecular basis underlying the biocontrol activity as well as the root-colonization ability of this bacterial strain. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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32

Olson, William H. y Richard P. Buchner. "Leading Edge of Plant Protection for Walnuts". HortTechnology 12, n.º 4 (enero de 2002): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.615.

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English walnut (Juglans regia) producers in California compete with many insect and disease pests to produce an acceptable crop. Traditional control strategies work reasonably well for most pests. However, environmental concerns, loss of certain pesticides and new or impending regulations threaten the use of many traditional techniques for control of many of the pests. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa), and walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola) are the major insects that affect California walnut production. Control strategies that use integrated pest management programs, beneficial insects, mating disruption, insect growth regulators, improved monitoring techniques and precise treatment timing based on the insect's life cycle are leading edge techniques currently available for insect control in walnuts. Major diseases include walnut blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and crown and root rot (Phytophthora spp). Both copper resistant and copper sensitive strains of the walnut blight bacterium are best controlled with combinations of copper bactericides and maneb instead of copper materials alone. A new computer model, Xanthocast, used to forecast the need for walnut blight treatment is under evaluation. Crown gall is managed using a preplant biological control agent and a heat treatment to eradicate existing galls. Phytophthora crown and root rot is dealt with primarily by site selection, irrigation management and rootstock selection.

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33

Ben Gharsa, Haifa, Meriam Bouri, Amira Mougou Hamdane, Christina Schuster, Andreas Leclerque y Ali Rhouma. "Bacillus velezensis strain MBY2, a potential agent for the management of crown gall disease". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 6 (15 de junio de 2021): e0252823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252823.

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The reduction of the use chemical pesticides in agriculture is gaining importance as an objective of decision-makers in both politics and economics. Consequently, the development of technically efficient and economically affordable alternatives as, e.g., biological control agents or practices is highly solicited. Crown gall disease of dicotyledonous plants is caused by ubiquitous soil borne pathogenic bacteria of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex, that comprises the species Agrobacterium fabrum and represents a globally relevant plant protection problem. Within the framework of a screening program for bacterial Agrobacterium antagonists a total of 14 strains were isolated from Tunisian soil samples and assayed for antagonistic activity against pathogenic agrobacteria. One particularly promising isolate, termed strain MBY2, was studied more in depth. Using a Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) approach, the isolate was assigned to the taxonomic species Bacillus velezensis. Strain MBY2 was shown to display antagonistic effects against the pathogenic A. fabrum strain C58 in vitro and to significantly decrease pathogen populations under sterile and non-sterile soil conditions as well as in the rhizosphere of maize and, to a lower extent, tomato plants. Moreover, the ability of B. velezensis MBY2 to reduce C58-induced gall development has been demonstrated in vivo on stems of tomato and almond plants. The present study describes B. velezensis MBY2 as a newly discovered strain holding potential as a biological agent for crown gall disease management.

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34

Ellis, Jeffrey G. "Can Plant Microbiome Studies Lead to Effective Biocontrol of Plant Diseases?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, n.º 3 (marzo de 2017): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0252-cr.

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In this review, the wisdom and efficacy of studies seeking disease attenuating microbes and microbiomes only in healthy plant communities is questioned and an alternative view is posited, namely that success in biocontrol of crop diseases may also come from studies of microbiota, or at least individual species isolates, associated with diseased plants. In support of this view, I summarize the current extensive knowledge of the biology behind what is probably the most successful biocontrol of a plant disease, namely the biocontrol of crown gall of stone fruit using non-pathogenic Rhizobium rhizogenes K84, in which the biocontrol agent itself came from a diseased plant.

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35

Roh, Jeong-Ho, Hae-Keun Yun, Kyo-Sun Park, Chang-Hoo Lee y Sang-Bouk Jeong. "In vivo Evaluation of Resistance of Grape Varieties to Crown Gall Disease". Plant Pathology Journal 19, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2003): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2003.19.5.235.

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36

Schroth, M. N. "Reduction in Yield and Vigor of Grapevine Caused by Crown Gall Disease". Plant Disease 72, n.º 3 (1988): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-72-0241.

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37

Sauter, Christian. "Is Hodgkin's disease a human counterpart of bacterially induced crown-gall tumours?" Lancet 346, n.º 8987 (noviembre de 1995): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92451-5.

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38

Bliss, F. A., P. L. Schuerman, A. A. Almehdi, A. M. Dandekar y N. Bellaloui. "Crown Gall Resistance in Accessions of 20 Prunus Species". HortScience 34, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.2.326.

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Crown gall is an important disease of many fruit and nut crops, but little is known about sources of resistance. We screened germplasm from Prunus armeniaca L., P. angustifolia Marsh., P. argentia L., P. avium L., P. besseyi Bailey, P. bokhariensis Schneid., P. brigantica L., P. cerasifera Ehrh., P. cerasus L., P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, P. fruiticosa Pall., P. hortulana Bailey, P. insititia L., P. japonica Thunb., P. mahaleb L., P. persica (L.) Batsch, P. serotina Ehrh., P. simonii Carr., P. sogdiana L., and P. webbii (Spach) Vieh. When either main stems or lateral branches of seedlings were inoculated with strains K12 and C58 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn., the incidence of resistance was less than 10% except in some accessions of P. mahaleb L. where up to 30% of the plants were resistant. Some resistant plants were identified in other species, with P. insititia L. being the most promising. Symptoms based on presence and size of galls should be allowed to develop for up to 90 days after inoculation to reduce the likelihood of misclassifying plants as resistant when they are slightly susceptible.

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39

Johnson, K. B. y J. A. DiLeone. "Effect of Antibiosis on Antagonist Dose-Plant Disease Response Relationships for the Biological Control of Crown Gall of Tomato and Cherry". Phytopathology® 89, n.º 10 (octubre de 1999): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.10.974.

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The crown gall pathosystem was used to evaluate a model that describes the dose-response relationship between biological control agents and plant pathogens. The model predicts that this relationship can become asymptotic, such that increased antagonist doses cannot compensate for deficiencies in disease suppression. Wounded roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cherry (Prunus mahaleb) plants were dipped into different concentrations of the biological control organism Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 prior to inoculation with the pathogen A. tumefaciens. Pathogen strains sensitive or resistant to the antibiotic agrocin 84 were used, and for tomato experiments, a derivative of A. radiobacter strain K84 that does not produce agrocin 84 also was included as an experimental treatment. As predicted by the dose-response model, the amount of disease suppression per unit of antagonist decreased with increasing antagonist dose and became asymptotic at high antagonist densities. Control of crown gall of tomato was nearly complete with the combination of A. radiobacter K84 and an agrocin 84-sensitive strain of A. tumefaciens. Pathogen resistance to agrocin 84 or lack of agrocin 84 production by A. radiobacter resulted in antagonist dose-crown gall incidence relationships that were apparently asymptotic at levels of control significantly less than 100%. For field-grown cherry, similar dose-response relationships were observed with higher asymptotic levels of disease suppression obtained when trees were inoculated with an agrocin 84-sensitive A. tumefaciens strain compared with an agrocin 84-resistant pathogen strain. The differences among bacterial strain combinations in the magnitude of the asymptote defined by the dose-response relationships suggest that A. radiobacter impacts a smaller proportion of the pathogen population when the activity of agrocin 84 is muted.

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40

Chandrasekaran, Murugesan, Jong Moon Lee, Bee-Moon Ye, So Mang Jung, Jinwoo Kim, Jin-Won Kim y Se Chul Chun. "Isolation and Characterization of Avirulent and Virulent Strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from Rose Crown Gall in Selected Regions of South Korea". Plants 8, n.º 11 (25 de octubre de 2019): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110452.

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease in various hosts across kingdoms. In the present study, five regions (Wonju, Jincheon, Taean, Suncheon, and Kimhae) of South Korea were chosen to isolate A. tumefaciens strains on roses and assess their opine metabolism (agrocinopine, nopaline, and octopine) genes based on PCR amplification. These isolated strains were confirmed as Agrobacterium using morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analyses; and pathogenicity tests, including the growth characteristics of the white colony appearance on ammonium sulfate glucose minimal media, enzyme activities, 16S rDNA sequence alignment, and pathogenicity on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Carbon utilization, biofilm formation, tumorigenicity, and motility assays were performed to demarcate opine metabolism genes. Of 87 isolates, 18 pathogenic isolates were affirmative for having opine plasmid genes. Most of these isolates showed the presence of an agrocinopine type of carbon utilization. Two isolates showed nopaline types. However, none of these isolates showed octopine metabolic genes. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and confirm virulent strains from rose crown galls grown in the different regions of Korea and characterize their physiology and opine types. This is the first report to describe the absence of the octopine type inciting the crown gall disease of rose in South Korea.

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41

Humann, Jodi, Sarah Andrews y Walt Ream. "VirE1-Mediated Resistance to Crown Gall in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana". Phytopathology® 96, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0105.

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Crown gall disease, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, remains a serious agricultural problem despite current biocontrol methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers single-stranded DNA (T-strands) into plant cells along with several virulence proteins, including a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (VirE2). In plant cells, T-strands are protected from nucleases and targeted to the nucleus by VirE2, which is essential for efficient transmission (transfer and integration) of T-strands. VirE1 is the secretory chaperone for VirE2; it prevents VirE2 from forming aggregates and from binding the T-strands in bacterial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that sufficient quantities of VirE1 expressed in plant cells might block T-DNA transmission by preventing VirE2 from binding T-strands. Here we show that root explants from Arabidopsis thaliana plants that expressed virE1 formed 3.5-fold fewer tumors than roots from plants without virE1. Also, this resistance was specific for VirE2-mediated Agrobacterium transformation. Plants that have been genetically altered to resist crown gall may prove more effective than biological control.

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42

Poncet, C., C. Antonini, A. Bettachini, D. Hericher, S. Pionnat, L. Simonini, Y. Dessaux y X. Nesme. "IMPACT OF THE CROWN GALL DISEASE ON VIGOUR AND YIELD OF ROSE TREES." Acta Horticulturae, n.º 424 (julio de 1996): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.424.39.

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43

Alburquerque, N., L. Faize, H. Wang y L. Burgos. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFORMATION VECTOR TO INDUCE CROWN GALL DISEASE RESISTANCE". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 929 (marzo de 2012): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.929.58.

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44

Choi, Jae-Eul, Sung-Su Kang, Sang-Hun Park, Mun-Kyu Park, Tae-Jin Park y Hee-Wan Kang. "Ecology of Crown Gall Disease and Population of Agrobacterium spp. in Vineyard Soils". Research in Plant Disease 14, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2008): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2008.14.2.090.

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45

Aeini, Milad, Hossein Mirzaee, Seyed Mohsen Taghavi, Gholam Reza Khodakaramian y Mehdi Amiri Mazhar. "Occurrence of crown gall disease onFicus benjaminain Fars and Isfahan provinces of Iran". Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 47, n.º 18 (5 de febrero de 2014): 2257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.873256.

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46

Fürst, Ursula, Yi Zeng, Markus Albert, Anna Kristina Witte, Judith Fliegmann y Georg Felix. "Perception of Agrobacterium tumefaciens flagellin by FLS2XL confers resistance to crown gall disease". Nature Plants 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0578-6.

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47

Singh, Randeep, Aditi Sharma y A. K. Gupta. "Rhizosphere competence of native Rhizobium rhizogenes strain and its use in management of crown gall". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 1772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1437.

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Native Rhizobium rhizogenes strain UHFBA-212 [141/1A (NCBI: KC488174)]was isolated from rhizosphere soil of peach nursery plant of wild peach collected from Himachal Pradesh. In addition to this,159 isolates were also collected and were screened in vitro for their biocontrol potential against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Out of these strain, UHFBA-212 showed maximum zone of inhibition i.e. 4.16 and 3.57cm without and after exposure to chloroform against C58.Sequence analysis (16SrDNA) of the strain showed nucleotide homology similar to Rhizobium sp. Amplification of total genomic DNA of the strain with Vir D2 andipt primers didn’t showed amplification with these virulence genes suggesting the absence of tumorigenic factors. In the field conditions, maximum population (329.33x106 cfu/g of soil) was observed in antibiotic resistant mutant of R. rhizogenes strain K84 applied on cherry rootstock Colt followed by 285.33 (x 106 ) cfu/g of soil in UHFBA-212 after 9 months at the time of uprooting of plants when applied alone as root dip. Minimum incidence of crown gall (2.00%) was observed in strain UHFBA- 212 co inoculated with strain C58 as seed treatment on behmi seeds. The data on population indices in rhizosphere and incidence of crown gall further suggested that for better management of disease R. Rhizogenes isolates should be either equal or more in population than that of A. tumefaciens isolates. Strain UHFBA-212 controls crown gall as effectively as strain K84 and can be exploited against tumorigenic isolates under field conditions.

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48

Hao, Fengge, Lirong Wang, Ke Cao, Xinwei Wang, Weichao Fang, Gengrui Zhu y Changwen Chen. "Systemic Acquired Resistance Induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Peach and Differential Expression of PR1 Genes". HortScience 50, n.º 5 (mayo de 2015): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.5.666.

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Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens affects a wide range of horticultural plants, and has no effective treatment. During the evaluation of crown gall resistance of peach germplasm resources, we observed enhanced resistance to subsequent invasion that was activated by virulence of A. tumefaciens in two peach cultivars. To further verify the phenotype observed in field experiments, systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-related salicylic acid (SA) and PR1 genes were investigated. The levels of SA were elevated in two cultivars, and these high levels were maintained for 35 days postinoculation. Compared with mock-inoculated controls, eight of the 22 candidate PpPR1 genes in A. tumefaciens-inoculated samples were significantly upregulated and three were downregulated in response to inoculation with A. tumefaciens. These data suggested that SA-induced SAR was activated in two peach cultivars by virulent A. tumefaciens infection. In addition, the eight induced PpPR1 genes can be used as molecular markers in defense studies in peach.

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49

Fuller, Skylar L., Elizabeth A. Savory, Alexandra J. Weisberg, Jessica Z. Buser, Michael I. Gordon, Melodie L. Putnam y Jeff H. Chang. "Isothermal Amplification and Lateral-Flow Assay for Detecting Crown-Gall-Causing Agrobacterium spp." Phytopathology® 107, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2017): 1062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-17-0144-r.

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Agrobacterium is a genus of soilborne gram-negative bacteria. Members carrying oncogenic plasmids can cause crown gall disease, which has significant economic costs, especially for the orchard and nursery industries. Early and rapid detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp. is key to the management of crown gall disease. To this end, we designed oligonucleotide primers and probes to target virD2 for use in a molecular diagnostic tool that relies on isothermal amplification and lateral-flow-based detection. The oligonucleotide tools were tested in the assay and evaluated for detection limit and specificity in detecting alleles of virD2. One set of primers that successfully amplified virD2 when used with an isothermal recombinase was selected. Both tested probes had detection limits in picogram amounts of DNA. Probe 1 could detect all tested pathogenic isolates that represented most of the diversity of virD2. Finally, the coupling of lateral-flow detection to the use of these oligonucleotide primers in isothermal amplification helped to reduce the onerousness of the process, and alleviated reliance on specialized tools necessary for molecular diagnostics. The assay is an advancement for the rapid molecular detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp.

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50

Lamovšek, Janja, Barbara Gerič Stare, Irena Mavrič Pleško, Saša Širca y Gregor Urek. "Agrobacteria Enhance Plant Defense Against Root-Knot Nematodes on Tomato". Phytopathology® 107, n.º 6 (junio de 2017): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-16-0269-r.

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The increased incidence of the crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has long been associated with activities of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Pot experiments on tomato were designed to assess plant vitality, nematode reproduction, and crown gall incidence in combined infection with Agrobacterium and Meloidogyne spp. on tomato roots. Results suggest that tomato plants infected with pathogenic A. tumefaciens 2 days before the nematodes show enhanced plant defense against M. ethiopica resulting in lower egg and gall counts on roots 45 and 90 days postinoculation (dpi); no significantly enhanced defense was observed when the plant was inoculated with bacteria and nematodes at the same time. Split-root experiments also showed that the observed interaction was systemic. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis that targeted several genes under plant hormonal control suggests that the suppression was mediated via systemic acquired resistance by the pathogenesis-related protein 1 and that M. ethiopica did not enhance the defense reaction of tomato against Agrobacterium spp. Nematodes completely inhibited tumor growth in a 45-day experiment if inoculated onto the roots before the pathogenic bacteria. We conclude that the observed antagonism in the tested pathosystem was the result of initially strong plant defense that was later suppressed by the invading pathogen and pest.

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