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1
Condirston, Erin. "Traditional Crime vs. Corporate Crime: A Comparative Risk Discourse Analysis". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20315.
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With the knowledge that risk has become an omnipresent concept used to understand various social problems, this study aims to fill a perceived gap in literature by investigating the way in which risk discourse is applied to understand different categories of crime, namely traditional crime and corporate crime. It is hypothesized that risk logic
is heavily applied to the understanding of traditional crime, with minimal attribution to conversations surrounding corporate crime. The pervasiveness of risk as a technique or tactic of government renders the study of its application to different types of crime an important addition to the existing risk literature. Using the method of a comparative content analysis, the parallels and discrepancies between the ways in which risk is used to discuss traditional and corporate crime by Canadian federal criminal justice organizations are explored. The results indicate a lack of focus on risk logic with respect to corporate
crime, but demonstrate that risk discourse is perhaps not altogether absent from corporate crime discussions.
2
Polat, Esra. "Spatio-temporal Crime Prediction Model Based On Analysis Of Crime Clusters". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608881/index.pdf.
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Crime is a behavior disorder that is an integrated result of social, economical and environmental factors. In the world today crime analysis is gaining significance and one of the most popular subject is crime prediction. Stakeholders of crime intend to forecast the place, time, number of crimes and crime types to get precautions. With respect to these intentions, in this thesis a spatio-temporal crime prediction model is generated by using time series forecasting with simple spatial disaggregation approach in Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
The model is generated by utilizing crime data for the year 2003 in Bahçelievler and Merkez Ç
ankaya police precincts. Methodology starts with obtaining clusters with different clustering algorithms. Then clustering methods are compared in terms of land-use and representation to select the most appropriate clustering algorithms. Later crime data is divided into daily apoch, to observe spatio-temporal distribution of crime. In order to predict crime in time dimension a time series model (ARIMA) is fitted for each week day, Then the forecasted crime occurrences in time are disagregated according to spatial crime cluster patterns. Hence the model proposed in this thesis can give crime prediction in both space and time to help police departments in tactical and planning operations.
3
Zugschwerdt, Marc. "'Designing out Crime' – A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crime in Umeå". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137192.
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The creation of sustainable and safe environments nowadays moves more and more into focus for urban planners and architects. Cities should be designed in a way to contribute to social cohesion, shaping an inclusive environment and focusing on the wellbeing of its citizens. Nevertheless, these processes can be undermined by public crime and the fear of crime, which is not only affecting aspects of personal safety but also affecting the people’s behaviour. Reasons why criminality occurs are manifold, impacted by a dynamic set of socioeconomic, demographic, personal but also environmental aspects. In recent years especially the impact of factors related to urban and environmental design respectively planning received rising attention in the field of crime prevention. However, the implementation of strategies regarding ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ or ‘designing out crime’ is still in its early stage in Sweden. This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of public crime for the case of Umeå in order to identify potential risk areas, which could receive particular attention regarding crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In this sense a GIS based spatial analysis had the aim to detect statistically significant hotspots of crime and furthermore to assess the development of these hotspots over time. In order to understand the nature of public crime and criminal behaviour in Umeå in a more holistic way, also temporal aspects regarding the occurrence of crime were analysed. One particularly vulnerable neighbourhood was examined with a qualitative field observation regarding the principles of crime prevention through environmental design in order to assess in which way the built environment is designed and suited to prevent and deter criminality. Umeå displays rather clear patterns of higher crime activity, assigned to seasonal, weakly and daily periods, which are connected to higher activity in the public space. Also from a spatial perspective certain patterns are detectable with a higher vulnerability for crime at spots which generate higher activity such as shopping areas or neighbourhoods with nightlife and transport hub functions, and in general neighbourhoods with a higher building density. The neighbourhood of Ålidhem displayed thereby a high concentration of criminality, marked as a constant or even intensifying hotspot for the entire period of investigation. The results of the field observation regarding principles of CPTED are especially indicating a lack of maintenance and furthermore the street and building layout is contributing to disorientation. On the other hand, the area is in most cases well equipped for natural surveillance and provides a high amount of locations for leisure and recreation in order strengthen social cohesion.
4
Chester, Helen Jayne. "Property crime in context : a multi-level analysis of the British Crime Survey". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520721.
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Van, de Ven Jennifer T. C. "Content analysis of Canadian television crime news". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/MQ36854.pdf.
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FICARA, Annamaria. "Social network analysis approaches to study crime". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/537005.
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Social Network Analysis (SNA) studies groups of individuals and can be applied in a lot of areas such us organizational studies, psychology, economics, information science and criminology. One of the most important results of SNA has been the definition of a set of centrality measures (e.g., degree, closeness, betweenness, or clustering coefficient) which can be used to identify the most influential people with respect to their network of relationships.
The main problem with computing centrality metrics on social networks is the typical big size of the data. From the computational point of view, SNA represents social networks as graphs composed of a set of nodes connected by another set of edges on which the metrics of interest are computed.
To overcome the problem of big data, some computationally-light alternatives to the standard measures, such as Game of Thieves or WERW-Kpath, can be studied. In this regard, one of my main research activities was to analyze the correlation among standard and nonstandard centrality measures on network models and real-world networks.
The centrality metrics can greatly contribute to intelligence and criminal investigations allowing to identify, within a covert network, the most central members in terms of connections or information flow. Covert networks are terrorist or criminal networks which are built from the criminal relationships among members of criminal organizations. One of the most renowned criminal organizations is the Sicilian Mafia.
The focal point of my research work was the creation of two real-world criminal networks from the judicial documents of an anti-mafia operation called Montagna conducted by a specialized anti-mafia police unit of the Italian Carabinieri in Messina (i.e., the third largest city on the island of Sicily). One network includes meetings and the other one records telephone calls among suspected criminals of two Sicilian Mafia families. This dataset is unique and it might represent a valuable resource for better understanding complex criminal phenomena from a quantitative standpoint.
Different SNA approaches have been used on these Montagna networks to describe their structure and functioning, to predict missing links, to identify leaders or to evaluate police interventions aimed at dismantling and disrupting the networks. Graph distances have been used to find a network model able to properly mime the structure of a Mafia network and to quantify the impact of incomplete data not only on Mafia networks such as the Montagna ones but also on terrorist and street gangs networks.
The two simple Montagna networks have been finally used to build a multilayer network trying to obtain a more nuanced understanding of the network structure and of the strategic position of nodes in the network.
7
Payne, Troy C. "Does Changing Ownership Change Crime? An Analysis of Apartment Ownership and Crime in Cincinnati". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1288968354.
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Millar, Jack William Logan. "Beer fronts and crime waves : a GIS analysis of weather, alcohol, and violent crime /". Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594501421&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nilsson, Linn. "The portrayal of Crime : Printed news media's representation of crime in Malmö". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för kriminologi (KR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45495.
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In today's modern society we are highly exposed to different media in our everyday life, and individuals may spend a large part of their time taking part in media debates, news and other information shared on different media channels. Through this, news media have become an influential factor for how individuals in today's society perceive and construct reality, and consequently the public's perception of crime. This critical analysis strives to elucidate how crime in Malmö is presented in Swedish newspapers. This report is centered on which discourses emerge throughout the chosen empirical material, how different crime types are presented and how victims and perpetrators are constructed in this material. By studying how Malmö is presented through a commonly used news media source, it is possible to uncover how collective understandings of crime are created and affirmed, which is essential in order to be able to influence this established (but arguably somewhat radical) image. Newspapers' presentation of Malmö differs from the description of other major cities in Sweden, and Malmö is often illustrated as a dangerous or unsafe city with high crime rates. The perception of crime in Malmö given through the official statistics are overshadowed by news media's accentuation of violent and lethal crime. A skewed division of crime reporting, may therefore be an important factor for the public's perception of crime in Malmö. Crimes are depicted as an effect of larger societal problems and an integral part of everyday life. Few articles dispute the established image of Malmö as dangerous, and the few who do only briefly highlight this to an extremely limited extent, resulting in the preservation and reproduction of the majority's presentation of Malmö as a dangerous or unsecure city.
10
Sundberg, Jacob. "Linking crime through modus operandi. On linking Series of Crime into Single Offenders through Sructured Collection of Crime Scene Information". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25526.
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The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of the current state of research regarding the potential of linking series of crimes to single offenders through repeated modus operandi behaviors. A systematic literature review was conducted to document findings from previous evaluation research as to the predictive accuracy of crime linkage specific to residential burglary. The findings indicate that predictions of linked burglaries can be made with moderate to high predictive accuracy. In order to get an understanding of the extent to which residential burglary offenders repeat their crime scene behaviors, the findings are discussed in relation to the criminological theories Routine activities theory and the Rational Choice perspective. Future research is suggested.
11
Wadsworth, Thomas P. "Employment, crime, and context : a multi-level analysis of the relationship between work and crime /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8872.
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Varlioglu, Muhammed. "SHOPS Predicting Shooting Crime Locations Using Principle of Data Analytics". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1562674211453473.
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Welsh, Brandon C. "Preventing crime : the contribution of benefit-cost analysis". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268877.
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Brunsdon, C. F. M. "Spatial analysis techniques applied to local crime patterns". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/305.
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Despite growing crime rates, and increased computerisation of crime data within the police force, surprisingly little attention has been payed to techniques of analysis that could be applied to this data. This thesis investigates spatial analytical and statistical techniques which may be used for this task, and proposes a Bayesian forecasting technique, allowing the objective pattern detection mechanisms supplied by the quantitative examination of past data to be combined with the subjective knowledge of police officers. This method, along with others, is incorporated into a software package which may be run at a police station (Subdivision). Finally the software package is evaluated by members of the police force.
15
Liu, Shiao. "Bayesian Analysis of Crime Survey Data with Nonresponse". Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1175.
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Bayesian hierarchical models are effective tools for small area estimation by pooling small datasets together. The pooling procedures allow individual areas to “borrow strength” from each other to desirably improve the estimation. This work is an extension of Nandram and Choi (2002), NC, to perform inference on finite population proportions when there exists non-identifiability of the missing pattern for nonresponse in binary survey data. We review the small-area selection model (SSM) in NC which is able to incorporate the non-identifiability. Moreover, the proposed SSM, together with the individual-area selection model (ISM), and the small-area pattern-mixture model (SPM) are evaluated by real crime data in Stasny (1991). Furthermore, the methodology is compared to ISM and SPM using simulated small area datasets. Computational issues related to the MCMC are also discussed.
16
Burrow, J. Gordon. "Crime scene investigation : bare footprint collection and analysis". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701002.
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Demirci, Suleyman. "New Organized Crime: Problems and Issues for Information Analysis". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2907/.
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This study illustrates the changing nature of organized crime at both national and international levels. Organized crime groups have changed in that they have entered the realm of high technology. In response this change, the use of new or modified analytical tools is suggested to enhance law enforcement efforts. This study highlights the problems of, and offers particular solutions for information analysis in its use in the fight against organized crime. Ultimately, it is argued that combined crime and intelligence analysis can be an effective and efficient method for the detection and prevention of modern organized crime.
18
Fornango, Robert J. "Structural changes and neighborhood homicide trends in St. Louis, Missouri, 1980-2000 a multi-level and spatial analysis /". Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2007. http://etd.umsl.edu/r2281.
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Martin, Spencer A. "A further analysis of the causal link between abortion and crime". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4904.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 10, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
20
Macintyre, Stuart Dunlop y n/a. "Burglar decision Making". Griffith University. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2001. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050916.165104.
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This thesis examines how burglars select a target and carry out a crime. The four research questions addressed by the two studies conducted for this thesis are: 1. What are the processes used by burglars to select a target, break in, steal, and distribute the proceeds? 2. What are the crucial decision making cues used to select a target? 3. What is the impact of various cues, cue alternatives, cue order and combinations selected on target attractiveness in a controlled situation? 4. Does age or experience interact with the effect of any cues? The results furnish discussion and increase the understanding and prevention of break and enter (B&E). The research for this thesis was conducted in two studies. For Study One interviews were conducted with fifty persons who attend a methadone clinic. Participants were past heroin users who financed their drug use through the commission of break and enter. Semi-structured interviews were conducted that covered their drug use and criminal involvement. From these interviews a list of seventeen cues was developed - cue 1 (dog), cue 2 (lighting), cue 3 (alarm), cue 4 (occupancy - lights/tv/radio), cue 5 (occupancy - car in driveway), cue 6 (affluence), cue 7 (doors/windows), cue 8 (locks), cue 9 (garage), cue 10 (fence), cue 11 (garden), cue 12 (location), cue 13 (people in the street), cue 14 (neighbourhood watch), cue 15 (weather), cue 16 (inside information) and cue 17 (street type). Participants used these seventeen cues to determine the vulnerability of a target. For Study Two a computer program was developed, in which these seventeen cues were arranged in various combinations, across twenty case studies. The computer program allowed subjects to access as much information about a case study as they needed to make a decision about its attractiveness as a burglary target. A new sample of ninety-six burglars were asked to view the twenty case studies and give each target a rating from '0' (not a B&E opportunity) to '100' (a definite B&E opportunity). Over the twenty case studies, the subjects only accessed one third of the available information to make a decision. The lower the final rating for a ease study the fewer cues were selected. Subjects were quickly deterred if the first one or two selections revealed deterrent alternatives. In contrast, if the initial selections revealed attractive alternatives the subjects were hard to deter even if subsequent cue selections revealed only deterrent alternatives. Four cues - cue 1 (dog), cue 3 (alann), cue 13 (people in the street) and cue 16 (inside information) - accounted for 91.77% of all first selections. Six cues - cue 1 (dog), 3 (alarm), cue 4 (occupancy - lights/tv/radio), cue 5 (occupancy - car in driveway), cue 13 (people in the street) and cue 16 (inside information) - accounted for 67.8% of all selections made. Clearly these six cues are very important to offenders and they should be closely examined in any prevention initiative. Results revealed that on 282 Occasions subjects viewed only one cue then made their decision based on this one piece of information. The most common single cue was reliable inside information that there was a large amount of cash inside the house or when a good alarm was present. Decision trees were developed which graphically trace the selections of subjects and the ratings given after each selection. The trees showed that subjects reached different conclusions from the same case study because they could select different cues. The selection of different cues from the same case study led to great variation in subsequent cue selections. The decision trees confirmed the earlier finding that subjects are much harder to deter when the first one or two selections had attractive alternatives even if subsequent selections had deterrent alternatives. Results of linear regressions revealed that every cue was significant as predictor of final rating at least twice, however three cues - cue 3 (alarm), cue 12 (location) and cue 16 (inside information) - were significant as predictors ten or more times. The 96 subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of age (young and old) and experience (experienced and inexperienced). The young and inexperienced group used an average of 188.3 cues across the twenty case studies, whereas the older and experienced group used an average of 43.8 cues. Older and experienced subjects were harder to deter, compared to younger and inexperienced subjects. As experience increased fewer cues were needed to reach a decision. The results showed that the variation in final rating for each case study was explained by a few cues. For example, in case study 16 the Adjusted R Square with all seventeen factors entered was .945. With only six cues as predictors the Adjusted R Square reduced slightly to .939. This shows that although cues are mentioned in the literature and were selected by subjects in this study they were often ineffectual and did not assist in explaining the final rating. The two most effective prevention measures were the deterrent alternatives for cue 3 (alarm) and cue 4 (occupancy -lights/tv/radio). The two most influential attractive alternatives were for cue 12 (location; house is located on a corner block) and cue 16 (inside information; from a reliable source you are told there could be a large amount of cash kept in the house). Overall, the linear models with interactions showed that the inexperienced subjects' decision making was more volatile and fluctuated to a greater extent than the experienced subjects' decision making. When continually attractive infonnation was received the inexperienced subjects' ratings climbed higher than did the experienced subjects. When deterrent information was received the negative effect on the inexperienced subjects' ratings was greater than the effect on experienced subjects. Experience increases burglars' skills and abilities but it also improves their capacity to weigh up information in a more reasoned manner. The results revealed that experienced subjects have probably developed a level of skill to the extent that the deterrent alternatives for many cues have become ineffectual. The experienced subjects have developed strategies to overcome many deterrents. The decision making of the experienced subjects was clearly more sophisticated and considered. The main theoretical finding of this thesis is that research will only produce incomplete findings if it concentrates on place and situation to the neglect of the offender and the antecedents and attributes they bring to a crime. The influence of age and experience on decision making is of such consequence that it must be considered to maximise the prevention of crime. Age and experience have individual and combined influences on cue selection and interpretation.
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Macintyre, Stuart Dunlop. "Burglar decision Making". Thesis, Griffith University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365896.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis examines how burglars select a target and carry out a crime. The four research questions addressed by the two studies conducted for this thesis are: 1. What are the processes used by burglars to select a target, break in, steal, and distribute the proceeds? 2. What are the crucial decision making cues used to select a target? 3. What is the impact of various cues, cue alternatives, cue order and combinations selected on target attractiveness in a controlled situation? 4. Does age or experience interact with the effect of any cues? The results furnish discussion and increase the understanding and prevention of break and enter (B&E). The research for this thesis was conducted in two studies. For Study One interviews were conducted with fifty persons who attend a methadone clinic. Participants were past heroin users who financed their drug use through the commission of break and enter. Semi-structured interviews were conducted that covered their drug use and criminal involvement. From these interviews a list of seventeen cues was developed - cue 1 (dog), cue 2 (lighting), cue 3 (alarm), cue 4 (occupancy - lights/tv/radio), cue 5 (occupancy - car in driveway), cue 6 (affluence), cue 7 (doors/windows), cue 8 (locks), cue 9 (garage), cue 10 (fence), cue 11 (garden), cue 12 (location), cue 13 (people in the street), cue 14 (neighbourhood watch), cue 15 (weather), cue 16 (inside information) and cue 17 (street type). Participants used these seventeen cues to determine the vulnerability of a target. For Study Two a computer program was developed, in which these seventeen cues were arranged in various combinations, across twenty case studies. The computer program allowed subjects to access as much information about a case study as they needed to make a decision about its attractiveness as a burglary target. A new sample of ninety-six burglars were asked to view the twenty case studies and give each target a rating from '0' (not a B&E opportunity) to '100' (a definite B&E opportunity). Over the twenty case studies, the subjects only accessed one third of the available information to make a decision. The lower the final rating for a ease study the fewer cues were selected. Subjects were quickly deterred if the first one or two selections revealed deterrent alternatives. In contrast, if the initial selections revealed attractive alternatives the subjects were hard to deter even if subsequent cue selections revealed only deterrent alternatives. Four cues - cue 1 (dog), cue 3 (alann), cue 13 (people in the street) and cue 16 (inside information) - accounted for 91.77% of all first selections. Six cues - cue 1 (dog), 3 (alarm), cue 4 (occupancy - lights/tv/radio), cue 5 (occupancy - car in driveway), cue 13 (people in the street) and cue 16 (inside information) - accounted for 67.8% of all selections made. Clearly these six cues are very important to offenders and they should be closely examined in any prevention initiative. Results revealed that on 282 Occasions subjects viewed only one cue then made their decision based on this one piece of information. The most common single cue was reliable inside information that there was a large amount of cash inside the house or when a good alarm was present. Decision trees were developed which graphically trace the selections of subjects and the ratings given after each selection. The trees showed that subjects reached different conclusions from the same case study because they could select different cues. The selection of different cues from the same case study led to great variation in subsequent cue selections. The decision trees confirmed the earlier finding that subjects are much harder to deter when the first one or two selections had attractive alternatives even if subsequent selections had deterrent alternatives. Results of linear regressions revealed that every cue was significant as predictor of final rating at least twice, however three cues - cue 3 (alarm), cue 12 (location) and cue 16 (inside information) - were significant as predictors ten or more times. The 96 subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of age (young and old) and experience (experienced and inexperienced). The young and inexperienced group used an average of 188.3 cues across the twenty case studies, whereas the older and experienced group used an average of 43.8 cues. Older and experienced subjects were harder to deter, compared to younger and inexperienced subjects. As experience increased fewer cues were needed to reach a decision. The results showed that the variation in final rating for each case study was explained by a few cues. For example, in case study 16 the Adjusted R Square with all seventeen factors entered was .945. With only six cues as predictors the Adjusted R Square reduced slightly to .939. This shows that although cues are mentioned in the literature and were selected by subjects in this study they were often ineffectual and did not assist in explaining the final rating. The two most effective prevention measures were the deterrent alternatives for cue 3 (alarm) and cue 4 (occupancy -lights/tv/radio). The two most influential attractive alternatives were for cue 12 (location; house is located on a corner block) and cue 16 (inside information; from a reliable source you are told there could be a large amount of cash kept in the house). Overall, the linear models with interactions showed that the inexperienced subjects' decision making was more volatile and fluctuated to a greater extent than the experienced subjects' decision making. When continually attractive infonnation was received the inexperienced subjects' ratings climbed higher than did the experienced subjects. When deterrent information was received the negative effect on the inexperienced subjects' ratings was greater than the effect on experienced subjects. Experience increases burglars' skills and abilities but it also improves their capacity to weigh up information in a more reasoned manner. The results revealed that experienced subjects have probably developed a level of skill to the extent that the deterrent alternatives for many cues have become ineffectual. The experienced subjects have developed strategies to overcome many deterrents. The decision making of the experienced subjects was clearly more sophisticated and considered. The main theoretical finding of this thesis is that research will only produce incomplete findings if it concentrates on place and situation to the neglect of the offender and the antecedents and attributes they bring to a crime. The influence of age and experience on decision making is of such consequence that it must be considered to maximise the prevention of crime. Age and experience have individual and combined influences on cue selection and interpretation.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Mlčoch, Tomáš. "Economics of Golden Crime". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199295.
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This master's thesis examines a criminal response to the sharp increase in the real gold price between the years 1998 and 2012. By using a regression analysis, I show that an increase in the real gold price does not have a significant impact on the number of golden crimes but the gold price significantly influences the stolen amount of gold with the elasticity of 2.2. In addition, an increase of lagged real wage and non-lagged real wage, and the number of prisoners significantly decreases golden crime whereas increased unemployment has a negative impact. Moreover, I find that in all types of a regression analysis (daily, monthly and quarterly) higher temperature and also lower cloudiness (as proxies for the good weather) significantly increase the golden crime rate. The daily model also revealed that during weekends and holidays there is significantly and markedly lower crime.
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Hansen, Kirstine. "A quantitative analysis of crime and the labour market". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2884/.
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A large number of criminological theories predict a link between crime and the labour market. This thesis takes predictions from those theories and tests them empirically. Using a large range of data and quantitative techniques, this work considers which factors are most associated with crime, while at the same time addressing issues of methodology and interpretation. The thesis consists of seven Chapters. The first introduces the issues surrounding crime and the labour market, describes the theories which inform the research and discuss the existing empirical work in the area. Sections also describe the data and methodological debates of concern in this field. The empirical analysis, which forms the body of the thesis, follows from this introduction in five inter-related Chapters. The first two deal with establishing which variables are most associated with crime, which data are most useful and which methodological techniques are most appropriate. They cover cross-sectional analysis, as well as area level longitudinal data at police force area level and Local Authority level over time. The results point to clear methodological advantages of using area level data and find the most robust correlate of crime to be low wages. The following Chapter uses these findings to frame an analysis of police force area level data in England and Wales. It examines the effect on crime of a substantial pay increase awarded to low wage workers with the introduction of the National Minimum Wage into the UK labour market in April 1999. By comparing crime rates in areas before and after the introduction of the Minimum Wage, it finds that crime fell (in relative terms) in areas where the introduction of the Minimum Wage had the greatest impact. Having consistently found the labour market, and in particular low wages, to be linked to crime, the final two empirical Chapters address issues of gender and age, two of the most important demographic determinants of crime. The first examines the effect of increasing female labour force participation on crime, and finds that rising female employment is positively associated with crimes done by males. Results indicate that this is because increasing female labour supply forces male wages down. Particularly affected are the wages of the low skilled males who are already low paid and are more likely to be on the margins of crime. The second of these Chapters focuses on youth crime and finds that, although labour market variables matter, other variables such as education, truancy and parental involvement with the police matter more. The final Chapter draws the material together, offers concluding comments, places the findings within a policy context and offers suggestions for future research.
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Chu, Yiu Kong Vin. "Hong Kong triads : and economic analysis of organised crime". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337674.
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Bindler, A. L. "Labour markets, public policies and crime : an empirical analysis". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1472813/.
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The thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter. Chapter 2 is a survey of the literature on crime and labour markets. In that chapter, I discuss the seminal work that has been undertaken in that field of research and discuss the advances in the theoretical and empirical literature. Reviewing the literature, I identify open research questions. Some of these questions are addressed in subsequent chapters of this dissertation. Chapter 3 builds on the literature which provides evidence of long-term consequences for workers who first join the labour market during economic downturns. Using a range of data sources from the U.S. and UK, we demonstrate a substantial long-run effect of recessions on criminal behaviour: We find that youth who enter the labour market during recessions are significantly more likely to become criminal than those who graduate into a stronger labour market. Chapter 4 investigates the contemporaneous relationship between unemployment and crime in the context of increasing unemployment durations in the U.S. I employ quasi-experimental estimation techniques to study the impact of temporary unemployment benefit extensions on crime, and to establish the causal link between unemployment, unemployment durations and crime. The results support the hypothesis that the relationship between unemployment and crime depends on the duration of unemployment. Chapter 5 studies the impact of the stop-and-frisk policy in New York City as a policy that explicitly aims at crime deterrence. Using a range of data sources and quasi-experimental estimation techniques, we estimate the overall impact of the policy on crime in New York City. Further, we provide evidence that supports the hypothesis of racial bias and in particular claims that Afro-Americans face a disproportional probability of a stop-and-frisk encounter. Yet, our estimations suggest that there is no knock-on effect on crime. Chapter 6 is a concluding chapter.
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Shashikala, M. R. "An analysis of fear of crime within Black communities". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2649.
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Analysis of blacks and fear of crime data in Atlanta and Washington, D.C. indicates that blacks in low income, high crime communities are less fearful of crime but still take protective measures when venturing into the community during the day and at night. Additional findings indicate that physical characteristics of neighborhood both within ones own neighborhood and adjacent to ones own neighborhood influence perceptions of crime.
These are some of the findings discovered upon a re-examination of data sets from projects completed in Atlanta and Washington, D.C. The two projects were "Research on Minority Neighborhoods: Toward an Understanding of the Relationship Between Race and Crime" completed by Debro et al. 1981 and "Safe and Secure Neighborhoods: Physical Characteristics and Informal Territorial Control in High and Low Neighborhoods" completed by Greenberg et al. 1980.
Questions were extracted from surveys of blacks in low income and middle income neighborhoods. The central question of the thesis was to what extent blacks fear crime. If blacks do fear crime, do they take protective measures which constrained their behavior in their community?
The larger question which was not answered but which was always present was whether or not blacks feared crime more than whites. This question could not be answered because there was not a comparative sample of whites. Hopefully, this attempt will lead to additional studies.
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Borg, Anton. "On Descriptive and Predictive Models for Serial Crime Analysis". Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00597.
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Law enforcement agencies regularly collect crime scene information. There exists, however, no detailed, systematic procedure for this. The data collected is affected by the experience or current condition of law enforcement officers. Consequently, the data collected might differ vastly between crime scenes. This is especially problematic when investigating volume crimes. Law enforcement officers regularly do manual comparison on crimes based on the collected data. This is a time-consuming process; especially as the collected crime scene information might not always be comparable. The structuring of data and introduction of automatic comparison systems could benefit the investigation process. This thesis investigates descriptive and predictive models for automatic comparison of crime scene data with the purpose of aiding law enforcement investigations. The thesis first investigates predictive and descriptive methods, with a focus on data structuring, comparison, and evaluation of methods. The knowledge is then applied to the domain of crime scene analysis, with a focus on detecting serial residential burglaries. This thesis introduces a procedure for systematic collection of crime scene information. The thesis also investigates impact and relationship between crime scene characteristics and how to evaluate the descriptive model results. The results suggest that the use of descriptive and predictive models can provide feedback for crime scene analysis that allows a more effective use of law enforcement resources. Using descriptive models based on crime characteristics, including Modus Operandi, allows law enforcement agents to filter cases intelligently. Further, by estimating the link probability between cases, law enforcement agents can focus on cases with higher link likelihood. This would allow a more effective use of law enforcement resources, potentially allowing an increase in clear-up rates.
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Hodge, Jessica P. "Proving grounds the gender quandary of hate crime law /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 309 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654490941&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Britt, Chester Lamont III. "Crime, criminal careers and social control: A methodological analysis of economic choice and social control theories of crime". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185168.
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This study tests the validity of two theories of crime: economic choice (as manifest in the criminal career paradigm) and social control. The test of these two theories is primarily methodological, in that four types of crime data (official and longitudinal (Uniform Crime Reports), official and cross-sectional (Bail Decisionmaking Study), self-report and longitudinal (National Youth Survey), and self-report and cross-sectional (Seattle Youth Study)) and a variety of graphical and statistical techniques are used to compare findings on (1) the stability of the age distribution of crime, (2) the prevalence of offense specialization, and (3) the differences in the causes of participating in crime compared to the causes of frequency of criminal activity among those individuals committing crimes. The findings on the relation between age and crime show the general shape of the age-crime curve is stable across year of the data or curve, type of data, cohort, and age group. The tests for offense specialization reveal that offenders are versatile. An individual's current offense type is not predictable, with much accuracy, on the basis of prior offending. Again, the lack of offense specialization held across type of data, but age, race, and gender distinctions also failed to alter significantly the observed pattern of versatility. Findings on the causes of participation in crime and frequency of criminal activity among active offenders showed only trivial differences in the set of statistically significant predictors for each operationalization of crime and delinquency. Two distinct operationalizations of frequency also showed no substantial difference in the set of statistically significant predictors. Similar to the findings on age and crime, and offense specialization, the pattern of results for the participation and frequency analyses held across type of data. In sum, the results tended to support the predictions of social control theory over those of the economic choice-criminal career view of crime.
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Ameen, Farooq. "Social and spatial implications of community-based residential environments on crime in urban settings". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23210.
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Arietti, Rachael Alexandra. "Social Mobility and Crime Rates, 1970 - 2010: Applying the Cycles of Deviance Model to Violent and Economic Crime". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23132.
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In his article, "Cycles of Deviance" (1996), Hawdon demonstrates how varying rates of social mobility correspond to cyclical patterns of drug use in the United States between 1880 and 1990. He proposes that social mobility alters the "deviance structure" of a society by changing the rate at which certain behaviors are labeled deviant, and thus, the rate at which people engage in those behaviors. This study provides an updated assessment of the cycles of deviance model to determine whether it can account for rates of violent and economic crime. I use social mobility to predict homicide, burglary, and overall rates of drug use from 1970 through 2010 using a time-series analysis. Crime data are obtained from the FBI\'s Uniform Crime Reports and Monitoring the Future. Social mobility data are obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the U.S. Census Bureau. I also control for several well- established correlates of crime -- namely, economic and demographic factors, police size, illicit drug market activity, and firearm availability. Results show moderate support for the cycles of deviance model in predicting rates of homicide and burglary. However, social mobility\'s influence with respect to drug use appears to vary with the size of the youth population.Master of Science
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Flysjö, Lars. "A script analysis of organized crime in the Swedish construction industry". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för kriminologi (KR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41840.
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Background: Organized crime and the construction industry in relation to prevention and theoretical perspectives are understudied areas. Aims and method: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of organized and financial crime in the Swedish construction industry and map the blind spots for control mechanisms and crime prevention. The purpose is to identify the structure of opportunities for organized crime in the Swedish construction industry through crime script analysis. Results: Two generalizable scripts following a similar modus operandi emerged, the “corporate looting” script and the “invoice factory” script. The peripheral involvement of organized crime groups indicates that there is a point in distinguishing between the actors and actions. Conclusions: Interventions should target intermediaries, earlier stages, and situations where the script enters the legal market. Further integration of macro-level analysis with crime script analysis can contribute to the formulation of effective crime prevention strategies.
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Hurst, Christine E. "Crime Prevention Ottawa as a responsibility centre: An interim analysis". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28212.
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There is a growing international interest in the use of crime prevention responsibility centres (Re) as mechanisms for organizing crime prevention initiatives. One model of RC-based crime prevention is that used in England and Wales, where the creation of CDRPs (municipal RCs) was mandated by the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998. Themes gleaned from analyses of this experience form the basis for this thesis. In 2005, Crime Prevention Ottawa (CPO) was created to be an RC in Ottawa. This thesis examines whether and how CPO faced challenges similar to those in England and Wales. It concludes that many challenges met by the English experience are not present in the CPO case, in response to the challenges that are experienced, it recommends that CPO: define 'community', and its political 'role'; sustain project funding; increase project proposal expectations; and discuss what the organization 'does' versus 'should do'.
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Christian, Cheryl. "Urban elderly women and fear of crime, a sociological analysis". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62710.pdf.
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Annabathula, Ramesh. "A Web-based tool for analysis of crime laboratory data". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5048.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 110 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-102).
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曾家健 y Ka-kin Kevin Tsang. "Youth crime in Hong Kong: an analysis of policy instruments". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967024.
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Hamilton-Smith, Niall. "Safer cities? : a contextual analysis of a crime prevention programme". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302522.
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Tsang, Ka-kin Kevin. "Youth crime in Hong Kong : an analysis of policy instruments /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25140796.
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Cademartori, Ana Carolina. "NOTÍCIAS DE VIOLÊNCIA E CRIME NO JORNAL NACIONAL: DO MEDO DO CRIME AO CONTROLE". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10307.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis paper aims to investigate the speeches about violence and crime broadcasted on Jornal Nacional news program on Rede Globo de Televisão , in order to interpret the possible oration strategies related to the processes of health and disease. Its specific objectives were: carry out a quantitative study concerning to the news on violence and crime shown on JN news television program; analyze the conditions of producing news about violence and crime trying to know the plausible senses produced in the groups of statements present in their discourses and identify the distinct typologies that characterize the words in the body of analysis. The following crimes were focused: homicides, body injuries, extortion, torture, theft or robbery. As its theoretical and methodological basis, we searched for support on Critical Social Psychology and on French Speech Analysis, considering that both of them propose to perceive the human being as a social and historical product and as an active factor in constructing and transforming the society. The results indicate that, from the 49 recorded editions, 29 ones present news on violence and crime, adding up to 59.18% of all the recorded editions. The information broadcasted about the violence and crime problems are, especially, theft, robbery and homicides. Through a qualitative analysis, it is noticed that JN does not establish relations with health and disease processes. Moreover, it is verified that the discourse functioning tends to be authoritarian, that means, it is predominantly found the relapse of paraphrase in the news subjected to analysis. Therefore, when the dominance of paraphrase is found, the repetition of senses is seen and not the opposite, the disruption with the established senses.
Este estudo tem como objetivo principal investigar os discursos sobre violência e crime veiculados no/pelo Jornal Nacional, da Rede Globo de Televisão, com o intuito de interpretar as possíveis estratégias discursivas relacionadas aos processos de saúde/doença. Os objetivos específicos foram: realizar um estudo quantitativo referente às notícias sobre violência e crime veiculadas no JN; analisar as condições de produção das notícias sobre violência e crime; buscando conhecer os possíveis sentidos produzidos nos conjuntos de enunciados presentes no discurso e identificar as distintas tipologias que caracterizam os discursos presentes no corpus de análise. Os seguintes crimes foram enfocados: Homicídio; Lesão Corporal; Extorsão; Tortura e Furto ou Roubo. Como base teórico-metodológica, nos apoiamos na Psicologia Social Crítica e na Análise de Discurso Francesa, considerando que ambas se propõem a perceber o ser humano como produto histórico-social e sujeito ativo na construção e transformação da sociedade. Os resultados indicam que das 49 edições gravadas, 29 edições apresentam notícias sobre violência e crime incluídas na delimitação da pesquisa, perfazendo um total de 59,18% das edições gravadas. As informações transmitidas sobre a problemática da violência e do crime centram-se, especialmente, nas classificações furto ou roubo e homicídio. Através de nossa análise qualitativa, percebemos que o JN ao abordar a problemática da violência e do crime não estabelece relações diretas com os processos de saúde e doença. Além disso, verificamos que o funcionamento discursivo tende para o tipo de discurso autoritário, ou seja, encontramos predominantemente a reincidência da paráfrase nas notícias submetidas à análise. Portanto, ao encontrarmos a dominância da paráfrase, percebemos a repetição dos sentidos e não o contrário, a ruptura com os sentidos postos.
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Almeida, Gallo Fernanda 1979. "As formas do crime organizado". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281284.
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Orientador: Thomas Patrick DwyerTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T06:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlmeidaGallo_Fernanda_D.pdf: 11382311 bytes, checksum: 777bc26194ef591dd24090b4e765a157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Na presente tese explorou-se o Relatório da CPI do Narcotráfico como fonte de dados principal. Através do método indutivo da "Grounded Theory", pôde-se explorar, selecionar e se aprofundar na investigação de seis casos brasileiros que versavam sobre o próprio tráfico de drogas e crimes conexos que, por sua vez, levaram a um estudo sobre organizações do crime organizado. Esses seis casos foram analisados a partir da sociologia formal de Simmel que me conduziu a um estudo sobre as formas acionadas pelo crime organizado, até então inédito na Sociologia. Dentre as principais contribuições e descobertas é possível elencar 1) o uso de metodologias informacionais, como as análises de redes sociais, que permitiram a reconstrução organizacional (e das redes) acionadas pelos grupos estudados e com isso, ajudaram a alcançar um nível de abstração tal que permitiu pensar acerca dos tipos organizacionais acionados por esses grupos; 2) a descoberta do nível meso de análise alcançada através do uso de relatórios e investigações políticas; 3) a percepção sobre a existência de um terceiro tipo organizacional que transita entre as hierarquias e as redes, que denomino como híbrido. Essa tipologia foi percebida na quase totalidade dos casos estudados e, nacional e internacionalmente contextualizada, onde foram encontrados paralelos em casos chineses, canadenses, colombianos e mexicanos. Na tentativa de entender o desenvolvimento do híbrido nos casos estudados, levantei algumas hipóteses, dentre as quais destaco: as TIC¿s influenciam no desenvolvimento de organizações criminosas híbridas
Abstract: In this thesis the Drug Trafficking Report from the Brazilian parliament (lower house) Investigation Commission (CPI) is analyzed as primary data source. By using the inductive Grounded Theory methodology, I was able to explore, select and deepen the investigation into six Brazilian criminal drug trafficking cases and related crimes, resulting in a body of knowledge about the structures and organization of the organized crime. These six cases were analyzed throughout Simmel¿s "formal Sociology" lenses, resulting in a study of the forms employed by the organized crime, a novel result. Main contributions and discoveries in this thesis are: (1) the first reconstruction and abstraction of the organizational networks of Brazilian organized crime by using informational methodologies, (2) the first characterization of the organized crime networks at the analytical "meso"-level, by using a triangulation of methodologies, and (3) the identification of a third organizational class, called here hybrid - a merge between hierarchical and mesh organization. In special, the hybrid organizational type was detected in almost all cases studied and parallels were found to international cases (Chinese, Canadian, Colombian and Mexican). These parallels enabled me to postulate some hypothesis for future work, the most noteworthy relating the pervasive IT and the hybrid organizational class
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutora em Ciências Sociais
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Porter, Jeremy Reed. "The spatial demography of reported crime an examination of urban-rural crime articulation and associated spatio-temporal diffusion processes, U.S. 1990 - 2000 /". Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-10272008-083903.
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Breetzke, Gregory Dennis. "Geo-analysis of offenders in Tshwane: towards an urban ecological theory of crime in South Africa /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01062009-141141/.
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Mishra, Sandeep y University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Risk taking and the crime drop of the 1990s". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/627.
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Crime rates dropped unexpectedly and dramatically in the 1990s. Chapter One describes
this drop, and evaluates previous explanations for the decline. A theoretical and empirical
link between crime and risk taking at the individual level is discussed, as is the
methodology of a study to test whether such a link is observed at the aggregate level.
Chapter Two describes the results of the study investigating the relationship of crime and
risk taking at the aggregate level. Results indicate, for most measures, that a decline in
non-criminal risky activities occurred in the 1990s, paralleling the decline in crime, and
various cross-correlational analyses suggest rates of criminal and non-criminal risky
activities tend of co-vary over time. Chapter Three describes a theoretical framework
based on life history theory that can help to explain the causes of the crime and risk
taking drop in the 1990s, and suggests future avenues of research.viii, 82 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Balchak, Stefanie Wrae. "The geo-spatial analysis and environmental factors of narcotics hot spots". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2936.
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A mixed methodological approach with two different analytic procedures and multiple data sources was used to examine narcotics hot spots. The first phase compares two methods of hot spots identification; the prediction model and the actual crimes. The second phase involves an intensive study to better understand the phenomenon of drug hot spots areas consistently shown to be repeat hot spots.
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Iqbal, Asifa. "Property values, parks and crime: A hedonic analysis in Stockholm, Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98687.
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A park is a desirable feature when people are purchasing a property. Buyers are ready to pay more for properties surrounded by natural amenities, such as a pleasant park. However, if a park is perceived as unsafe by local residents, then it may have a negative effect on housing prices. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of urban parks in Stockholm, capital of Sweden, and to find evidence of whether people in Stockholm are willing to pay extra for parks when purchasing an apartment. This study hypothesized that people’s willingness to pay for urban parks and green spaces is affected by crime. The methodology had two stages. An extensive field work was performed in a selected number of parks to help characterize the parks in Stockholm. This was later followed by the analysis of 2008’s apartment sales using hedonic modelling combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Results suggest that the effect of parks vary by park type. An aggregated measure of parks lower apartment prices but the effect turns out to be positive in some cases, or insignificant, when parks are broken down by types. For instance, parks with cultural features, forest feeling, skating and features of national interest increase apartment prices. However, if park have ball games, marina, boating facilities, skate board facilities and frequent social events – these features tend to reduce property values. These findings support the idea that the impact of park on property value depends on the type of park. Contrary to was expected, the park impact on prices does not seem to be affected by seasonal variations (e.g., summer versus winter), only individual months seem to affect prices. More interestingly, crime affects the quality of parks and, in its turn, the relationship between parks and prices. Results show that parks that originally show a positive impact on prices may affect prices negatively if they have relatively high rates of violence and vandalism. The study finalizes with a discussion these results and their implication for future research.
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Edgar, Jill Marie. "Hate crime in Canada: A quantitative analysis of victimization survey data". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6209.
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Hate crime victimization in Canada is a criminal justice issue that has received insufficient attention. To address this lack of information, Statistics Canada included two questions concerning hate crime on the 1999 administration of the General Social Survey. The data from this survey were analyzed for this thesis. Differences between hate crime and non-hate crime respondents were examined. Subsequently, the three most frequently reported hate crime motivation categories of race/ethnicity, sex and culture were compared. The results of the analysis revealed that while differences exist between hate crime and non-hate crime respondents, the main differences appeared between respondents reporting sex-motivated hate crimes and those in the two remaining categories of race/ethnicity and culture. The main variations were in the reasons respondents cited for not reporting the incident to the police and their psychological reactions to the event. Those who perceived their victimization to be based upon their race/ethnicity or culture did not report the incident to the police because they felt it was not important enough. Respondents victimized on the basis of their sex indicated that they did not bring the incident to the attention of the police because they felt the "police do nothing". While respondents of the three motivation categories of hate crime examined in this study reported being fearful as a result of their victimization, respondents who perceived themselves as having been the victim of a sex-based hate crime were substantially less likely than those victimized as a result of their race/ethnicity or culture to report that they were not effected that much.
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Trent, Carol L. s. "Elite Deviance, Organized Crime, and Homicide: A Cross-National Quantitative Analysis". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5788.
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Both elite deviance, committed by the upper echelons of society, and organized crime threaten development and the rights and security of people across and within nations; however empirical research on these topics is limited, especially in the field of criminology. This study addresses this gap in the literature by testing hypotheses derived from Simon’s symbiotic theory of elite deviance, which posits that direct and indirect relationships exist between elite deviance, organized crime, and conventional crimes exist (2008). The intervening effects of national culture and political economic ideology are also considered.
To test the research hypotheses, this study uses homicide rates, corruption and organized crime measures, and indicators of national culture from 114 nations. Findings suggest that empirical linkages exist between elite deviance, organized crime and conventional deviance at the cross-national level. These data suggest the level of corruption and organized crime within a nation are better predictors of homicide than conventional explanations of violent crime (e.g., modernization/development, opportunity/routine activities). Furthermore, organized crime partially mediated the relationship between corruption and homicide rates in the same (positive) direction. This implies that the criminogenic effect of elite deviance on non-elite deviance operates indirectly through organized crime. The corruption-homicide relationship was also partially mediated by a national culture of moral cynicism and capitalist economic conditions. Although not definitive given methodological concerns and alternate theoretical explanations, this study provides avenues for future research into the underlying social processes that influence the crime rate within nations.
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Bitu, GardÃnia Barbosa Torres. "Analysis of the main determinants of crime in Australia :2001-2005". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2912.
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nÃo hÃThe violence and criminality have become a constant problem for all the population. With this, literature on the economy of the crime has expanded quickly, being focused principally in the relation between the indicators of economical inequality and the distribution of the crimes between the regions. Moreover, some authors had started to study the impact of the public expenses in security and social assistance on criminality. Ahead of this scene, and being based on the economics theory of crime, this work evaluated the signal and the magnitude of the public expenses effect, beyond the socioeconomics factors, on crime in Brazilian states. Using the panel data methodology, the results gotten with fixed effect had pointed the income concentration as an important determinative factor of criminality. Regard to the public expenses effect, it was observed that the expenses with public security exert a negative effect on crime; in such way, an increase in this type of expense diminishes the criminality tax. However, the gotten results had indicated that expenses with social assistance do not exert any impact on crime, suggesting that this type of expense is not an important factor for the reduction of crime.
A violÃncia e a criminalidade tornaram-se um problema constante para toda a populaÃÃo. Com isso, a literatura sobre a economia do crime expandiu-se rapidamente, focando-se principalmente na relaÃÃo entre os indicadores de desigualdade econÃmica e a distribuiÃÃo dos crimes entre as regiÃes. AlÃm disso, alguns autores passaram a estudar o impacto dos gastos pÃblicos em seguranÃa e em assistÃncia social sobre a criminalidade. Sob tal cenÃrio, e baseando-se na teoria econÃmica do crime, este trabalho avaliou o sinal e a magnitude do efeito de aplicaÃÃo dos recursos pÃblicos, alÃm dos fatores socioeconÃmicos, sobre o crime nas unidades federadas brasileira. Utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, os resultados obtidos com efeitos fixos apontaram a concentraÃÃo de renda como importante fator determinante da criminalidade. Com relaÃÃo ao efeito dos gastos pÃblicos, observou-se que os dispÃndios com seguranÃa pÃblica exercem um efeito negativo sobre o crime; desta forma, um aumento nesse tipo de despesa diminui a taxa de criminalidade. Os resultados indicaram, entretanto, que os desembolsos com assistÃncia social nÃo exercem qualquer impacto sobre o crime, sugerindo que este tipo de despesa nÃo à um importante fator para a reduÃÃo do crime.
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Keyser, John G. "Economic performance and corporate structure: an analysis of corporate crime causation". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94508.
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The objective of this study was to assess the affect of economic performance, relative performance and corporate structure on the frequency of corporate crime. The data utilized in this study were obtained from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research and were originally collected by Marshall Clinard and Peter Yeager (1979). In addition to this data source, disaggregated economic data were collected in order to assess the volatility of economic performance for the corporations in the study. The collected data were then merged with the existing data set using the corporate identification numbers provided with an agreement of anonymity.
Pearsons's r was used to assess the zero-order relationships among all the variables in the analysis. A series of T-tests were also performed to examine whether offending corporations had significantly lower economic performance measures than did their non-offending counterparts. Finally, multiple regression techniques were utilized to assess the predictive capability of economic performance and corporate structure on corporate offending.
The bivariate analysis showed little correlation among the economic performance variables and the total and total serious violation categories. Concentration and diversification were significantly correlated with the violation categories. Diversification was also found to be highly correlated in a negative direction with all of the volatility measures. Similar results were found when analyzing the relative performance measures.
When comparing the mean economic scores of offending and non-offending corporations, mean performance was generally lower among offending corporations. Offending corporations, however, were shown to experience less economic volatility than their non-offending counterparts. With respect to relative performance, offending corporations were found to have lower mean economic performance measures than non-offending firms. However, offenders were found to be less volatile relative to their industry than non-offenders.
The regression analysis revealed a positive relationship with the trend of profit and a negative relationship with volatility of profit, both contradict theoretical expectations. In addition, the structural variables were found to be positively related to corporate violations, but they had little mediational effect with respect to the economic variables, as hypothesized.
Based on the findings of this study, the limitations and implication for an economic explanation of corporate offending are discussed.M.S.
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莊明雄. "Analysis of E-commerce crime pattern". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u38nzz.
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