Artículos de revistas: "Cox proce"

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Jullum, Martin y Nils Lid Hjort. "What price semiparametric Cox regression?" Lifetime Data Analysis 25, n.º 3 (14 de septiembre de 2018): 406–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10985-018-9450-7.

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Kim, Hyeong Seok, Taegun Park, Wen Xiu Ren, Ja-Yun Lim, Miae Won, June Seok Heo, Seung Gwan Lee y Jong Seung Kim. "COX-2 targeting indomethacin conjugated fluorescent probe". Dyes and Pigments 150 (marzo de 2018): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.11.053.

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3

Deng, Wu-Guo, Ying Zhu y Kenneth K. Wu. "Role of p300 and PCAF in regulating cyclooxygenase-2 promoter activation by inflammatory mediators". Blood 103, n.º 6 (15 de marzo de 2004): 2135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-09-3131.

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Abstract Coactivators p300 and CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP]–response element binding protein)–binding protein (CBP) serve as an integrator for gene transcription. Their relative involvement in regulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter activity had not been characterized. Using fibroblast and macrophage COX-2 transcription as a model, we determined p300 and CBP levels in nuclear extracts and their binding to a COX-2 promoter probe. CBP level was barely detectable and there was little CBP binding. In contrast, p300 was detectable in nucleus and its binding to a COX-2 promoter probe was enhanced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Binding of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) was also up-regulated. COX-2 proteins and promoter activities induced by these agonists were augmented by p300 overexpression. Early region 1A (E1A), but not its deletion mutant, abrogated COX-2 expression induced by inflammatory mediators and with or without p300 overexpression. Molecular analysis of p300 revealed the requirement of multiple domains, including histone acetyltransferase (HAT) for COX-2 transactivation. Furthermore, roscovitine, an indirect inhibitor of p300 HAT, and histone deacetylase-1 transfection completely abolished COX-2 promoter activity. We conclude that p300 is the predominant coactivator that is essential for COX-2 transcriptional activation by proinflammatory mediators.

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4

Wang, Xinli, Liye Wang, Lijun Xie, Zuoxu Xie, Li Li, Dinh Bui, Taijun Yin, Song Gao y Ming Hu. "Design and Synthesis of a Novel NIR Celecoxib-Based Fluorescent Probe for Cyclooxygenase-2 Targeted Bioimaging in Tumor Cells". Molecules 25, n.º 18 (4 de septiembre de 2020): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184037.

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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) imaging agents are potent tools for early cancer diagnosis. Almost all of the COX2 imaging agents using celecoxib as backbone were chemically modified in the position of N-atom in the sulfonamide group. Herein, a novel COX-2 probe (CCY-5) with high targeting ability and a near-infrared wavelength (achieved by attaching a CY-5 dye on the pyrazole ring of celecoxib using a migration strategy) was evaluated for its ability to probe COX-2 in human cancer cells. CCY-5 is expected to have high binding affinity for COX-2 based on molecular docking and enzyme inhibition assay. Meanwhile, CCY-5 caused stronger fluorescence imaging of COX-2 overexpressing cancer cells (Hela and SCC-9 cells) than that of normal cell lines (RAW 264.7 cells). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated RAW264.7 cells revealed an enhanced fluorescence as LPS was known to induce COX-2 in these cells. In inhibitory studies, a markedly reduced fluorescence intensity was observed in cancer cells, when they were co-treated with a COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Therefore, CCY-5 may be a selective bioimaging agent for cancer cells overexpressing COX-2 and could be useful as a good monitoring candidate for effective diagnosis and therapy in cancer treatment.

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Foersch, Sebastian, Clemens Neufert, Markus F. Neurath y Maximilian J. Waldner. "Endomicroscopic Imaging of COX-2 Activity in Murine Sporadic and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer". Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2013 (15 de enero de 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/250641.

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Although several studies propose a chemopreventive effect of aspirin for colorectal cancer (CRC) development, the general use of aspirin cannot be recommended due to its adverse side effects. As the protective effect of aspirin has been associated with an increased expression of COX-2, molecular imaging of COX-2, for instance, during confocal endomicroscopy could enable the identification of patients who would possibly benefit from aspirin treatment. In this pilot trial, we used a COX-2-specific fluorescent probe for detection of colitis-associated and sporadic CRC in mice using confocal microscopy. Following the injection of the COX-2 probe into tumor-bearing APCmin mice or mice exposed to the AOM + DSS model of colitis-associated cancer, the tumor-specific upregulation of COX-2 could be validated with in vivo fluorescence imaging. Subsequent confocal imaging of tumor tissue showed an increased number of COX-2 expressing cells when compared to the normal mucosa of healthy controls. COX-2-expression was detectable with subcellular resolution in tumor cells and infiltrating stroma cells. These findings pose a proof of concept and suggest the use of CLE for the detection of COX-2 expression during colorectal cancer surveillance endoscopy. This could improve early detection and stratification of chemoprevention in patients with CRC.

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Kenmoe, Stephane, Dick Hartmann Douma, Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji, Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala, Thomas Götsch, Frank Girgsdies, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl y Eckhard Spohr. "X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) at the O K-Edge of Bulk Co3O4: Experimental and Theoretical Studies". Nanomaterials 12, n.º 6 (10 de marzo de 2022): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060921.

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We combine theoretical and experimental X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) to probe the local environment around cationic sites of bulk spinel cobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4). Specifically, we analyse the oxygen K-edge spectrum. We find an excellent agreement between our calculated spectra based on the density functional theory and the projector augmented wave method, previous calculations as well as with the experiment. The oxygen K-edge spectrum shows a strong pre-edge peak which can be ascribed to dipole transitions from O 1s to O 2p states hybridized with the unoccupied 3d states of cobalt atoms. Also, since Co3O4 contains two types of Co atoms, i.e., Co3+ and Co2+, we find that contribution of Co2+ ions to the pre-edge peak is solely due to single spin-polarized t2g orbitals (dxz, dyz, and dxy) while that of Co3+ ions is due to spin-up and spin-down polarized eg orbitals (dx2−y2 and dz2). Furthermore, we deduce the magnetic moments on the Co3+ and Co2+ to be zero and 3.00 μB respectively. This is consistent with an earlier experimental study which found that the magnetic structure of Co3O4 consists of antiferromagnetically ordered Co2+ spins, each of which is surrounded by four nearest neighbours of oppositely directed spins.

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Pewklang, Thitima, Kantapat Chansaenpak, Rung-Yi Lai, Parinya Noisa y Anyanee Kamkaew. "Aza-BODIPY probe for selective visualization of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer cells". RSC Advances 9, n.º 24 (2019): 13372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01948k.

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8

Wen, Hai Zhen, Xiao Qing Bu y Ling Zhang. "The Application of Box-Cox Transformation in Selecting Functional Form for Hedonic Price Models". Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (agosto de 2013): 2869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.2869.

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Box-Cox transformation allows functional forms more flexible. On the basis of the principle of model optimization, an empirical study is made for housing market of Hangzhou City. By collecting 2417 housing data in Hangzhou City, a housing hedonic price model with Box-Cox transformations is set up with 18 factors as housing characteristics. The model is estimated after the grid-search procedure by using MATLAB and SPSS software, and the statistical test shows that the logarithmic function is the optimal form. The model comparisons in the fitness and forecasting performance indicate that the logarithmic model is superior to other three models of the linear, semi-logarithmic and inverse semi-logarithmic. Empirical analysis suggests that the Box-Cox transformation is valid and feasible in choosing functional forms, can be used to optimize hedonic price models.

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9

Sun, Ren Jin, Keng H. Chung, Siauw Ng y Hao Wang. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Coke Production from Delayed Coking Process". Advanced Materials Research 849 (noviembre de 2013): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.380.

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Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was performed for a 1.6 million tons per year (30,000 BPD) delayed coking unit. The results show that the LCC of coke production is higher than the price of coke and profits are obtained at the expense of environmental costs. The feedstock cost accounts for a majority of LCC. The variability impacts of processing expenses and carbon dioxide (CO2) price on LCC are relative similar. This suggests that if a higher CO2 price is imposed on coke production, it is unlikely that the producer will make any effort to reduce the CO2 emissions either by improving the efficiency of coking process or implement CO2 remediation initiatives. The CO2 price increase will be considered as a processing cost increase. The green factor (GF) is predominantly dependent on coke price; an increased coke price improves the GF significantly. Increased CO2 price has a negative impact on GF, but the relative incremental impact of CO2 price on GF is less at high CO2 prices. Hence, there is little can be done to improve the GF of coke production, since the coke price is beyond the control of coke producer.

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10

Daniel, Kent D., Robert B. Litterman y Gernot Wagner. "Declining CO2 price paths". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n.º 42 (1 de octubre de 2019): 20886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817444116.

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Pricing greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions involves making trade-offs between consumption today and unknown damages in the (distant) future. While decision making under risk and uncertainty is the forte of financial economics, important insights from pricing financial assets do not typically inform standard climate–economy models. Here, we introduce EZ-Climate, a simple recursive dynamic asset pricing model that allows for a calibration of the carbon dioxide (CO2) price path based on probabilistic assumptions around climate damages. Atmospheric CO2 is the “asset” with a negative expected return. The economic model focuses on society’s willingness to substitute consumption across time and across uncertain states of nature, enabled by an Epstein–Zin (EZ) specification that delinks preferences over risk from intertemporal substitution. In contrast to most modeled CO2 price paths, EZ-Climate suggests a high price today that is expected to decline over time as the “insurance” value of mitigation declines and technological change makes emissions cuts cheaper. Second, higher risk aversion increases both the CO2 price and the risk premium relative to expected damages. Lastly, our model suggests large costs associated with delays in pricing CO2 emissions. In our base case, delaying implementation by 1 y leads to annual consumption losses of over 2%, a cost that roughly increases with the square of time per additional year of delay. The model also makes clear how sensitive results are to key inputs.

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11

Cao, Xiaozheng, Tang Gao, Jie Dong, Xinchen Jiang, Hui Zou, Tingting Liu, Kunqian Yu y Wenbin Zeng. "An AIE-based self-assembled fluorescent probe for COX-2 imaging". New Journal of Chemistry 43, n.º 20 (2019): 7874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01473j.

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12

Ziegler, J. "Early Trials Probe COX-2 Inhibitors' Cancer-Fighting Potential". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91, n.º 14 (21 de julio de 1999): 1186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.14.1186.

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13

Afridi, Saifullah. "Pakistani youth population is prone to SARS-CoV-2 (nCoVID-19) Infection". International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 5, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/083.

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The novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) with potential for human-to-human transmission at an exponential rate across the globe has been shown in numerous reports. According to WHO declaration COVID-19 is a global emergency with over 40 million infections that could cause 1-5 million deaths. Currently Pakistan is acutely facing this key challenge with lockdown and casualties. On February 25, 2020, the (COVID-19) first case was reported in Karachi (Sindh) from a pilgrim and rapidly spread throughout Pakistan. As of October 25, 2020, a total of 320,211 cases have been confirmed in the 4 Pakistani provinces, the capital Islamabad and the two autonomous. The predicted numbers of infections up to November 10 should be around 335,000-350,000 with 5000-10,000 severe and 1000-3000 critical cases.

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14

Wang, Benhua, Jiangli Fan, Xianwu Wang, Hao Zhu, Jingyun Wang, Huiying Mu y Xiaojun Peng. "A Nile blue based infrared fluorescent probe: imaging tumors that over-express cyclooxygenase-2". Chemical Communications 51, n.º 4 (2015): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc08915d.

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The free Niblue-C6-IMC exists in a folded conformation where fluorescence is quenched, and when it binds to COX-2 in the Golgi apparatus of cancer cells, it is forced to adopt the unfolded state, and then fluorescence is turned on. Niblue-C6-IMC was proved to specifically target COX-2 by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis.

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WALKER, Mark C., Ravi G. KURUMBAIL, James R. KIEFER, Kirby T. MORELAND, Carol M. KOBOLDT, Peter C. ISAKSON, Karen SEIBERT y James K. GIERSE. "A three-step kinetic mechanism for selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by diarylheterocyclic inhibitors". Biochemical Journal 357, n.º 3 (25 de julio de 2001): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3570709.

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Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes are the targets for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs demonstrate a variety of inhibitory mechanisms, which include simple competitive, as well as slow binding and irreversible inhibition. In general, most NSAIDs inhibit COX-1 and −2 by similar mechanisms. A unique class of diarylheterocyclic inhibitors has been developed that is highly selective for COX-2 by virtue of distinct inhibitory mechanisms for each isoenzyme. Several of these inhibitors, with varying selectivity, have been utilized to probe the mechanisms of COX inhibition. Results from analysis of both steady-state and time-dependent inhibition were compared. A generalized mechanism for inhibition, consisting of three sequential reversible steps, can account for the various types of kinetic behaviour observed with these inhibitors.

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Lansford, Notie H. y Lonnie L. Jones. "Marginal Price of Lake Recreation and Aesthetics: An Hedonic Approach". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, n.º 1 (julio de 1995): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080001974x.

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AbstractEfficient allocation of water requires knowledge of water's value in both consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. This study estimates the marginal value of water in lake recreational and aesthetic (RA) use. An hedonic price equation (employing the Box-Cox functional form) indicates lake front location, distance to lake, and scenic view are significant RA characteristics of housing. Water front properties command a premium price for the private access they offer. Beyond the water front, the marginal RA price falls rapidly with increasing distance, becoming asymptotic to some minimum. Twenty-two percent of housing price is found to be attributable to the RA component.

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Guy, Chloey P., Christine M. Latham, Randi N. Owen, Ashley L. Fowler y Sarah H. White-Springer. "107 Skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters correlate with sales price in weanling racing-bred Thoroughbred horses". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de noviembre de 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.157.

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Abstract Thoroughbred horse sales prices rely heavily on animal conformation and ancestral race performance, as well as the current economic landscape. However, little information exists on the relationship between physiological parameters and sales price. We aimed to test the hypothesis that weanling sales price would positively correlate with skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters in racing-bred Thoroughbreds. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 19; mean ± SD; 5.7 ± 0.3 mo) and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; COX) by colorimetry, and oxidative and electron transport system capacities by high resolution respirometry. Horses were sold at the 2018 and 2019 Keeneland November Breeding Stock Sales at 8.5 ± 0.7 mo of age. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Statistics in SAS (v9.4). Weanling sales price was positively correlated with intrinsic mitochondrial function (COX activity per unit CS; r = 0.6269, P = 0.004) and coupling efficiency with substrates for complex I+II (r = 0.4424, P = 0.05). A trend for a negative correlation was observed between weanling sales price and CS activity (r = -0.4179, P = 0.07), while a trend for a positive correlation between sales price and intrinsic oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I substrates (r = 0.3974, P = 0.09) was observed. In this cohort of weanling Thoroughbreds, mitochondrial parameters measured at 6 mo of age correlated with sales price at 8 mo of age. Implications of these relationships as they relate to race performance should be further investigated.

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Wu, Qunli y Huaxing Lin. "Estimating Regional Shadow Prices of CO2 in China: A Directional Environmental Production Frontier Approach". Sustainability 11, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020429.

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Shadow price of carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a fundamental role in evaluating CO2 abatement cost and formulating regional environmental policies. In this study, CO2 shadow prices are estimated in 29 provinces of China from 2006 to 2015. Directional Environmental Production Frontier Function (DEPFF) measures the distance between actual production points and the effective production frontier surface, which yields the shadow prices of CO2 emission. With the relationship between CO2 emission and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth which is encapsulated in the shadow price, the provinces are classified into three groups: acceleration zone, buffer zone, and deceleration zone. The acceleration zone is characterized by a smaller emission growth driving a greater economic growth, and the provincial average price of CO2 is 184.16 US$/ton. In the buffer zone, a significant emission increase brings about less economic growth with the average shadow price at 86.57 US$/ton. In the deceleration zone, a high growth rate of CO2 emissions is accompanied with an economic output decrease, which implies that the shadow price of CO2 should be negative, and the mean value is −200.7 US$/ton. As the CO2 abatement potential differs significantly across provinces, the environmental policy and CO2 reduction targets should be region-specific.

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19

Roy, Debarpita. "Housing demand in Indian metros: a hedonic approach". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, n.º 1 (10 de mayo de 2018): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2017-0041.

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Purpose This paper aims to understand housing demand of urban Indian households in terms of housing and household-level characteristics. Because a house is a bundle of certain characteristics which vary across houses, each characteristic has an implicit price. Finding this implicit price for certain important characteristics is the first objective of this study. The second objective of the paper is to compute the income elasticity and price elasticity of housing demand for these cities. Design/methodology/approach To achieve comparable estimates, household-level data from India’s National Sample Survey Organisation housing surveys for the years 2002 and 2008-2009 have been used. A hedonic price function is estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and Box-Cox functional forms to estimate the implicit prices of housing characteristics. This exercise is attempted for owned and rented houses separately. Demand function required for computing the elasticities, uses the hedonic price index derived from the implicit prices and household characteristics. Findings The study finds housing demand to be income elastic and price inelastic for the six cities across both the time periods. Originality/value Firstly, this study includes housing characteristics such as individual access to drinking water, modern sanitation facility, separate kitchen, condition of the structure, existence of a road with street light and whether the house is in a slum or non-slum area in the hedonic price function. These variables were not used in any of the earlier studies pertaining to India. Secondly, it uses the Box-Cox non-linear form to derive the hedonic price function, a specification not used earlier. Thirdly, this is the first study analysing housing demand across the six largest Indian cities.

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Luo, Cheng, Leena Strauss, Ari Ristimäki, Tomi Streng y Risto Santti. "Constant Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene in Prostate and the Lower Urinary Tract of Estrogen-Treated Male Rats". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, n.º 5-6 (1 de junio de 2001): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-5-621.

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Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (E. C. 1.14.99.1) in prostate and the lower urinary tract (LUT) of the neonatally estrogenized male rat has been studied by using a COX-2 ’s PCR fragment of 724 nt spanning 3 introns and a 478nt internal standard for quantitative RTPCR. The same fragment of 724 nt was used for RNA probe in Northern hybridization. Neonatal estrogenization (10 μg/day of diethylstilbestrol on days 1-5) had no effect on COX -2 expression in prostatic urethra, prostatic lobes, or bladder. Acute estrogen treatment of castrated animals did not induce COX-2 expression, either. In addition the differential expression of basal level of COX-2 in the different lobes of prostate in normal rat was demonstrated. Our results suggest a constant expression of COX-2 gene in prostate and the lower urinary tract of the neonatally estrogenized (neoDES) rats. The present study indicates that the increased expression of COX -2 is probably not essential for the estrogen-driven development of stromal inflammation or hyperplastic and dysplastic alterations in the prostate of neoDES rats.

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Weller, S. A., J. G. Elphinstone, N. C. Smith, N. Boonham y D. E. Stead. "Detection of Ralstonia solanacearumStrains with a Quantitative, Multiplex, Real-Time, Fluorogenic PCR (TaqMan) Assay". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2000): 2853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2853-2858.2000.

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ABSTRACT A fluorogenic (TaqMan) PCR assay was developed to detectRalstonia solanacearum strains. Two fluorogenic probes were utilized in a multiplex reaction; one broad-range probe (RS) detected all biovars of R. solanacearum, and a second more specific probe (B2) detected only biovar 2A. Amplification of the target was measured by the 5′ nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase on each probe, resulting in emission of fluorescence. TaqMan PCR was performed with DNA extracted from 42 R. solanacearum and genetically or serologically related strains to demonstrate the specificity of the assay. In pure cultures, detection of R. solanacearum to ≥102 cells ml−1 was achieved. Sensitivity decreased when TaqMan PCR was performed with inoculated potato tissue extracts, prepared by currently recommended extraction procedures. A third fluorogenic probe (COX), designed with the potato cytochrome oxidase gene sequence, was also developed for use as an internal PCR control and was shown to detect potato DNA in an RS-COX multiplex TaqMan PCR with infected potato tissue. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay, combined with high speed, robustness, reliability, and the possibility of automating the technique, offer potential advantages in routine indexing of potato tubers and other plant material for the presence of R. solanacearum.

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Carassus, Laurence y Tiziano Vargiolu. "Super-replication price: it can be ok". ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 64 (2018): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/201864054.

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We consider a discrete time financial model where the support of the conditional law of the risky asset is bounded. For convex options we show that the super-replication problem reduces to the replication one in a Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model whose parameters are the law support boundaries. Thus the super-replication price can be of practical use if this support is not to large. We also make the link with the recent literature on multiple-priors models.

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Thomas, Stefan, Manfred Fischedick y Uwe Schneidewind. "Eine CO2-Steuer als Instrument der Klimapolitik: notwendig, aber nur im Gesamtpaket wirkungsvoll und sozial gerecht". Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 68, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2019-2016.

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Abstract A CO2 price is a central instrument to enable and facilitate a comprehensive decarbonisation of the economy. It can be implemented by different instruments, particularly in the form of a CO2 tax. It is important, however, that a CO2 price alone – due to the manifold obstacles (including non-economic barriers) – cannot replace sectoral goals and instruments. Rather, it must be implemented as a complement to sector-specific climate protection instruments. The article provides information on how a CO2 price can be shaped in a concrete and appropriate form.

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Mani, Vasudevan, Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan, Kalavathy Ramasamy, Siong Meng Lim y Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed. "Mahanimbine Improved Aging-Related Memory Deficits in Mice through Enhanced Cholinergic Transmission and Suppressed Oxidative Stress, Amyloid Levels, and Neuroinflammation". Brain Sciences 12, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010012.

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Murraya koenigii leaves contain mahanimbine, a carbazole alkaloid, reported with improving cholinergic neuronal transmission and reducing neuroinflammation in the CNS. The current research investigated the effects of mahanimbine on age-related memory deficits, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid formation, and neuroinflammation in aged mice (16 months old). Mahanimbine was administered (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.) daily to groups of aged mice for 30 days. The Morris water maze (MWM) task was performed to study spatial learning (escape latency (EL) and swimming distance (SD)) and memory (probe test). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β-amyloid (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42), β-secretase (BACE-1), as well as neuroinflammation markers (total cyclooxygenase (COX) and COX-2 expression), were measured from the isolated brain. Mahanimbine reduced the EL time and SD in the MWM test. From the probe trial, the mahanimbine-treated group spent more time in the targeted quadrant related to the age-matched control, which indicated the enhancement of memory retention. From the biochemical tests, the treatment decreased MDA, AChE, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42, BACE-1, total COX activity, and COX-2 expression. It also raised the brain GSH and ACh levels in aged mice compared to age-matched control. These results have supported the reversal of memory dysfunctions by mahanimbine in aged mice and hypothesized that it could be a potential target to treat age-related neurodegenerative disease.

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Appleby, S. B., A. Ristimäki, K. Neilson, K. Narko y T. Hla. "Structure of the human cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene". Biochemical Journal 302, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 1994): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3020723.

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Cyclo-oxygenase (Cox), a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of prostanoids, is encoded by two genes, Cox-1 and Cox-2, which are differentially expressed and regulated. Human Cox-1 and -2 polypeptides share 61% primary sequence identity. While the expression of Cox-1 is maximal in quiescent cells. Cox-2 expression is induced by growth factors and cytokines. We have screened a human genomic library with a probe from the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of the human Cox-2 (hCox-2) cDNA and isolated two overlapping genomic clones. We have determined the DNA sequence of 0.8 kb upstream of the transcription start site, 6 kb of protein coding region, which includes 10 exons and 9 introns, as well as 2.5 kb of the 3′-UTR. The structures of the hCox-1 and hCox-2 and the murine TIS10 (Cox-2) genes are highly conserved, with a few exceptions. The 3′-UTRs of the Cox-1 and -2 genes are distinct; for example, the largest exon in the Cox-2 gene encodes the entire 3′-UTR, containing 22 copies of the ‘AUUUA’ RNA instability element. Sequence analysis of the 5′-flanking region has shown several potential transcription regulatory sequences, including a TATA box, a C/EBP motif, two AP-2 sites, three SP1 sites, two NF-kappa B sites, a CRE motif and an Ets-1 site. These efforts serve as a basis for future studies on transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms of Cox-2 gene regulation.

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BELL, DENIS y SCOTT STELLJES. "ARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION PRICING MODELS". Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 87, n.º 2 (octubre de 2009): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s144678870900007x.

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AbstractWe describe a scheme for constructing explicitly solvable arbitrage-free models for stock price. This is used to study a model similar to one introduced by Cox and Ross, where the volatility of the stock is proportional to the square root of the stock price. We derive a formula for the value of a European call option based on this model and give a procedure for estimating parameters and for testing the validity of the model.

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27

Steiner, Alexandre A., Alla Y. Rudaya, Jared R. Robbins, Alexander S. Dragic, Robert Langenbach y Andrej A. Romanovsky. "Expanding the febrigenic role of cyclooxygenase-2 to the previously overlooked responses". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2005): R1253—R1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2005.

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Previous studies on the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in fever induced by intravenous LPS have failed to investigate the role of these isoenzymes in the earliest responses: monophasic fever (response to a low, near-threshold dose of LPS) and the first phase of polyphasic fever (response to higher doses). We studied these responses in 96 mice that were COX-1 or COX-2 deficient (−/−) or sufficient (+/+). Each mouse was implanted with a temperature telemetry probe into the peritoneal cavity and a jugular catheter. The study was conducted at a tightly controlled, neutral ambient temperature (31°C). To avoid stress hyperthermia (which masks the onset of fever), all injections were performed through a catheter extension. The +/+ mice responded to intravenous saline with no change in deep body temperature. To a low dose of LPS (1 μg/kg iv), they responded with a monophasic fever. To a higher dose (56 μg/kg), they responded with a polyphasic fever. Neither monophasic fever nor the first phase of polyphasic fever was attenuated in the COX-1 −/− mice, but both responses were absent in the COX-2 −/− mice. The second and third phases of polyphasic fever were also missing in the COX-2 −/− mice. The present study identifies a new, critical role for COX-2 in the mediation of the earliest responses to intravenous LPS: monophasic fever and the first phase of polyphasic fever. It also suggests that no product of the COX-1 gene, including the splice variant COX-1b (COX-3), is essential for these responses.

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28

Cho, W. S. y C. Chae. "Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Swine Naturally Infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae". Veterinary Pathology 40, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-1-25.

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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was detected and localized in 15 pigs with naturally occurring pleuropneumonia using a 437–base pair digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe in an in situ hybridization protocol. Histopathologic changes in the acute stage were characterized by coagulative necrosis of lung parenchyma, hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, edema, fibrin deposition, and infiltration of lung parenchyma by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in nine pigs. In chronic lesions, a thick layer of granulation tissue surrounded foci of pulmonary necrosis in six pigs. All 15 pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, confirmed by bacterial isolation, had distinct positive hybridization signals for COX-2 in bronchial, bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and type I pneumocytes. COX-2 expression was detected primarily in neutrophils from pigs with acute lesions and primarily in alveolar macrophages from pigs with chronic lesions. The results suggest that a prostanoid product of COX-2 is an important component of the inflammatory response to acute and chronic A. pleuropneumoniae infection.

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29

Llemit, Dennis G. "On a recursive algorithm for pricing discrete barrier options". International Journal of Financial Engineering 02, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2015): 1550047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786315500474.

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An alternative and simple algorithm for valuating the price of discrete barrier options is presented. This algorithm computes the price just exactly the same as the Cox–Ross–Rubinstein (CRR) model. As opposed to other pricing methodologies, this recursive algorithm utilizes only the terminal nodes of the binomial tree and it captures the intrinsic property, the knock-in or knock-out feature, of barrier options. In this paper, we apply the algorithm to compute the price of an Up and Out Put (UOP) barrier option and compare the results obtained from the CRR model. We then determine the time complexity of the algorithm and show that it is [Formula: see text].

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30

Grasselli, M. R. y T. R. Hurd. "Wiener chaos and the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, n.º 2054 (8 de febrero de 2005): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1366.

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In this paper we recast the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) model of interest rates into the chaotic representation recently introduced by Hughston and Rafailidis. Beginning with the ‘squared Gaussian representation’ of the CIR model, we find a simple expression for the fundamental random variable X ∞ . By use of techniques from the theory of infinite–dimensional Gaussian integration, we derive an explicit formula for the n th term of the Wiener chaos expansion of the CIR model, for n = 0,1,2,…. We then derive a new expression for the price of a zero coupon bond which reveals a connection between Gaussian measures and Ricatti differential equations.

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31

Sun, Jingyue, Haopo Xu, Cong Chen, Tonglai Li, Weizhong Li y Yan Qin. "CO2 Adhesion Characteristics on Solid Surfaces under CO2 Geologic Sequestration Environment". Geofluids 2022 (25 de febrero de 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9275688.

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Wettability at mineral-CO2 interface in CGS (carbon geosequestration) is a key parameter for risk assessments and storage capacity estimations. Many studies of wettability achieved inconsistent results, while adhesion could be a potential mechanism causing huge wettability alteration. CO2 adhesion characteristics have been revealed for CO2/brine/mica system under a wide range of pressures, temperatures, and salinities by analyzing static and dynamic contact angles. Under all experiment conditions, the average static CA ranges from 19.5° to 32.1°. In 8 MPa experiments, CA decreases from 26.0° to 19.5° with the increasing salinity. Similar trends were also observed under 12 MPa condition. However, CA does not show clear dependence on pressure. A concentric probe was designed by which vertical position of the probe can be changed by rotating the screw of the probe holder while horizontal degrees of freedom are restricted. With this concentric probe, contact angles were obtained at different positions of the same sample to investigate the effect of heterogeneity of sample surface. Uncertainty and large hysteresis of dynamic contact angles were found which related with measurement positions. These large hystereses as obvious sign of adhesion had good repeatability at specific surface positions. Further electron microscope test demonstrated the correlation between large hysteresis and smoother surfaces which is consistent with the DLVO theory-based water film thickness hypothesis on adhesion. This study enriched the data on the wettability of mica and may shed light on CO2 adhesion on solid surfaces for better understanding the fate of CO2 during sequestration.

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32

DELARUE, ERIK D., A. DENNY ELLERMAN y WILLIAM D. D'HAESELEER. "SHORT-TERM CO2 ABATEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN POWER SECTOR: 2005–2006". Climate Change Economics 01, n.º 02 (agosto de 2010): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000108.

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This paper provides an estimate of short-term abatement of CO2 emissions through fuel switching in the European power sector in response to the CO2 price imposed by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in 2005 and 2006. The estimate is based on the use of a highly detailed simulation model of the European power sector in which abatement is the difference between simulations of actual conditions with and without the observed CO2 price. We estimate that the cumulative abatement over this period was about 53 million metric tons. The paper also explains the complex relationship between abatement and daily, weekly, and seasonal variations in load, relative fuel prices, and the price of CO2 allowances.

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33

Haraden, John. "An improved shadow price for CO2". Energy 17, n.º 5 (mayo de 1992): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(92)90081-a.

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34

Haraden, John. "An updated shadow price for CO2". Energy 18, n.º 3 (marzo de 1993): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(93)90114-s.

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35

Grüll, Georg y Rüdiger Kiesel. "Quantifying the CO2 Permit Price Sensitivity". Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 36, n.º 2 (28 de abril de 2012): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12398-012-0082-4.

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36

Jaramillo-Morán, Miguel A. y Agustín García-García. "Applying Artificial Neural Networks to Forecast European Union Allowance Prices: The Effect of Information from Pollutant-Related Sectors". Energies 12, n.º 23 (22 de noviembre de 2019): 4439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234439.

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In this paper, we forecast the price of CO2 emission allowances using an artificial intelligence tool: neural networks. We were able to provide confident predictions of several future prices by processing a set of past data. Different model structures were tested. The influence of subjective economic and political decisions on price evolution leads to complex behavior that is hard to forecast. We analyzed correlations with different economic variables related to the price of CO2 emission allowances and found the behavior of two to be similar: electricity prices and iron and steel prices. They, along with CO2 emission allowance prices, were included in the forecasting model in order to verify whether or not this improved forecasting accuracy. Only slight improvements were observed, which proved to be more significant when their respective time series trends or fluctuations were used instead of the original time series. These results show that there is some sort of link between the three variables, suggesting that the price of CO2 emission allowances is closely related to the time evolution of the price of electricity and that of iron and steel, which are very pollutant industrial sectors. This can be regarded as evidence that the CO2 market is working properly.

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37

Heard, Charles M. "An ex vivo skin model to probe modulation of local cutaneous arachidonic acid inflammation pathway". Journal of Biological Methods 7, n.º 4 (26 de octubre de 2020): e138. http://dx.doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2020.319.

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There is a need for inexpensive and reliable means to determine the modulation of cutaneous inflammation. The method outlined in this article draws together a number of scientific techniques and makes use of generally unwanted biological tissues as a means of determining skin inflammation ex vivo, and focuses on probing aspects of the arachidonic acid inflammation pathway. Freshly excised skin contains elevated levels of short-lived inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and, under viable conditions, COX-2 and its eicosanoid products will continue to be produced until tissue necrosis, providing a window of time in which relative levels can be probed to determine exacerbation due to an upregulating factor or downregulation due the presence of an agent exerting anti-inflammatory activity. Ex vivo porcine skin, mounted in Franz diffusion cells, is dosed topically with the xenobiotic challenge and then techniques such as Western blotting and immunohistochemistry can then be used to probe relative COX-2 levels on a semi-quantitative or qualitative level. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or LCMS can be used to determine relative prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) levels. Thus far, the technique has been used to examine the effects of topically applied anti-inflammatories (betamethasone, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and methotrexate), natural products (fish oil, Devil’s claw extract and pomegranate rind extract) and drug delivery vehicle (polyNIPAM nanogels). Topically applied xenobiotics that modulate factors such as COX-2 and PGE-2 must penetrate the intact skin, and this provides direct evidence of overcoming the "barrier function" of the stratum corneum in order to target the viable epidermis in sufficient levels to be able to elicit such effects. This system has particular potential as a pre-clinical screening tool for those working on the development of topical delivery systems, and has the additional advantage of being in line with 3 Rs philosophy.

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38

KRAFT, HOLGER. "OPTIMAL PORTFOLIOS WITH STOCHASTIC SHORT RATE: PITFALLS WHEN THE SHORT RATE IS NON-GAUSSIAN OR THE MARKET PRICE OF RISK IS UNBOUNDED". International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 12, n.º 06 (septiembre de 2009): 767–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024909005452.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of some of the problems occurring in portfolio problems with power utility, Non-Gaussian interest rates, and/or unbounded market price of risk. Using stochastic control theory, we solve several portfolio problems for different specifications of the short rate and the market price of risk. In particular, we consider a Gaussian model, the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model, and squared Gaussian as well as lognormal specifications of the short rate. We find that even in a Gaussian framework the canonical candidate for the value function may not be finite if the market price of risk is unbounded. It is thus not straightforward to generalize results on continuous-time portfolio problems with power utility, Gaussian interest rates, and bounded market price of risk to situations where the short rate is Non-Gaussian or the market price of risk is unbounded.

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39

Elbakidze, Levan, Brett Schiller y R. Garth Taylor. "Estimation of Short and Long Run Derived Irrigation Water Demands and Elasticities". Water Economics and Policy 03, n.º 01 (enero de 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x17500011.

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Short-run and long-run derived irrigation water demand functions are estimated using shadow price data obtained from a profit maximization mathematical programming model. Crop and soil-type specific production functions are expressed in terms of applied irrigation water. Demand functions for two South Central Idaho counties are estimated using linear, semi-log, double-log, and Box-Cox transformation forms. Price elasticities, at the mean shadow prices, range from 0.8 to 1.2, 1.49 to 1.84, and 2.9 to 4.9, for short run, long run with deficit irrigation, and long run with no deficit irrigation, respectively.

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40

Mahmood, Haider, Alam Asadov, Muhammad Tanveer, Maham Furqan y Zhang Yu. "Impact of Oil Price, Economic Growth and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in GCC Countries: Asymmetry Analysis". Sustainability 14, n.º 8 (11 de abril de 2022): 4562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084562.

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Oil prices and rapidly increasing urbanization could have a long-lasting impact on the environment in oil-abundant Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Therefore, the environmental role of oil price, economic growth, and urbanization on CO2 emissions should be tested. The present study investigates the impact of oil price, economic growth, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in those countries, considering asymmetrical relationships. For this purpose, a nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag cointegration approach is applied in GCC countries during the 1980–2019 period, and cointegration is corroborated in all investigated models. Long-run results show that rising economic growth positively affects CO2 emissions in Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Decreasing economic growth positively affects CO2 emissions in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Moreover, the rising oil price has a positive impact on CO2 emissions and shows a scale effect in Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Moreover, it has a negative effect and corroborates technique and composition effects in Kuwait and the UAE. Further, decreasing oil prices has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in Bahrain and has a negative effect in Kuwait and the UAE. Lastly, urbanization positively affects CO2 emissions in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. Economic growth is found asymmetrical in all GCC countries, and the asymmetrical effect of oil price is also observed in all GCC countries except the UAE.

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41

Kaya, Gamze. "Field-free molecular alignment of carbon dioxide molecules measured with above-threshold ionization yields". Canadian Journal of Physics 98, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2019-0361.

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We present measurements of above-threshold ionization (ATI) of CO2 in a pump-probe experiment where the pump pulse creates a rotational wave packet and the linearly polarized probe pulse generates the ATI spectrum as a function of the pump-probe delay time, which sweeps over the revival time of field-free alignment and its quarter fractions. The observed alignment signals, which are the electron yields of ATI by a probe pulse as a function of a delay between the pump and probe pulse, are compared with the calculated alignment parameter [Formula: see text]. The results are explained by nuclear spin statistics and the wave packet evolution of the CO2 molecule in terms of the highest occupied molecular orbital.

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42

Emslie, S. y S. Mataramvura. "Comparison of numerical methods to price zero coupon bonds in a two-factor CIR model". South African Actuarial Journal 20, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2021): 109–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/saaj.v20i1.5.

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In this paper we price a zero coupon bond under a Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) two-factor model using various numerical schemes. To the best of our knowledge, a closed-form or explicit price functional is not trivial and has been less studied. The use and comparison of several numerical methods to determine the bond price is one contribution of this paper. Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) , finite difference schemes and simulation are the three classes of numerical methods considered. These are compared on the basis of computational efficiency and accuracy, with the second aim of this paper being to identify the most efficient numerical method. The numerical ODE methods used to solve the system of ODEs arising as a result of the affine structure of the CIR model are more accurate and efficient than the other classes of methods considered, with the Runge–Kutta ODE method being the most efficient. The Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method is the most efficient of the finite difference scheme methods considered, while the simulation methods are shown to be inefficient. Our choice of considering these methods instead of the other known and apparently new numerical methods (eg Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, Cosine (COS) method, etc.) is motivated by their popularity in handling interest rate instruments. Keywords: Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model; numerical methods; Runge–Kutta method; zero-coupon bonds; Alternating Direction Implicit method

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43

Okunade, Albert A. y Mark J. Cochran. "Functional Forms and Farm-Level Demand for Pecans by Variety". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1991): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200018215.

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AbstractRecent developments in the U.S. pecan industry appear to limit the utility of past research. The importance of pecan variety has emerged as an issue which could alter past results. The linear and double-log models previously fitted to all-pecans (averaged) data may be too restrictive and hence, are less useful for variety-specific analysis. Past research also analyzed price turning points using nominal data. This study investigated functional form and data-averaging problems by fitting separate flexible Box-Cox price-dependent models for all-pecans and each variety of pecans (1970/71-1988/89 deflated data). Results indicate: other nuts substitute for different pecan varieties, estimated all-pecans price flexibility is biased and clouds variety-specific flexibilities, and restrictive functional forms are inappropriate.

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44

Pausawasdi, Nonthalee, Saravanan Ramamoorthy, Leslie J. Crofford, Frederick K. Askari y Andrea Todisco. "Regulation and function of COX-2 gene expression in isolated gastric parietal cells". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 282, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2002): G1069—G1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00164.2001.

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We examined expression, function, and regulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene in gastric parietal cells. COX-2-specific mRNA was isolated from purified (>95%) canine gastric parietal cells in primary culture and measured by Northern blots using a human COX-2 cDNA probe. Carbachol was the most potent inducer of COX-2 gene expression. Gastrin and histamine exhibited minor stimulatory effects. Carbachol-stimulated expression was inhibited by intracellular Ca2+chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid-AM (90%), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF-109203X (48%), and p38 kinase inhibitor SB-203580 (48%). Nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid inhibited carbachol-stimulated expression by 80%. Similar results were observed in the presence of adenoviral vector Ad.dom.neg.IκB, which expresses a repressor of NF-κB. Addition of SB-203580 with Ad.dom.neg.IκB almost completely blocked carbachol stimulation of COX-2 gene expression. We examined the effect of carbachol on PGE2release by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Carbachol induced PGE2 release. Ad.dom.neg.IκB, alone or with SB-203580, produced, respectively, partial (70%) and almost complete (>80%) inhibition of carbachol-stimulated PGE2 production. Selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 blocked carbachol-stimulated PGE2 release without affecting basal PGE2production. In contrast, indomethacin inhibited both basal and carbachol-stimulated PGE2 release. Carbachol induces COX-2 gene expression in the parietal cells through signaling pathways that involve intracellular Ca2+, PKC, p38 kinase, and activation of NF-κB. The functional significance of these effects seems to be stimulation of PGE2 release.

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45

Fridstrøm, Lasse. "The Norwegian Vehicle Electrification Policy and Its Implicit Price of Carbon". Sustainability 13, n.º 3 (28 de enero de 2021): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031346.

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The rapid market uptake of battery and hybrid electric cars in Norway is unparalleled. We examine the fiscal policy instruments behind this development. In essence, the Norwegian policy consists in taxing internal combustion engine vehicles rather than subsidizing electric ones. There are 14 different fiscal incentives in place bearing on vehicles, fuel, or road use. All of them are in some way CO2-differentiated. In the tradition of positive economics, we derive the price of carbon implicit in each policy instrument and in the total package of taxes and subsidies. The price of carbon characterizing the trade-off between conventional and battery electric cars in Norway as of 2019 exceeds €1370 per ton of CO2. For light and heavy-duty commercial vehicles the corresponding prices have been conservatively estimated at €640 and €200 per ton of CO2, respectively. In addition, the penalty incurred by automakers for not meeting their 2020/2021 target under EU Regulation 2019/631 corresponds to a carbon price of the order of €340 per ton of CO2. As compared to the price of emission allowances in the European cap-and-trade system, the price of carbon paid by automakers and Norwegian motorists is one or two orders of magnitude higher.

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46

Wang, Haibo, Chengyong Dong, Keqiu Jiang, Shuangzhe Zhang, Fei Long, Rixin Zhang, Deguang Sun et al. "Fluorescence imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma with a specific probe of COX-2". RSC Advances 8, n.º 2 (2018): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra07819f.

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47

Roos, Anders. "A hedonic price function for forest land in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1996): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-083.

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A hedonic price model was employed to analyze prices for forest land in Sweden, which is primarily used for timber production. The investigation was based on 143 sales in 1992, and the independent variables describe the conditions for profitable forest management. Estimates were performed using the Box–Cox transformed specification and likelihood ratio tests. The results indicate a positive relationship between the per-hectare price of forest land and (1) the proportion of productive forest land in relation to the total forest area on the estate, (2) the mean standing volume, and (3) the mean site productivity on productive forest land. The parcel area has a negative effect on per-hectare prices. Population density in relation to the area of forest land in the county displays a positive relationship with price. The price of forest land was not significantly lower in regions with buyer restrictions than in other parts of Sweden.

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48

Huang, Chao, Yan Li, Xiang Hong Lai y Xiao Qin Li. "Optimal Cleaning Power Generation Investment Strategy in a Carbon Tax and CO₂ Emission Trading Framework". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (octubre de 2011): 2805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2805.

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This paper studies a two-staged cleaning energy investment problem under uncertainty. It analyzes how a power generation firm may proceed with staged generation capacity investment and deployment of the carbon capture device through real options approach. The results indicate that, because of the variation fluctuation of electricity price, the investor tends to delay investing when the electricity price is lower, whereas the higher price-price ratio of CO2 and electricity is helpful for him to deploy ahead the carbon capture device, the main reason is that the yields from the sale of CO2 emission allowances can compensate him foe the higher operation cost of it.

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49

Lesieutre, John y Jinhyung Park. "Log Fano structures and Cox rings of blow-ups of products of projective spaces". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 145, n.º 10 (7 de abril de 2017): 4201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/13610.

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50

Hassan, Sammy, Ryan M. Mushinski, Tilahun Amede, Gary D. Bending y James A. Covington. "Integrated Probe System for Measuring Soil Carbon Dioxide Concentrations". Sensors 23, n.º 5 (26 de febrero de 2023): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052580.

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This article outlines the design and implementation of an internet-of-things (IoT) platform for the monitoring of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. As atmospheric CO2 continues to rise, accurate accounting of major carbon sources, such as soil, is essential to inform land management and government policy. Thus, a batch of IoT-connected CO2 sensor probes were developed for soil measurement. These sensors were designed to capture spatial distribution of CO2 concentrations across a site and communicate to a central gateway using LoRa. CO2 concentration and other environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity and volatile organic compound concentration, were logged locally and communicated to the user through a mobile (GSM) connection to a hosted website. Following three field deployments in summer and autumn, we observed clear depth and diurnal variation of soil CO2 concentration within woodland systems. We determined that the unit had the capacity to log data continuously for a maximum of 14 days. These low-cost systems have great potential for better accounting of soil CO2 sources over temporal and spatial gradients and possibly flux estimations. Future testing will focus on divergent landscapes and soil conditions.

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