Tesis sobre el tema "Cow welfare"

The information encoded in cattle vocalisations remains underexplored. The objective of this thesis is to provide fundamental knowledge on the vocal behaviour of Holstein-Friesian cows exhibited during a variety of free-ranging and commercial dairy farming contexts. This thesis commenced with a literature review of previous cattle bioacoustics studies (Chapter 2) and highlighted the benefits of adopting the human-derived source-filter theory and arousal-valence dimensional framework for deciphering vocal information content. The experiment provided as Chapter 3 revealed that heifers have individually distinct voices, with different source and nonlinear parameters contributing to this distinctiveness. This work is also the first to show that heifer vocal individuality is maintained across putatively positive and negative farming contexts. Chapter 4 observed cow vocalisations during parturition and calf separation, uncovering context-related variation in the spectrographic vocal features and underlying phonatory gestures of the cows. Chapter 5 further showed that a disruption to cow and calf contact can lead to temporal modulations in the organisation of vocal, maternal and stress responses in cows. The vocal features observed in Chapters 4 and 5 varied depending on the signal receiver as well as distance over which communication occurred. These features also likely reflected emotional or motivational differences in the peri-partum cows. This thesis enhances our understanding of the static and dynamic information content of cattle vocalisations and demonstrates the feasibility of assessing certain vocal parameters in the commercial farming environment, where the soundscape is uncontrolled. It may also encourage farming practices to be shaped according to the vocal feedback of cows and highlights the opportunity to vocally assess cow welfare by visual and aural means.

Increased rates of involuntary culling as a consequence of poorer health and fertility had led to the conclusion that dairy cows appear to be less “robust” or adaptable than in the past. A way to address these concerns in breeding programs could be to select for health and welfare by including appropriate traits in a broader breeding index. However, it is important to consider any consequences that such breeding goals may have on dairy cow temperament and welfare. There were two phases to this study. The main objective of phase I was to develop tests for measuring responsiveness to humans and novelty, aggression at the feedface and sociability in dairy cows for use on commercial farms. To allow these tests to be used on commercial farm, they must be short in duration, non-invasive and not disruptive to the daily farming routine, while at the same time allowing comparisons between an individual cow’s responses in a number of similar situations. Results from this study suggested that a standardised human approach test and a stationary visual object are reliable tests for measuring responsiveness of dairy cows to changes in their environment. Measuring behaviour at the feedface proved to be an effective measure of between cow aggression. Inter-animal distance, position in relation to the herd, behavioural synchrony and presence at the feedface proved accurate measures of sociability. The remaining part of the study (Phase II) focussed on assessing how the implantation of a breeding index can affect the temperament of dairy cows on commercial farms. The tests developed were then recorded on 402 first lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows selected from sires that scored high (HI) and low (LO) for robustness (health, fertility and longevity traits) to produce two treatment groups on 33 commercial farms. For the purpose of this thesis, only the results from the assessment of aggressiveness are presented. Continuous focal sampling was used to record aggressive behaviour during feeding of the HI and LO cows within the herd. Cows from the HI group were involved in more aggressive interactions, initiated more aggression and received more aggression than cows from the LO group. There was a strong influence of management factors influencing aggression such as the quality of stockmanship, feedface design and nutrition. In conclusion, daughters from sires scoring high for robustness may be expressing a greater ability to maintain position at the feedface during an aggressive interaction. This highlights the importance of assessing the correlated effects of selective breeding, in this case for robustness, on behavioural traits.

The objectives of this research were to compare lying time, milk yield, rumination time, hock score, stall cleanliness, and stall temperature for 97 cows (Holsteins (n = 71), Jerseys (n = 10), and crossbreds (n = 16)) housed on Dual Chamber Cow Waterbeds™ (DCCW, Advanced Comfort Technology, Reedsburg, WI) or conventional rubber mattresses (MAT). This study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Research Dairy Farm from January 18, 2012 to May 3, 2013. Lying times were longer (P < 0.01) for cows housed on the DCCW (10:32 ± 0:13) compared to cows housed on the MAT (9:47 ± 0:15). Milk yield was not different (P ≥ 0.05) between cows housed on the DCCW or MAT. Rumination times were greater (P = 0.03) for cows housed on MAT (6:44 ± 0:08) compared to cows housed on DCCW (6:29 ± 0:08). Hock scores were lesser (P = 0.02) for cows housed on DCCW (1.86 ± 0.03) compared to cows housed on MAT (1.97 ± 0.04). Stall cleanliness was not different (P ≥ 0.05) between the DCCW and the MAT. The DCCW stall temperature was warmer (P < 0.01) (13.29 ± 0.21 ⁰C) than the MAT (10.52 ± 0.21 ⁰C).

When automatic milking systems (AMS) were introduced to the dairy industry, the well-being of cows was investigated to ensure it was comparable to conventional milking systems (CMS). Chapter 2 found the well-being of cows was similar between AMS and CMS, and is seemingly more dependent on good management than on milking system type. The review also highlights unknown differences in the human-animal relationship between milking system types. Observation of five commercial dairy farms transitioning from CMS to AMS (Chapter 3) identified that after transitioning, farm staff interacted less with cows, and the cows had a reduced fear response towards humans. Other aspects investigated that impact on cow well-being, was the impact of hot weather on cow performance in pasture-based AMSs (Chapter 4). A high temperature humidity index was associated with reductions in milking frequency and milk yield (MY) of cows in pasture-based AMSs. To encourage milkings without increasing heat load, fetching cows at night was observed in Chapter 5. Cows successfully travelled voluntarily through the milking facility after being fetched off a pasture allocation onto the laneway at night, reducing average milking interval and risk of undesirably long milking intervals. To improve daytime milking visitation during hot weather, Chapter 6 investigated the use of intermittent shade structures along a laneway. This encouraged cows to voluntarily travel further towards the milking facility, reducing their respiratory rate and body temperature. Further use of shade in the pre-milking area at the milking facility increased pre-milking waiting time, reduced cow respiratory rate, improved MY (Chapter 7), reduced cow body temperature and increased rumination time (Chapter 8). The results of this thesis suggest that changes in management and infrastructure can have positive effects on both cow performance and well-being in an AMS.

Il benessere degli animali è uno dei temi più discussi temi delle scienze animali. Molti ricercatori hanno provato a darne una definizione e a sviluppare strumenti utili alla sua valutazione negli allevamenti di vacche da latte. Nel presente lavoro viene discussa la possibilità di valutare il benessere degli animali, attraverso sistemi di innovazione da diversi punti di vista: scientifico, economico e zootecnico. Quattro differenti ricerche sono state sviluppate per confrontare i risultati sulla valutazione del benessere degli animali negli allevamenti da latte ottenuti con: indici fisiologici, modello SDIB e un sistema di monitoraggio della ruminazione.
Animal welfare is one of the most discussed topic in the animal science. Many researchers have been proving to define animal welfare and to develop tools useful to assess its levels in dairy farms. In the present issue it is discussed with different point of view (scientific, economical and zootechnic) the opportunity to assess the animal welfare through innovations system. Our different research was develop to compare the results about animal welfare in dairy herds obtained by physiological indices as well as blood variables, a model for animal welfare assessment as well as IDSW model, a rumination monitoring system.

Il benessere degli animali è uno dei temi più discussi temi delle scienze animali. Molti ricercatori hanno provato a darne una definizione e a sviluppare strumenti utili alla sua valutazione negli allevamenti di vacche da latte. Nel presente lavoro viene discussa la possibilità di valutare il benessere degli animali, attraverso sistemi di innovazione da diversi punti di vista: scientifico, economico e zootecnico. Quattro differenti ricerche sono state sviluppate per confrontare i risultati sulla valutazione del benessere degli animali negli allevamenti da latte ottenuti con: indici fisiologici, modello SDIB e un sistema di monitoraggio della ruminazione.
Animal welfare is one of the most discussed topic in the animal science. Many researchers have been proving to define animal welfare and to develop tools useful to assess its levels in dairy farms. In the present issue it is discussed with different point of view (scientific, economical and zootechnic) the opportunity to assess the animal welfare through innovations system. Our different research was develop to compare the results about animal welfare in dairy herds obtained by physiological indices as well as blood variables, a model for animal welfare assessment as well as IDSW model, a rumination monitoring system.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
As claudicações em vacas são consideradas como a terceira maior causa de perdas económicas para os produtores de leite e o problema mais grave de bem-estar animal na indústria leiteira Europeia. Estudos documentaram que a incidência de claudicação nos animais tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos quarenta anos na Europa, nos Estados Unidos e na Austrália. Este trabalho teve dois objectivos primordiais: primeiro, avaliar a prevalência de claudicações e as lesões de curvilhão em explorações leiteiras intensivas de Portugal Continental e em segundo o estudo de vários factores de risco que podem influenciar estas prevalências nomeadamente: o material da cama, a espessura das camas, o método de limpeza utilizado, as condições de higiene, o piso escorregadio, as características do roço, a frequência do corte funcional da úngulas, o uso ou não de pedilúvios e a utilização ou não de parque exterior. Para a análise dos vários factores de risco em estudo, utilizámos o modelo de análise de regressão logística qui-quadrado. A inclusão do “stepwise” na nossa análise, permitiu-nos saber quais os factores de risco que sequencialmente influenciaram as claudicações. Na avaliação das claudicações utilizámos o sistema de classificação de claudicação de Thomsen, Munksgaard e Togersen. Esta avaliação teve como objectivo calcular a prevalência de claudicação em cada exploração e perceber quais os factores mais envolvidos nas claudicações neste estudo. A prevalência média de claudicação neste estudo foi de 48% tendo mostrado variação entre os 23% e os 91%. Os factores que tiveram maior influência foram o material da cama – cimento; baixa frequência de aparagem das úngulas; o método de limpeza – mangueira; e o piso escorregadio.
ABSTRACT - Risk factors of lameness in dairy cows - Lameness in cows is considered the third largest cause of economic losses for milk producers and the most serious welfare problem in the European dairy industry. Studies have documented that the incidence of lameness in animals has been increasing over the last forty years in Europe, in the United States and in Australia. This work had two main objectives: first, to evaluate the lameness prevalence and hock lesions on intensive dairy farms of Portugal and second, to study risks factors that can influence this prevalence including: bed type, the thickness of the beds, the method of cleaning used, the hygiene conditions, the slippery floor, the characteristics floor surface, the frequency of functional claw trimming, the use of footbaths and the use of outside area. For the analysis of several risk factors in study, we used the analysis model qui-square. The inclusion of “stepwise” in our analysis, allowed us to know what the risk factors that influenced the lameness sequentially. To evaluate the lameness we used the classification system of Thomsen,et al. This evaluation aimed to calculate the prevalence of lameness in each farm and understand which factors are more involved in lameness in this study. The average prevalence of lameness in this study was 48%, with variation between 23% and 91%. The factors that had the greatest influence were the material of the bed; low frequency trimming of claws; the type of cleaning; and the slippery floor.

Resumo: Os objetivos com este estudo foram descrever como as condições de higiene de vacas leiteiras variam ao longo do tempo e de acordo com as estações do ano; avaliar se as vacas são consistentes para sua higiene corporal; estudar as possíveis relações entre o escore de limpeza e o comportamento das vacas, em particular aqueles relacionados ao uso do espaço e à termorregulação e por fim, avaliar se há relação entre o escore de limpeza e a contagem de células somáticas do leite (CCS). Para isso foram utilizados animais de duas propriedades particulares localizadas no estado de São Paulo. Durante nove meses foi realizada uma avaliação mensal da higiene de todas as vacas em lactação, perfazendo um total de 3554 observações para 545 animais. A higiene foi expressa por meio de um escore de limpeza de quatro pontos (muito limpa, limpa, suja e muito suja). Para avaliar a relação entre o escore de limpeza e o comportamento foram avaliadas categorias comportamentais de postura, posicionamento e atividades dos animais para, no mínimo, 46 vacas em lactação, durante três dias consecutivos nos meses de julho e agosto de 2007 (estação seca) e dezembro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008 (estação chuvosa). Para o estudo da relação entre a higiene e a contagem de células somáticas individual das vacas foi avaliado um total de 2218 dados de CCS para 404 vacas. Foi encontrada variação individual na higiene das vacas, sendo que na estação seca os animais apresentaram-se mais limpos que na estação chuvosa. Apesar da variação, aproximadamente metade das vacas é consistente para a sua higiene, permanecendo maior parte do tempo em uma mesma condição - limpa para a maioria. Foi encontrada associação entre a higiene das vacas e o seu comportamento. Para explicar essa associação as categorias comportamentais podem ser caracterizadas em: comportamentos que determinam a transferência... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aims of this study were to describe the variation on dairy cow's body hygiene conditions over time and according to the seasons, verify if the cows are consistent for hygiene, to identify the relationship between the cleanliness score and the cow's behavior, particularly those related to land use and thermoregulation and finally, to associate the cow's cleanliness score and their milk somatic cell count (SCC). During nine months the body hygiene was accessed for lactating cows from two Brazilians commercial farms, a total of 3554 observations for 545 animals. The hygiene was expressed as a four points cleanliness score. To evaluate the relationship between the cleanliness score and behavior, behavioral categories of posture, positioning and activities were assessed for at least 46 dairy cows in two months of dry season and two of rainy season. The SCC was accessed for 404 cows, a total of 2218 data. Individual variation was found in the cow's hygiene, and in the dry season the animals maintained cleaner than in the rainy season. Although the variation, approximately half of the cows are consistent for their hygiene - clean for the majority. The body hygiene was associated with the cow's behavior. To explain this association the behavioral categories can be summarized as: behaviors that determine the directly transfer of dirt to the cows' body (to lie down in a mud surface), while others behaviors are indirectly related to the transfer of dirty (lie down in a shaded place). In addition the behaviors as rumination and feeding does not determine the direct transfer of dirt to the body, however, these may be indicators of heat tolerance and the individual social ranking in the group, and differences in these characteristics are related to exposure of animals to certain dirty areas. The cleanliness score have effect on SCC (F = 4.85; df = 3; p < 0,01), and good hygiene condition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa
Coorientador: Marcelo Simão da Rosa
Banca: Luciandra Macedo de Toledo
Banca: Maria Imaculada Fonseca
Mestre

L’amélioration du bien-être des vaches laitières est un réel enjeu face aux attentes sociétales. Cette thèse a pour objectifs d’identifier (i) les aspects les plus dégradés du bien-être des vaches, (ii)les indicateurs de risque et (iii) les facteurs associés à l’atteinte de la relation homme-animal. Ce projet repose sur une étude épidémiologique utilisant la méthode Welfare Quality R pour évaluer le bien-être des vaches. En général, les boiteries étaient peu fréquentes et les animaux avaient une bonne liberté de mouvement. L’absence de faim et de soif et l’expression des comportements étaient bien respectés mais variables entre élevages. Le confort de couchage, l’absence de blessures et de maladies, le comportement social, l’état émotionnel et la relation homme-animal étaient dégradés et variables. L’écornage était souvent réalisé sans antidouleurs. Les principaux indicateurs de risque pour le bien-être des vaches sont la localisation géographique (pour la soif), la race (faim,comportement social), le logement (confort de couchage, blessures), l’interaction logement-race (état émotionnel) et localisation géographique-système de traite (expression des comportements propres à l’espèce). La mise en place de plan d’actions doit donc tenir compte du type d’élevage. Aucune association entre le système d’élevage et la relation homme animal n’a été trouvée. Les conditions de vêlage, les représentations des éleveurs et le comportement social des vaches étaient par contre associés à ce critère. De plus, de fortes variations entre vaches ont été relevées, suggérant que le tempérament des animaux joue un rôle important
Improving dairy cows’ welfare is a major challenge in response to citizen concerns. The present thesis aimed to identify (i) major welfare problems, (ii) which farm characteristics are associated with the impairment of welfare and (iii) which factors are associated with the impairment of human-animal relationships. We conducted an epidemiological survey and used the Welfare Quality R protocol to assess dairy cows’ welfare. In general, prevalence of lameness was low and cows had opportunities to walk. The absence of hunger and thirst and the expression of species-specific behaviors were achieved but variable between farms. Resting comfort, skin injuries, health, social behavior, cows’ emotional state and human-animal relationships were affected and variable. Disbudding was often performed without pain relief. The main risk indicators of poor cow welfare were farm location (for thirst), breed (hunger, social behavior), housing (resting comfort and skin injuries), the interaction housing-breed (emotional state) and location-milking system (expression of species-specific behaviors). Action plans should be designed according to farm types. The quality of the human-animal relationship was not associated with farm main characteristics, but to calving conditions, farmers’ attitudes and cows’ social behavior. In addition, we observed large variations between-cows in their responses to humans, suggesting that individual behavioral traits of cows play a major role

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Fazendo uma analogia com as lesões costais em humanos, é-nos compreensível que estas lesões devem ser dolorosas e limitam o bem-estar e a saúde das vacas, originando como consequência quebras na produtividade e no retorno económico da exploração. Este parece ser mais um problema de bem-estar animal identificado em vacarias com regime de produção intensivo, e como tal urge sabermos de que forma afectam os animais e o que pode ser feito para evitarmos estas situações. A presente dissertação tem como objectivo determinar a prevalência de lesões costais em vacas de leite mantidas em regime intensivo e tentar identificar quais os factores de risco para as mesmas, quer associados às vacarias, quer associado aos animais com lesões. Para o efeito foram estudadas 22 vacarias e 1.319 animais da Região da Beira Litoral de Portugal. A prevalência de lesões costais em todo o efectivo estudado foi de 2,3%. Relativamente às lesões das 7ª, 8ª e 9ª costelas uni ou bilateral, registámos intervalos de prevalência por exploração que vão desde os 0% (n=12) a 6,08% (n=1). Da amostra total de animais com lesões em estudo (n=31), resultou a seguinte prevalência de lesões costais de acordo com as costelas afectadas: lesão bilateral da 8ª costela – 26%; lesão bilateral da 9ª costela – 3%; lesão unilateral da 7ª costela – 3%; lesão unilateral da 8ª costela – 23%; lesão unilateral da 9ª costela – 11%; lesão unilateral da 10ª costela – 3%; lesão unilateral da 11ª costela – 5%; lesão unilateral da 12ª costela – 6% e lesão unilateral da 13ª costela – 20%. Conclui-se do estudo que os factores de risco para as lesões associados às infraestruturas das vacarias são: maus cubículos, espaço insuficiente na manjedoura para todos os animais e a presença de bordo posterior dos cubículos não protegido. Relativamente à análise descritiva dos animais com lesões, concluiu-se que 81,48% dos animais em estudo apresentaram história de patologia podal crónica e uma média de 3,70 lactações. À data do estudo 51,61% dos animais apresentavam claudicações, com uma pontuação média de 2,5. A patologia podal crónica foi um factor tranversal aos animais em estudo, indiciando a implicação das claudicações na génese das lesões costais.
ABSTRACT - Risk factors of rib lesions in dairy cattle kept in intensive management - Making an analogy with rib lesions in humans, it is understandable to us that these lesions must be painful and limit the well-being and health of cows, and are also responsible for productivity and economic losses. This seems to be another issue of animal welfare identified in dairy farms with intensive management, which makes it urgent to understand how they affect animals and what can be done to avoid these situations. The objective of this thesis is to determinate the prevalence of costal lesions in dairy cows kept in intensive system and to identify the risk factors, either associated with the farm or with the animals. For this purpose, 22 dairy farms and 1319 animals from the Beira Litoral region (Portugal) were included in this study. The rib lesions had a total prevalence of 2.3%. When considering uni or bilateral lesions of the 7th, 8th e 9th ribs, prevalence ranges from 0% (n=12) to 6.08% (n=1) per farm. From the total sample of animals with lesions (n=31) the following prevalence of injuries were obtained: bilateral lesion of the 8th rib – 26%; bilateral lesion of the 9th rib – 3%; unilateral lesion of the 7th rib – 3%; unilateral lesion of the 8th rib – 23%; unilateral lesion of the 9th rib – 11%; unilateral lesion of the 10th rib – 3%; unilateral lesion of the 11th rib – 5%; unilateral lesion of the 12th rib – 6% and unilateral lesion of the 13th rib – 20%. It is concluded that risk factors for rib lesions related with farms are: bad cubicles, insufficient feeding area and presence of unprotected posterior edge of cubicles. In the analysis of the animals with injuries, 81.48% had history of chronic lameness and an average of 3.70 lactations. At the time of the study 51.6% of the animals showed lameness, with an average score of 2.5. The chronic foot lesions was a common factor to the animals studied, suggesting the involvement of lameness in the genesis of costal lesions.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os objetivos com este estudo foram descrever como as condições de higiene de vacas leiteiras variam ao longo do tempo e de acordo com as estações do ano; avaliar se as vacas são consistentes para sua higiene corporal; estudar as possíveis relações entre o escore de limpeza e o comportamento das vacas, em particular aqueles relacionados ao uso do espaço e à termorregulação e por fim, avaliar se há relação entre o escore de limpeza e a contagem de células somáticas do leite (CCS). Para isso foram utilizados animais de duas propriedades particulares localizadas no estado de São Paulo. Durante nove meses foi realizada uma avaliação mensal da higiene de todas as vacas em lactação, perfazendo um total de 3554 observações para 545 animais. A higiene foi expressa por meio de um escore de limpeza de quatro pontos (muito limpa, limpa, suja e muito suja). Para avaliar a relação entre o escore de limpeza e o comportamento foram avaliadas categorias comportamentais de postura, posicionamento e atividades dos animais para, no mínimo, 46 vacas em lactação, durante três dias consecutivos nos meses de julho e agosto de 2007 (estação seca) e dezembro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008 (estação chuvosa). Para o estudo da relação entre a higiene e a contagem de células somáticas individual das vacas foi avaliado um total de 2218 dados de CCS para 404 vacas. Foi encontrada variação individual na higiene das vacas, sendo que na estação seca os animais apresentaram-se mais limpos que na estação chuvosa. Apesar da variação, aproximadamente metade das vacas é consistente para a sua higiene, permanecendo maior parte do tempo em uma mesma condição – limpa para a maioria. Foi encontrada associação entre a higiene das vacas e o seu comportamento. Para explicar essa associação as categorias comportamentais podem ser caracterizadas em: comportamentos que determinam a transferência...
The aims of this study were to describe the variation on dairy cow’s body hygiene conditions over time and according to the seasons, verify if the cows are consistent for hygiene, to identify the relationship between the cleanliness score and the cow’s behavior, particularly those related to land use and thermoregulation and finally, to associate the cow’s cleanliness score and their milk somatic cell count (SCC). During nine months the body hygiene was accessed for lactating cows from two Brazilians commercial farms, a total of 3554 observations for 545 animals. The hygiene was expressed as a four points cleanliness score. To evaluate the relationship between the cleanliness score and behavior, behavioral categories of posture, positioning and activities were assessed for at least 46 dairy cows in two months of dry season and two of rainy season. The SCC was accessed for 404 cows, a total of 2218 data. Individual variation was found in the cow’s hygiene, and in the dry season the animals maintained cleaner than in the rainy season. Although the variation, approximately half of the cows are consistent for their hygiene - clean for the majority. The body hygiene was associated with the cow’s behavior. To explain this association the behavioral categories can be summarized as: behaviors that determine the directly transfer of dirt to the cows’ body (to lie down in a mud surface), while others behaviors are indirectly related to the transfer of dirty (lie down in a shaded place). In addition the behaviors as rumination and feeding does not determine the direct transfer of dirt to the body, however, these may be indicators of heat tolerance and the individual social ranking in the group, and differences in these characteristics are related to exposure of animals to certain dirty areas. The cleanliness score have effect on SCC (F = 4.85; df = 3; p < 0,01), and good hygiene condition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les prairies, en déclin depuis les années 1970, peuvent jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition agroécologique compte tenu de leurs nombreux atouts. Leur valorisation par le pâturage est néanmoins complexe à mettre en œuvre et conditionne directement les bénéfices attendus. Des outils numériques se développent pour optimiser la gestion du pâturage dans le cadre de l’élevage de précision, un concept qui s’appuie sur la révolution numérique. Ces outils restent cependant marginaux et leur plus-value est généralement mal perçue par les éleveurs. Le comportement et la position des vaches laitières devraient servir de support au développement de ces outils car ils sont des indicateurs potentiels de l’état de la ressource sur la parcelle, de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. Des capteurs accéléromètres et GPS embarqués permettent de remonter automatiquement ces informations à condition de mettre en œuvre des techniques d’analyses adaptées. Ce travail de thèse consiste (i) à mettre en place une méthodologie permettant de remonter automatiquement les principaux comportements des vaches laitières au pâturage à partir de capteurs accéléromètres et (ii) d’évaluer le potentiel de cette méthodologie combinée à des données de position pour répondre aux applications envisagées. Le cadre méthodologique développé s’appuie sur des techniques de traitement du signal non explorées dans la communauté concernée, associées à une combinaison d’algorithmes qui met en jeu la complémentarité entre des méthodes de machine learning et des modèles probabilistes. Il garantit ainsi une prédiction fiable pour un large spectre de comportements des vaches laitières au pâturage. La preuve de concept réalisée témoigne également du potentiel de la méthodologie, combinée à des données de position des animaux, pour détecter des troubles de confort en lien avec les conditions de pâturage. Cette approche pourrait donc servir de support au développement d’outils d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation de la gestion du pâturage, constituant ainsi un levier potentiel dans la transition agroécologique
Grasslands have been in decline since the 1970s but they can play a major role in the agroecological transition in view of the many assets they have to offer. However, their enhancement through grazing is difficult to implement and directly affects the expected benefits. In this respect, digital tools are being developed to optimise grazing management in the context of precision livestock farming, a concept based on the digital revolution. However, these tools remain marginal and their added value is generally poorly perceived by farmers. The behaviour and position of dairy cows should be used as a support for the development of these tools as they are potential indicators of the state of the resource on the paddock as well as the health and welfare of the animals. Embedded accelerometer and GPS sensors can automatically provide this information but appropriate analysis techniques are required. This thesis consists of (i) implementing a methodology to automatically collect the main behaviours of dairy cows on pasture using embedded accelerometer sensors and (ii) evaluating the potential of this methodology combined with position data to meet the envisaged applications. The methodological framework is based on raw acceleration processing techniques which have not been explored in the concerned community, associated with a combination of algorithms which uses the complementarity between machine learning methods and probabilistic models. Thus, it provides reliable prediction for a wide range of dairy cow behaviours at grazing. The proof of concept also demonstrates the potential of the methodology, combined with animal position data, to detect comfort disorders related to grazing conditions. This approach should therefore support the development of decision tools for optimising grazing management, thus providing a potential lever in the agroecological transition

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of identifying dairy farms with poor welfare using a national cattle database. The welfare of dairy cattle was assessed using the Welfare Quality protocol on almost 2000 adult animals from 24 Portuguese dairy farms. More than 14 million records from national cattle database were analyzed to identify potential welfare indicators for dairy farms. Within the 24 dairy farms, one was scored as ‗enhanced‘, 18 were ‗acceptable‘ and five were ‗not classified‘, according to the Welfare Quality protocol. The main welfare problems identified were: presence of lesions and swellings mainly in the lower back legs and neck/back area; approximately 40% of moderate lameness; no pain management in disbudded calves; non-grazing production systems; insufficient or dirty drinkers; severe dirtiness of the udder and hindquarter; and high percentage of cows lying outside the stall. Twelve potential welfare indicators were identified. Within these only two, proportion of on-farm deaths and female/male births ratio, were significantly different between farms with good welfare (‗enhanced‘ and ‗acceptable‘) and poor welfare (‗not classified‘). A model to detect farms with poor welfare was created with J48 classifier and it had 75.86% accuracy.
RESUMO - Identificação de Indicadores de Bem-estar Animal em Explorações de Bovinos Leiteiros em Portugal - Este trabalho teve como propósito determinar a possibilidade de identificar vacarias de leite com baixos níveis de bem-estar através do Sistema Nacional de Identificação e Registo de Bovinos (SNIRB). Aplicou-se o protocolo Welfare Quality em cerca de 2000 animais adultos de 24 explorações portuguesas. Analisaram-se mais de 14 milhões de registos do SNIRB na tentativa de identificar potenciais indicadores de bem-estar nacionais. Tendo como base os princípios do Welfare Quality, uma exploração foi classificada como tendo um nível de bem-estar ―elevado‖, 18 obtiveram um nível de bem-estar ―aceitável‖ e cinco não obtiveram os requisitos mínimos de bem-estar. Os principais problemas encontrados foram: presença de lesões e tumefações principalmente nas regiões do curvilhão e dorso; percentagem média de claudicação moderada por volta dos 40%; descorna sem controlo de dor; sistemas de produção sem pastoreio; bebedouros insuficientes ou sujos; elevado nível de sujidade no quarto traseiro e úbere; elevada percentagem de vacas deitadas fora do cubículo. Identificaram-se doze potenciais indicadores de bem-estar nacionais. Apenas dois destes, ―morte na exploração‖ e ―rácio de nascimentos fêmea/macho‖, foram estatisticamente diferentes entre explorações com alto (―elevado‖ e ―aceitável‖) e baixo (sem requisitos mínimos) níveis de bem-estar. Usando o classificador J48 foi possível criar um modelo que detecta explorações com baixo nível de bem-estar e 75,86% das explorações foram correctamente classificadas.

Calving is an essential event in dairy production, as lactation only begins after calving and cows must give birth at regular intervals in order to maintain milk production. Careful management is important during the weeks around calving as this is when dairy cows most frequently experience health problems. Experienced stockmen use judgements based on physical and behavioural changes in order to recognise when cows may be about to calve, and subsequently be available to offer assistance when required. With increasing herd sizes and large numbers of cows per stockman, individual attention is often difficult. An automated system that monitors behavioural or physiological changes before calving could potentially be used to predict the time of calving, and help improve supervision by farm staff. Data comprising two years of records from Langhill Farm were used to identify any variables which could be used for calving prediction or as risk factors for various calving problems. Records kept by stockmen detailing the signs of calving and time of observation were compared with quantitative behavioural data. Observations from video recordings were used to identify any consistent behavioural changes occurring the day before calving that could be used to predict the onset of calving. The frequencies of lying and tail raises proved to be the most useful indicators, as they showed consistent changes in the final six hours before calving. Differences between heifers and cows, and between those experiencing calving difficulties and those which did not, were also investigated. Differences between heifers and cows were shown which should be taken into account when predicting calving times. However, no early-warning signs of difficulties were identified for cows and heifers assisted with a calving jack. Cows were also fitted with collars containing accelerometers to investigate if features in tri-axial accelerometer data could be shown to correspond to specific behaviours. Some success was achieved in identifying eating behaviour and postural changes, demonstrating that there is potential for monitoring behaviour using this method. Weekly heart rate recordings were also taken to establish if there was a change in the heart rate or heart rate variability during the final six weeks of gestation. Changes were found but, although they were statistically significant, they were considered too subtle for any practical application. Consistent changes in behaviour were observed in the six hours before calving, some of which could be measured using accelerometers. These changes have the potential to be used as the basis of an automated monitoring system to predict calving.

Studies in various animal species have demonstrated that stress during pregnancy can have a detrimental effect on progeny health and development throughout its postnatal life. If this were to apply to dairy cows, minimising stress in pregnant cows could be of critical importance in ensuring offspring health and welfare. However, relationships between maternal health and welfare and offspring performance have not been well investigated in dairy cattle. Traditionally management strategies for cows in late pregnancy (i.e. in the dry period) have focused on maximising milk production whilst minimising impacts on postpartum health. This may include management practices that can have a negative impact on the health and welfare of cows in the dry period itself. This project aimed to identify potential sources of stress associated with management practices in late pregnant cows, and to investigate its effects on offspring health, behaviour and welfare. A survey was conducted to investigate typical dry cow and pre-weaned calf management practices on dairy farms in the United Kingdom (UK). Data from 148 commercial UK dairy farms provided valuable information on dry cow and pre-weaning calf management. Procedures that were commonly practised but potentially stressful for dry cows included the abrupt cessation of milking and frequent changes in diet and social environment. Two experimental studies were conducted to investigate the impact of alternative management practices in late pregnancy on progeny welfare. The first experiment investigated the behavioural, physiological and metabolic responses of dry cows to industry minimum standards (H: high stocking group) compared to a more extensive space allowance (L: low stocking density). The offspring of these cows were monitored until weaning to assess their responses to typical dairy farm procedures. The second experiment was conducted on calves born to heifers from an out-wintering project. Pregnant heifers were kept either indoor or outdoor grazing (on deferred grass or kale) throughout the winter period. The health, growth and behaviour of offspring were monitored for the first 14 days of life. Limited feed-face space resulted in altered feeding patterns and increased competition at the feed-face. There was no association between dry period stocking density and the physiology and metabolism of dry cows. Maternal treatment had no impact on pre-weaned calf birth weight, health, growth, passive immunity, neonatal vigour and the majority of behavioural outcomes. However, H calves made more frequent social contact with companions compared to L calves and showed higher behavioural reactivity to weaning. Maternal high stocking density treatment and previous disease incidence in calves reduced the behavioural reactions to disbudding and the expression of pain-related behaviours. Out-wintering of pregnant heifers on kale showed no negative impact on growth compared to the indoor group, whilst out-wintering on deferred grass resulted in the lowest growth rate. However, out-wintering on deferred grass may have enhanced offspring social motivation and learning ability. This study has demonstrated potential associations between maternal experience during pregnancy, and offspring growth and behaviour. The effect of maternal treatment on offspring behaviour may be more likely to emerge in challenging situations. Further research will be needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and to reach definite conclusions, which would have implications for improving the welfare of late pregnant cows and their offspring.

Lying is a restful, high priority behaviour for dairy cows which can be affected by various factors associated with production but is not directly related to productivity. As such, lying behaviour has potential for use as an indicator of welfare. Information in the literature regarding the effect of stage of lactation on lying behaviour was contradictory and information on optimum lying behaviour and maximum bout lengths was scarce. The aim of this study was to improve knowledge in these areas and find a way of using lying behaviour to assess welfare. Pregnant heifers were observed at pasture in order to describe lying behaviour in conditions that may be considered optimum. Lying behaviour at pasture was characterised as having 10.5 h total lying time per 24h, few (6-7) lying bouts and a long maximum bout length (3.5h). The effect of two very different levels of production on the lying behaviour of heifers during their first lactation and housing period was compared. Although total lying times did not change much over the lactation, early location was associated with disturbed lying behaviour (increased lying frequency and short bout lengths) and indicators of metabolic challenge in low input heifers. High input heifers however, showed more disturbance later in lactation associated with being moved to another feeding group. Two pilot studies were carried out to investigate cows' preferences for cubicles with mats or mattresses and to compare lying behaviour on the two surfaces. Social factors appeared to affect preference and lying behaviour. Consequently total lying times were very low (less than 8h) and preferences were not clear. However, lying times were low even in a group of undisturbed late lactation cows and the pattern of lying (number of bouts and maximum bout length) was similar to that of heifers at grass.

Questo elaborato di tesi verte sull'analisi del settore del Welfare Aziendale in Italia, individuandone le generalità, l’inquadramento, gli sviluppi visti negli ultimi anni e le prospettive nelle ricerche. Successivamente andremo ad identificare determinate nicchie di questo settore in espansione, valutando la possibilità di cogliere un’opportunità di mercato effettuando un corretto posizionamento. Sarà così che, in un certo modo, ripercorreremo i primi passi di Genius4U, startup nata proprio qui a Bologna di cui sono socio, operante nel settore del Welfare Aziendale con focus sull'ingegnerizzazione e ottimizzazione di tutti i servizi volti alla conciliazione vita-lavoro. Passando dalla ricerca di dati a supporto di ciò che inizialmente era una semplice intuizione, ci muoveremo attraverso le ipotesi che hanno portato a definire un’idea specifica di business, con un target di mercato e una value proposition chiara. Sarà un percorso avente come fine ultimo quello di chiarire quali sono stati i fattori che ci hanno dato slancio imprenditoriale, portandoci alla pianificazione e realizzazione che ne consegue.

Several indicators of animal welfare were measured to determine the impact of relocation on lactating dairy cows. In experiment one, locomotion was scored on a 4-point scale where 1 = normal and 4 = lame. Cleanliness was scored on a 4-point scale where 1 = little or no manure visible and 4 = heavy plaques of manure on 3 body regions: udder, lower leg, and flank/upper leg. In experiment two, milking parlor behaviors observed were cow reactivity (REACT), latency to enter the parlor (LAT), and plasma cortisol (CORT). REACT was evaluated on a numeric scale (0 = ideal milker to 3 = steps and kicks frequently) to define behavior during udder preparation, claw fitting, and milking. LAT was the time necessary for each cow to enter the milking parlor. In these studies, the effects of treatment or breed on MY, lameness, parlor behaviors, stress, and cow cleanliness were monitored. In experiment one, cows with access to a rubber mat in front of the feed bunk had lower locomotion scores and cleaner lower legs. There were no breed effects on locomotion, but Jerseys had cleaner lower legs than Holsteins. The effect of the new facility on locomotion occurred gradually. Cows with higher locomotion scores had decreased milk production, but the results were not significant. In experiment two, relocation caused an increase in plasma cortisol and LAT. Milk yield decreased the p.m. on the day of relocation, but overall milk yield was not affected. Jerseys had lower plasma cortisol levels and latency to enter the parlor, but had a greater decline in p.m. milk yield the day of relocation. In conclusion, alternative flooring may alleviate some locomotion problems caused by relocation to a new facility. Additionally, moving to a new facility may have an effect on behavior and stress, but these effects are short-lived and effects on overall milk production minimal.
Master of Science

O mundo atual passa por uma revolução na produção industrial de animais, busca-se atender as exigências do mercado focando na qualidade do produto final e nos sistemas de produção. A partir da preocupação pública com a melhoria do bemestar de animais de produção e o maior controle da cadeia produtiva, protocolos internacionais com recomendações de boas práticas de produção foram desenvolvidos, a fim de simplificar e esclarecer os princípios de bem-estar animal (BEA) para o setor produtivo. No Brasil, os sistemas existentes e as pesquisas direcionadas ainda estão na fase de avaliar os gargalos tecnológicos, oriundos de sistemas de produção com diferenças em relação às escalas de produção. Nesse contexto, há a necessidade de avaliar cada sistema brasileiro de produção, suas particularidades e comparar aos sistemas europeus e americanos. O Brasil é um país de destaque na produção de proteína animal, e deve estabelecer suas próprias condições de qualidade frente à sua escala e a suas particularidades de produção. Não há como simplesmente aderir às exigências internacionais, sem atentar para a realidade nacional seja ela de produção, de nível tecnológico e de exigências/dificuldades dos produtores rurais. Baseando-se na necessidade do estabelecimento de padrões para o sistema brasileiro de produção de leite em pasto, conforme Instrução Normativa 56/2008, do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), esse estudo propôs uma adaptação do sistema de avaliação do protocolo Welfare Quality® Assessment protocol for cattle - applied to dairy cows (2009) para avaliação do bem-estar de vacas leiteiras em sistema de pastejo. A aplicação do protocolo Welfare Quality adaptado para o sistema de pastejo possibilitou a avaliação e a classificação de forma quantitativa e qualitativa em relação ao bem-estar geral do rebanho, e consequentemente da propriedade leiteira.
The current world is going through a revolution in the industrial livestock production, so it is important to meet market demands by focusing on product quality and farming systems. Based on public concern regarding farm animal welfare improvement and greater control of the productive chain, international protocols with good production practices recommendations were developed in order to simplify and clarify animal welfare principles to the productive sector. In Brazil, the existing systems and targeted researches are still at the stage of assessing technologic bottlenecks, arising from production systems with differences related to production scales. In this context, there is a need to assess each Brazilian production system, their peculiarities and to compare European and American systems. Brazil is a country of prominence in animal protein production and shall establish its own quality conditions ahead of its scale and its production particularities. There is no simply meeting international requirements without considering the national reality of production, technological level and farmers\' demands/difficulties. Relying on the need to establish standards for Brazilian system of milk production in pasture, according to Normative Instruction n° 56/2008, from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), the present paper proposed an adapted evaluation system from Welfare Quality Protocol® -Assessment protocol for cattle - applied to dairy cows (2009) to assess the welfare of dairy cows raised in pasture. The implementation of the WQ adapted protocol allowed the evaluation and classification of the farms quantitative and qualitatively in relation to general animal welfare, and consequently the production facility.

The primary objective of the experiments described in this thesis was to use quantitative behavioral measures of livestock to evaluate animal welfare. In one study, the effects of a therapeutic drug in lame dairy cows were evaluated for alleviating pain associated with lameness and hoof trimming. Lameness pain was measured using lying and standing times as well as locomotion scoring. No effect on lameness indicators or milk production was found for hoof trimming or drug administration. In the second study, behaviors associated with maternal nutritional plane during gestation were measured in lambs. Lambs born to nutritionally restricted dams behaved differently from those born to adequately-fed dams after a pen change, implying a difference in adaptation to a stressful event. Continuing to find quantitative behavioral measures for pain and adaptation to stressors will aid in future work to improve livestock welfare.

Animal behavior can be used to detect disease and well-being in dairy cattle. In this dissertation, we evaluated the accuracy of an accelerometer to measure step activity, lying time, and lying bouts in pre-weaned dairy calves. The output from the accelerometer was correlated with behavioral measurements taken from video footage. The accelerometer proved to be accurate in identifying step activity (r = 0.99), lying time (r = 0.99), and lying bouts (r = 0.99). The accelerometer was then used to detect behavioral changes occurring around respiratory disease events in pre-weaned calves. Activity declined 1 d prior to clinical disease onset, and this decline persisted for 3 d post-diagnosis. Furthermore, lying bouts declined beginning 2 d prior to diagnosis, and this effect persisted after diagnosis as well. However, aside from a slight reduction in milk intake, feeding behavior was not different between diseased and healthy calves. These data suggest that activity and lying behaviors may be a better measure than feeding behaviors for detection of respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves. Dystocia has detrimental effects on both periparturient dairy cows and newborn calves. We administered a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam to periparturient dairy cattle. Treatments included administration prior to calving (MEL-PRE, n = 60), post-calving (MEL-POST, n = 69), or a negative control (CTL, n = 65). We measured the length of labor to determine which cows had easy or difficult calvings. Eutocic MEL-PRE animals produced 6.8 kg/d more milk than eutocic CTL. Regardless of calving difficulty, MEL-PRE animals produced more milk fat, protein, and lactose (kg/d) than the CTL. Additional research is needed to determine appropriate treatments for dystocic calvings. Calves born during the above trial were monitored to determine if meloxicam administration prior to calving impacted newborn calf health and behavior. Calves born difficultly displayed fewer lying bouts for the first few days after birth when compared to calves born easily. No effect of treatment or calving difficulty was noted on calf health. Additional research examining intervention strategies aimed at improving well-being of calves born difficultly is needed.
Ph. D.

La ricerca è basata sull’analisi del welfare contrattuale e aziendale. Dopo un breve sguardo generale relativo al concetto di “welfare” in cui si cerca di esaminare le varie definizioni e la sua evoluzione, ci si concentra sulle motivazioni che spingono le aziende all’adozione di questa politica. Il tema verrà esaminato sotto diversi aspetti, dalla definizione dello stesso ai vantaggi che offre, in particolare attraverso l’analisi della normativa fiscale e previdenziale dei due Paesi. Successivamente verranno esaminati i principali obiettivi prefissati, lo studio delle criticità, l’approfondimento degli aspetti positivi e di quelli negativi connessi alle principali azioni adottate, l’importanza del welfare per lavoratori e datori di lavoro. Da ultimo verranno studiati due casi pratici, uno italiano ed uno olandese.

A aquicultura no Brasil encontra-se numa fase de crescimento, principalmente com o cultivo intensivo de espécies de interesse comercial. Os peixes são abatidos por imersão em gelo e água, ou por asfixia em gelo, métodos que comprovadamente não causam a imediata perda de função cerebral e podem ter consequências prejudiciais à qualidade da carne. Desta forma, tornam-se necessários estudos que identifiquem a melhor forma de insensibilização para peixes, que proporcionem ao mesmo tempo menor sofrimento e maior qualidade da carne. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar influência da insensibilização pré abate por eletronarcose, narcose por CO2 e hipotermia sobre a qualidade da carne de bijupirá e estudar a estabilidade da carne sob o resfriamento e congelamento, mensurando as principais variáveis físico-químicas e sensoriais utilizadas tanto na indústria e na pesquisa. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos, onde no primeiro noventa exemplares foram submetidos aos três tratamentos. Após a insensibilização os peixes foram abatidos por sangria e mantidos resfriados a 4ºC durante 21 dias. As amostras foram coletadas após a determinação da morte do animal (hora 0), 5 horas e aos 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias de armazenamento. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e constatada diferença significativa (P<0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Foram avaliados o índice de rigor, pH muscular, bases nitrogenadas voláteis (BNV), propriedades dielétricas, análise sensorial, degradação do ATP muscular. O tempo decorrido para a insensibilização dos animais foi bastante diferente (eletronarcose: 2 segundos; narcose CO2: 31 minutos; hipotermia: 17,5 minutos). A coloração das brânquias apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,05). Peixes insensibilizados por hipotermia apresentaram maior velocidade de degradação de adenosina trifosfato e maior velocidade de formação de hipoxantina, animais insensibilizados por eletronarcose apresentaram maior velocidade aumento de valor de K. No segundo experimento os peixes foram submetidos a cada um dos tratamentos, e quando constatado o estado de insensibilização aparente, precedia-se com o corte dos arcos branquiais, filetagem, congelamento ultrarrápido, embalagem e manutenção em freezer -18ºC por 180 dias. A cada 60 dias amostras foram coletadas para avaliação de perda de água por gotejamento, perda de água por cocção, oxidação lipídica, desnaturação proteica, pH muscular, contração do filé, cor e alteração dos ácidos graxos durante o congelamento. A intensidade de vermelho foi maior nos peixes insensibilizado por eletronarcose (P>0,05). Foi constatado que o congelamento ultrarrápido é capaz de mascarar as perdas de qualidade decorrentes do estresse pré-abate. Nenhum dos tratamentos foi capaz de interferir significativamente (P>0,05) na degradação destes ácidos. Para os índices de saudabilidade estudados, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos tanto na relação n6/n3, peixes insensibilizados por eletronarcose apresentam melhores médias para índices trombogênico e aterogênico. Conclui-se que a eletronarcose pode ser uma boa opção para o abate de bijupirás, por causar insensibilização aparente rápida e com mínimo de sofrimento sem perda de qualidade da carne.
Aquaculture in Brazil is growing phase, particularly with the intensive cultivation of commercial species. The fish are killed by immersion in ice and water, or by asphyxiation in ice, proven methods that do not cause immediate loss of brain function and may have adverse consequences on meat quality. Thus it becomes necessary studies to identify the best way to fish stunning, which provide the same, less pain and better quality of the meat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre slaughter by electro stunning, CO2 narcosis and hypothermia on the quality of cobia meat and study the stability of the meat in cooling and freezing, measuring the main physical and chemical variables and sensory used both in industry and research. For this two experiments were conducted, where the first ninety copies were submitted to three treatments. After stunning the fish were slaughtered by bleeding and kept refrigerated at 4°C for 21 days. Samples were collected after determination of the death of the animal (time 0), 5 hours and 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage. The data were submitted to ANOVA and found significant differences (P <0.05), means were compared by Tukey test. We evaluated the accuracy index, muscle pH, volatile nitrogenous bases (VBN), dielectric properties, sensory evaluation, muscle ATP degradation. The elapsed time for the stunning of animals was quite different (electronarcosis: 2 seconds; CO2 narcosis: 31 minutes; hypothermia: 17.5 minutes). The color of the gills showed a significant difference (P <0.05). Fish were stunned by hypothermia showed greater speed of adenosine triphosphate degradation of hypoxanthine and higher speed of training, animals were stunned by electro showed greater speed increasing value K. In the second experiment, fish were subjected to each treatment, and when the verified state of apparent stunning if preceded with cutting the gill arches, filleting, ultra-fast freezing, packaging and maintenance in freezer -18 ° C for 180 days. Every 60 days samples were collected for assessment of loss of water drip water loss by cooking, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, muscle pH, fillet contraction, color and alteration of fatty acids during freezing. The red intensity was higher in fish numb by electro (P> 0.05). It was found that the ultrafast freezing is able to mask the quality losses associated with the pre-slaughter stress. none of the treatments were able to interfere significantly (P> 0.05) in the degradation of these acids. For the healthiness indices studied, there was a significant difference between treatments in both the relationship n6/n3, fish stunned by electro have better averages for thrombogenic and atherogenic index. It concludes that electro can be a good option for slaughtering bijupirás, to cause rapid apparent stunning and with minimal suffering no loss of meat quality.

“Race, Capitalism, and Social Welfare after the Civil War, 1864-1911: The CKOP and the COC” is a cultural history. It examines the African American fraternal association, the Colored Knights of Pythias and their women’s auxiliary, the Court of Calanthe. The project straddles the periods before and after enslaved people’s relationship to labor and capitalism shifted in the US. For example, free and enslaved blacks purchased and owned goods before emancipation, but slavery’s demise created a new landscape for many African Americans in the transition from their bodies being considered commodities and contrabands to free laborers. Who were the people who were drawn to fraternal insurance as a product? What did their communities look like? What distinctions emerge in places that fought the hardest to create such tools as insurance among fraternals? This project uncovers the wartime and post-Civil War biographies of CKOP and COC members in order to create a more intimate story of their lives and understood how they responded to the political and economic risks of post-Reconstruction existence in the South. My project makes four key interventions. First, a more mature understanding of the capitalist state emerged in African American communities after the Civil War and understanding how African Americans interpreted this transition is important. Telling this story also means creating space to examine how freedmen and freeborn African Americans imagined their new relationship to capitalism as well as to each other. Secondly, both women and men believed their gender empowered them to also organize for social welfare and reform. Third, internal debates among the CKOP and COC over how to manage their business affairs as well as their social welfare programs are important sites of black identity formation. Lastly, the South is not a monolithic in this project – place matters. Through chapters grounded in regional studies, readers see the distinctive characteristics that defined community building in Washington, DC, Vicksburg, MS, New Orleans, LA and Birmingham, AL.

Yearly calvings are essential to the sustainability of modern dairy farming. Currently, calving difficulty (or dystocia) affects one in six calvings among UK dairy herds but vary from 2 to 50% internationally. In dairy cows, despite reports of impaired performance, the extent and threshold of the effect of dystocia on health and performance remains unclear. Over the past years, there has also been increasing concerns about the levels of pain experienced by the dystocial cows. Better understanding of their parturition progress and behaviours is needed so that informed decisions on pain mitigation can be taken. Additionally, the impact of dystocia (besides stillbirth) should also be addressed in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to address the effects of a difficult calving on the health and welfare of both dairy cows and calves. Retrospective analyses of an experimental farm’s detailed records were used to relate calving difficulty with health and performance of the dairy cow. The results showed that after any difficulty at calving, dairy producers incur long-lasting shortfalls in milk sales. Dystocial cows also have impaired fertility, are more likely to leave the herd early and have a higher risk of dystocia at the following calving, thus there is a long-term detrimental impact on dystocial cows. Video monitoring of calvings allowed detailed investigation of the parturition progress and behaviours of dystocial Holstein cows giving birth to singleton liveborn calves. The study of calving behaviours and parturition progress indicated longer later stages of parturition, increased restlessness and tail raising in the six hours preceding expulsion of the calf, for dystocial cows receiving farm assistance compared with cows calving unaided. This may relate to the expression of higher levels of pain when dystocia occurs. The onset of maternal behaviour was not delayed following calving difficulty, and firm conclusions could not be drawn from investigation of some behavioural indicators of pain in the first three hours postpartum. Experimental work allowed the monitoring of a cohort of 496 calves born with various degrees of birth difficulty over two years. All but one vet assisted calves were born dead, and farmer assisted calves were more likely to be stillborn than calves born without assistance. Stillborn dystocial calves displayed larger internal damage, than stillborn eutocial calves, but they did not have a different body shape at birth than dystocial calves that survived. Dystocial dairy calves that survived the birth process had lower vigour at birth, had higher salivary cortisol, acquired lower passive immunity and received more health treatments in the neonatal period. Dystocial heifers also had higher mortality rates by weaning but had similar growth to first service. Historical records from the farm also showed that dystocial heifer calves were three times more likely to have died by weaning and by first service than calves born without assistance. For those who survived, there was, however, no indication of altered growth to weaning or subsequent impaired fertility. This may be explained by the early mortality of the most badly affected calves or by farm management. However, their high mortality rates still raise welfare concerns. Altogether, results suggest that dairy calves born with any difficulty have poorer welfare in the neonatal period and possibly beyond. The experience of any calving difficulty in dairy cattle therefore not only impairs the welfare of the cow, but also the welfare from their resulting calf. Any strategy implemented to lower the occurrence and mitigate the effects of dystocia will therefore improve the welfare of the cows, their calves and enhance the farm’s economic sustainability.

La mia ricerca esplora i costi individuali e sociali della genitorialità intensiva attraverso il caso di genitori di bambini con ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), analizzato attraverso interviste qualitative e l’osservazione partecipante condotte per quindici mesi all’interno di otto famiglie nelle aree di Detroit e di New York. Considero l’ADHD un’arena in cui gli attori sociali coinvolti (genitori, scuola, famiglia, comunità, sistema medico e politiche assistenziali) mettono in atto un gioco di reciproca attribuzione di responsabilità del comportamento deviante dei bambini, a volte ricondotto a cause neurobiologiche, altre volte a una cattiva genitorialità. Analizzo questa economia della colpa dal punto di vista dei genitori, sottolineando come la loro partecipazione a questo gioco sia limitata dalla presenza egemonica nei media, nel senso comune e nelle politiche sociali, di un modello genitoriale “intensivo”, caratterizzato dal considerare la prestazione dei genitori come la variabile chiave del benessere dei minori, sia presente sia futuro. Sottolineo come, puntando tutto sull’acquisizione di abilità e competenze universali e astratte, le politiche sociali basate sulla genitorialità intensiva occultino le differenze di accesso al capitale sociale e culturale dei genitori stessi, esasperate dall’organizzazione del sistema sanitario e dalla riforma del sistema scolastico (No Child Left Behind) del 2001. Allo stesso tempo evidenzio come, fornendo un apparato ideologico funzionale alla de-politicizzazione dei problemi sociali e individuali, le politiche di genitorialità intensiva risultano strumentali allo smantellamento dello Stato sociale in corso a livello globale.

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Cats have always had an important part to play in human civilization ¾ they were religious, power and magic symbols, and saved humanity from pests. Its adaptability, independence and versatility have placed the cat as the most popular pet in actuality. The study of individuality in animals has raised interest for several reasons ¾ the animal’s well being, the application of its behavioral traits for the benefit of humans, the prediction of behavioral problems in the future, its reproductive success and as a model for the study of the evolution of personality in humans, among others. In aiming to contribute to the welfare of mixed breed domestic cats that live in shelters ¾ by enhancing adoption, reducing abandonment, and minimizing stressful factors and consequent illness ¾, this research work had as its objective to study the relation of coat colour and temperament in mixed breed domestic cats defining its “Temperamental Profile”; as well as to define the “Behavioral Profile” of sheltered mixed breed domestic cats in the context of social relationships with familiar and unfamiliar cats and humans. For this purpose were used, in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco State, 263 cats from 24 shelters, healthy males and females of differing weight, aged 12 months and over, and with coat colour dense black solid (100), bi-colour black and white (130) and dense white solid (33). The temperamental profile of cats regarding the colour of their coat identified the dense black solid colour type of cat as adaptable (96.0%) and obedient (57.1%); the bi-colour blackand white as possessive (11.9%) and more inactive (18.5%) and the dense white as solitaire (56.3%), peacefulless (12.1%), hard adaptable (24.2%) and non possessive (93.1%), when compared among them. The behavioral profile of sheltered cats in social relations with familiar (fp) and unfamiliar (up) humans showed animals that are socials (81.75% fp and 72.62% up), curious (81.15% fp and 81.54% up), that like gaining attention (81.75% fp and 69.20% up) and rubbing themselves against people (81,0%), playful (60.84% fp and 56.87% up), talkative (53.61% fp and 62.85% up), seldom aggressive (97.72% fp and 96.54% up) and secure (85.17% fp and 69.58% up); and in its social relations with familiar (fc) and unfamiliar (uc) cats referred to animals that are socials (92.78% fc and 80.92% uc), curious (84.23% fc and 83.85% uc), that appreciate lying together with other cats (80.61%) and being caressed by them (82.76%), playful (53.99% fc and 42.0% uc), “talkative” (69.11% fc and 72.76% uc), non aggressive 95.44% fc and 88.58% uc) and secure (93.54% fc and 87.64% uc). The results allowed to conclude that the coat colour is related to the temperamental profile of mixed breed domestic cats, with dense black solid coat colour animals more adaptable and obedient, thebi-colour black and white as less active and more possessive, while the dense white solid cats as animals that appreciate being alone, are less peaceful and adaptable and much less possessive, when compared among them; however do not significantly interfere in the social relation of the cat with people and other cats. The behavioural profile of sheltered cats in the social relation with familiar and unfamiliar people refers to animals that are very social, docile and curious, that very much appreciate being caressed, rubbing on people and gaining their attention, like being held on lap and arms, playful, talkative, andseldom insecure; being influenced by the number of people which they keep contact. The behavioural profile of sheltered cats in the social relation with familiar and unfamiliar cats refers to animals that are very social, tame, curious and self-confident, that very much appreciate lying together and being caressed by other cats, playful and little talkative; being influenced by the local where the animals are kept and the number of people which they keep contact.
Os gatos sempre desempenharam papel importante na história da civilização humana ¾ já foram símbolo religioso, de poder e de magia, e livraram a humanidade de pragas. Sua adaptabilidade, independência e versatilidade têm situado o gato doméstico (Felis silvestris catus) como animal de estimação mais popular, na atualidade. O estudo da individualidade em animais tem despertado interesse por muitas razões ¾ promover seu bem-estar, procriá-los com sucesso, prever distúrbios comportamentais futuros destes, aplicar seus atributos comportamentais para benefício do ser humano; usá-los como modelo de estudo da evolução da personalidade em humanos, entre outras. Buscando contribuir com o bem-estar de gatos domésticos sem raça definida criados em abrigos ¾ incentivar adoções, reduzir abandono, evitar fatores estressantes e consequentes doenças ¾, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a relação da cor da pelagem com o temperamento do gato doméstico sem raça definida a partir do “Perfil Temperamental” deste; assim como definir o “Perfil Comportamental” do gato doméstico sem raça definida criado em abrigo na relação social com outros gatos e com seres humanos, conhecidos edesconhecidos. Na Região Metropolitana do Recife, estado de Pernambuco, foram selecionados 263 gatos de 24 abrigos, machos e fêmeas saudáveis com peso variado e idade a partir de 12 meses, e de pelagens nas cores preta sólida (100), bicolor preta e branca (130) e branca sólida (33). O perfil temperamental do gato doméstico sem raça definida segundo a cor da pelagem definiu os animais de pelagem preta sólida como adaptáveis (96,0%) e obedientes (57,1%); gatos de pelagem bicolor preta e branca como possessivos (11,9%) e pouco ativos (18,5%) e os de pelagem branca sólida como solitários (56,3%), intranqüilos (12,1%), de difícil adaptação (24,2%) e não possessivos (93,1%), quando comparados entre si. O perfil comportamental de gatos domésticos sem raça definida criados em abrigo na relação social com pessoas conhecidas (pc) e desconhecidas (pd) identifica animais sociais (81,75% pc e 72,62% pd) e curiosos (81,15% pc e 81,54% pd), que gostam de atenção (81,75% pc e 69,20% pd) e de se esfregar (81,0%), brincalhões (60,84% pc e 56,87% pd), vocálicos (53,61% pc e 62,85% pd), não agressivos (97,72% pc e 96,54% pd) e seguros (85,17% pc e 69,58% pd); e na relação social comgatos conhecidos (gc) e desconhecidos (gd) refere-se a animais sociais (92,78% gc e 80.92% gd) e curiosos (84,23% gc e 83,85% gd), que gostam de deitar juntos (80,61%) e receber carícias (82,76%), brincalhões (53,99% gc e 42,0% gd), vocálicos (69,11% gc e72,76% gd), não agressivos (95,44% gc e 88,58% gd) e seguros (93,54% gc e 87,64% gd). Os resultados permitiram concluir que a cor da pelagem, nas cores estudadas, está associada ao perfil temperamental de gatos sem raça definida, com animais de pelagem preta sólida mais adaptáveis e obedientes, os de pelagem bicolor preta e branca menos ativos e mais possessivos, enquanto que os de pelagem branca sólida apreciam muito ficar sozinhos, são menos tranqüilos e adaptáveis, e raramente possessivos, quando comparados entre si; contudo não interfere significantemente na relação social do gato com pessoas e outros gatos. O perfil comportamental de gatos sem raça definida criados em abrigo na relação social com pessoas conhecidas e desconhecidas refere-se a animais muito sociais, dóceis e curiosos, que gostam muito de se esfregar em pessoas e da atenção destas, que aceitam colo e/ou braço, brincalhões, pouco vocais e raramente inseguros; sendo influenciado pelo número de contactantes humanos com os quais estes convivem. O perfilcomportamental de gatos sem raça definida criados em abrigo na relação social com outros gatos conhecidos e desconhecidos refere-se a animais muito sociáveis, dóceis, curiosos e autoconfiantes, que apreciam muito deitar juntos e receber carícias, brincalhões, e pouco vocais; sendo influenciado pelo local onde os animais são mantidos e o número de pessoas com os quais mantêm contato.

As cólicas abdominais são muito frequentes nos primeiros dias após o nascimento, provocam sofrimento no Recém-Nascido e angústia e sensação de impotência nos pais. Pretendeu-se atuar neste problema através do Reiki. Definiu-se como objetivos: 1) Aplicar a Terapia de Reiki aos RN; 2) Verificar a diminuição ou cessação do sofrimento que a cólica provoca no RN, através da aplicação de Reiki; 3) Promover o bem-estar do Recém-Nascido através da aplicação de Reiki. Efetuou-se um diagnóstico da situação, baseado nas necessidades detetadas e numa investigação dirigida ao tema em estudo. Em termos metodológicos, selecionou-se a amostra, aplicou-se a terapia de Reiki, colheu-se os dados, que foram posteriormente tratados através do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), numa abordagem quantitativa. Este trabalho trouxe dados que permitem afirmar que o Reiki contribui para o bem-estar do Recém-Nascido. No final elaborou-se o presente relatório; ABSTRACT: Reiki contribution in the Newborn Welfare with cramps Abdominal Abdominal cramps are very common in the early days after birth, causing suffering in newborns and leaving the parents helpless and distressed. It was intended to act on this problem through Reiki, with the following objectives: 1) Apply Reiki therapy to the Newborn; 2) Evaluate the reduction or cessation of suffering caused by these cramps in infants, through the application of Reiki; 3) Promote the Newborn’s well-being through the application of Reiki. A diagnosis of the situation was conducted, based on the needs detected and on an investigation directed to the topic under study. In terms of methodology, the sample was selected, Reiki therapy was applied, the data was collected and was further processed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), which allows a quantitative approach. This work brought data which shows that Reiki contributes to the Newborn’s well-being. At the end, the present report was elaborated.

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A equinocultura encontra-se em constante crescimento e por isso há um maior interesse em estudos científicos que favoreçam a relação homem animal garantindo consequentemente o bem-estar animal. Discussões são cada vez mais frequentes, envolvendo não só as formas de criação como também as práticas as quais são submetidos. A feromonioterapia é uma nova alternativa que vem sendo estudada a fim de tranquilizar e reduzir os problemas relacionados ao medo, ansiedade e fobia e limitando as manifestações do sistema nervoso autônomo e consequentemente o estresse a esses animais. Para tanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de equinos submetidos ao tratamento com Feromônio Materno Equino (FME) durante o procedimento de casqueamento. Foram avaliados 20 potros, com idade média de vinte e quatro meses, machos e fêmeas sem experiência prévia ao casqueamento que foram divididos em dois grupos (A e B) onde um deles recebeu tratamento com FME e o outro placebo (excipiente sem o princípio ativo), considerado randomizado e duplo-cego. Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), glicemia, VFC e análise de reações comportamentais. O exame clínico foi avaliado em dois momentos sendo: M1 (20 minutos previamente ao casqueamento) e M2 (20 minutos após o casqueamento). Já a VFC, foi avaliada nos momentos pré, trans e pós casqueamento. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças estatísticas dos parâmetros clínicos avaliados (FC, FR e glicemia) em comparação com os grupos (FME e placebo) em relação aos momentos M1 e M2. A FC mínima, FC média e FC máxima e principalmente os índices da VFC (SDNN, SDANN e SDNNi, RMSSD e PNN50) também não diferiram quando se comparou os grupos nos momentos pré, trans e pós casqueamento. Embora não tenha ocorrido significância, observou-se tendência a diminuição dos parâmetros FC, glicemia e reatividade em um dos grupos, havendo percepção nítida de mudança no comportamento durante o casqueamento sugerindo maior tranquilidade dos equinos durante o procedimento, com a feromonioterapia.
The horse breeding is found in constant growth and then there is a greater interest in scientific studies that favor the animal man relationship therefore ensuring animal welfare. Discussions are increasingly frequent, involving not only the forms of creation but also the practices which are submitted. Pheromone therapy is a new alternative that has been studied in order to reassure and reduce the problems related to fear, anxiety and phobia and limiting the manifestations of the autonomic nervous system and consequently the stress to these animals. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) of horses submitted to treatment with Maternal Equine Pheromone (MEP) during the hoof trimming. We evaluated 20 foals, with an average age of twenty-four months, males and females without prior experience to the hoof trimming that were divided into two groups (A and B) where one received treatment wich MEP and and the other placebo (excipient without the active ingredient), considered randomized and double-blind. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (FR), blood glucose, HRV and analysis of behavioral reactions. The clinical examination was studied in two moments: M1 (20 minutes before the procedure hoof trimming) and M2 (20 minutes after the procedure hoof trimming). Already the HRV was evaluated in pre, trans and post procedure hoof trimming. The results showed that there was no statistical differences of clinical parameters evaluated (FC, FR and glucose) compared to the groups (MEP and placebo) in relation to the moments M1 and M2. Minimum FC, medium FC and maximum FC and especially the index of VFC (SDNN, SDANN e SDNNi, RMSSD e PNN50) also did not differ when compared the groups in moments pre, during and after procedure hoof trimming. Although there has not been significance there was a tendency to decrease the parameters FC, blood glucose and reactivity in one of the groups, there being clear perception of change in behavior during procedure hoof trimming with pheromone therapy suggesting greater tranquility of equines during the procedure.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
No Brasil, os biotérios de produção precisam atender elevada demanda de animais, com padrões genéticos e sanitários definidos e, por outro lado, existe a necessidade de considerar a crescente preocupação de setores da sociedade e dos órgãos reguladores, que trazem à discussão o tema do bem-estar dos animais de laboratório, em condição de cativeiro, mesmo que não estejam submetidos à experimentação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar três idades de acasalamento (28, 45 e 60 dias) para camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, alojados em gaiolas enriquecidas ou não e suas influencias no desempenho produtivo. O experimento teve a duração de 310 dias, do primeiro acasalamento até o desmame da última ninhada. Usou-se 60 casais de camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, de padrão sanitário controlado, criados e mantidos em ambiente padronizado. Eles foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (três idades de acasalamento e alojamento com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental). Como forma de enriquecimento da gaiola foram utilizados tubos de papelão (com aproximadamente 10 cm de comprimento e 4 cm de diâmetro), previamente embalados e autoclavados. Foram analisadas características relacionadas à fertilidade, idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo entre partos, número de nascidos e desmamados totais e médio por ninhada, mortalidade pré-desmame e peso da ninhada ao desmame. Não houve efeito da interação enriquecimento x idade de acasalamento sobre as características estudadas. Tanto o enriquecimento, quanto a idade de acasalamento, influenciaram a mortalidade pré-desmame. Nas gaiolas enriquecidas a mortalidade pré-desmame foi mais baixa (P=0,01) que nas não enriquecidas (0,80 e 1,87 respectivamente). O acasalamento aos 28 dias resultou em mortalidade mais baixa (P = 0,01) comparado ao acasalamento aos 60 dias, enquanto o acasalamento...
In Brazil, the centers for production of laboratory animals need to meet a high demand for rodents with defined genetic and health status and, on the other hand, there is the need to consider the growing concern of the society and of the regulatory agencies regarding captive laboratory animals welfare, even though they are not under research protocols in those centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three breeding ages (28, 45 and 60 days) on mice from the BALB/c strain, housed in enriched or non-enriched cages and their influence on the productive performance. The experiment lasted 310 days, from the first mating to weaning of the last litter. Sixty mouse couples from the BALB/c strain, with controlled health status, raised and kept under standardized environment were used. They were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three breeding ages and cage with or without enrichment). Card paper tubes, approximately 10 cm long and with a diameter of 4 cm, were previously packed and autoclaved and used as cage enrichments. Traits related to fertility, age at first parturition, parturition interval, number born and weaned (total and litter average), pre-weaning mortality rate and litter weight at weaning were analyzed along the entire reproduction period. The breeding age x cage enrichment interaction did not affect any of traits under study, but each of these effects separately affected pre-weaning mortality. In the enriched cages, pre-weaning mortality was lower (P=0.01) than in non-enriched cages (0.80 vs. 1.87 deaths, respectively). Breeding at 28 days resulted in lower mortality (P= 0.01) compared to breeding at 60 days, whereas at 45 days an intermediary value was found (0.60, 2.25 and 1.16 deaths, respectively). No other effects of the treatments were detected (P>0.05) on the traits under study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: No Brasil, os biotérios de produção precisam atender elevada demanda de animais, com padrões genéticos e sanitários definidos e, por outro lado, existe a necessidade de considerar a crescente preocupação de setores da sociedade e dos órgãos reguladores, que trazem à discussão o tema do bem-estar dos animais de laboratório, em condição de cativeiro, mesmo que não estejam submetidos à experimentação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar três idades de acasalamento (28, 45 e 60 dias) para camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, alojados em gaiolas enriquecidas ou não e suas influencias no desempenho produtivo. O experimento teve a duração de 310 dias, do primeiro acasalamento até o desmame da última ninhada. Usou-se 60 casais de camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, de padrão sanitário controlado, criados e mantidos em ambiente padronizado. Eles foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (três idades de acasalamento e alojamento com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental). Como forma de enriquecimento da gaiola foram utilizados tubos de papelão (com aproximadamente 10 cm de comprimento e 4 cm de diâmetro), previamente embalados e autoclavados. Foram analisadas características relacionadas à fertilidade, idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo entre partos, número de nascidos e desmamados totais e médio por ninhada, mortalidade pré-desmame e peso da ninhada ao desmame. Não houve efeito da interação enriquecimento x idade de acasalamento sobre as características estudadas. Tanto o enriquecimento, quanto a idade de acasalamento, influenciaram a mortalidade pré-desmame. Nas gaiolas enriquecidas a mortalidade pré-desmame foi mais baixa (P=0,01) que nas não enriquecidas (0,80 e 1,87 respectivamente). O acasalamento aos 28 dias resultou em mortalidade mais baixa (P = 0,01) comparado ao acasalamento aos 60 dias, enquanto o acasalamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In Brazil, the centers for production of laboratory animals need to meet a high demand for rodents with defined genetic and health status and, on the other hand, there is the need to consider the growing concern of the society and of the regulatory agencies regarding captive laboratory animals welfare, even though they are not under research protocols in those centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three breeding ages (28, 45 and 60 days) on mice from the BALB/c strain, housed in enriched or non-enriched cages and their influence on the productive performance. The experiment lasted 310 days, from the first mating to weaning of the last litter. Sixty mouse couples from the BALB/c strain, with controlled health status, raised and kept under standardized environment were used. They were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three breeding ages and cage with or without enrichment). Card paper tubes, approximately 10 cm long and with a diameter of 4 cm, were previously packed and autoclaved and used as cage enrichments. Traits related to fertility, age at first parturition, parturition interval, number born and weaned (total and litter average), pre-weaning mortality rate and litter weight at weaning were analyzed along the entire reproduction period. The breeding age x cage enrichment interaction did not affect any of traits under study, but each of these effects separately affected pre-weaning mortality. In the enriched cages, pre-weaning mortality was lower (P=0.01) than in non-enriched cages (0.80 vs. 1.87 deaths, respectively). Breeding at 28 days resulted in lower mortality (P= 0.01) compared to breeding at 60 days, whereas at 45 days an intermediary value was found (0.60, 2.25 and 1.16 deaths, respectively). No other effects of the treatments were detected (P>0.05) on the traits under study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Ana Silvia Alves Meira Tavares Moura
Coorientador: Vânia Gomes de Moura Mattaraia
Banca: Edson Ramos de Siqueira
Banca: Sueli Blanes Damy
Mestre

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Do ponto de vista metodológico, pela sua extraordinária abrangência e complexidade, esta temática não poderia ser abordada numa perspectiva redutora e compartimentada, privilegiando apenas os aspectos jurídicos e institucionais. Diante da necessidade de conhecer melhor um dos mais obscuros e enigmáticos modelos de atendimento a populações vulneráveis, (como consequência natural de uma nova problematização dos mecanismos legais e institucionais da assistência à infância desvalida e abandonada trazidas pela redemocratização do país), este trabalho tem como objetivo traçar um panorama geral das condições e características das instituições de abrigamento, iniciando pelo seu histórico e buscando discutir a natureza social, política e jurídica das políticas públicas voltadas para a área, tendo em mente o conteúdo da legislação em comparação com a ação prática dos agentes públicos. Ao longo deste trabalho, buscamos, através da exploração do grande conjunto de dados quantitativos levantados principalmente pelo IPEA, estabelecer as características principais das instituições de abrigo e definir o padrão de institucionalização infantil, tendo em mente quem são as crianças institucionalizadas, quais as razões para a sua entrada e permanência, e analisamos também documentação levantada por diversos pesquisadores que deram voz tanto às crianças quanto aos agentes de controle e administrativos destas instituições.
From a methodological point of view, this theme shouldn‟t be developed on a reductional and compartmentalized perspective, pointing only it‟s juridical or institutional aspects. In face of the necessity of establish a better understanding about the enigmatic and obscure models of vulnerable population caring, (as natural consequences of a new problematization of legal and institutional poor childhood caring mechanisms, brought by our country‟s democratization), this thesis has the goal of establish a general panorama of the characteristics and conditions of shelter institutions, starting by its historical background, aiming to discuss the social, political and juridical nature of public policies related to childhood shelters. For that goal, we intend to compare the legislation content with the practices of the public agents. In this paper, we will seek to establish, through the exploration of a big amount of quantitative data worked mainly by IPEA, the central characteristics of the children shelter institutions. Keeping in mind who are the children who have previously been in institutionalized care., and the reasons for this, we will analyze the documentation produced by many researchers that gave voice for the children, as well as for the administrative and control agents from the institutions.

Orientador: Jayme Wanderley Gasparoto
Banca: Sueli Andruciolli Félix
Banca: Mirian Cláudia Lourenção Simonetti
Banca: Rodolfo Arruda Leite de Barros
Banca: Rodrigo Alves Correia
Resumo: Do ponto de vista metodológico, pela sua extraordinária abrangência e complexidade, esta temática não poderia ser abordada numa perspectiva redutora e compartimentada, privilegiando apenas os aspectos jurídicos e institucionais. Diante da necessidade de conhecer melhor um dos mais obscuros e enigmáticos modelos de atendimento a populações vulneráveis, (como consequência natural de uma nova problematização dos mecanismos legais e institucionais da assistência à infância desvalida e abandonada trazidas pela redemocratização do país), este trabalho tem como objetivo traçar um panorama geral das condições e características das instituições de abrigamento, iniciando pelo seu histórico e buscando discutir a natureza social, política e jurídica das políticas públicas voltadas para a área, tendo em mente o conteúdo da legislação em comparação com a ação prática dos agentes públicos. Ao longo deste trabalho, buscamos, através da exploração do grande conjunto de dados quantitativos levantados principalmente pelo IPEA, estabelecer as características principais das instituições de abrigo e definir o padrão de institucionalização infantil, tendo em mente quem são as crianças institucionalizadas, quais as razões para a sua entrada e permanência, e analisamos também documentação levantada por diversos pesquisadores que deram voz tanto às crianças quanto aos agentes de controle e administrativos destas instituições.
Abstract: From a methodological point of view, this theme shouldn‟t be developed on a reductional and compartmentalized perspective, pointing only it‟s juridical or institutional aspects. In face of the necessity of establish a better understanding about the enigmatic and obscure models of vulnerable population caring, (as natural consequences of a new problematization of legal and institutional poor childhood caring mechanisms, brought by our country‟s democratization), this thesis has the goal of establish a general panorama of the characteristics and conditions of shelter institutions, starting by its historical background, aiming to discuss the social, political and juridical nature of public policies related to childhood shelters. For that goal, we intend to compare the legislation content with the practices of the public agents. In this paper, we will seek to establish, through the exploration of a big amount of quantitative data worked mainly by IPEA, the central characteristics of the children shelter institutions. Keeping in mind who are the children who have previously been in institutionalized care., and the reasons for this, we will analyze the documentation produced by many researchers that gave voice for the children, as well as for the administrative and control agents from the institutions.
Doutor

La valutazione oggettiva del benessere negli allevamenti di bovine da latte, risulta peraltro molto complessa e controversa. I principali problemi riguardano la scelta degli indicatori da utilizzare nel modello e l’aggregazione dei risultati ottenuti con ciascun indicatore in un punteggio globale che sia espressione del benessere reale. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, è evidente che un modello applicativo di valutazione del benessere necessita di una validazione scientifica. I nostri risultati hanno mostrato che sono soprattutto i valori di fruttosamina riscontrati fra la 3a e la 5a settimana di lattazione quelli che maggiormente riflettono la glicemia media delle settimane precedenti, quindi l’entità del deficit energetico e della riduzione delle condizioni nutrizionali degli animali Nella valutazione del benessere animale un altro aspetto fondamentale è rappresentato dall’individuazione di un eventuale status di stress cronico, ricorrendo ad esempio alla cortisolemia plasmatica. Tra gli indicatori di tipo fisiologico che sono sembrati molto importanti per la validazione dei modelli di valutazione del benessere animale, troviamo i parametri relativi a fatti infettivo-infiammatori (proteine positive della fase acuta, tra cui si ricordano l’aptoglobina e la ceruloplasmina, e quelle negative, specialmente le albumine e il colesterolo). Viceversa, l’utilizzo contemporaneo di una serie di indicatori di tipo biochimico-fisiologico, potrebbe fornire indicazioni per una valutazione più completa dei diversi aspetti del benessere. Ciò al fine di accertare se i suddetti parametri possano fungere da indicatori “assoluti” per ottenere indicazioni più oggettive delle reali condizioni di benessere/malessere degli animali allevati, costituendo pertanto un valido “riferimento” per i modelli di campo. Le informazioni prodotte con questo tipo di analisi possono fornire utili indicazioni sia in termini teorici di validazione del benessere (soprattutto per meglio precisare i vari aspetti che lo compongono e che confluiscono nel benessere globale) e sia in termini applicativi di miglior ridefinizione dei pesi relativi con cui aggregare i diversi aspetti del benessere nel modello di campo. Altri parametri fisiologici utilizzati come riferimento, e risultati molto importanti, sono il cortisolo e la fruttosamina. In particolare, i risultati ottenuti con questo approccio multivariato, applicato ai parametri biochimico-fisiologici hanno mostrato un parziale accordo fra la valutazione del benessere ottenuta con il modello SDIB.
The objective assessment of lactating dairy cows welfare is complex and controversial. The main concerns are the choice of the model indicators and the aggregation of obtained results in a global score that represents the effective welfare. According to these considerations, the animal welfare determination needs a scientific validation. Our results shows that the value of fructosamine between the third and fifth week in lactation strongly reflects the average blood glucose in the previous weeks, therefore it shows the energetic deficit and the low nutritional status. The determination of chronic stress is also fundamental to determine the animal welfare, it can be measured by the plasmatic cortisolemic value. Some indicators of inflammators-infective stress, such as the positive proteins of acute phase (aptoglobins and ceruloplasmin) and the negative ones (albumins and cholesterol) are some of the best physiological indicators capable of validating the determination of animal welfare. On the contrary, the contemporary utilisation of different biochemical-physiological indicators could give more comprehensive determination of animal welfare. The latter could be used as “absolute” indicators to obtain more objective indications of the real conditions of breeding animals' welfare, therefore, being a valid “reference” for field models. These kind of analysis can give useful theorical indication to validate the welfare (above all considering the global view of it), and also in practical applications capable of defining the relative scores aggregating several aspects of welfare in field models. Also cortisol and fructosamine are very important physiological indicators. Particularly, the results obtained by this multivariate approach, which was applied to biochemical and physiological parameters, showed partial agreement between the welfare evaluation by SDIB model.

La valutazione oggettiva del benessere negli allevamenti di bovine da latte, risulta peraltro molto complessa e controversa. I principali problemi riguardano la scelta degli indicatori da utilizzare nel modello e l’aggregazione dei risultati ottenuti con ciascun indicatore in un punteggio globale che sia espressione del benessere reale. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, è evidente che un modello applicativo di valutazione del benessere necessita di una validazione scientifica. I nostri risultati hanno mostrato che sono soprattutto i valori di fruttosamina riscontrati fra la 3a e la 5a settimana di lattazione quelli che maggiormente riflettono la glicemia media delle settimane precedenti, quindi l’entità del deficit energetico e della riduzione delle condizioni nutrizionali degli animali Nella valutazione del benessere animale un altro aspetto fondamentale è rappresentato dall’individuazione di un eventuale status di stress cronico, ricorrendo ad esempio alla cortisolemia plasmatica. Tra gli indicatori di tipo fisiologico che sono sembrati molto importanti per la validazione dei modelli di valutazione del benessere animale, troviamo i parametri relativi a fatti infettivo-infiammatori (proteine positive della fase acuta, tra cui si ricordano l’aptoglobina e la ceruloplasmina, e quelle negative, specialmente le albumine e il colesterolo). Viceversa, l’utilizzo contemporaneo di una serie di indicatori di tipo biochimico-fisiologico, potrebbe fornire indicazioni per una valutazione più completa dei diversi aspetti del benessere. Ciò al fine di accertare se i suddetti parametri possano fungere da indicatori “assoluti” per ottenere indicazioni più oggettive delle reali condizioni di benessere/malessere degli animali allevati, costituendo pertanto un valido “riferimento” per i modelli di campo. Le informazioni prodotte con questo tipo di analisi possono fornire utili indicazioni sia in termini teorici di validazione del benessere (soprattutto per meglio precisare i vari aspetti che lo compongono e che confluiscono nel benessere globale) e sia in termini applicativi di miglior ridefinizione dei pesi relativi con cui aggregare i diversi aspetti del benessere nel modello di campo. Altri parametri fisiologici utilizzati come riferimento, e risultati molto importanti, sono il cortisolo e la fruttosamina. In particolare, i risultati ottenuti con questo approccio multivariato, applicato ai parametri biochimico-fisiologici hanno mostrato un parziale accordo fra la valutazione del benessere ottenuta con il modello SDIB.
The objective assessment of lactating dairy cows welfare is complex and controversial. The main concerns are the choice of the model indicators and the aggregation of obtained results in a global score that represents the effective welfare. According to these considerations, the animal welfare determination needs a scientific validation. Our results shows that the value of fructosamine between the third and fifth week in lactation strongly reflects the average blood glucose in the previous weeks, therefore it shows the energetic deficit and the low nutritional status. The determination of chronic stress is also fundamental to determine the animal welfare, it can be measured by the plasmatic cortisolemic value. Some indicators of inflammators-infective stress, such as the positive proteins of acute phase (aptoglobins and ceruloplasmin) and the negative ones (albumins and cholesterol) are some of the best physiological indicators capable of validating the determination of animal welfare. On the contrary, the contemporary utilisation of different biochemical-physiological indicators could give more comprehensive determination of animal welfare. The latter could be used as “absolute” indicators to obtain more objective indications of the real conditions of breeding animals' welfare, therefore, being a valid “reference” for field models. These kind of analysis can give useful theorical indication to validate the welfare (above all considering the global view of it), and also in practical applications capable of defining the relative scores aggregating several aspects of welfare in field models. Also cortisol and fructosamine are very important physiological indicators. Particularly, the results obtained by this multivariate approach, which was applied to biochemical and physiological parameters, showed partial agreement between the welfare evaluation by SDIB model.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.
O bem-estar psicológico é crucial na vida de um individuo, proporcionando-lhe um desenvolvimento normativo, tendo em conta que o mesmo consiga encarar os desafios diários (Siqueira & Padovam, 2008) consoante os seus recursos psicológicos, experienciando assim felicidade, satisfação com a vida e uma boa saúde mental (Ryff, 1989, cit in Monteiro, Tavares & Pereira, 2012). Torna-se importante ter em conta o modelo reformulado por Ryff e Keyes (1995) sobre o bem-estar psicológico (Siqueira & Padovam, 2008). Este estudo procura perceber se existe associação entre o bem-estar psicológico e o ajustamento académico. Assim sendo, torna-se fulcral abordar este tema. O ajustamento académico é acompanhado por várias mudanças, podendo estas terem consequências negativas, causando assim uma inadaptação do aluno à universidade (Almeida, 2002; Almeida & Soares, 2004; Ferreira & Hood, 1990; cit. in Monteiro, Vasconcelos & Almeida, 2005). Foram usadas duas escalas, a Escala de medida de manifestação de bem-estar psicológico, EMMBEP (Monteiro, S. Tavares & J. Pereira, A., 2012) e o Questionário de ajustamento académico, AAQ (Taveira, 2004). Também foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico (Lobo & Coelho, 2014) para ter acesso a algumas variáveis importantes para a resolução deste estudo. Partindo deste enquadramento, realizou-se o estudo numa universidade privada, cuja amostra foi constituída por 202 alunos do 1º ciclo de estudos, dos cursos de economia (n = 41; 20,3%), gestão (n = 149; 73,8%) e informática (n = 12; 5,9%). A amostra foi composta maioritariamente pelo género feminino (n = 117; 57,9%). A média da idade dos inquiridos foi aproximadamente de 20 anos. Pode-se concluir que este estudo obteve resultados estatisticamente significativos perante a associação de algumas variáveis sociodemográficas, com o bem-estar psicológico e o ajustamento académico, respetivamente. Concluiu-se ainda que existe uma associação bastante forte entre ambas as escalas do estudo, ou seja, quanto maior o bem-estar psicológico maior será o sentimento de ajustamento académico, ou vice-versa.
Psychological welfare is a crucial part in the life of an individual, giving him a normative development and considering that the individual should be able to face the daily challenges (Siqueira & Padovam, 2008) depending of their psychological resources and experiencing happiness, life satisfaction and mental health (Ryff, 1989 cit in Monteiro, Tavares & Pereira, 2012). It is important to consider the reformulated model by Ryff and Keyes (1995) about the psychological welfare (Smith & Padovam, 2008). This study tries to understand whether there is an association between psychological welfare and academic adjustment. Therefore, it is crucial to approach this issue. The academic adjustment is accompanied by several changes, which may have negative consequences, leading the individual to maladjustment to the institution (Almeida, 2002; Almeida & Soares, 2004; Ferreira & Hood, 1990; cit. in Monteiro, Vasconcelos & Almeida, 2005). Two scales were used: the expression of measurement scale of psychological welfare, EMMBEP (Monteiro, S. & J. Tavares Pereira, A., 2012) and the academic adjustment questionnaire, AAQ (Taveira, 2004). A sociodemographic questionnaire (Lobo & Coelho, 2014) to have access to some important variables to solve this study also was used. From this guideline, a study was conducted at a private university, which consisted of 202 students of the 1st cycle of studies of some courses as, economics courses (n = 41; 20.3%), management courses (n = 149; 73.8 %) and computer courses (n = 12; 5.9%). The sample was comprised mostly by females (n = 117; 57.9%). The average age of enquired people was about 20 years old. It can be concluded that the statistics of this study, provided significant results with the association of some sociodemographic variables, the psychological welfare and academic adjustment, respectively. It was further concluded that there is a very strong association study between the two scales, namely, the higher is the psychological welfare , the greater will be the academic sense of adjustment, or vice versa.
Orientação: Prof. Doutora Cristina Costa Lobo.

The United Kingdom was one of the first countries in the world to develop formal private pension arrangements (beginning in the 18th Century) and was also one of the first to begin the process of reducing systematically unfunded state provision in favour of funded private provision (beginning in 1980). This explains why the UK is one of the few countries in Europe that is not facing a serious pensions crisis. The reasons for this are straightforward: state pensions (both in terms of the replacement ratio and as a proportion overage earnings) are amongst the lowest in Europe, the UK has a long-standing funded private pension sector, its population is ageing less rapidly than elsewhere in Europe and its governments have taken measures to prevent a pension crisis developing. These measures have involved making systematic cuts in unfunded state pension provision and increasingly transferring the burden of providing pensions to the funded private sector. The UK is not entitled to be complacent, however, since there remain some serious and unresolved problems with the different types of private sector provision. This thesys examines the key issues relating to the UK pension system. It reviews the current system of pension provision, describes and analyses the reforms since 1980, examines the legal regulatory and accounting framework for occupational pension schemes, assesses the different types of risks and returns from membership of defined benefit and defined contribution pension schemes, and investigates the management and investment performance of pension fund assets. We now turn to a broad assessment of the current state of private pensions in the UK. There are two types of pension fund; occupational (run by a firm for its employees) and personal (based on an individual contract with an insurance company). A flat-rate first-tier pension is provided by the state and is known as the Basic State Pension (BSP). Second-tier or supplementary pensions are provided by the state, employers and private sector financial institutions, the socalled three pillars of support in old age. The main choices are between: a state system that offers a pension that is low relative to average earnings but which is fully indexed to prices after retirement; an occupational system that offers a relatively high level of pension (partially indexed to prices after retirement up to a maximum of 5% p.a.), but, as a result of poor transfer values between schemes on changing jobs, only to workers who spend most of their working lives with the same company; and a personal pension system that offers fully portable (and partially indexed) pensions, but these are based on uncertain investment returns and are subject to very high set-up and administration charges, often inappropriate sales tactics, and very low paid-up values if contributions into the plans lapse prematurely. Employees in the UK in receipt of earnings subject to National Insurance Contributions (NICs) will build up entitlement both to the BSP2 and, on ‘band earnings’ between the Lower Earnings Limit (LEL) and the Upper Earnings Limit (UEL), to the pension provided by the State-Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (SERPS). These pensions are paid by the Department of Social Security (DSS) from State Pension Age which is 65 formen and 60 for women. The self-employed are also entitled to a BSP, but not to a SERPS pension. Employeeswith earnings in excess of the LEL will automatically be members of SERPS, unless they belong to an employer’s occupational pension scheme or to a personal pension scheme that has been contracted-out of SERPS. In such cases both the individual and the employer contracting-out receive a rebate on their NICs and the individual foregoes the right to receive a SERPS pension. However, there isno obligation on employers to operate their own pension scheme, nor, since 1988, is there any contractual requirement for an employee to join the employer’s scheme if it has one. There is a wide range of private sector pension schemes open to individuals. They can join their employer’s occupational pension scheme. This study aolso examines pensions portability and the preservation of pensions rights in the U.K in comparative perspective with Italian pension found model.We review the economic theory underlying pension schemes and the arguments for and against more pensions portability. We show that the effect of current laws and actuarial practice is to penalize young early leavers heavily, so that they can lose up to 30% of the pension that they might have expected when they retire. We analyze a policy to reduce this early leaver penalty according to a sliding scale that involves determining transfer values for younger workers on the basis of actual contributions paid rather than on notional accrued benefits. At the end we compare the position of early leavers in the U.K. and Italy in front of European welfare market.

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] Following the 1987 report by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the genuine saving has come to play a key role in the context of sustainable development, and the World Bank regularly publishes numbers for genuine saving on a national basis. However, these numbers are typically calculated as if the tax system is non-distortionary. This paper presents an analogue to genuine saving in a second best economy, where the government raises revenue by means of distortionary taxation. We show how the social cost of public debt, which depends on the marginal excess burden, ought to be reflected in the genuine saving. We also illustrate by presenting calculations for Greece, Japan, Portugal, U.K., U.S. and OECD average, showing that the numbers published by the World Bank are likely to be biased and may even give incorrect information as to whether the economy is locally sustainable. Paper [II] This paper examines the relationships among per capita CO2 emissions, per capita GDP and international trade based on panel data spanning the period 1960-2008 for 150 countries. A distinction is also made between OECD and Non-OECD countries to capture the differences of this relationship between developed and developing economies. We apply panel unit root and cointegration tests, and estimate a panel error correction model. The results from the error correction model suggest that there are long-term relationships between the variables for the whole sample and for Non-OECD countries. Finally, Granger causality tests show that there is bi-directional short-term causality between per capita GDP and international trade for the whole sample and between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions for OECD countries. Paper [III] Fundamental questions in economics are why some regions are richer than others, why their growth rates differ, whether their growth rates tend to converge, and what key factors contribute to explain economic growth. This paper deals with the average income growth, net migration, and changes in unemployment rates at the municipal level in Sweden. The aim is to explore in depth the effects of possible underlying determinants with a particular focus on local policy variables. The analysis is based on a three-equation model. Our results show, among other things, that increases in the local public expenditure and income taxe rate have negative effects on subsequent income income growth. In addition, the results show conditional convergence, i.e. that the average income among the municipal residents tends to grow more rapidly in relatively poor local jurisdictions than in initially “richer” jurisdictions, conditional on the other explanatory variables. Paper [IV] This paper explores the relationship between income growth and income inequality using data at the municipal level in Sweden for the period 1992-2007. We estimate a fixed effects panel data growth model, where the within-municipality income inequality is one of the explanatory variables. Different inequality measures (Gini coefficient, top income shares, and measures of inequality in the lower and upper part of the income distribution) are examined. We find a positive and significant relationship between income growth and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient and top income shares, respectively. In addition, while inequality in the upper part of the income distribution is positively associated with the income growth rate, inequality in the lower part of the income distribution seems to be negatively related to the income growth. Our findings also suggest that increased income inequality enhances growth more in municipalities with a high level of average income than in municipalities with a low level of average income.

Orientador: Nelson Jose Beraquet
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Diversas pesquisas tem sido realizadas pela comunidade científica com o objetivo de avaliar o bem-estar de suínos durante o abate, entretanto, a maioria destes estudos não representam as condições de abate e constituição genética dos híbridos suínos produzidos e comercializados no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal, avaliar a influência da constituição genética de três híbridos suínos ( A, B e C) e dois sistemas de insensibilização (elétrico e gasoso) na qualidade da carne e bem-estar animal em condições de abate brasileiras. Um total de 956 suínos provenientes de três genéticas (A, B e C) amplamente comercializadas no Brasil com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foi aleatoriamente submetido ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico manual comercializado e produzido pela empresa Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ e 1,4 ¿1,5A) e ao sistema gasoso, modelo COMBI (90 % de CO2), coletivo do tipo compacto comercializado e produzido pela empresa dinamarquesa BUTINA no mesmo abatedouro. Mensurações de pH, cor (L, a*, b*), reflectância luminosa interna (HGP), perda por gotejamento (Drip Loss), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), ¿umidade exprimivel¿ (Expressible Moisture), salpicamento muscular, escoriações da pele, contusões musculares, fraturas ósseas, reflexos palpebral, níveis plasmáticos de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), lactato, cortisol e presença de gene halotano foram realizadas em uma amostra dos suínos submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados. Comparando-se os sistemas de insensibilização, o elétrico demonstrou ser mais estressante, pois os submetidos a esse tratamento apresentaram níveis médios superiores de cortisol (12,23 e 18,55 mcg/dl , p= 0,001) e lactato (142,59 e 158,26 mg/dl , p= 0,0001) para os híbridos A e C em comparação ao sistema gasoso (9,22 e 12,57 mcg/dl ) e (118,09 e 109,68 mg/dl ) respectivamente, entretanto maiores níveis de CPK (p= 0,05) foram obtidos nos híbridos C, quando submetidos ao sistema gasoso (CO2). Variações dos indicadores sanguíneos de estresse entre os híbridos estudados também foram encontradas. Utilizando-se o sistema elétrico valores médios superiores de cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) foram encontrados nos híbridos C quando comparados aos híbridos A (12,23 mcg/dl) e B (10,59 mcg/dl), entretanto, quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado menores índices de cortisol e CPK foram observados nos híbridos A (9,22 mcg/dl e 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparativamente aos híbridos B (12,11 mcg/dl e 2641,69 U/L) e C (12,57 e 2789,60 U/L). A presença do genótipo (Nn) foi observada somente nos híbridos B onde níveis elevados de cortisol, lactato e CPK também foram encontrados quando estes animais foram submetidos ao sistema gasoso de insensibilização, entretanto, nas mesmas condições os híbridos C apresentaram elevados níveis de cortisol e CPK similares aos encontrados nos híbridos B, porem não se detectou a presença do genótipo (Nn) nestes animais. Diferenças significativas nos valores médios de luminosidade (L) (p= 0,05), valores (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm no pernil (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24 pm na sobrepaleta (sc) (p= 0,001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,05) foram encontradas quando os sistemas de insensibilização gasoso e elétrico foram comparados. O sistema de insensibilização gasoso (CO2), apresentou ligeira vantagem em relação aos valores de pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) e sobrepaleta (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) quando comparado ao elétrico (5,71 ± 0,17) e (6,24 ± 0,18) respectivamente, entretanto, nenhuma diferença significativa nos valores de capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e ¿umidade exprimível¿ foi observada quando os sistemas de insensibilização elétrico e gasoso foram comparados. A constituição genética dos híbridos avaliados influenciou os valores médios de luminosidade superficial (L) (p= 0,0001), valores (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (p= 0,0001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,0001) quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado para todos os híbridos estudados. Em relação ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico a constituição genética dos híbridos influenciou significativamente os valores de pH do pernil (sm) 24h pm (p= 0,05), pH da sobrepaleta (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), reflectância luminosa interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância 24h pm (p= 0,0001). As diferenças nos valores de cor (L, a*, b*), ph 24h no pernil (sm) e sobrepaleta (sc), assim como os valores de reflectância luminosa interna obtidas entre os híbridos A, B e C, quando submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados não foram suficientes para influenciar significativamente os valores de perda por exsudação, capacidade de retenção de água e ¿umidade exprimível¿ entre os mesmos. Suínos submetidos ao sistema gasoso (híbridos A e B) apresentaram elevados valores médios (b*) (7,16 e 7,42, p= 0,0001) quando comparados aos híbridos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico (5,52 e 5,61), respectivamente. Comparando-se os sistemas elétrico e gasoso de insensibilização independentemente da genética suína estudada, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou índices médios de salpicamento significativamente superiores nas regiões do coxão mole (0,477 e 0,26, p= 0,008), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,261 e 0,052, p= 0,0002), paleta / caudal (0,180 e 0,030, p= 0,002), lombo / central (0,185 e 0,065, p= 0,01), lombo / caudal (0,06 e 0,207, p= 0,01) e lombo / lateral externa (0,061 e 0,013, p= 0,04). Considerando-se a extensão da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, comportamento similar ao encontrado nos índices de intensidade foi observado, ou seja, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou salpicamento mais difuso nas regiões do coxão mole (0,461 e 0,279, p= 0,03), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,231 e 0,039, p= 0,00002) e paleta / caudal (0,185 e 0,026, p= 0,0008) quando comparado ao sistema gasoso coletivo. Pequena influência da genética suína foi observada tanto na intensidade como na área da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, quando o mesmo sistema de insensibilização foi utilizado. Maiores índices de escoriações da pele nas regiões da paleta (1,098 e 0,795, p= 0,0000001), corpo (1,04 e 0,948, p= 0,04) e pernil (0,84 e 0,68, p= 0,001) foram obtidos quando o sistema de insensibilização manual elétrico foi utilizado em comparação ao sistema coletivo gasoso. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi obtida quando se considerou a genética como efeito principal para os índices de escoriações da pele dos híbridos A, B e C insensibilizados como o mesmo sistema. Suínos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico apresentaram maiores índices de reflexo palpebral (11,57%) que os submetidos ao sistema gasoso coletivo (2,86%) de um total de 426 animais avaliados, demonstrando que o sistema manual elétrico foi menos eficaz e proporcionou um nível de narcose inferior ao sistema gasoso durante a sangria. Pequenos índices de fraturas ósseas (< 1%) e contusões musculares (< 2,5%) foram obtidos quando se utilizou ambos os sistemas de insensibilização para todas as genéticas estudadas
Abstract: Several researchers have been accomplished by the scientific community with the goal of evaluating the swine welfare during the stunning, however, most of these studies doesn¿t represent the stunning conditions and genetic background of pigs produced and marketed in Brazil. The present study had as main goal, evaluate the influence of genetic background of three swine hybrids (A, B and C) and two stunning systems (Electric and Gaseous) in the meat quality and welfare animal under the Brazilian slaughterhouse conditions . A total of 956 pigs of three genetics (A, B and C) thoroughly marketed in Brazil with live weight from 100 to 120 kg was randomly submitted to the manual electric stunning system marketed and produced by the company Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ and 1,4 .1,5A) and to the gaseous collective system, model COMBI (90% of CO2), compact type marketed and produced by the company Danish BUTINA in the same slaughterhouse. Mensurations of pH, color (L, a*, b*), light scattering (HGP), drip loss, water holding capacity, expressible moisture, blood splashed, skin damage, muscular bruises, bones fracture, eyelid reflex, color and intramuscular fat, plasmatic levels of creatine phospokinase (CPK), lactate, cortisol and presence of gene halothane were accomplished in a sample of the swine submitted to the stunning systems studied. Comparing the stunning systems applied, the electric system demonstrated to be more stressful, therefore the pigs submitted to that treatment presented superior medium levels of cortisol (12,23 and 18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,001) and lactate (142,59 and 158,26 mg/dl, p= 0,0001) for the hybrids A and C in relation to the gaseous system (9,22 and 12,57 mcg/dl) and (118,09 and 109, 68 mg/dl) respectively, although larger CPK levels (p= 0,05) were obtained when the hybrids C was submitted to the gaseous system. Variations of the blood indicators of stress among the hybrids studied were found. When the electric system was used superiors medium levels of cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) were found in the hybrids C when compared to the hybrids A (12,23 mcg/dl) and B (10,59 mcg/dl), by the other hand, when the gaseous system was used the smallest levels of cortisol and CPK were observed in the hybrids A (9,22 mcg/dl and 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparatively the genetics B (12,11 mcg/dl and 2641,69 U/L) and C (12,57 mcg/dl and 2789,6 U/L) . The presence of the genotype (Nn) was only observed in the hybrids B where high levels of cortisol, lactate and CPK were also found, when stunned with the gaseous system, however, in the same conditions the hybrids C showed similar levels of cortisol and CPK but absence of the (Nn) genotype. Significant differences in the average brightness values (p= 0,05), (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm in the ham (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm in the shoulder (sc) (p= 0,001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,05) were found when the gaseous and electric systems of stunning were compared. The gaseous stunning system in comparison to the electric showed results slightly superiors, presenting better values of pH 24 in the ham (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) and (5,71± 0,17) and in the shoulder (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) and (6,24± 0,18), however any significant difference in the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture was observed when both systems were compared. The genetic constitution of the hybrids influenced the medium values of brightness (L) (p= 0,0001), (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm of the ham (p= 0,0001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001) when the gaseous system was used for all the animals studied. In relation to the electric system of stunning, the genetic constitution influenced the pH values of the ham (sm) 24h pm significantly (p= 0,05), pH of the shoulder (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001). The significant differences in pH24 pm values of the ham (sm) and shoulder (sc), light scattering and color (L, a*,b*) among the hybrids submitted to the electric and gaseous systems obtained were not enough to influence the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture. Hybrids stunned with the gaseous system (A and B) showed high levels of (b*) values (7,16 and 7,42, p= 0,0001) when compared with other animals of the same genetic stunned with the electric system(5,52 and 5,61), respectively. Comparing the electric and gaseous systems of stunning independently of the breeds studied, the manual electric system presented blood splashed levels significantly superiors in the areas of the inside round (0,477 and 0,26, p= 0,008), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,261 and 0,052, p= 0,0002), palette / caudal (0,180 and 0,030, p= 0,002), loin / central (0,185 and 0,065, p < 0,01), loin / caudal (0,06 and 0,207, p= 0,01) and loin / lateral external (0,061 and 0,013, p= 0,04). Considering the extension of the musculature damaged by the blood splashed the manual electric system also presented more diffuse blood splashed in the areas of inside round (0,461 and 0,279, p= 0,03), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,231 and 0,039, p= 0,00002) and shoulder / caudal (0,185 and 0,026, p= 0,0008) when compared to the collective gaseous system. Small effect of genetic background was observed in the intensity (x) and extension of muscle damaged (y) by the blood splashed when the hybrids were stunned with the same system. Larger skin damage levels in the areas of the shoulder (1,098 and 0,795, p= 0,0000001), body (1,04 and 0,948, p= 0,04) and ham (0,84 and 0,68 , p= 0,001) were obtained when the electric manual system was used in comparison on the gaseous collective system. No significant difference was obtained when was considered the genetics as main effect for the skin damage levels of the hybrids A, B and C stunned with the same system. Pigs stunned with the manual electric system presented larger eyelid reflex levels (11,57%) in comparison the pigs submitted to the collective gaseous system (2,86%), from a total of 426 animal appraised, demonstrating that the manual electric system was less effective and provided a small narcosis level than the gaseous system during the bleeding. Small levels of bone fractures (<1%) and muscular bruises (< 2,5%) were obtained when both stunning systems were utilized for all the studied hybrids
Doutorado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos