Tesis sobre el tema "Coupled Procedure"

Enantiomerically pure chiral amines are particularly important to the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Due to the procedural operational simplicity the most common method for their synthesis on an industrial scale is kinetic resolution. However, this methodology has the inherent disadvantage of limiting the yield to a maximum of 50%. To overcome this drawback it is possible to combine the kinetic resolution with a simultaneous racemisation to give a theoretical yield of 100% in a procedure known as dynamic kinetic resolution. The most suitable method for amine resolution is via enzymatic acylation, however most known methods for amine racemisation require harsh conditions under which enzymes would be denatured. To date only three methods for amine dynamic kinetic resolution have been reported, all of which are not industrially viable. Herein we report the development of an amine dynamic kinetic resolution system using a novel iridium-based amine racemisation catalyst. Our initial attempts to utilise CATHyTM catalysts for amine racemisation proved unsuccessful, it did however reveal an unexpected property of the iridiumcatalysed CATHyTM of 6,7-dimethoxy- I -methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline. During the asymmetric reduction of this substrate the enantiomeric excess of the product was observed to decrease with time. Initially this was suspected to be due to an in-situ racemisation, however our investigation disproved this and lead to the proposed system in which two catalytic species are present, one of which is (S)-selective and the other (R)-selective. During this investigation it was discovered that the iridium catalyst, pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium (III) chloride dimer could be used as an amine racemisation catalyst. Further work found that the in-situ generation of the analogous iodo catalyst, pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium (III) iodide dimer, led to a racemisation catalyst that was several orders of magnitude more active than the chloride species and more active than any previously reported amine racemisation catalyst. This iridium iodide catalyst was then synthesised and isolated and a standard amine racemisation protocol developed, which was utilised in the racemisation of a range of secondary amines and a tertiary amine. The catalyst also exhibited some activity towards the racemisation of amino acid esters. The attempted racemisation of primary amines led to the formation of dimeric impurities due to the reaction of the imine intermediate with the amine starting material. The catalyst was also shown to be able to racemise alcohols in the presence of a base, although the rate of hydrogen loss from the catalyst exceeded the rate of ketone hydrogenation and the reaction led to a quantitative conversion to ketone. The amine racemisation system using the pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium (III) iodide dimer catalyst was then combined with an enzymatic resolution resulting in the dynamic kinetic resolution of 6,7-dimethoxy-l-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline in which the (R)-carbamate was isolated in 82% yield with 96% ee. This result constitutes the first example of a chemo-enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution on a secondary amine using an organometallic amine racemisation catalyst.

Bei der Schwefelquantifizierung in Kupfer und anderen reinen Metallen zeigte sich in der Vergangenheit eine mangelnde SI-Rückführung und zusätzlich inkonsistente Ergebnisse, wenn verschiedene Methoden verglichen wurden. Um diesen Mangel zu beheben ist ein Referenzverfahren erforderlich, welches SI-rückführbare Werte mit einem zuverlässigen Unsicherheitsbudget ermöglicht. In dieser Studie wurde ein entsprechendes Referenzverfahren zur Quantifizierung von Gesamtschwefel in Kupfer basierend auf der induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie und der Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse (ICP-IDMS) entwickelt. Um diese Probleme zu lösen wurde mit Hilfe der Ionenaustauschchromatographie ein Schwefel-Matrix-Trennverfahren entwickelt. Dieses Trennverfahren wurde mit ICP-IDMS kombiniert, um Schwierigkeiten mit der Kalibrierung zu lösen und fehlende metrologische Konzepte einzuführen. So wurden die in diesem Projekt erzielten IDMS-Messwerte für die Kalibrierung von GDMS und LA-ICP-MS verwendet, beides Verfahren die im industriellen Einsatz üblich sind. Dadurch konnten mit beiden Routineverfahren zuverlässige Ergebnisse erzeilt warden, die zudem auf SI rückführbar sind. Darüber hinaus wurde ein auf der LA-ICP-IDMS basierendes Verfahren entwickelt, um den Probenvorbereitungsschritt von ICP-IDMS mit Schwefel-Matrix-Trennung zu reduzieren. Die Vorteile dieser Methode sind ein geringerer Arbeits- und Zeitaufwand, die SI- Rückführung der Messergebnisse und eine für LA-ICP-MS vergleichsweise hohe Genauigkeit. Die Schlüsselrolle hierbei spielte der innovative Einsatz von Polyethylenfritten als Trägermaterial der aufgelösten Probe. Dadurch war die Quantifizierung von Schwefel in Kupferproben mittels LA-ICP-IDMS möglich. Die wesentlichen Parameter wie Absorptionseffizienz der Fritten und Matrixeffekt wurden untersucht. Das entwickelte Verfahren konnte mit Hilfe der ICP-IDMS vollständig validiert werden.
Sulphur quantification in copper and other pure metals in the past revealed a lack of SI-traceability and also showed inconsistent results, when different methods are compared. Therefore, a reference procedure is required to enable SI-traceable measurement results accompanied by a sound uncertainty budget. In this study, such a procedure was developed for the quantification of total sulphur in copper using inductively coupled plasma-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS). For solving these problems ion exchange chromatography was applied, and a sulphur-matrix separation procedure was developed. This procedure was combined with ICP-IDMS to solve difficulties with the calibration and to realize metrological concepts. An application of the IDMS procedure was realized by using the measurement results of specific copper samples values for calibrating glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS). Both techniques are considered routine techniques. Thus, they could provide reliable results which are traceable to the SI. Additionally, a procedure based on LA-ICP-IDMS was developed to significantly reduce the sample preparation step of ICP-IDMS with sulphur-matrix separation. This procedure is less laborious and the measurement results are still SI traceable and offer a comparatively high accuracy for LA-ICP-MS. Key for this development was the innovative application of polyethylene frits as support material for the dissolved sample. Thus, the quantification of sulphur in copper samples by LA-ICP-IDMS could be realized. The essential parameters are investigated such as the absorption efficiency of the frit and matrix effects. The developed procedure was fully validated by means of the ICP-IDMS results.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Multi-mode coupled cavity filters have been the mainstay of commercial satellite communications systems since their introduction in 1970. Multi-mode filters use more than one resonant mode in a single cavity resonator, thereby reducing the size and weight of the filter. This is especially advantageous for satellite applications where the size and weight of the communications payload must be minimised. The use of more modes also increases the complexity of the filter design. Iris design plays an integral part in the design of multi-mode coupled cavity filters. Currently, irises are mostly designed using either the small aperture theory derived by Bethe, or a standard numerical technique. A recent study comparing these two techniques shows that approximations made in standard correction factors applied to small aperture theory, can lead to unacceptable errors. While numerical techniques are clearly required for the accurate design of complex irises, the standard numerical technique is only suited to the design of relatively simple iris structures. This dissertation presents three new CAD procedures for the design of irises in multi-mode coupled cavity devices. The new procedures are verified by numerical examples and measurements. Two new multi-mode coupled cavity devices were designed and tested using the CAD procedures developed in this work. The first is a new diplexer structure that realises two fourth order Chebyschev filter channels in three quadruple-mode cavities. Through correct placement and accurate design of irises, channel isolation was increased beyond that of existing multi-mode diplexer structures. The second application is the development of a new coupling structure for the replacement of coupling and tuning screws. A third order triple-mode cavity filter, including this new fixed coupling element, was designed using the CAD procedures developed in this dissertation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Multi-modale gekoppelde resoneerder filters word reeds vanaf die eerste verskyning van kommersiele sateliet-kommunikasiestelsels in 1970 gebruik. Vir hierdie toepassing is die fisiese grootte en massa van die filters in die kommunikasiestelsels van groot belang. Multimodale filters gebruik meer as een resonante modus in ‘n golfgeleier resoneerder om die fisiese grootte en massa van die filter te verminder. Hoe meer resonante modusse in een golfgeleier resoneerder, hoe kleiner en ligter die filter. Die gebruik van meer modusse kompliseer egter die ontwerp van die filter. ‘n Baie belangrike aspek van multi-modale filterontwerp is die ontwerp van die irisse wat die golfgeleier resoneerder skei. Die irisse word tans ontwerp, of deur middel van Bethe se klein iris teorie, of met die gebruik van ‘n standaard numeriese metode. ‘n Onlangse studie toon aan dat sekere standaard toevoegings tot Bethe se teorie, benaderings bevat wat tot foutiewe iris ontwerp kan lei. Numeriese metodes is dus noodsaaklik vir akkurate iris ontwerp. Hierdie studie wys egter dat die bestaande numeriese tegnieke beperk is tot die ontwerp van relatief eenvoudige irisse. Hierdie proefskrif bied drie nuwe rekenaargesteunde ontwerpsprosedures vir die doeltreffende ontwerp van verskillende klasse irisse in multi-modale golfgeleier resoneerder filters. Die nuwe metodes word getoets aan die hand van numeriese voorbeelde, en/of gemete resultate. Twee nuwe komplekse multi-modale golfgeleier resoneerder filter toepassings is ontwerp deur gebruik te maak van die nuwe ontwerpsprosedures. Die eerste is ‘n nuwe diplekser struktuur met twee vierde-orde Chebyschev filterkanale in drie golfgeleier resoneerders wat elk vier resonante modusse ondersteun. Deur korrekte en akkurate plasing van die irisse word ‘n groot verbetering in kanaalisolasie bo ‘n bestaande multi-modale diplekser verkry. Die tweede toepassing is die ontwikkeling van ‘n nuwe koppelstruktuur vir die vervanging van die gebruiklike koppel- en aanpassingskroewe. ‘n Derde-orde trippel-modus filter, gebaseer op hierdie nuwe struktuur, is ook ontwerp deur van die nuwe ontwerpsalgoritmes gebruik te maak.

Huntington disease (HD) is a degenerative neurological disease that typically onsets in midlife. It leads to progressively severe impairment in cognitive, behavioral, and motor function and premature death. Persons who test positive for the HD gene expansion know they will develop the disease. Research indicates changes are detectable several years before onset. Thus, HD has a long prodromal period (prHD). While researchers are aware of changes, little is known whether persons with prHD or their companions notice changes, or how they make sense of and cope with them. Leventhal and colleagues developed the Common Sense Model of Illness Representation (CSM) to describe how people make sense of illness. According to the CSM, people notice somatic changes, form illness representations, select coping procedures and evaluate them, and reappraise illness representations in an iterative process. The CSM has been used to explore illness representations in a variety of illnesses, including diagnosed HD. The authors of the model state it is also applicable in anticipated illness but this assertion has not been adequately tested. The purpose of this thesis was to use the CSM to explore and describe illness representations in persons with prHD and their companions. The results of this exploration are presented in three papers. The first paper, presented in Chapter 2, was a preliminary study based on interview data from 8 persons and 7 companions. Results of this analysis indicated persons with prHD and companions noticed and made attributions for changes, suggesting they formed illness representations. However, they were unsure whether some changes were related to HD. Results were considered preliminary because participants were not directly asked to make attributions. Data were also limited to changes in work function and the sample size was small. In the next two papers, 23 couples were interviewed. The purpose of the second paper, presented in Chapter 3, was to explore illness representations in persons with prHD and their companions and evaluate the usefulness of the CSM in anticipated illness using prHD as a model. Results supported preliminary findings: Participants noticed changes, made attributions, used coping strategies and evaluated them. Again, they unsure whether some changes were related to HD. Other elements of the CSM were partially supported by the data. The third paper, presented in Chapter 4, used quantitative and qualitative methods to explore coping in persons with prHD and companions. Participants were asked open-ended questions about how they coped with changes and were also verbally administered the Brief COPE scale. Both quantitative and qualitative data showed participants used active coping, acceptance, planning, and social support. Participants rarely used denial or substance abuse. Persons with prHD used more coping strategies than companions. Three major themes from the qualitative interview were identified: trying to fix it, can't fix it, and not broken yet. Qualitative interviews revealed some coping strategies that the Brief COPE did not measure. Findings from these papers may inform interventions to help people with prHD and companions cope with changes. Persons with prHD and companions might benefit from knowing what changes might be related to HD in order to cope more effectively.

Cette thèse porte sur les mécanismes d’allocation de biens indivisibles en présence d’externalités dans les préférences individuelles. Ces externalités rendent difficile en pratique la collecte d’une information complète sur les préférences. Aussi, l’analyse normative des mécanismes d’allocation requiert de formuler des hypothèses sur la manière d’étendre l’information collectée aux préférences sur les allocations. Cette approche revient à définir des restrictions sur le domaine de préférences admissibles, une démarche bien connue de la théorie du choix social. Les trois premiers chapitres portent sur l’analyse du marché de Shapley-Scarf dans lequel les échanges sont organisés entre coalitions. Les chapitres 1 et 2 établissent des restrictions de domaine garantissant l’existence de différents types d’équilibre concurrentiel. Dans le chapitre 3, l’ensemble des biens est muni d’une géographie, ce qui permet de définir la distance entre partenaires comme source d’externalité. Nous identifions certains domaines de préférences qui assurent la non-vacuité de différents types de Coeur. Le chapitre 4 porte sur le cas de biens indivisibles publics purs. Nous montrons que le problème est formellement équivalent à celui du choix d’un comité dont les membres sont choisis dans des ensembles distincts. Nous caractérisons certains domaines de préférences sur les comités pour lesquels le choix majoritaire membre par membre est cohérent avec le choix majoritaire du comité dans son ensemble
This thesis focuses on the allocation of indivisible goods in presence of externality in individual preferences. This externality creates a difficulty with collecting full information about preferences. Therefore, conducting a normative analysis of allocation mechanisms requires assumptions on how reported preferences can be extended to preferences over outcomes. This approach is in line with the literature on preference domain restriction well-known in Social Choice theory. The first three chapters focus on Shapley-Scarf markets where trades are organized among coalitions. Coalitional trade generates externalities in individual valuations of allocations. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate domain restrictions ensuring the existence of various types of competitive equilibrium. Chapter 3 endows the set of goods with a geographical structure and considers distance to partners as a source of externality in preference. We identify domains of preference extensions which guarantee the existence of various types of core allocations. Chapter 4 focuses the case of pure public indivisible goods, which is formally identical to choosing a committee formed by several members, each selected from a specific set. We characterize preference domains over committees for which a well-defined seat-wise choice procedure based on majority voting is consistent with choosing a committee at once from majority voting

The Coupled Coherent States family of methods have shown themselves capable of simulating the quantum dynamics of many different systems. The ability of these methods to accurately describe quantum behaviour is dependent on using a basis set which covers a sufficient area of phase space. If the area covered is too small, the basis set will be unable to adequately describe the dynamics of the system, however if the area is too large and the basis functions become too widely spaced, coupling will be lost between the coherent states and the simulation will fall into the semiclassical regime. In some situations the loss of this coupling becomes accelerated, through trajectories guiding the basis functions far from each other in phase space for example, limiting the ability of these methods to accurately describe quantum behaviour. This thesis demonstrates two techniques for preserving a correct description of the wavefunction in phase space. Firstly a combination of initial sampling using swarms of basis function trains and basis function cloning during propagation of the wavefunction is shown to correct a disagreement seen between the two formulations of the Multi- Configurational Ehrenfest method when simulating the high dimensional spin boson model. This combination gives a good agreement with benchmark calculations found using the Multi-Configurational Time-Dependent Hartree method. The techniques used to correct this disagreement have been used previously for on-the-fly ab initio direct dynamics simulations, reported in references [1] and [2], and so this investigation provides validation for the results obtained in those publications. Secondly a system of adaptive reprojection of the wavefunction is shown to allow a large grid of coherent states to be reduced to only the area of interest, while keeping the basis set in that region. It is also demonstrated that this will still hold even if the equations of motion tend to move basis functions far away from this area. This adaptive reprojection technique is tested against the high harmonic generation of an electron bound to a pseudo-atomic potential in one dimension, yielding results which are in good agreement with benchmark calculations carried out using the Time-Dependent Schrodinger equation.

Les procédures civiles d’exécution ont été élaborées pour être menées à l’encontre d’un débiteur célibataire, dont le patrimoine est aisément identifiable, sans interaction sociale et surtout sans vie de couple.Or, le couple n’a pas de personnalité juridique, il n’a pas de patrimoine, il est composé du patrimoine de chacun de ses membres dont les interactions sont inéluctables. Ainsi, il devrait irradier les procédures civiles d’exécution. Or, il n’en est rien, la prise en compte du couple est partielle lorsque la procédure a pour objet un bien immeuble, elle est inexistante lorsqu’elle a pour objet un bien meuble.La présente thèse a pour objet d’harmoniser les protections patrimoniales du couple et la mise en œuvre des procédures civiles d’exécution. En élaborant un régime propre du débiteur en couple conciliant volonté d’indépendance et d’autonomie inhérent au droit des régimes conjugaux et besoin de célérité et d’efficacité propre aux procédures civiles d’exécution
The civil enforcement procedures were designed to be conducted against a single debtor, whose patrimony is easily identifiable, without social interaction and especially without a life of a couple.However, the couple does not have the legal personality, it does not have a patrimony, it is composed of the patrimony of each of the members whose interactions are inevitable. Thus, it should irradiate civil enforcement procedures. However, it is not the case, the consideration of the couple is partial when the procedure relates to a real estate. It is non-existent when it relate to movable property.The purpose of this thesis is to harmonize the patrimonial protections of the couple and the implementation of civil enforcement procedures. By developing a regime of the debtor in a couple that combines the desire for independence and autonomy inherent in the law of conjugal regimes and the need for speed and efficiency specific to civil enforcement procedures

Ce travail s'inscrit dans un programme de recherche qui a pour objectif de predire le mouvement vibratoire entre l'outil et la piece et les efforts mis en uvre afin de pouvoir etudier l'integrite des surfaces generees par fraisage. Ce mouvement et ces efforts s'obtiennent par la resolution du systeme differentiel qui decrit l'interaction entre le procede de coupe et le systeme piece-outil-machine, dit systeme pom. Afin de mettre en place le systeme differentiel, il a fallut : ' developper une methode d'identification de la matrice de transfert g#p#o#m du systeme pom ; ' developper un modele thermo-mecanique de l'effort de coupe. A partir de la mesure simultanee des trois composantes de l'effort et du mouvement de l'outil par rapport a la piece au cours d'une operation de coupe discontinue, on a elabore une methode de calcul basee sur le traitement de signal et l'analyse modale pour identifier les neufs termes de la matrice de transfert g#p#o#m du systeme pom. Un modele de fraisage est developpee en s'appuyant sur le principe de la coupe orthogonale, sur la modelisation de l'angle d'ecoulement du copeau et sur la modelisation de la variation des parametres de coupe en reponse au mouvement de l'outil par rapport a la piece. Une theorie approchee de la coupe orthogonale a ete proposee en tenant compte de la temperature et des proprietes du materiau pour resoudre certaines difficultes quand a l'utilisation des modeles existants. Une methode experimentale est proposee pour determiner les constantes utilisees par cette theorie. Pour verifier la formulation du systeme differentiel ainsi obtenu, des essais de fraisage en bout ont ete effectues. Dans le plan de coupe forme par la direction de l'avance et celle de la vitesse de coupe, les composantes theoriques de l'effort de coupe sont en bon accord avec celles de l'experience notamment pour les fortes epaisseurs du copeau non deforme. Dans la troisieme direction, l'ecart observe entre la theorie et l'experience met en evidence l'influence de l'arete secondaire de coupe. Cependant, ces essais ont confirme la validite de la methode d'identification de la matrice de transfert du systeme pom.

Le procede rtm permet la fabrication de materiaux composites par l'injection d'une resine thermodurcissable dans un moule ferme dans lequel a ete prealablement dispose un renfort fibreux. L'amelioration de la productivite et de la qualite des pieces necessite la maitrise des phenomenes thermiques. Les thematiques scientifiques abordees dans cette etude portent d'une part sur l'analyse du couplage entre les transferts thermiques et la transformation exothermique d'un materiau composite, et d'autre part sur l'optimisation thermique du procede. Tout d'abord, une modelisation faisant appel aux differences finies dans la piece et aux elements finis dans le moule est proposee. Le theoreme de superposition de duhamel est applique afin de coupler ces deux elements et de limiter les temps de calcul. Ensuite, les differents parametres intervenant dans le modele sont mesures grace a une methodologie permettant la separation des effets capacitifs, exothermiques, et conductifs. Il s'agit d'utiliser successivement la calorimetrie differentielle, la methode de plaque chaude gardee, puis des mesures en piece epaisse et des techniques d'identifications. De fortes non linearites sont ainsi mises en evidence. Puis, un moule d'essai finement instrumente est employe pour estimer les coefficients de transferts inconnus et pour pouvoir calculer certaines reponses caracteristiques. Plusieurs mesures permettent par la suite la caracterisation de l'entrefer lors des differentes phases du moulage et valident le modele sur la plus grande partie du cycle. Enfin, des methodes d'optimisation sont mises en uvre. Elles montrent qu'il est possible de respecter les conditions thermiques requises pour obtenir un bon aspect de surface des pieces moulees. La prise en compte de la boucle de regulation demontre la faisabilite et la robustesse de la solution

Turbomachinery plays an important role in the propulsion and heavy-duty industry. Improving the efficiency and reliability of gas turbines continue to be an important driver in the development of modern engines and power generation. There are two straightforward and effective methods for improving the performance of a gas turbine engine. One is increasing the engine pressure ratio to raise the thermal efficiency, the other is increasing the outlet temperature of a combustor to raise the specific thrust. Therefore, the gas turbine combustors working conditions are moving towards higher temperature rise and higher heat capacity. Therefore, the design requirements for a combustor become stricter, such as a wider working range, shorter length, and smaller distribution of outlet temperature. Simultaneously, the combustor is required to have a longer life and lower pollutant emission. In this scenario, a fundamental role is played by the cooling system. The definition of the most appropriate scheme represents one of the most challenging tasks in the combustor since it directly determines the components life. During the design and subsequent optimization phases of a combustor cooling system, the designer must consider several uncertainties related to manufacturing, geometry and operating conditions. These gaps can be very impacting on the system performance, so it is obvious that the design becomes a matter of optimization of the whole system. This requires an accurate assessment of trade-offs to meet all requirements. The design choices made in the first phases influence the following developments and it is essential to have a tool as efficient and flexible as possible to rely on. During the initial stages, 1-D codes are still widely used in industrial practice, and a low-order approach is preferred over high-fidelity simulations. These tools are important for designers because they allow having a good understanding of the problem, in relatively short times and with low general costs. Although these analyses have a good predictive level, they are often used when input quantities that characterize the problem are roughly known. These gaps lead to the inclusion of uncertainties within the code, which propagate and eventually influence the solution. The final common objective is to optimize the various components to find out the configuration in which the machine is independent from the uncertainties that may afflict it, thus arriving at a robust design. The aim of this thesis is the development of a numerical procedure for the preliminary thermal design of combustor liners (Therm-1D/Dakota). This procedure is based on the coupling of a one-dimensional tool (Therm-1D), developed by DIEF of the University of Florence, and a software that allows uncertainty quantifications analyses (Dakota). This has allowed the development of an innovative, faster, and more reliable procedure for the preliminary design and optimization of combustor cooling systems that is able to estimate the uncertainties affecting the results of this numerical simulations. In this way, the output quantities are as independent as possible from input uncertainties.

In this work we calculate the binding energies and root-mean-square radii for A−body nuclear bound state systems, where A ≥ 3. To study three−body systems, we employ the three−dimensional differential Faddeev equations with nucleon-nucleon semi-realistic potentials. The equations are solved numerically. For this purpose, the equations are transformed into an eigenvalue equation via the orthogonal collocation procedure using triquintic Hermite splines. The resulting eigenvalue equation is solved using the Restarted Arnoldi Algorithm. Ground state binding energies of the 3H nucleus are determined. For A > 3, the Potential Harmonic Expansion Method is employed. Using this method, the Schr¨odinger equation is transformed into coupled Faddeev-like equations. The Faddeevlike amplitudes are expanded on the potential harmonic basis. To transform the resulting coupled differential equations into an eigenvalue equation, we employ again the orthogonal collocation procedure followed by the Gauss-Jacobi quadrature. The corresponding eigenvalue equation is solved using the Renormalized Numerov Method to obtain ground state binding energies and root-mean-square radii of closed shell nuclei 4He, 8Be, 12C, 16O and 40Ca.
Physics
M. Sc. (Physics)

abstract: While acceptance towards same-sex marriage is gradually increasing, same-sex marriage is banned in many states within the United States. Laws that prohibit same-sex couples from marrying have been shown to increase feelings of depression, exclusion, and stigma for same-sex attracted individuals. The intention of this study was to explore the effect both pro- and anti-same-sex marriage advertisements have on heterosexual individuals' implicit attitudes towards same-sex couples. It was predicted that exposure to anti-same-sex advertisements would lead to viewing same-sex couples as more unpleasant and heterosexual couples as being more pleasant. However, heterosexual participants who viewed anti-same-sex marriage ads were more likely to rate heterosexual couples as being unpleasant and same-sex couples as pleasant. It is theorized that viewing anti-same-sex marriage advertisements led heterosexual individuals to report heterosexual stimuli as being more unpleasant compared to same-sex stimuli as a form of defensive processing.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Psychology 2013