Artículos de revistas: "Counting crime"

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Perry, Barbara. "Counting – and Countering – Hate Crime in Europe". European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 18, n.º 4 (2010): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181710x12816005399195.

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Wood, Gordon, Robert Churchill, Edward Cook, James Lindgren, Wilbur Miller, Eric Monkkonen y Randolph Roth. "Counting Guns". Social Science History 26, n.º 4 (2002): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012438.

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At the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our purpose was to consider how social science historians might contribute nowand in the future to the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debate. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially scholars such as Gary Kleck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles, whose work, despite profound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz (1995), for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in theUnited States by using firearms to defend themselves and their property. If their survey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100,000 criminals in 1994 in selfdefense–a preposterous number (Cook and Ludwig 1996: 57–58; Cook and Moore 1999: 280–81). Lott (2000) claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed firearms deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraid to attack potentially armed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the years between 1977 and 1992, when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year (ibid.: 44–45). He reports only regression models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that each of those models finds a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and an inverse relationship between violent crime and unemployment (ibid.: 52–53)–implausible relationships that suggest the presence of multicollinearity, measurement error, or misspecification. Lott then misrepresents his results by claiming falsely that statistical methods can distinguish in a quasi-experimental way the impact of gun laws from the impact of other social, economic, and cultural forces (ibid.: 26, 34–35; Guterl 1996). Had Lott extended his study to the 1930s, the correlation between gun laws and declining homicide rates that dominates his statistical analysis would have disappeared. An unbiased study would include some consideration of alternative explanations and an acknowledgment of the explanatory limits of statistical methods.

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3

MORISON, JOHN y RAY GEARY. "Crime, Conflict and Counting: Another Commentary on Northern Ireland Crime Statistics". Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 28, n.º 1 (26 de enero de 2009): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1989.tb00632.x.

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4

Detotto, Claudio y Marco Vannini. "Counting the cost of crime in Italy". Global Crime 11, n.º 4 (19 de noviembre de 2010): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2010.519523.

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5

Rogerson, Michelle. "Counting Crimes — The Importance of Understanding Crime Concentration for the Design and Evaluation of Crime Reduction Strategies". International Journal of Police Science & Management 10, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2008): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2008.10.4.097.

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Moncada, Eduardo. "Counting bodies: crime mapping, policing and race in Colombia". Ethnic and Racial Studies 33, n.º 4 (abril de 2010): 696–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870903380854.

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7

Sarnecki, Jerzy. "Comment on Kärrholm et al. “Designing the Swedish Crime Harm Index: an Evidence-Based Strategy”". Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing 5, n.º 1-2 (15 de marzo de 2021): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41887-021-00061-8.

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Abstract Question Is the Swedish Crime Harm Index as presented and corrected in this Journal as reported by Kärrholm et al. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing (2020a, b) a valid method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime? Data Cited publications in this journal, Swedish crime statistics, and other evidence on historical changes in Swedish crime reporting. Methods Documentation of the ways in which crime counting in different categories has changed over time in Sweden. Findings The authors do not seem to have considered important aspects of the way the Swedish crime statistics are assembled. An overestimation of the increase in cases of homicide and of the penalty value of offenses that do not usually result in custodial sentences are two examples. The authors also fail to consider legislation that criminalizes previously unpunished (harmful) behavior. Conclusion The historical CHI, as it has been constructed by Kärrholm et al. is not an appropriate method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime. In a time of net-widening and increasing punitiveness in the justice system, the CHI will show an increase even with no change in actual crime behavior. A simple measure of the current harm caused by crime may be useful for short-term analysis, planning, and the evaluation of police efforts, but it is inadequate as a means of studying the longitudinal development of the crime problem. In the calculation of CHI, harm caused by crimes that do not lead to imprisonment should also be included.

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Waters, Mary C. "Counting and Classifying by Race: The American Debate". Tocqueville Review 29, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.29.1.27.

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Americans are racially classified literally from the cradle to the grave. Their race is recorded on their birth certificate, when they enroll in school, when they apply for a passport, when they apply for jobs, for mortgaes, for university admittance, when they take part in medical experiments, when they are arrested for a crime, when they receive teatment at the hospital, and when they die.

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Kontorovich, Eugene y Steven Art. "An Empirical Examination of Universal Jurisdiction for Piracy". American Journal of International Law 104, n.º 3 (julio de 2010): 436–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.3.0436.

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This essay presents a systematic study of the incidence of universal jurisdiction (UJ) prosecutions for the international crime of piracy. Using data on the number of piracies committed in a twelve-year period (1998-2009) obtained from international agencies and maritime industry groups, we determined the percentage of these cases where nations exercised universal jurisdiction. Studies of the worldwide use of UJ prosecutions for other crimes simply count how often universal jurisdiction has been exercised but do not attempt to determine the rate of prosecution. Simply counting cases does not allow one to appreciate the significance of universal jurisdiction in relation to the total problem. While the expressive or symbolic value of universal justice may be satisfied by a small number of isolated prosecutions, the deterrent effect depends on its incidence relative to the number of perpetrated crimes.

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FREE, GARY y KRISS A. DRASS. "COUNTING CRIME BOOMS AMONG NATIONS: EVIDENCE FOR HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION RATES, 1956 TO 1998*". Criminology 40, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2002): 769–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00973.x.

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Milloshi, Marjeta. "Sociological Analysis of the Roots of Crime in the Family. (Case Study in Durres)". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p143-148.

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In the area of Ex Keneta Durres after 90' was populated by rural residents coming from other provinces. It is a poor area, an informal area in construction and employment of residents. Not all residents are integrated in social life.Analysis of this study aims to study crime and domestic violence by first polidimension all related factors to explain the social roots of crime in families.Domestic crime is one of the social problems in our country. Statistical data for the City of Durres speak for counting crimes increased violence, and also show that the family is getting "dangerous place" of crime. The focus of the study is the overall situation of social, economic, cultural, emotional, psychological, former residents of the swamp. Factors which are sources that generate domestic violence or crimes in the family. In the area of Ex Keneta Durres in july of 2004 with the decision of the Municipal Council of Durres was approved as the new administrative unit , comprising Region No. 6 The area of Ex Keneta is a new residential area , increase the number of arrivals from day to day. in this structure combines elements of various subcultures. The analysis aims at studying the social roots of crime that will be done from the perspective of theoretical paradigms. It also focuses on the role of the state and other agencies to create socialization-economic stability, but also to create conditions for "mental health" of citizens. Social problems of contemporary society have their roots in the past, the consequences in the present and in the future. The importance of the study appear in several elements: -A heterogeneity area residents coming from different provinces have different subcultures. -An area dominated traditional families with a large number of members, with some garland. -Domestic Relations built on customary mentality. -An area where there is fragmentation of families as the result of immigration. "The comunication matrix" is very imported in the socilism of the family mambers.For the realization of this study i have selected qualitative methods,such as:free intervists,structured. The study data are based on some searching methods: Quantitative methods,qualitative; Structured interviews; Official data from the Police Departament of Durres; The review of printed media; Survey 200.

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Eckberg, Douglas. "Stalking the Elusive Homicide". Social Science History 25, n.º 1 (2001): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012104.

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Anyone who hopes to trace quantitative historical changes in populations faces the problem of incomplete and biased records. This is at least as much a problem for statistics of crime as for other kinds of statistics, and it plagues historical homicide research. As with other historical trends, those of homicide are derived from actual counts from some set of sources, including coroners’ records, indictments, arrests, and newspaper accounts. But what proportion of the original incidents were recorded and—if so—still exist? Adding sources usually increases the count, but how closely does it approach the true count? This cannot be known directly. One is caught between the facts that counting is the major means open to us to understand crime “as part of the sweep of history” (Monkkonen 1980: 53) and that there are gaping “holes in the historical record” that leave a large “dark figure” of crime (Lane 1992: 30).

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Lira Cortes, Ana Laura y Carlos Fuentes Silva. "Artificial Intelligence Models for Crime Prediction in Urban Spaces". Machine Learning and Applications: An International Journal 8, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/mlaij.2021.8101.

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This work presents research based on evidence with neural networks for the development of predictive crime models, finding the data sets used are focused on historical crime data, crime classification, types of theft at different scales of space and time, counting crime and conflict points in urban areas. Among some results, 81% precision is observed in the prediction of the Neural Network algorithm and ranges in the prediction of crime occurrence at a space-time point between 75% and 90% using LSTM (Long-ShortSpace-Time). It is also observed in this review, that in the field of justice, systems based on intelligent technologies have been incorporated, to carry out activities such as legal advice, prediction and decisionmaking, national and international cooperation in the fight against crime, police and intelligence services, control systems with facial recognition, search and processing of legal information, predictive surveillance, the definition of criminal models under the criteria of criminal records, history of incidents in different regions of the city, location of the police force, established businesses, etc., that is, they make predictions in the urban context of public security and justice. Finally, the ethical considerations and principles related to predictive developments based on artificial intelligence are presented, which seek to guarantee aspects such as privacy, privacy and the impartiality of the algorithms, as well as avoid the processing of data under biases or distinctions. Therefore, it is concluded that the scenario for the development, research, and operation of predictive crime solutions with neural networks and artificial intelligence in urban contexts, is viable and necessary in Mexico, representing an innovative and effective alternative that contributes to the attention of insecurity, since according to the indices of intentional homicides, the crime rates of organized crime and violence with firearms, according to statistics from INEGI, the Global Peace Index and the Government of Mexico, remain in increase.

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Sridhar, R. y S. Balasubramaniam. "Fractal Estimation Using Extended Triangularisation and Box Counting Algorithm for any Geo-Referenced Point Data in GIS". International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 3, n.º 3 (julio de 2012): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaec.2012070106.

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Fractal dimension is often used as a measure of how fast length, area, or volume increases or decreases with increase or decrease in scale, or as a measure of complexity of a system. In this paper, input depends only on the Geo-referenced point data where the point event has occurred. An Extended Triangularisation Algorithm is developed to cover the area of point data as a polygon and its perimeter is calculated. Box Counting Algorithm is applied on those point data to calculate the Fractal values, which in turn work as an input to Prediction Plot Linear Model, to show that fractal value increases or decreases as perimeter of Polygon increases or decreases. To validate this model, Crime data was used and its results were analyzed. It provides information to police officials about the intensity of crime, area of patrolling and deputation of police in the sensitivity area. This model could be applied for any Geo-referenced point data such as cancer data, hypertension data and so on.

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Batyrgareieva, Vladislava S. y Sandra Kaija. "Criminal Recidivism Prevention as One of the Determinative Directions of the Agenda of the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders". SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, n.º 15 (2019): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.15.2019.3.024-036.

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Crime structure of any country in the world always has recurrent crime, the scale of which is not amenable to reduction practically. This crime is the most dangerous manifestation of criminal behaviour of a person, because the return of a person to committing new crimes indicates that the measures which were taken to re-socialise them have proved ineffective. Therefore, the problem of criminal recidivism and combating with it occupies a prominent place among issues which are discussed at the level of UN Congresses on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders. In the article the provisions of the materials of these Congresses on criminal recidivism and the practice of its prevention are analysed in detail. At the same time, approaches to the calculation of recurrent crimes on the example of separate countries (USA, UK and Ukraine) are clarified. It is concluded that the scale of recidivism because of different methods of counting recurrent crimes is very different in different countries. This leads to the inability to draw a single picture of the prevalence of criminal recidivism in different regions of the world. It is concluded that to achieve appreciable results in the combating recidivism first of all, some methodological issues need to be resolved. One of them should be an attempt at an international level to develop a more or less standardised method of accounting for recidivism in national practices, which would include: firstly, a clear understanding of which offenses should be considered as recurrent; and secondly, the definition of terms based on which quantitative indicators of recidivism are provided. Jebkuras pasaules valsts noziedzības struktūrā vienmēr pastāv recidīvs, kura mērogu praktiski nav iespējams samazināt. Recidīvā noziedzība ir visbīstamākā personas noziedzīgās uzvedības izpausme, jo personas atgriešanās pie jaunu noziedzīgu nodarījumu izdarīšanas liecina, ka pasākumi to socializēšanai ir izrādījušies neefektīvi. Tāpēc recidīva problēma un tā apkarošana ir būtisks jautājums, kas tiek apspriests Apvienoto Nāciju kongresos par noziedzības novēršanu un sankcijām attiecībā uz likumpārkāpējiem. Rakstā analizēti šo kongresu materiāli par noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīvu un tā novēršanas praksi, raksturotas atsevišķu valstu (ASV, Lielbritānijas un Ukrainas) pieejas noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīva aprēķināšanā. Secināts, ka dažādās valstīs recidīvisma mērogs atšķirīgu atkārtotu noziegumu skaitīšanas metožu dēļ ir ļoti atšķirīgs. Un tas noved pie tā, ka nav iespējams izveidot vienotu ainu par noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīva izplatību dažādos pasaules reģionos. Secināts, ka vērā ņemamu rezultātu sasniegšanai recidīva apkarošanā ir jāatrisina daži metodoloģiski jautājumi. Vienam no tiem vajadzētu būt mēģinājumam starptautiskā līmenī izstrādāt vairāk vai mazāk standartizētu recidīvisma uzskaites metodi nacionālajā praksē, kas ietvertu: pirmkārt, skaidri definētu izpratni par to, kuri nodarījumi uzskatāmi par atkārtotiem; un, otrkārt, tādu terminu definēšanu, uz kuru pamata tiek sniegti recidīvisma kvantitatīvie rādītāji.

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Chang, Xu, Shan Shan Pei y Na Su. "Research on Real-Time Network Forensics Based on Improved Data Mining Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (agosto de 2013): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.1881.

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According to the characteristics of high precision and massive amounts of data processing during real-time network forensic, combining the defects of traditional Apriori algorithm which scan data sets more times, the paper improved Apriori algorithm, the data set is divided into parallel processing blocks, and then use dynamic itemsets counting method weight each block to construct tree, and depth-first search the tree, mark the data set which is divided out of the data block, and dynamic evaluation all the items set which has counted in order to acquire frequent itemsets, reducing the number of scanning, improved data processing capability of network forensics, use K-mediods algorithm for secondary mining to improve the accuracy, reduce network data loss, improve legal effect of network crime evidence.

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Norton, Stuart, Barak Ariel, Cristobal Weinborn y Emma O’Dwyer. "Spatiotemporal patterns and distributions of harm within street segments". Policing: An International Journal 41, n.º 3 (11 de junio de 2018): 352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2017-0041.

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PurposeVirtually all analyses of hotspots have been devoted to a crude counting system, i.e. tallying the number of occurrences that take place in pre-specified units of space and time. Recent research shows that while usually half of all criminal events are concentrated in about 3 percent of places commonly referred to as “hotspots” of crime, similar proportions of harm concentrate in only 1 percent of places. These are “harmspots.” Identifying that harm is a more concentrated issue suggests wide policy and research implications, but what are the dynamics of these harmspots? The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides a descriptive framework for measuring, as well as evidence about, these patterns and concentrations, harmspots in Sussex, England.FindingsThere are four discrete offense categories that account for 80 percent of all the harm within harmspots. These categories include: sexual offenses, violence against the person, robbery and theft. Within these high harmspots, crime counts and harm are strongly correlated (r=0.82,p=0.001). Temporal analyses show that harmspots are not evenly spread across time and place, with night time and weekends becoming substantially more susceptible to harm – more than count-based models. Harmspot trajectory analysis suggests evidence of stability over time within the high harmspots; most harmspots remain chronically inflicted with harm. Violence and sexual offenses are random in their spatial distribution between the harmspots, but robberies and theft are more closely coupled to particular harmspots than others.Originality/valueImplications of these findings are discussed in terms of future research avenues and crime policy.

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Shishina, E. A. "TO THE QUESTION OF COUNTERING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE EXTREMIST ORGANIZATION «JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES»". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6(72), n.º 3 (2021): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-3-252-260.

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Modern conditions for combating crime put forward increased demands on law enforcement officers of the Russian Federation. These requirements include both a high physical and moral resource, as well as intellectual potential, ensuring the successful fight against crime. An analysis of the law enforcement practice of counteracting extremist organizations and groups indicates that unobvious crimes are in most cases difficult to identify and investigate. The reason for this is the lack of orienting information, primary signs of a crime, evidence, etc. The article discusses the history of the origin of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses, their activities in the post-Soviet space, and the experience of countering the USSR State Security Committee. The contemporary activities of an extremist organization on the territory of the Russian Federation are characterized. The ideology, norms of behavior, the organization’s financing system are analyzed. The consequences of the impact on the consciousness of adepts, the anti-state nature of activity are determined. The legal mechanism of counteracting the activities of extremist organizations is characterized. The features of the activities of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Republic of Crimea are examined, and law enforcement practice is analyzed. The factors hindering the identification and documentation of the activities of extremist organizations are identified. Ways and methods of detecting, preventing, combating and solving crimes related to the activities of extremist organizations are identified.

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Billings, Stephen B. "Local Option, Alcohol and Crime". B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2014): 791–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0040.

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Abstract With the end of National Prohibition in 1933, 30 states gave counties and municipalities the local option to continue alcohol restrictions. Currently, 10% of U.S. counties still maintain a ban on some or all alcohol. Since the Prohibition movement advanced on the association between alcohol use and criminal behavior, this research examines the impact of county-level alcohol restrictions on multiple types of crime across five U.S. states. Standard panel models show a positive relationship between local option policy changes to allow alcohol and crime. The novelty of this research involves comparing the impact of alcohol restrictions across crimes classified by the degree to which an offense is often committed under the influence of alcohol. Results highlight impacts across a number of crime categories with crimes commonly committed under the influence of alcohol as well as crimes involving drug use and even crimes associated with obtaining alcohol all increasing when counties allow the sale and consumption of alcohol.

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Rudik, M. "CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIME RELATED TO THE ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR ANALOGUES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, n.º 3 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-3(2)-253-263.

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The author analyzed the dynamics of crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues on the territory of the Republic of Crimea in 2016–2020. In addition, the structure of crime related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues in the territory of the Republic of Crimea was analyzed. Some statistics indicate that the majority of crimes related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income. The author notes that at present, effective counteraction to drug-related crimes has a number of difficulties arising from the transition from contact types of sale to non-contact ones, which are actively used by persons distributing and selling narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In countering such electronic methods of contactless sale of narcotic drugs, law enforcement agencies often work in an insufficient, and sometimes in a truncated format. The main difficulties in its high-quality implementation are reduced to the difficulties in the implementation of technical processing of the Internet messengers used for its implementation, operations with cryptocurrencies, as well as the use of anonymizers.

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Avdeev, V. A. y O. A. Avdeeva. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL, DOCTRINAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL-PRACTICALAPPROACHES TO COUNTERING MERCY-Violent Crimein the Russian Federation". Russian Family Doctor, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd10673.

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The subject of the study is mercenary-violent crime, taking into account its condition, structure and dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the Russian criminal law policy in the field of combating crime of mercenary-violent orientation, taking into account the requirements of international law. The purpose of the study is a modern analysis of the understanding of mercenary-violent crime, the content and types of crimes of this orientation. Attention is focused on the criminological analysis of mercenary-violent crime, prevention and prevention in the context of improving measures of criminal law, criminological and organizational and practical counteraction. The methodological basis for the study of measures to combat mercenary-violent crime is formed by a set of general scientific and private scientific methods that have led to an integrated approach to the study of legal policy to counteract mercenary-violent crime, taking into account the ongoing socio-economic and political-legal transformations. The main results of the study reveal the process of counteracting mercenary-violent crime in the context of globalization, measures to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal law regulation of public relations related to countering crimes of mercenary-violent orientation. Conclusions are formulated regarding the methodological and organizational-practical aspects of the legal impact on persons who have committed self-seeking and violent assaults. The novelty of the research topic is the formulation of the problem associated with the disclosure of the causes and conditions of mercenary-violent crime as a socially negative phenomenon in modern conditions; the definition of key areas of legal policy in the field of combating crimes of mercenary-violent orientation, determined by socio-economic and political transformations. In order to achieve the stated goal of the study, special legal methods of cognition were used that facilitate the analysis of the legal regulation of legal responsibility for mercenary-violent crimes. The result of the study is the disclosure of the legal nature of mercenary-violent crime, its essential properties and signs as a social negative phenomenon; identification of features of measures to counter self-serving and violent orientation; establishing trends in legal regulation of crimes of mercenary-violent orientation; determination of the specifics of the mechanism of legal regulation of legal liability for mercenary-violent crimes. An opinion was expressed that there was no categorical legal assessment of the concept of mercenary-violent crimes in domestic legislation, which predetermined the recognition of criminal legal measures as a strategic resource for combating mercenary-violent crime. The conclusions are formulated on the factors inspiring the legislative regulation of the corpus delicti of violent orientation, and the specifics of the implementation of punishment and other measures of a criminal law nature.

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Avdeev, V. A. y O. A. Avdeeva. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL, DOCTRINAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL-PRACTICALAPPROACHES TO COUNTERING MERCY-Violent Crimein the Russian Federation". Russian Family Doctor, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd10705.

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The subject of the study is mercenary-violent crime, taking into account its condition, structure and dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the Russian criminal law policy in the field of combating crime of mercenary-violent orientation, taking into account the requirements of international law. The purpose of the study is a modern analysis of the understanding of mercenary-violent crime, the content and types of crimes of this orientation. Attention is focused on the criminological analysis of mercenary-violent crime, prevention and prevention in the context of improving measures of criminal law, criminological and organizational and practical counteraction. The methodological basis for the study of measures to combat mercenary-violent crime is formed by a set of general scientific and private scientific methods that have led to an integrated approach to the study of legal policy to counteract mercenary-violent crime, taking into account the ongoing socio-economic and political-legal transformations. The main results of the study reveal the process of counteracting mercenary-violent crime in the context of globalization, measures to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal law regulation of public relations related to countering crimes of mercenary-violent orientation. Conclusions are formulated regarding the methodological and organizational-practical aspects of the legal impact on persons who have committed self-seeking and violent assaults. The novelty of the research topic is the formulation of the problem associated with the disclosure of the causes and conditions of mercenary-violent crime as a socially negative phenomenon in modern conditions; the definition of key areas of legal policy in the field of combating crimes of mercenary-violent orientation, determined by socio-economic and political transformations. In order to achieve the stated goal of the study, special legal methods of cognition were used that facilitate the analysis of the legal regulation of legal responsibility for mercenary-violent crimes. The result of the study is the disclosure of the legal nature of mercenary-violent crime, its essential properties and signs as a social negative phenomenon; identification of features of measures to counter self-serving and violent orientation; establishing trends in legal regulation of crimes of mercenary-violent orientation; determination of the specifics of the mechanism of legal regulation of legal liability for mercenary-violent crimes. An opinion was expressed that there was no categorical legal assessment of the concept of mercenary-violent crimes in domestic legislation, which predetermined the recognition of criminal legal measures as a strategic resource for combating mercenary-violent crime. The conclusions are formulated on the factors inspiring the legislative regulation of the corpus delicti of violent orientation, and the specifics of the implementation of punishment and other measures of a criminal law nature.

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Avdeev, V. A. y O. A. Avdeeva. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL, DOCTRINAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL-PRACTICALAPPROACHES TO COUNTERING MERCY-Violent Crimein the Russian Federation". Yugra State University Bulletin, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu20200107-16.

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The subject of the study is mercenary-violent crime, taking into account its condition, structure and dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the Russian criminal law policy in the field of combating crime of mercenary-violent orientation, taking into account the requirements of international law. The purpose of the study is a modern analysis of the understanding of mercenary-violent crime, the content and types of crimes of this orientation. Attention is focused on the criminological analysis of mercenary-violent crime, prevention and prevention in the context of improving measures of criminal law, criminological and organizational and practical counteraction. The methodological basis for the study of measures to combat mercenary-violent crime is formed by a set of general scientific and private scientific methods that have led to an integrated approach to the study of legal policy to counteract mercenary-violent crime, taking into account the ongoing socio-economic and political-legal transformations. The main results of the study reveal the process of counteracting mercenary-violent crime in the context of globalization, measures to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal law regulation of public relations related to countering crimes of mercenary-violent orientation. Conclusions are formulated regarding the methodological and organizational-practical aspects of the legal impact on persons who have committed self-seeking and violent assaults. The novelty of the research topic is the formulation of the problem associated with the disclosure of the causes and conditions of mercenary-violent crime as a socially negative phenomenon in modern conditions; the definition of key areas of legal policy in the field of combating crimes of mercenary-violent orientation, determined by socio-economic and political transformations. In order to achieve the stated goal of the study, special legal methods of cognition were used that facilitate the analysis of the legal regulation of legal responsibility for mercenary-violent crimes. The result of the study is the disclosure of the legal nature of mercenary-violent crime, its essential properties and signs as a social negative phenomenon; identification of features of measures to counter self-serving and violent orientation; establishing trends in legal regulation of crimes of mercenary-violent orientation; determination of the specifics of the mechanism of legal regulation of legal liability for mercenary-violent crimes. An opinion was expressed that there was no categorical legal assessment of the concept of mercenary-violent crimes in domestic legislation, which predetermined the recognition of criminal legal measures as a strategic resource for combating mercenary-violent crime. The conclusions are formulated on the factors inspiring the legislative regulation of the corpus delicti of violent orientation, and the specifics of the implementation of punishment and other measures of a criminal law nature.

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24

Gauk, A. M. "LEGAL REGULATION OF CHANNELS AND LOCKS OF THE PIELIST RIVER (FINLAND) IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6(72), n.º 3 (2021): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-3-261-266.

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Modern conditions for combating crime put forward increased demands on law enforcement officers of the Russian Federation. These requirements include both a high physical and moral resource, as well as intellectual potential, ensuring the successful fight against crime. An analysis of the law enforcement practice of counteracting extremist organizations and groups indicates that unobvious crimes are in most cases difficult to identify and investigate. The reason for this is the lack of orienting information, primary signs of a crime, evidence, etc. The article discusses the history of the origin of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses, their activities in the post-Soviet space, and the experience of countering the USSR State Security Committee. The contemporary activities of an extremist organization on the territory of the Russian Federation are characterized. The ideology, norms of behavior, the organization’s financing system are analyzed. The consequences of the impact on the consciousness of adepts, the anti-state nature of activity are determined. The legal mechanism of counteracting the activities of extremist organizations is characterized. The features of the activities of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Republic of Crimea are examined, and law enforcement practice is analyzed. The factors hindering the identification and documentation of the activities of extremist organizations are identified. Ways and methods of detecting, preventing, combating and solving crimes related to the activities of extremist organizations are identified.

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25

Koshman, V. А. "EARLY FORMATIVE MESOAMERICA: FORMATION OF PRIMARY STATEHOOD INSTITUTIONS AND REGIONAL PECULIARITIES". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6(72), n.º 3 (2021): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-3-267-282.

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Modern conditions for combating crime put forward increased demands on law enforcement officers of the Russian Federation. These requirements include both a high physical and moral resource, as well as intellectual potential, ensuring the successful fight against crime. An analysis of the law enforcement practice of counteracting extremist organizations and groups indicates that unobvious crimes are in most cases difficult to identify and investigate. The reason for this is the lack of orienting information, primary signs of a crime, evidence, etc. The article discusses the history of the origin of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses, their activities in the post-Soviet space, and the experience of countering the USSR State Security Committee. The contemporary activities of an extremist organization on the territory of the Russian Federation are characterized. The ideology, norms of behavior, the organization’s financing system are analyzed. The consequences of the impact on the consciousness of adepts, the anti-state nature of activity are determined. The legal mechanism of counteracting the activities of extremist organizations is characterized. The features of the activities of the extremist organization Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Republic of Crimea are examined, and law enforcement practice is analyzed. The factors hindering the identification and documentation of the activities of extremist organizations are identified. Ways and methods of detecting, preventing, combating and solving crimes related to the activities of extremist organizations are identified.

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26

Zoz, V. A. y A. S. Karpenko. "OPERATIONAL INSPECTION SUPPORT FOR COUNTERING ORGANIZED CRIME". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), n.º 3 (1) (2022): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(1)-258-262.

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The article reveals the issue of operational and investigative support of countering organized crime by law enforcement agencies. The analysis of statistics of crimes committed by organized criminal groups and criminal communities is carried out. Organized crime is the most dangerous form of crime that infringes on all spheres of modern society, including political, economic, social and legal. The problem of organized crime is gradually turning into one of the largest global problems of our time, which is rooted in the desire of criminal structures to legalize their own activities or build a parallel legal system of public administration, thus turning the state as a whole into its own corporate structure. The concept of organized crime goes beyond the purely criminal law science and reaches such planes of social relations as public administration, economic activity, and the like. It is in this that the greatest risks and threats are seen, since under such conditions, organized crime turns into an integral element of everyday legal reality, which makes it impossible to fight it. The main features and characteristics of organized crime are considered. The objects of interest of criminal groups, allowing to legalize the proceeds of crime, are determined, the types of operational-search counteraction are considered. The directions for improving the work efficiency in the activities of law enforcement agencies in countering organized crime have been identified.

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27

Katong, Nasir, Ahmad Yani Abas y Deby Cnristiyani Sendow. "STUDI KASUS TINDAK PIDANA KEHUTANAN DI TAMAN NASIONAL BOGANI NANI WARTABONE". El-Iqthisadi : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum 2, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisadi.v2i2.18560.

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Abstract Forestry Crime Case Study (TIPIHUT) in Bogani Nani wartabone National Park. This study aims to determine how the forestry crime (TIPIHUT) in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, especially illegal logging and illegal mining in the Dumoga area. This research is an empirical juridical study, by conducting research at the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Dumoga region. The data used are primary and secondary data. The data obtained from both primary and secondary data is then analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods, namely research that explains and describes according to the existing problems, then conclusions are drawn based on the analysis that has been done. The results showed that in the area of the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, illegal logging and illegal mining were still rampant, counting from 2018-2020 there were eight cases recorded. 4 cases of illegal logging and 4 others are illegal mining. This happened because in Boganai National Park Nani Wartabone still lacks POLHUT personnel to carry out field monitoring. Balain Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park has currently carried out several programs as an effort to break the forestry crime, namely by empowering communities around the National Park by utilizing forest areas for planting, and involving communities in restoring forest ecosystems by inviting the community to plant trees in National Park area. Keywords: Forestry Crime, Illegal Logging, Illegal Mining, National Park. AbstrakStudi Kasus Tindak Pidana Kehutanan (TIPIHUT) Di Taman Nasional Bogani Nani wartabone. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana tindak pidana kehutanan (TIPIHUT) di Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone khususnya tindak pidana illegal logging dan illegal mining di wilayah Dumoga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis empiris, dengan melakukan penelitian di Balai Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone wilayah Dumoga. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Data yang di peroleh baik dari data primer maupun ata sekunder kemudian di analisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yaitu penelitian yang menjelaskan dan menguraikan sesuai dengan permasalahan yang ada kemudian di tarik kesimpulan berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa di kawasan Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone masih marak terjadi Illegal logging dan illegal mining, terhitungan dari tahun 2018-2020 tercatat ada delapan kasus. 4 kasus illegal logging dan 4 lainnya adalah illegal mining. Hal ini terjadi karena di Taman Nasional Boganai Nani Wartabone masih kekurangan personil POLHUT dalam melakukan pemantauan lapangan. Balain Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone saat ini telah melakukan beberapa program sebagi upaya untuk memutus ranai tindak pidana kehutanan yaitu dengan memberdayaakan masyarakat sekitar Taman Nasional dengan memanfaatan kawasan hutan untuk bercocok tanam, serta melibatkan masyarakat dalam pemulihan ekosistem hutan dengan mengajak masyrakat untuk melakukan penanaman pohon dalam kawasan Taman Nasional.Kata Kunci: Penambangan Liar, Penebangan Liar, Taman Nasional, Tindak Pidana Kehutanan.

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Avdeev, Vadim A. y Olga A. Avdeeva. "Energy security as a kind of public security: doctrinal-methodological and criminal-legal aspects of implementation". Yugra State University Bulletin 60, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2021): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu20210187-96.

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The subject of the study is the strategic directions of ensuring public security in the Russian Federation at the present stage. One of the directions of ensuring public safety is recognized as the safety of the fuel and energy complex. In this regard, the analysis of the state, structure and dynamics of crime in the fuel and energy complex is carried out. Attention is focused on the implementation of the Russian criminal law policy in the field of combating crime in the fuel and energy complex, taking into account the norms of international law. The purpose of the study is to uncover the elements of crimes in the fuel and energy complex that constitute the crime of this orientation. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of a set of measures for the prevention and prevention of this type of crime, taking into account the interaction of measures of a criminal, criminological and administrative nature. The methodological basis for the study of measures to combat crime in the fuel and energy complex is a combination of general scientific and private scientific methods that have predetermined a comprehensive approach to the study of legal policy in the field of countering this type of crime, taking into account the ongoing reform of the socio-economic system in the Russian Federation. In the course of achieving the goal of the study, special legal methods of cognition were used to facilitate the analysis of the legal regulation of legal liability for fuel and energy crimes. The main results of the study contain conclusions and proposals aimed at improving measures to counteract crime in the field of the fuel and energy complex, including improving the effectiveness of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal law regulation of public relations related to countering encroachments of the fuel and energy sector. Conclusions are formulated regarding the methodological and organizational-practical aspects of the legal impact on persons who have committed crimes in the field of fuel and energy complex. The novelty of the research topic consists in the formulation of the problem associated with the establishment of the causes and conditions of crimes of fuel and energy orientation as a socially negative phenomenon in modern conditions; the definition of key areas of legal policy in the field of combating crime in the field of fuel and energy complex. The conducted research reveals the legal nature of crime in the fuel and energy complex; features of measures to counteract crimes of fuel and energy orientation; trends in the legal regulation of fuel and energy crimes; the specifics of the mechanism of legal regulation of legal liability for fuel and energy crimes. The opinion is expressed that there is no categorical and legal assessment of the concept of fuel and energy crimes in the domestic legislation, which predetermined the recognition of measures of criminal and legal influence as a strategic resource for countering fuel and energy crime. Conclusions are formulated about the factors that determine the legislative regulation of fuel and energy crimes, and the specifics of the implementation of punishment and other measures of a criminal nature.

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29

Hartono, Bambang, I. Ketut Seregig y Budi Wibowo. "Strategies in Countering Hoax and Hate Speech in Indonesia". Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 4, n.º 2 (6 de septiembre de 2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.4.2.2021.134-144.

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Hoax and Hate Speech are cyber-crimes that are closely related to ideological, political and religious issues. In Indonesia, just before the 2019 Presidential Election, this crime is very common, mainly used to attack political opponents. In this study, we provide several samples of Hoax and Hate Speech crimes, namely those with ideological, political and religious nuances. We consider these three crime samples to be sufficient to illustrate that Hoax and Hate Speech greatly influence the stability of domestic security. Based on the results of research conducted at the Directorate of Cyber Crime Enforcement of the Indonesian Police Criminal Investigation Agency, we can conclude that the strategic steps that must be taken to tackle Hoax and Hate Speech are Preventive Efforts in the form of Cyber Patrol, Hoax labeling, analyzing media opinion trends, dissemination positive news through text media, clarification and public information, security carried out by cover names, cover jobs, and cover stories, and countermeasures. Then, to provide a deterrent effect to the community, repressive efforts through law enforcement activities must be carried out including investigations by means of the Cyber Patrol to find cyber-crime, providing technical assistance and tactical investigations, investigating units in the region in order to uncover networks of cyber perpetrators, providing assistance in examining digital evidence, and cooperating by exchanging information for the purpose of researching and investigating cyber-crime. With the coping methods described above, especially inter-regional police cooperation that is centrally controlled by maximizing technology, the Indonesian police are able to uncover and dismantle networks of cyber-crime perpetrators that occur in Indonesia such as hoaxes, hate speeches and terrorism.

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30

Begichev, M. M. y A. V. Vlasov. "Problems of counteraction to economic crimes in modern conditions". Entrepreneur’s Guide 13, n.º 1 (21 de febrero de 2020): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2020-13-1-108-117.

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The Development of economic crime occurred in Russia in the «dashing 90s», at the same time the first economic crimes are known in the era of ancient Rome and Egypt, and each era is somehow connected with new economic crimes that have their own characteristics and specificity. The problem of preventing crimes in the economic sphere is complex, requiring all third-party study in a specific period of time and countering them depends directly on the mechanisms that are currently in the state and law enforcement agencies.The article analyzes the peculiarity of the use of digital technologies aimed at combating economic crime.

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31

Holovkin, Bohdan y Kostyantyn Marysyuk. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN COUNTERING (PREVENTING) ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM: SPECIAL LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES AND STRATEGIC PRIORITIES". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-25-36.

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The aim of the article is the analysis of countering organized crime in the financial system in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the development of concrete proposals to optimize the legislative provision of such activities by special international law enforcement agencies in connection with countering crimes in the financial system committed by organized groups and criminal organizations. The subject of the study is an organized crime in the financial system: foreign experience. Methodology. The analysis of legal regulations of Ukraine, the EU, and the USA, as well as scientific literature, enables to study the state of affairs in combating organized groups, which commit economic crimes, and define strategic priorities and objectives of countering this socially negative phenomenon in Ukraine. The results of the study reveal that the implementation of foreign experience in the national economic development faces a number of key economic challenges, primarily organized crime, that hinder the national economy improvement. The author determines that a comprehensive organized crime coping strategy in the financial system is needed currently. Practical implications. The study determines that the issue of countering organized crime in the financial system has become international over the last few decades, overstepping the boundaries of individual countries or regions and gaining global significance. The world community recognizes that organized crime in the financial system has become a global threat to economic security that requires states to adopt measures agreed to combat this socially dangerous activity, both nationally and internationally. Relevance/ originality. The study reveals the status of the economic system development in Ukraine, as well as further improves identifying of effective trends of organized crime prevention in the financial system of Ukraine, taking into account positive foreign experience.

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32

Shepitko, Valery Yu y Mykhaylo V. Shepitko. "The role of forensic science and forensic examination in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes". Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, n.º 1 (24 de marzo de 2021): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.179-186.

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The application of forensic science and expertise is a necessary prerequisite for the investigation of crimes at the local and national level. Without the use of forensic science and expertise, an investigation within the framework of a criminal process becomes dead and unsubstantiated. But with the globalisation of world processes, the development of technologies, the speed of information transmission, the formation of crime outside the borders of one state and its entry into the international level has become an urgent problem, which has become a challenge in countering such crime and the need to steer forensic science and expertise towards assisting law enforcement activities. A special feature of countering the investigation of crimes was the creation of international cooperation between forensic specialists and expert witnesses even prior to the establishment of practical institutions that could counteract them in practice. Therewith, some representatives of such international unions and associations have taken serious steps in creating mechanisms for real counteraction to crimes at the international level (R.A. Reiss, G. Soderman, M.Sh. Bassiuni). Coverage of the problem of international cooperation in the investigation of crimes through the definition of the role of forensic science and expertise allowed focusing on the following blocks: 1) international associations of forensic specialists for combating crime in the historical context; 2) international criminal police organisations in combating crime; 3) international cooperation in the field of conducting forensic examinations; 4) the use of forensic and special knowledge in the activities of the International Criminal Court. Thus, a combination of theory and practice in the fight against crime is demonstrated. Historically, this is associated with the role of forensic science and expertise in recording traces of crimes, analysing them, and forming legal, forensic, and expert witness opinions. The purpose of the study is to establish the decisive role of forensic science and expertise in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes. For this, the authors turned to forensic science and expertise, historical processes that served to create substantial international organisations created to counter international crime

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33

Marinov, A., E. Usov y V. Zagainov. "Countering crimes related to the violation of the telephone conversation secrecy". Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, n.º 4 (18 de diciembre de 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2021-15-4-69-75.

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In today's circumstances, operational personnel often face crimes violating the constitutional rights of citizens, including violation of the telephone conversation secrecy. Documentation of these crimes implies that field investigator has special knowledge in the sphere of computer technology. When documenting criminal actions, it is necessary to take into account the type of crime characteristics mentioned in this article.

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34

Thompson, Philip y Greg A. Falls. "Do Casinos Contribute to Violent Crime? A Panel Data Analysis of Michigan Counties". Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 8, n.º 2 (8 de julio de 2014): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v8i2.825.

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A key part of the debate over the current rapid increase in the number of casinos in the U.S. concerns the impact on crime rates resulting from the presence of a casino. In this analysis we use panel data covering all 83 Michigan counties for each year 1994-2010 to investigate whether the existence and size of a casino in a host county or in a nearby county affect the rates of four violent crimes: murder, rape, aggravated assault, and arson. We include a number of variables to control for factors that affect crime more generally. We find that county violent crime rates in Michigan do not rise in the presence of a casino, and in the case of aggravated assault, may actually fall. Previous studies of the impact of casinos on a variety of crimes in a variety of locations have shown mixed results.

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35

Khrustaleva, S. P., K. S. Krivyakin, M. S. Lutsenko y O. O. Shendrikova. "Algorithms for countering economic crimes and assessing the level of threats to economic security in the context of strategic management". Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, n.º 4 (11 de febrero de 2020): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-4-280-290.

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Crimes in the field of economic activity have become so common in society that crime in the economy has become the norm in the behavior of business entities. Economic crime in Russia at the present stage has reached such a scale that it really threatens the national security of the state. All this requires a detailed study of the individual elements of a crime in the sphere of economic activity and determination of methods for preventing economic crimes. Ensuring the economic rule of law is a guarantee of ensuring the economic security of the state in the future. Economic crimes committed at enterprises of various patterns of ownership are considered. The main type of economic crime is the misappropriation of assets (property), bribery and corruption are in second place, and finally, the third type of common economic crime in 2019 is procurement fraud. The amount of damage from economic crimes in large enterprises ranges from 100 thousand to 1 million US dollars. The main tools for detecting economic crimes in Russia are: the activities of the internal audit and economic security services; information technology protection and financial security of the enterprise; reporting suspicious transactions; the activities of the enterprise to manage the risks of losses from fraud. It is proposed to identify four levels of economic security of the enterprise: critical, low, medium and high. The optimality of the processes for managing economic and information security of PJSC VASO was assessed, which made it possible to single out the main functional components of the overall security of industrial enterprises. A comprehensive assessment of the level of economic threats of PJSC “VASO” as of 2019 was carried out.

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36

Wu, Guangzhen, Francis D. Boateng y Xiaodong Lang. "The Spillover Effect of Recreational Marijuana Legalization on Crime: Evidence From Neighboring States of Colorado and Washington State". Journal of Drug Issues 50, n.º 4 (26 de mayo de 2020): 392–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042620921359.

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An ongoing debate exists about the implications of recreational marijuana legalization to public safety. One important public concern is how recreational marijuana legalization may affect crime in neighboring states that have not legalized. Based on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from 2003 to 2017, this study used difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to examine the potential spillover effect of recreational marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington State, with a special focus on the examination of the changes in the rates of a variety of crimes in the border counties of neighboring states relative to the nonborder counties in these states following Colorado’s and Washington’s legalization. Results provide some evidence suggesting a spillover crime reduction effect of legalization, as reflected by the significant decreases in the rates of property crime, larceny, and simple assault in the Colorado region that includes six neighboring states. Results also suggest that the effects of marijuana legalization on crime in neighboring states vary based on crime type and state.

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37

Akutaev, Rasul M. y Arthur N. Abdulmazharov. "On the problem of countering latent crime". Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 44, n.º 4 (2022): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2022-44-4-114-118.

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The article is devoted to one of the necessary conditions for countering latent crime, predetermined by the colossal scale of latent crime to be countered. Taking into account this circumstance, theauthorsconsider it necessary to conduct a kind of revision of criminal legislation in order to exclude fromit everythingthat could be regulated by the norms of administrative legislation no less effectively than it is currentlythecase.The author's opinion is stated, according to which another solution to the problemcould be the attributionofthesecrimes (mainly of minor gravity) to the number of criminal offenses, if the inclusion of this categoryof offensesincriminal legislation receives the approval of the legislator. In this case, it is impossible to dowithout changingtheexisting categorization of crimes. It is emphasized that with all the peculiarities of the legal regulationofcrimesand offenses in terms of countering their latency, law enforcement officers should conduct anoffensivefightagainst crime and offenses, ensure consistent implementation of the inevitability of legal responsibilityfortheircommission.

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Ivantsov, Sergey y Tat'yana Molchanova. "Information and telecommunications technologies – the modern reality of crime". Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, n.º 4 (11 de diciembre de 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-4-89-96.

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The presented article examines the current state of crime in the field of information and telecommunication technologies, taking into account the new direction of the development of crime. Afteranalyzing foreign and Russian data, the authors emphasize that the information space has become one of the most common areas in the use of the COVID-19 virus pandemic to commit various crimes. Separately, this article examines the landscape of threats of crimes in the field of information and telecommunication technologies during the COVID-1 pandemic, and also analyzes the practice of detecting crimes under Art. 158, 159, 159.3, 159.6, 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for federal districts. The authors argue that the pandemic has significantly changed the nature and intensity of all crime, but the sphere of information and telecommunications technologies has undergone the greatest criminalization, which is reflected in crime statistics. In conclusion, the authors conclude that COVID-19 will be a turning point in changing the face of crime, as well as measures to combat crime in this particular area of relations. It points to the initiative of Russia within the framework of the UN to develop a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and telecommunication technologies for criminal purposes.

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39

Moskaleva, E. G. y N. N. Podol'naya. "CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CRIME". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-1-117-123.

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The article defines the consequences of economic crimes, summarizes the experience of theoretical and empirical studies of crime in the Russian economy, and presents the results of the author's research in this area. The interpretation of the concept of "economic crime" is characterized by legislative, departmental and research approaches. The authors argue that it is difficult to detect crimes in the economic sphere and the high level of latency of economic crime. Data from official statistics of Rosstat and the Prosecutor General's office of the Russian Federation were selected as the empirical base of the study. The research was carried out using methods of visual representation of data, research of dynamics, structure and analysis of relationships in the whole country and in the regional context. The study revealed the main trends in the situation from the point of view of criminalization and de-criminalization of the Russian economy, consisting in slowing down the reduction in the number of crimes in the economy in the Russian Federation. The study identifies regions with an increased level of economic crime and assesses the effectiveness of measures taken to counteract economic crime. The analysis made it possible to determine the directions of countering economic crime in Russia with the mandatory involvement of digital technologies.

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40

TEMIRZHANOVA, Lyazzat А., Nurtai K. IMANGALIEV, Bakhytzhan Zh SAGYMBEKOV, Almaz A. ESHNAZAROV y Almaz Zh SYZDYKOV. "Countering Fraud Committed Using Information Technology in Kazakhstan". Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, n.º 7 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v10.7(45).25.

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The relevance of this article is that with the development of modern technologies, conditions have formed for the emergence of such a new type of crime as fraud committed with the help of modern information technologies. Today in Kazakhstan, the amount of damage caused and the number of facts of this type of crime in recent years has grown many times. The practice of law enforcement indicates that computer technology is increasingly acting as a tool for committing crimes. Most of these crimes can cause real harm to a person and the state. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of countering a new type of fraud. The methodological base of the article is composed of general scientific principles, approaches and methods of scientific knowledge, dialectical and comparative methods of cognition of social and legal processes and phenomena. The theoretical and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the results of the work can become the foundation for amendments to the legislation of Kazakhstan, as well as for the development of methodological manuals on the investigation of the type of criminal offenses in law enforcement.

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Porechny, E. M. y V. D. Makromenko. "Some features of regional organized groups or the criminal community of mеgapolis: Socio-criminological aspect". Sociology and Law 14, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2022): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2022-2-164-173.

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The presented article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of regional organized groups or the criminal community of megapolis (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region), the debatable nature of their socio-criminological characteristics. The article indicates possible ways to improve the effectiveness of countering and preventing crime in general, as well as crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies, in particular. Attention is drawn to the problem of remote fraud, including Internet fraud, in terms of obtaining remote access to customers’ bank cards. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of law enforcement activities in preventing the activities of organized crime is associated with the vulnerability of existing formulations of organized groups or criminal community. The success and effectiveness of countering the activities of organized crime is largely determined at the level of early prevention.

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Bychkov, Vasily V. y Vladimir A. Prorvich. "Artificial intelligence in the fight against extremism". Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 7, n.º 4 (14 de marzo de 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls50014.

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The article reveals the basic regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence in Russia. The possibility of using artificial intelligence to fight crime is being analyzed. The need for artificial intelligence to create computer forensic in countering extremist crimes is in development.

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Julesz, Máté. "Cloning and law in Hungary". Orvosi Hetilap 156, n.º 11 (marzo de 2015): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2015.30113.

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Reproductive human cloning is prohibited in Hungary, as in many other countries. Therapeutic human cloning is not prohibited, just like in many other countries. Stem cell therapy is also allowed. Article III, paragraph (3) of the Hungarian basic law (constitution) strictly forbids total human cloning. Article 1 of the Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings (1998) stipulates that any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead, is prohibited. In Hungary, according to Article 174 of the Criminal Code, total human cloning constitutes a crime. Article 180, paragraph (3) of the Hungarian Act on Health declares that embryos shall not be brought about for research purposes; research shall be conducted only on embryos brought about for reproductive purposes when this is authorized by the persons entitled to decide upon its disposal, or when the embryo is damaged. Article 180, paragraph (5) of the Hungarian Act on Health stipulates that multiple individuals who genetically conform to one another shall not be brought about. According to Article 181, paragraph (1) of the Hungarian Act on Health, an embryo used for research shall be kept alive for not longer than 14 days, not counting the time it was frozen for storage and the time period of research. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(11), 434–438.

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Kasatkina, Tatiana A. "How and Why the Author’s “Pointing Finger” Is Formed in Dostoevsky’s Works: Dostoevsky’s Radical Theology in the Novel Crime and Punishment". Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, n.º 4 (2022): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-4-27-51.

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The article is dedicated to the indirect means of expressing the author’s position and the ways for a deep theology to exist inside a literary text. Namely, the process of formation of the author’s “pointing finger” in a text counting on the reader’s individual active work is showed here. The expression “ardently raised pointing finger” belongs to Dostoevsky, and it involves simultaneously 1) the creation of trigger moments intended to engage the reader’s attention (“ardently raised”) and 2) the creation of a string of elements in the text pointing in the direction where the image of the hero gains volume and achieves its ontological core. Going in this direction, the reader’s active though (active, i.e., able to be directed to the transformation of oneself and the world) is vividly formed in the process of grasping the concept. Where only the first part of the author’s strategy worked, and the reader did not notice the string of elements pointing in the direction of a possible path of transfiguration, we get a reader convinced that Dostoevsky is a “brutal talent,” an author tormenting for no reason, that enters places, which entrance should be closed to, and raises questions that do not and should not have an answer – and, on top of that, a “bad stylist.” When both elements of the “ardently raised pointing finger” are activated, we become readers that can see the path of transfiguration before themselves and already progressed slightly on it. The article deals with the first mention of Sonia in the novel Crime and Punishment, when in the little first paragraph of her father’s speech Dostoevsky converges five quotes from the Gospel, thus forming a powerful starting point of the author’s “pointing finger.” If readers do not “grasp” it (at least subconsciously), they will not understand the “intricacies” of the plot, while if “grasping” they will find themselves at the beginning of a luminous path, as clear as day, as straight as an arrow.

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45

Morgan, Rachel E. y Jana L. Jasinski. "Tracking Violence". Crime & Delinquency 63, n.º 4 (10 de julio de 2016): 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715625082.

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Social disorganization theory proposes that specific neighborhood characteristics contribute to an increase in crime rates. In a disorganized community, informal social controls are not present; therefore, crime and delinquency flourish. Researchers have focused on these measures of social disorganization and the ability to explain public crimes. Recently, researchers have focused their attention to characteristics of socially disorganized areas and their ability to predict private crimes, such as domestic violence. This study contributes to the research on domestic violence and its applicability to social disorganization theory by examining domestic violence in Chicago neighborhoods and Illinois counties. Results indicate that different measures of social disorganization are significantly associated with domestic violence at different units of analysis.

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46

Sheveleva, Svetlana y I. Teneneva. "VOYEURISM: CRIMINAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, n.º 3 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-3(2)-209-222.

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One of the types of paraphilia is voyeurism, i.e., secretly spying on the intimate actions of other people. From the point of view of medicine, voyeurism is recognized as a disorder of sexual preference, in art it has found expression in the paintings of famous masters, but from the point of view of morality it remains in the plane of religiously conditioned prohibitions, and psychologists say that the considered form of sexual behavior is dangerous not only for the psyche of the actor, but also for the victim. Within the framework of the presented research, the authors offer an analysis of the legal reaction of foreign countries to this form of sexual deviation, consider the types of punishments, and also present a criminological portrait of voyeurism. In the legal systems of foreign countries (Great Britain, Belgium, Singapore), voyeurism is recognized as a sexual crime; in the United States, Germany, New Zealand, and some states of Australia, the act in question is recognized as a crime that violates the «right to privacy». Separate statistical data on the specified acts in separate countries (where such counting is conducted) are presented, the reasons of growth of such encroachments and ways of their implementation are defined. In Russia, such acts receive a criminal-legal assessment on the grounds of Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which should be considered as a «legislative compromise», since in the actions of a voyeur, the main motive is sexual, and violation of privacy is not the goal. Some statistical data indicate an increase in such attacks in the world, but in Russia, the paraphilia in question is mainly the subject of research by psychologists, sexologists, and journalists. No serious criminological or criminal law studies were conducted. The presented research is the first attempt to study this phenomenon in the legal aspect, suggesting the beginning of a scientific discussion. It is concluded that in the conditions of digitalization of society, voyeurism as a form of sexual deviation will continue to develop, so it is necessary to adopt a set of legal measures aimed at protecting the rights of victims.

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47

Dinev, Yavor. "Legal Considerations Of Intelligence Operations In Countering Transnational Organised Crime". Information & Security: An International Journal 31 (2014): 07–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.3101.

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Sardana, Divya, Shruti Marwaha y Raj Bhatnagar. "Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning Methodologies for Crime Pattern Analysis". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications 12, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2021): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijaia.2021.12106.

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Crime is a grave problem that affects all countries in the world. The level of crime in a country has a big impact on its economic growth and quality of life of citizens. In this paper, we provide a survey of trends of supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods used for crime pattern analysis. We use a spatiotemporal dataset of crimes in San Francisco, CA to demonstrate some of these strategies for crime analysis. We use classification models, namely, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and Naive Bayes to predict crime types such as Larceny, Theft, etc. and propose model optimization strategies. Further, we use a graph based unsupervised machine learning technique called core periphery structures to analyze how crime behavior evolves over time. These methods can be generalized to use for different counties and can be greatly helpful in planning police task forces for law enforcement and crime prevention.

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Kushnirenko, S. P. y A. G. Kharatishvili. "Cryptocurrencies Turnover and Forensic Analysis of the Mechanism of Committing Crimes". Kutafin Law Review 9, n.º 4 (2 de enero de 2023): 774–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2022.4.22.774-792.

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Criminalistics and forensics need rapid development to keep up with the changes in the society that are caused by dramatic changes in information and telecommunication technologies. The paper addresses the issue of including a new subject related to the turnover of cryptocurrencies in criminalistic analysis. Investigative and court practice show that when crimes are committed cryptocurrency can be an object of the offense (e.g., in theft) or can be used by offenders in the mechanism of a crime (e.g., legitimization of proceeds of crime by cashing in). To successfully investigate such crimes, it is necessary to study the mechanism of formation in the cryptocurrency transactions used by criminals in order to provide scientific recommendations to law enforcers concerning detection, fixation, seizure and investigation of traces of a crime. The development of effective tools in criminalistics forms a priority task at the present stage. The authors associate the specifics of the investigation of crimes related to the cryptocurrency turnover with its electronic nature, which determines the criminalistic recommendations proposed in the paper. Urgent training courses for investigators seem to be a reasonable solution to the problem. They can train investigators specializing in the investigation of such crimes, and their training (retraining) should involve the best experts in the field of IT technologies and experts from foreign jurisdictions where law-upholders have already accumulated experience in countering such crimes.

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Rozenko, Stanislav V. y Elena O. Igonina. "Countering iatrogenic crimes: criminal law and criminal procedure issues". Yugra State University Bulletin 16, n.º 2 (9 de octubre de 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu2020299-106.

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The article investigates problematic issues of criminal legal counteraction to iatrogenic crimes. Interpretation of industry regulations leads to the conclusion that in the process of procedural verification, the investigator does not have the right to receive information that constitutes a medical secret, which prevents the correct qualification of what was done. The qualification of iatrogenic crimes requires mandatory recourse to medical law. Opening the topic, we study the work of leading Russian specialists in the field of medicine and criminal law. The paper examines the problems of judicial and investigative practice on these criminal attacks. In the course of the study, the authors point to signs of medical errors and defects in the provision of medical care, which allow us to establish General circumstances that affect the exact qualification of the crime. It is proposed to fix in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation independent elements of crimes, that is, special provisions for medical workers, which will eliminate errors in qualification.

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