Artículos de revistas: "Copper free"

1

ARNAUD, CELIA. "COPPER-FREE CLICK CHEMISTRY". Chemical & Engineering News 85, n.º 43 (22 de octubre de 2007): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n043.p015.

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2

Canalle, Luiz A., Sander S. van Berkel, Laurens T. de Haan y Jan C. M. van Hest. "Copper-Free Clickable Coatings". Advanced Functional Materials 19, n.º 21 (9 de noviembre de 2009): 3464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200900743.

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3

Macchiarulo Jorge, Rosane y Acácio Antonio Mesquita Furtado Filho. "Characterization of New Lead-free Ballistic Modifiers and Phthalate-free Plasticizers in Propellants". Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, n.º 1 (21 de enero de 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.etmq.54.

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This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a copper-based ballistic modifier, copper subsalicylate (monobasic copper salicylate), and its performance in green-type propellants. New lead-free ballistic modifiers and phthalatefree plasticizers with reduced toxicity, less harmful to the environment, have been employed to replace their traditional additives in green-type double-base propellant preparations. The characterization of the chemical compound was performed by FTIR, TGA-DSC, and WAXS, indicating that copper subsalicylate was obtained. The results of the characterization of propellant compositions showed that copper subsalicylate, in combination with a bismuth salt, could be a substitute for the traditional lead-based ballistic modifier producing green-type propellants without reducing ballistic performance.

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4

Rice, T. M. "Clues from copper-free samples". Nature 332, n.º 6167 (abril de 1988): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332780a0.

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5

Martínez, Ana y Miguel Reina. "Copper or free radical scavenger?" Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 1104 (marzo de 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2017.01.033.

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6

Lei, H. "Melting of free copper clusters". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 13, n.º 13 (15 de marzo de 2001): 3023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/13/13/315.

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7

Honkanen, Mari, Minnamari Vippola y Toivo Lepistö. "Oxidation of copper alloys studied by analytical transmission electron microscopy cross-sectional specimens". Journal of Materials Research 23, n.º 5 (mayo de 2008): 1350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0160.

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In this work, the oxide structures of three polycrystalline copper grades, unalloyed oxygen-free (OF) copper and alloyed CuAg and deoxidized high-phosphor (DHP) copper, were studied using cross-sectional analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM) samples. The oxidation treatments were carried out in air at 200 and 350 °C for different exposure times. The detailed oxide layer structures were characterized by AEM. At 200 °C, a nano-sized Cu2O layer formed on the all copper grades. At 350 °C, a nano-sized Cu2O layer formed first on the all copper grades. After longer exposure time at 350 °C, a crystalline CuO layer grew on the Cu2O layer of the unalloyed OF-copper. In the case of the alloyed CuAg- and DHP-copper, a crystalline and columnar shaped layer, consisting of Cu2O and CuO grains, formed on the nanocrystalline Cu2O layer. At 350 °C, the unalloyed copper oxidized notably slower than the alloyed coppers, and its oxide structures were different than those of the alloyed coppers.

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8

Chen, Longrui, Betsegaw E. Lemma, Jenna S. Rich y James Mack. "Freedom: a copper-free, oxidant-free and solvent-free palladium catalysed homocoupling reaction". Green Chem. 16, n.º 3 (2014): 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41847b.

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Herein, we describe a copper-free, oxidant-free, solvent-free homocoupling reaction using a palladium catalyst under mechanochemical conditions. We extended the methodology to palladium catalyst on solid support which showed a different reactivity and different product ratios from the non-supported catalyst.

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9

Yang, Chia-Anne, Yung-Han Chen, Shyue-Chu Ke, Yi-Ru Chen, Hsien-Bin Huang, Ta-Hsien Lin y Yi-Cheng Chen. "Correlation of Copper Interaction, Copper-Driven Aggregation, and Copper-Driven H2O2Formation with Aβ40 Conformation". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/607861.

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The neurotoxicity of Aβ is associated with the formation of free radical by interacting with redox active metals such as Cu2+. However, the relationship between ion-interaction, ion-driven free radical formation, and Aβ conformation remains to be further elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the correlation of Cu2+interaction and Cu2+-driven free radical formation with Aβ40 conformation. The Cu2+-binding affinity for Aβ40 in random coiled form is 3-fold higher than that in stable helical form. Unexpectedly but interestingly, we demonstrate in the first time that the stable helical form of Aβ40 can induce the formation of H2O2by interacting with Cu2+. On the other hand, the H2O2generation is repressed at Aβ/Cu2+molar ratio ≥1 when Aβ40 adopts random coiled structure. Taken together, our result demonstrates that Aβ40 adopted a helical structure that may play a key factor for the formation of free radical with Cu2+ions.

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10

Madl, Jan y Vaclav Koutny. "Machinability of Lead Free Copper Alloys". Manufacturing Technology 15, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 2015): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/5/870.

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11

Walshe, J. M. "Serum 'free' copper in Wilson disease". QJM 105, n.º 5 (2 de diciembre de 2011): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr229.

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12

Fickett, F. R. "Transverse magnetoresistance of oxygen-free copper". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 24, n.º 2 (marzo de 1988): 1156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.11437.

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13

Wendeborn, S., J. Kessabi, R. Beaudegnies, P. Jung, B. Martin y F. Montel. "Copper-Free Synthesis of 1,4-Diynes". Synfacts 2007, n.º 2 (febrero de 2007): 0191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955804.

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14

BLAKE, D. R. y J. LUNEC. "COPPER, IRON, FREE RADICALS AND ARTHRITIS". Rheumatology 24, n.º 2 (1985): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/24.2.123.

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15

de Almeida, Gabriela, Ellen M. Sletten, Hitomi Nakamura, Krishnan K. Palaniappan y Carolyn R. Bertozzi. "Thiacycloalkynes for Copper-Free Click Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51, n.º 10 (26 de enero de 2012): 2443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201106325.

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16

Plass, Tilman, Sigrid Milles, Christine Koehler, Carsten Schultz y Edward A. Lemke. "Genetically Encoded Copper-Free Click Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, n.º 17 (23 de marzo de 2011): 3878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201008178.

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17

de Almeida, Gabriela, Ellen M. Sletten, Hitomi Nakamura, Krishnan K. Palaniappan y Carolyn R. Bertozzi. "Thiacycloalkynes for Copper-Free Click Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie 124, n.º 10 (26 de enero de 2012): 2493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201106325.

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18

Hoogenraad, Tjaard U. "Paradigm Shift in Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Zinc Therapy Now a Conscientious Choice for Care of Individual Patients". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/492686.

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Breakthrough in treatment of Alzheimer's disease with a shift from irrational dangerous chelation therapy to rational safe evidence based oral zinc therapy. Evidence based medicine: After synthesizing the best available clinical evidence I conclude that oral zinc therapy is a conscientious choice for treatment of free copper toxicosis in individual patients with Alzheimer's disease. Hypothesis 1: Age related free copper toxicosis is a causal factor in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. There are 2 neurodegenerative diseases with abnormalities in copper metabolism: (a) the juvenile form with degeneration in the basal ganglia (Wilson's disease) and (b) the age related form with cortical neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease). Initially the hypothesis has been that neurodegeneration was caused by accumulation of copper in the brain but later experiences with treatment of Wilson's disease led to the conviction that free plasma copper is the toxic form of copper: it catalyzes amyloid formation thereby generating oxidative stress, free radicals and degeneration of cortical neurons. Hypothesis 2: Oral zinc therapy is an effective and safe treatment of free copper toxicosis in Alzheimer's disease. Proposed dosage: 50 mg elementary zinc/day. Warning: Chelation therapy is irrational and dangerous in treatment of copper toxicosis in Alzheimer's disease.

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19

Chan, Anita, Felix Wong y Mano Arumanayagam. "Serum Ultrafiltrable Copper, Total Copper and Caeruloplasmin Concentrations in Gynaecological Carcinomas". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 30, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1993): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329303000603.

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Serum copper and caeruloplasmin concentrations are elevated in various carcinomas, but it is not known whether the rise in serum copper is due to elevation of caeruloplasmin alone or whether it is also due to the elevation of ‘free’ copper. We therefore determined ultrafiltrable copper to answer this question. Serum ultrafiltrate was prepared using the Amicon micropartition system and ultrafiltrable (free) copper was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum total copper was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and caeruloplasmin by rate nephelometry. There was no significant difference in the ultrafiltrable copper concentration between patients with gynaecological tumours and control subjects. However, total copper and caeruloplasmin concentrations were significantly elevated in cancer patients compared with control subjects. In contrast to total copper and caeruloplasmin concentrations, ultrafiltrable copper concentrations showed no significant increase with increase in the stage of the cancer.

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20

Gershman, Evgeny I. y Sergei Zhevnenko. "Grain Boundary Surface Tension, Segregation and Diffusion in Cu-Sn System". Defect and Diffusion Forum 264 (abril de 2007): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.264.39.

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Grain boundary and free surface tension for pure copper and copper-tin alloys are measured. On the base of these data isothermes of grain boundary tension, free surface tension and isothermes of adsorption are constructed in assumption of a dilute solution. Grain boundary diffusion coefficients of copper were calculated by using the relation of Borisov et. al. for copper and copper-tin alloys.

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21

Ivanchenko, Mykola, Yuriy Yagodzinskyy y H. Hänninen. "Hydrogen-Induced Mechanical Losses in Oxygen-Free Copper". Solid State Phenomena 184 (enero de 2012): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.184.122.

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Two oxygen-free copper grades with purity of 99.99 % were studied by means of free decay inverted torsion pendulum at the temperature range of 90 – 300 K and frequencies of 0.5 – 2 Hz. One copper grade was oxygen free electrolytically refined copper with oxygen content of 1.2 wt. ppm. The other one was oxygen-free phosphorous-alloyed grade with oxygen content less than 5 wt. ppm and phosphorous content of 30 – 70 wt. ppm. Electrochemical hydrogen charging induces a complex internal friction peak in the studied copper grades. The observed internal friction peak has a relaxation origin with apparent activation enthalpy and pre-exponential factor for the oxygen-free grade of 0.276 ± 0.002 eV and 10-11.59 ± 0.08 s, respectively. The internal friction peak can be fitted by three broadened Debye peaks (P1, P2 and P3) with activation enthalpies and pre-exponential factors of 0.248 ± 0.003 eV and 10-11.4 ± 0.4 s; 0.297 ± 0.004 eV and 10-11.8 ± 0.2 s; 0.36 ± 0.04 eV and 10-12.7 ± 1.4 s, respectively. Phosphorous doping markedly reduces the height of the observed peak. It was also shown that prior deformation by tension suppresses high-temperature components of the complex internal friction peak. Mechanism of relaxation is presumably caused by interaction of H – H pairs (low-temperature component, peak P1), interaction of hydrogen atoms with dislocations (P2) and interaction of hydrogen with impurities (high-temperature component, peak P3). Absorption of hydrogen in the studied copper grades during electrochemical hydrogen charging was confirmed by the thermal desorption method.

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22

Wu, Xue Rui, Wen Qing Qu y Hai Tao Li. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Brazed Joints Used in Electronic Devices". Advanced Materials Research 936 (junio de 2014): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1671.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints of oxygen-free copper and oxygen-free copper, nickel-plated kovar, monel, nickel-plated stainless steel were respectively studied by using AgCu28 and AuCu20 filler metal. Effects of different filler metal on microstructure of the brazed joints were analyzed through metallurgical microscope, SEM, EPMA. The brazed joints tensile strengths were analyzed through tensile test. The results indicate that the brazing process of oxygen-free copper and nickel content alloy used AgCu28 filler metal, nickel element is easy to diffused into AgCu28, AgCu28 filler metal with nickel element wetting spreadability along grain boundary of the oxygen - free copper, resulting in the penetration of the grain boundary of the oxygen-free copper. The joints brazed by AuCu20 filler metal have the better performance than the joints brazed by AgCu28 filler metal.

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23

Biffis, Andrea, Elena Scattolin, Nicoletta Ravasio y Federica Zaccheria. "Supported copper precatalysts for ligand-free, palladium-free Sonogashira coupling reactions". Tetrahedron Letters 48, n.º 49 (diciembre de 2007): 8761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.005.

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24

Wainwright, P., D. Wadey y P. Cook. "An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for relative free copper determination and generation of a paediatric reference interval". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55, n.º 4 (27 de noviembre de 2017): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217744809.

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Background Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease is currently performed using caeruloplasmin as a first-line screening test; however, this test has well-described limitations. Monitoring of known Wilson’s disease patients often uses 24-h urine collection; however, this is inaccurate in children. Methods for directly measuring plasma free copper have been described, but no reference interval data exist for a paediatric population. Methods An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for measuring free copper was developed and validated, using ultracentrifugation. A paediatric reference interval was generated using 85 plasma samples from children attending outpatient clinics at University Hospital Southampton. Results Results showed no significant contamination of copper using the ultracentrifugation technique, and validation showed the method was accurate and precise with an analytical coefficient of variation between 5 and 7% depending on the concentration of free copper. Conclusions We describe the use and validation of an ultrafiltration inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for plasma free copper with the first published paediatric reference interval. Free copper could provide much needed assistance for the monitoring of Wilson’s disease in children and also for adults.

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25

Nakano, Atsushi, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman y Hidekazu Sueyoshi. "LCA of Manufacturing Lead-Free Copper Alloys". Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 71, n.º 10 (2007): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.71.885.

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26

Oishi, Keiichiro, Toshikazu Matsumoto y Takashi Okubo. "Development of 'ECOBRASS' Lead-free Copper Alloy." Materia Japan 39, n.º 1 (2000): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.39.90.

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27

FUJINAMI, Tomoyuki y Hideo HONMA. "Pretreatment for Void-Free Electroless Copper Plating." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 43, n.º 6 (1992): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.43.595.

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28

Nakano, Atsushi, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman y Hidekazu Sueyoshi. "LCA of Manufacturing Lead-Free Copper Alloys". MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 46, n.º 12 (2005): 2713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.46.2713.

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29

WADA, Hitoshi, Takashi TOMIKAWA, Ryoichi ICHINO y Masazumi OKIDO. "Corrosion Resistance of Lead Free Copper Alloy". Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 59, n.º 10 (2008): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.59.690.

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30

Jawalekar, Anup, Sudip Malik, Jorge Verkade, Brian Gibson, Nancy Barta, John Hodges, Alan Rowan y Floris van Delft. "Oligonucleotide Tagging for Copper-Free Click Conjugation". Molecules 18, n.º 7 (24 de junio de 2013): 7346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules18077346.

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31

NAGAI, Yasuchika, Yoshio SAITOH, Namio MATSUDA, Shuji SAKAI y Gen'ichi HORIKOSHI. "Properties of vacuum degassed oxigen free copper." SHINKU 31, n.º 5 (1988): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.31.562.

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32

Chang, Pamela V., Jennifer A. Prescher, Ellen M. Sletten, Jeremy M. Baskin, Isaac A. Miller, Nicholas J. Agard, Anderson Lo y Carolyn R. Bertozzi. "Copper-free click chemistry in living animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, n.º 5 (14 de enero de 2010): 1821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911116107.

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Chemical reactions that enable selective biomolecule labeling in living organisms offer a means to probe biological processes in vivo. Very few reactions possess the requisite bioorthogonality, and, among these, only the Staudinger ligation between azides and triarylphosphines has been employed for direct covalent modification of biomolecules with probes in the mouse, an important model organism for studies of human disease. Here we explore an alternative bioorthogonal reaction, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and cyclooctynes, also known as “Cu-free click chemistry,” for labeling biomolecules in live mice. Mice were administered peracetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) to metabolically label cell-surface sialic acids with azides. After subsequent injection with cyclooctyne reagents, glycoconjugate labeling was observed on isolated splenocytes and in a variety of tissues including the intestines, heart, and liver, with no apparent toxicity. The cyclooctynes tested displayed various labeling efficiencies that likely reflect the combined influence of intrinsic reactivity and bioavailability. These studies establish Cu-free click chemistry as a bioorthogonal reaction that can be executed in the physiologically relevant context of a mouse.

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33

Singh, S. P., S. K. Verma, R. K. Singh y P. K. Pandey. "Copper uptake by free and immobilized cyanobacterium". FEMS Microbiology Letters 60, n.º 2 (julio de 1989): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03444.x.

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34

Cortes-Salva, Michelle, Corey Garvin y Jon C. Antilla. "Ligand-Free Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Amidines". Journal of Organic Chemistry 76, n.º 5 (4 de marzo de 2011): 1456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo102235u.

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35

OH, K. H. y P. A. PERSSON. "FREE-FLIGHT SHOCK CONSOLIDATION OF COPPER POWDERS". Le Journal de Physique Colloques 49, n.º C3 (septiembre de 1988): C3–151—C3–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988323.

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36

Borude, Vasant S., Rikhil V. Shah y Sanjeev R. Shukla. "Phosphine-free copper-mediated Sonogashira coupling reaction". Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 144, n.º 11 (15 de agosto de 2013): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-013-1058-8.

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37

Oude Blenke, Erik, Gruson Klaasse, Hannes Merten, Andreas Plückthun, Enrico Mastrobattista y Nathaniel I. Martin. "Liposome functionalization with copper-free “click chemistry”". Journal of Controlled Release 202 (marzo de 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.027.

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38

YAMADA, Yohei, Nobuhiro KONISHI, Shuhei KUROKAWA y Toshiro DOI. "Development of Abrasive-Free Copper CMP Process". Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 75, n.º 4 (2009): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.75.496.

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39

Kondo, Seiichi, Noriyuki Sakuma, Yoshio Homma, Yasushi Goto, Naofumi Ohashi, Hizuru Yamaguchi y Nobuo Owada. "Abrasive-Free Polishing for Copper Damascene Interconnection". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, n.º 10 (2000): 3907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1393994.

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40

Kumar, Baskaran Ganesh y Krishnamurthi Muralidharan. "Organic-Free Self-Assembled Copper Sulfide Microflowers". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2013, n.º 12 (13 de febrero de 2013): 2102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201201344.

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41

Liu, Ning, Chun Liu, Qiang Xu y Zilin Jin. "Thermoregulated Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling in Water". European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2011, n.º 23 (7 de junio de 2011): 4422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201100367.

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42

Chen, H. L., S. H. Ho, T. H. Wang, K. M. Chen, J. P. Pan, S. M. Liang y Aina Hung. "Curl-free high-adhesion polyimide/copper laminate". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51, n.º 9 (28 de febrero de 1994): 1647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510914.

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43

Luoh, T. y C. P. Chang. "Dislocation-free zones in fatigued copper polycrystals". Acta Materialia 44, n.º 7 (julio de 1996): 2683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(95)00400-9.

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44

Ikeda, Taichi. "Copper-Free Synthesis of Glycidyl Triazolyl Polymers". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 219, n.º 15 (2 de julio de 2018): 1800147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800147.

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45

Kubow, Stan, Tammy M. Bray y William J. Bettger. "Effects of dietary zinc and copper on free radical production in rat lung and liver". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1986): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-216.

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The effects of dietary copper and zinc on free radical production in lung and liver microsomes were studied in male weanling rats. The rats were fed for 6 weeks on one of seven diets, with different copper and zinc concentrations representing low, adequate, and high dietary levels of copper and low and adequate levels of zinc. Rats were put on diets arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial design with copper and zinc supplementations of 0, 15, and 500 mg/kg and 0.5 or 100 mg/kg, respectively. The low copper diet depressed copper levels in both the lungs and liver, although zinc levels were unchanged in rats on the low zinc diets. Endogenous carbon-centered lipid radical production in microsomes induced by NADPH was measured using spin-trapping techniques. The low zinc diets increased free radical production in lung microsomes but not in liver microsomes. No change in free radical production was obsrved in lung or liver microsomes obtained from rats on low copper diets. The data indicate that endogenous free radical production is increased in lung microsomes as a function of dietary zinc deficiency but is not influenced by copper status.

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46

Brewer, George J. y Sukhvir Kaur. "Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Therapy Efficacy with Reduction of Serum Free Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/586365.

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We are in the midst of an epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in developed countries. We have postulated that ingestion of inorganic copper from drinking water and taking supplement pills and a high fat diet are major causative factors. Ingestion of inorganic copper can directly raise the blood free copper level. Blood free copper has been shown by the Squitti group to be elevated in AD, to correlate with cognition, and to predict cognition loss. Secondly, we have shown that AD patients are zinc deficient compared to age matched controls. Zinc is important in neuronal protection. We carried out a 6-month small double blind trial of a new zinc formulation on AD patients. We found that in patients 70 years and older, zinc therapy protected against cognition decline compared to placebo controls. We also found that zinc therapy significantly lowered blood free copper levels. So zinc efficacy could be due to restoring neuronal zinc levels, to lowering blood free copper levels, or to both.

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47

Banci, Lucia, Ivano Bertini, Francesca Cantini, Mariapina D'Onofrio y Maria Silvia Viezzoli. "Structure and dynamics of copper-free SOD: The protein before binding copper". Protein Science 11, n.º 10 (13 de abril de 2009): 2479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.0210802.

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48

Tran, Phong Dinh, Audrey Allavena-Valette, Farah Kamous y Pascal Doppelt. "Novel valuable fluorine free copper(I) precursors for copper chemical vapor deposition". Polyhedron 28, n.º 18 (diciembre de 2009): 4091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2009.09.029.

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49

Radiguet, B., P. Pareige y A. Barbu. "Irradiation induced clustering in low copper or copper free ferritic model alloys". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 267, n.º 8-9 (mayo de 2009): 1496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.01.146.

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Waldrop, G. L. y M. J. Ettinger. "Effects of albumin and histidine on kinetics of copper transport by fibroblasts". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 259, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1990): G212—G218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.2.g212.

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The kinetics of copper transport by fibroblasts were examined and compared with earlier data with hepatocytes to determine the basis of rapid, preferential copper uptake by the liver. The Km and maximal velocity (Vmax) parameters for copper transport by fibroblasts in serum-free media were comparable to the parameters with hepatocytes. As with hepatocytes, albumin markedly inhibited initial rates of copper transport by fibroblasts. Although the only effect of histidine on copper transport by hepatocytes in serum-free media is a small increase in Km, histidine as His2Cu decreases the Vmax of copper transport fivefold with fibroblasts. Moreover, although histidine increases copper accumulation by hepatocytes when transport is inhibited by albumin, histidine further inhibits copper accumulation by fibroblasts when albumin is in the medium. Thus the inhibitory effects of histidine and albumin on copper transport by fibroblasts are additive. The data are consistent with an intermediary role for the His2Cu complex in copper transport. Copper is transported from His2Cu as the free ion, and copper transport is strictly passive with both cell types. The data suggest that rapid uptake by the liver is in part due to the ability of hepatocytes to transport copper from His2Cu more rapidly than other cell types.

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