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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Contrôle de la polarisation"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 29 de marzo de 2025

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1

Dalle, Matthieu. "Bloc-notes culturel 2023: Au cœur de l'âge identitaire". French Review 98, n.º 1 (octubre de 2024): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2024.a937831.

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abstract: Année de la contestation et du désordre, 2023 est marquée par le passage dans la douleur de réformes législatives sur les retraites et sur l'immigration et par de violentes émeutes qui, au début de l'été, touchent l'ensemble du pays. Elles font suite à la mort d'un jeune homme d'origine maghrébine tué par un policier lors d'un contrôle routier. Comme l'attestent également les débats sur l'interdiction de l'abaya à l'école et la polarisation des prises de position au sujet du conflit israélo-palestinien, la société française continue d'être parcourue de profondes fractures culturelles et identitaires qui fragilisent le vivre ensemble républicain.

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2

Vellutini, L., C. Dumortier, C. Guillaume, S. Gérard, C. Mensa, S. C. Gangloff, J. H. Salmon y F. Velard. "Contrôle de la polarisation des neutrophiles associés aux tumeurs osseuses par des molécules à structure pyridazinone". Revue du Rhumatisme 89 (diciembre de 2022): A140—A141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2022.10.205.

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3

Stumbaum, May-Britt U. y Sharon De Cet. "L’impact de la polarisation entre la Chine et les États-Unis dans l’espace indo-pacifique : le point de vue de la Chine". Hérodote N° 189, n.º 2 (22 de junio de 2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/her.189.0091.

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Le manque d’engagement apparent des États-Unis dans l’arène indo-pacifique et leur supposé isolationnisme de la scène internationale ont fait du xxi e siècle une « période d’opportunité historique » pour l’essor de la Chine, dans l’Indo-Pacifique et dans le monde, aux yeux du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) et du président chinois Xi Jinping. Les événements géopolitiques récents et l’ascension rapide de la Chine en tant que puissance mondiale rendent souvent compliqué pour l’Occident d’expliquer le comportement de la Chine et de l’inscrire dans un récit géopolitique simple. Cet article vise à expliquer les caractéristiques spécifiques de l’art de gouverner de la Chine sous Xi Jinping et comment celles-ci façonnent et orientent la vision et les objectifs chinois sur la concurrence stratégique en cours avec les États-Unis. L’article soutient que la position de Pékin dans la polarisation sino-américaine découle directement du système politique moniste de la Chine, traditionnellement façonné par la perte, le contrôle et la priorisation de la sécurité axée sur la technologie. Dans ce contexte, la Chine ne considère pas la polarisation avec les États Unis comme un simple conflit d’intérêts, mais comme un moyen d’assurer la survie du PCC et de restaurer la position internationale de la Chine.

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4

Preite, Massimo Valerio, Vito Sorianello, Gabriele De Angelis, Marco Romagnoli y Philippe Velha. "Geometrical Representation of a Polarisation Management Component on a SOI Platform". Micromachines 10, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060364.

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Grating couplers, widely used in Silicon Photonics (SiPho) for fibre-chip coupling are polarisation sensitive components, consequently any polarisation fluctuation from the fibre optical link results in spurious intensity swings. A polarisation management componentis analytically considered, coupled with a geometrical representation based on phasors and Poincaré sphere, generalising and simplifying the treatment and understanding of its functionalities. A specific implementation in SOI is shown both as polarisation compensator and polarisation controller, focusing on the operative principle. Finally, it is demonstrated experimentally that this component can be used as an integrated polarimeter.

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5

Pati, Shyam Sundar y Swaroop Sahoo. "Single/Dual/Triple Broadband Metasurface Based Polarisation Converter with High Angular Stability for Terahertz Applications". Micromachines 13, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2022): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091547.

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This paper presents design and characterisation of a new compact metasurface based linear polarisation converter for terahertz applications. The metasurface unit cell with periodicity of 0.292λ0 consists of an asymmetrically oriented planar double semicircular goblet-shaped resonators. It is printed on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric substrate backed by a gold layer that acts as a ground plane. This metasurface structure exhibits a broadband cross-polarisation conversion in the frequency range of 0.72–0.99 THz with a polarisation conversion ratio (PCR) > 95% and angular stability > 40∘ for both TE and TM modes. However, the PCR for the single band is >99% at resonant frequencies of 0.755 and 0.94 THz, while the optimised design shows 100% PCR over a BW of 95 GHz. Furthermore, slight modification and optimisation of the broadband design results in quad-ring and slotted DSGRs that produce dual and triple broadband polarisation conversion, respectively. The quad-ring DSGR performs polarisation conversion for frequency range of 0.70–1.08 and 1.61–1.76 THz while the slotted DSGR shows the triple broadband cross-conversion for frequency range of 0.67–0.85, 1.04–1.11, and 1.62–1.76 THz with PCR > 95%. This design is simple, easy to modify to implement single and multi broadband polarisation conversion with high PCR at terahertz regime. In addition to that, it is easy to fabricate and integrate with other components like multiple-input multiple-output terahertz antennas for mutual coupling reduction.

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6

Jaramillo Rodríguez, Nicol Daniela, Aline Luxa y Lars Jürgensen. "Adaptation and Application of a Polarisation Curve Test Protocol for a Commercial Pem Electrolyser on Cell and Stack Level". Acta Mechanica et Automatica 17, n.º 3 (11 de julio de 2023): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2023-0045.

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Abstract The present study aims to develop a test protocol based on the literature for electrochemical characterisation of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis commercial stack using polarisation curves. For this, a 1-kW water electrolysis test stand with integrated temperature control and measurement systems was built around the stack. Afterwards, the stack performance was characterised under different operating pressure and temperature conditions by using polarisation curves. A measurement protocol was developed based on the literature. To ensure the reproducibility of the results, two rounds of experiments were performed. The experiments were carried out at temperatures between 20 and 60 °C and pressures up to 15 bar. The results show distinct regions in the polarisation curves related to the activation and ohmic overvoltage. The effect of temperature and pressure on the performance is shown and analysed. The performance of single cells in the stack is also measured. The stack polarisation curves are compared with those in the literature, which gives an understanding of the materials used in electrodes and types of membranes.

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7

Han, Molong, Daniel Smith, Soon Hock Ng, Zoltan Vilagosh, Vijayakumar Anand, Tomas Katkus, Ignas Reklaitis et al. "THz Filters Made by Laser Ablation of Stainless Steel and Kapton Film". Micromachines 13, n.º 8 (25 de julio de 2022): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081170.

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THz band-pass filters were fabricated by femtosecond-laser ablation of 25-μm-thick micro-foils of stainless steel and Kapton film, which were subsequently metal coated with a ∼70 nm film, closely matching the skin depth at the used THz spectral window. Their spectral performance was tested in transmission and reflection modes at the Australian Synchrotron’s THz beamline. A 25-μm-thick Kapton film performed as a Fabry–Pérot etalon with a free spectral range (FSR) of 119 cm−1, high finesse Fc≈17, and was tuneable over ∼10μm (at ∼5 THz band) with β=30∘ tilt. The structure of the THz beam focal region as extracted by the first mirror (slit) showed a complex dependence of polarisation, wavelength and position across the beam. This is important for polarisation-sensitive measurements (in both transmission and reflection) and requires normalisation at each orientation of linear polarisation.

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8

Lefevre, L., B. Pipy y A. Coste. "Rôle des récepteurs nucléaires LRH-1 ( liver receptor homologue-1 ) et PPARγ dans la polarisation M2A des macrophages : implication dans le contrôle de Candida albicans". Journal de Mycologie Médicale 22, n.º 1 (marzo de 2012): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.12.025.

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9

Jiménez, R., P. Tejedor, C. Alemany, A. B. Fernández y J. Mendiola. "Net spontaneous polarisation in as-grown SBT films". Integrated Ferroelectrics 33, n.º 1-4 (enero de 2001): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580108222287.

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10

Jenkins, David, Warwick Clegg, Xinqun Liu, Eric Fribourg-Blanc, Eric Cattan y Denis Remiens. "Characterisation of MEMS Devices Using A Polarisation Interferometer". Integrated Ferroelectrics 50, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580215520.

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11

Liu, Qipeng, Xiaofan Wang y Jiuhua Zhao. "Multi-agent model of group polarisation with biased assimilation of arguments". IET Control Theory & Applications 9, n.º 3 (5 de febrero de 2015): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2014.0511.

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12

Opreni, Andrea, Nicolò Boni, Roberto Carminati y Attilio Frangi. "Analysis of the Nonlinear Response of Piezo-Micromirrors with the Harmonic Balance Method". Actuators 10, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10020021.

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In this work, we address the simulation and testing of MEMS micromirrors with hardening and softening behaviour excited with patches of piezoelectric materials. The forces exerted by the piezoelectric patches are modelled by means of the theory of ferroelectrics developed by Landau–Devonshire and are based on the experimentally measured polarisation hysteresis loops. The large rotations experienced by the mirrors also induce geometrical nonlinearities in the formulation up to cubic order. The solution of the proposed model is performed by discretising the device geometry using the Finite Element Method, and the resulting large system of coupled differential equations is solved by means of the Harmonic Balance Method. Numerical results were validated with experimental data collected on the devices.

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13

Teuschel, Marco, Paul Heyes, Samu Horvath, Christian Novotny y Andrea Rusconi Clerici. "Temperature Stable Piezoelectric Imprint of Epitaxial Grown PZT for Zero-Bias Driving MEMS Actuator Operation". Micromachines 13, n.º 10 (10 de octubre de 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101705.

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In piezoelectric transducer applications, it is common to use a unipolar operation signal to avoid switching of the polarisation and the resulting nonlinearities of micro-electromechanical systems. However, semi-bipolar or bipolar operation signals have the advantages of less leakage current, lower power consumption and no additional need of a DC−DC converter for low AC driving voltages. This study investigates the potential of using piezoelectric layers with an imprint for stable bipolar operation on the basis of epitaxially grown lead zirconate titanate cantilevers with electrodes made of a metal and metal oxide stack. Due to the manufacturing process, the samples exhibit high crystallinity, rectangular shaped hysteresis and a high piezoelectric response. Furthermore, the piezoelectric layers have an imprint, indicating a strong built-in field, which shifts the polarisation versus electric field hysteresis. To obtain the stability of the imprint, laser doppler vibrometry and switching current measurements were performed at different temperatures, yielding a stable imprinted electric field of −1.83 MV/m up to at least 100 °C. The deflection of the cantilevers was measured with a constant AC driving voltage while varying the DC bias voltage to examine the influence of the imprint under operation, revealing that the same high deflection and low nonlinearities, quantified by the total harmonic distortion, can be maintained down to low bias voltages compared to unipolar operation. These findings demonstrate that a piezoelectric layer with a strong imprint makes it possible to operate with low DC or even zero DC bias, while still providing strong piezoelectric response and linear behaviour.

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14

Atkinson, Gary A., Sean O’Hara Nash y Lyndon N. Smith. "Precision Fibre Angle Inspection for Carbon Fibre Composite Structures Using Polarisation Vision". Electronics 10, n.º 22 (12 de noviembre de 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222765.

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This paper evaluates the precision of polarisation imaging technology for the inspection of carbon fibre composite components. Specifically, it assesses the feasibility of the technology for fibre orientation measurements based on the premise that light is polarised by reflection from such anisotropically conductive surfaces. A recently commercialised Sony IMX250MZR sensor is used for data capture by using various lighting conditions. The paper shows that it is possible to obtain sub-degree accuracy for cured and dry woven and unidirectional materials in ideal conditions, which comprised dark field illumination. Indeed, in ideal conditions, the average relative angles can be measured to an accuracy of 0.1–0.2°. The results also demonstrate a precision of the order 1° for more general illumination, such as dome illumination and ambient lighting, for certain material type/lens combinations. However, it is also shown that the precision varies considerably depending on illumination, lens choice and material type, with some results having errors above 2°. Finally, a feasibility study into the inspection of three-dimensional components suggests that only limited application is possible for non-planar regions without further research. Nevertheless, the observed phenomena for such components are, at least, qualitatively understood based on physics theory.

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15

Niemitz, Lorenzo, Stefan D. van der Stel, Simon Sorensen, Walter Messina, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Theo J. M. Ruers y Ray Burke. "Microcamera Visualisation System to Overcome Specular Reflections for Tissue Imaging". Micromachines 14, n.º 5 (17 de mayo de 2023): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051062.

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In vivo tissue imaging is an essential tool for medical diagnosis, surgical guidance, and treatment. However, specular reflections caused by glossy tissue surfaces can significantly degrade image quality and hinder the accuracy of imaging systems. In this work, we further the miniaturisation of specular reflection reduction techniques using micro cameras, which have the potential to act as intra-operative supportive tools for clinicians. In order to remove these specular reflections, two small form factor camera probes, handheld at 10 mm footprint and miniaturisable to 2.3 mm, are developed using different modalities, with line-of-sight to further miniaturisation. (1) The sample is illuminated via multi-flash technique from four different positions, causing a shift in reflections which are then filtered out in a post-processing image reconstruction step. (2) The cross-polarisation technique integrates orthogonal polarisers onto the tip of the illumination fibres and camera, respectively, to filter out the polarisation maintaining reflections. These form part of a portable imaging system that is capable of rapid image acquisition using different illumination wavelengths, and employs techniques that lend themselves well to further footprint reduction. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system with validating experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with high surface reflection, as well as on excised human breast tissue. We show that both methods can provide clear and detailed images of tissue structures along with the effective removal of distortion or artefacts caused by specular reflections. Our results suggest that the proposed system can improve the image quality of miniature in vivo tissue imaging systems and reveal underlying feature information at depth, for both human and machine observers, leading to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

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16

Morsalin, Sayidul, Animesh Sahoo y Bao Toan Phung. "Recovery voltage response of XLPE cables based on polarisation and depolarisation current measurements". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, n.º 24 (17 de diciembre de 2019): 5533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1004.

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17

Mu, Haoran, Daniel Smith, Tomas Katkus, Darius Gailevičius, Mangirdas Malinauskas, Yoshiaki Nishijima, Paul R. Stoddart et al. "Polarisation Control in Arrays of Microlenses and Gratings: Performance in Visible–IR Spectral Ranges". Micromachines 14, n.º 4 (31 de marzo de 2023): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040798.

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Microlens arrays (MLAs) which are increasingly popular micro-optical elements in compact integrated optical systems were fabricated using a femtosecond direct laser write (fs-DLW) technique in the low-shrinkage SZ2080TM photoresist. High-fidelity definition of 3D surfaces on IR transparent CaF2 substrates allowed to achieve ∼50% transmittance in the chemical fingerprinting spectral region 2–5 μm wavelengths since MLAs were only ∼10 μm high corresponding to the numerical aperture of 0.3 (the lens height is comparable with the IR wavelength). To combine diffractive and refractive capabilities in miniaturised optical setup, a graphene oxide (GO) grating acting as a linear polariser was also fabricated by fs-DLW by ablation of a 1 μm-thick GO thin film. Such an ultra-thin GO polariser can be integrated with the fabricated MLA to add dispersion control at the focal plane. Pairs of MLAs and GO polarisers were characterised throughout the visible–IR spectral window and numerical modelling was used to simulate their performance. A good match between the experimental results of MLA focusing and simulations was achieved.

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18

K.-Seguin, Maurice y Michel Allard. "La géophysique appliquée au pergélisol, Québec nordique : historique et développements récents". Géographie physique et Quaternaire 41, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2007): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032670ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Au Québec nordique, les relevés géophysiques pour l'étude du pergélisol ont débuté en 1953, lors de la construction du chemin de fer reliant Schefferville à Sept-Îles. Une entente entre le Conseil national de la recherche du Canada et la Compagnie Iron Ore du Canada a ensuite favorisé l'emploi de mesures géothermiques. Dès 1962, les sondages de résistivité électrique ont servi à déterminer la répartition et l'épaisseur du pergélisol. La Compagnie Iron Ore et les chercheurs de l'université McGiII ont ensuite employé d'autres méthodes: polarisation spontanée et provoquée, électromagnétisme, infrarouge thermique et diagraphies. D'autres groupes, actifs ailleurs au Québec au cours des années 70. ont mis à profit différentes méthodes: mesures et modèles thermiques, géoradar, géocaméra. La géophysique au Centre d'études nordiques a débuté en 1973. en Hudsonie, et s'est poursuivie dans une dizaine d'autres sites. On a surtout employé la résistivité électrique accompagnée de contrôles thermiques dans le mollisol et de forages superficiels. Les développements techniques les plus importants réalisés au Centre d'études nordiques, liés aux composantes microélectroniques et aux systèmes d'acquisition de données, ont eu lieu au site expérimental de Kangiqsualujjuaq où les résultats de plusieurs méthodes sont comparés et où de nouvelles approches sont évaluées.

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19

Colla, E. L., A. Raake, D. V. Taylor y N. Setter. "Exploring polarisation switching and imprint in fatigued Pt-PZT-Pt FECAPs by atomic force microscopy". Integrated Ferroelectrics 27, n.º 1-4 (noviembre de 1999): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584589908228466.

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20

Sharma, Isha y Partha Roy Chaudhuri. "Electric field sensing and polarisation measurement using advanced multi-pass interrogation type fiber-optic beam deflection probe". Optical Fiber Technology 81 (diciembre de 2023): 103484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103484.

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21

Colla, E. L., D. V. Taylor, Seungbum Hong, A. K. Tagantsev, Kwangsoo No y N. Setter. "Microscopic observation of “region by region” polarisation domains freezing during fatigue of the Pt-PZT-Pt system". Integrated Ferroelectrics 22, n.º 1-4 (marzo de 1998): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584589808208045.

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22

Bogue, Robert. "Bioinspired designs impart robots with unique capabilities". Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, n.º 5 (19 de agosto de 2019): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-05-2019-0100.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an insight into robot developments that use bioinspired design concepts. Design/methodology/approach Following a short introduction to biomimetics, this paper first provides examples of bioinspired terrestrial, aerial and underwater robot navigation techniques. It then discusses bioinspired locomotion and considers a selection of robotic products and developments inspired by snakes, bats, diving birds, fish and dragonflies. Finally, brief concluding comments are drawn. Findings The application of design concepts that mimic the capabilities and processes found in living creatures can impart robots with unique abilities. Bioinspired techniques used by insects and other organisms, notably optic flow and sunlight polarisation sensing, allow robots to navigate without the need for methods such as simultaneous localisation and mapping, GPS or inertial measurement units. Bioinspired locomotion techniques have yielded robots capable of operating in water, air and on land and in some cases, making the transition between different media. Originality/value This shows how bioinspired design concepts can impart robots with innovative and enhanced navigation and locomotion capabilities.

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23

Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah, Zahriladha Zakaria, Hussein Alsariera, Muhammad Firdaus Akbar, Imran Mohd Ibrahim, Khalid Subhi Ahmad, Sarosh Ahmad y Samir Salem Al-Bawri. "Broadband Circular Polarised Printed Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Review". Micromachines 13, n.º 7 (30 de junio de 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071048.

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With the rapid changes in wireless communication systems, indoor wireless communication (IWC) technology has undergone tremendous development. Antennas are crucial components of IWC systems that transmit and receive signals within indoor environments. Thus, the development of indoor technology is highly dependent on the development of indoor antennas. However, indoor environments with limited space require the fewest indoor antenna units and the smallest indoor antenna sizes possible. Hence, indoor antennas with compact size and broad applications have become widely preferred. In an IWC system, circularly polarised (CP) antennas are generally important, especially in dense indoor environments, because compared with linearly polarised (LP) antennas, CP antennas reduce polarisation mismatch and multipath losses. This paper combs through the existing studies related to three-dimensional (3D) geometry (nonplanar) or waveguide indoor antennas and the two common approaches to two-dimensional (2D) geometry (planar) indoor antennas, namely, broadband CP printed monopole antennas (BCPPMAs) and broadband CP printed slot antennas (BCPPSAs). The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of previous works are highlighted as well. These research works are summarised, compared and analysed to understand the recent specifications of BCPPMAs and BCPPSAs to generate the most appropriate design structure suitable for current IWC systems.

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24

Vaca, Sebastián, Antonio Fonseca, Fernando Chapi y Fabián Pérez‐Yauli. "A new methodology for the analysis and optimal setting of directional polarisation methods for overcurrent elements in line protection applications". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 16, n.º 5 (30 de octubre de 2021): 882–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12334.

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Melouki, Noureddine, Abdesselam Hocini, Fatima Zahra Fegriche, Peyman PourMohammadi, Hassan Naseri, Amjad Iqbal y Tayeb A. Denidni. "High-Gain Wideband Circularly Polarised Fabry–Perot Resonator Array Antenna Using a Single-Layered Pixelated PRS for Millimetre-Wave Applications †". Micromachines 13, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2022): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101658.

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In this paper, a wideband and high-gain circular polarised Fabry–Perot Resonator Antenna (FPRA) with a single partially reflective surface (PRS) layer is automatically generated and optimised using a VBA-based interface system between CST Microwave studio and Matlab. The proposed PRS layer is a promising superstrate for wideband and high-gain FP resonator antennas due to its relatively high reflection coefficient magnitude and positive phase gradient, which resemble that of the optimum PRS over the relevant frequency band. The circular polarisation was achieved using a sequential feeding network for a 2 × 2 array air-gapped slot-coupled elliptical patch antenna. The proposed design achieved an impedance bandwidth of 48.58% (15.3 GHz) ranging from 23.84 GHz to 39.14 GHz, and the −3 dB gain bandwidth was 22.42% (6.25 GHz) from 24.75 to 31 GHz, with a peak gain of 17.12 dB at 29 GHz, and an axial ratio bandwidth of 21.75% (6.2 GHz). In addition, the achieved radiation efficiency was 90%. Consistent and almost invariant radiation patterns are achieved over the millimetre-wave frequency band of interest. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement, justifying the feasibility of the proposed design as a high-gain and wideband FP resonator array antenna for Mm-wave applications.

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26

Liao, Ruijing, Yongyong Du, Lijun Yang y Jun Gao. "Quantitative diagnosis of moisture content in oil-paper condenser bushing insulation based on frequency domain spectroscopy and polarisation and depolarisation current". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 11, n.º 6 (20 de abril de 2017): 1420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0859.

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27

Harris, Alexander R., Carrie Newbold, Dimitra Stathopoulos, Paul Carter, Robert Cowan y Gordon G. Wallace. "Comparison of the In Vitro and In Vivo Electrochemical Performance of Bionic Electrodes". Micromachines 13, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010103.

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The electrochemical performance of platinum electrodes was assessed in vitro and in vivo to determine the impact of electrode implantation and the relevance of in vitro testing in predicting in vivo behaviour. A significant change in electrochemical response was seen after electrode polarisation. As a result, initial in vitro measurements were poor predictors of subsequent measurements performed in vitro or in vivo. Charge storage capacity and charge density measurements from initial voltammetric measurements were not correlated with subsequent measurements. Electrode implantation also affected the electrochemical impedance. The typically reported impedance at 1 kHz was a very poor predictor of electrode performance. Lower frequencies were significantly more dependent on electrode properties, while higher frequencies were dependent on solution properties. Stronger correlations in impedance at low frequencies were seen between in vitro and in vivo measurements after electrode activation had occurred. Implanting the electrode increased the resistance of the electrochemical circuit, with bone having a higher resistivity than soft tissue. In contrast, protein fouling and fibrous tissue formation had a minimal impact on electrochemical response. In vivo electrochemical measurements also typically use a quasi-reference electrode, may operate in a 2-electrode system, and suffer from uncompensated resistance. The impact of these experimental conditions on electrochemical performance and the relevance of in vitro electrode assessment is discussed. Recommended in vitro testing protocols for assessing bionic electrodes are presented.

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28

Chemery, Valentin. "Contrôle partout ? Contrôle nulle part ?" Hypothèses 20, n.º 1 (2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/hyp.161.0177.

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29

Ferré, Vincent. "Macronisme, polarisation sociale et polarisation politique". Commentaire Numéro169, n.º 1 (2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.169.0215.

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30

Sharma, Isha y Partha Roy Chaudhuri. "A new approach to sensing low electric field using optical fibers’ beam-deflection configuration with BiFe0.9Co0.1O3 nanoparticles as probe and determination of polarisation". Optical Fiber Technology 62 (marzo de 2021): 102472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102472.

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31

Casanova, Vincent, Caroline Izambert y Devon Lee Pierson. "contrôle". Vacarme 49, n.º 4 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vaca.049.0001.

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32

Devigne, Michel. "Travail de contrôle, usure du contrôle". RIMHE : Revue Interdisciplinaire Management, Homme(s) & Entreprise 10, n.º 1 (2014): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rimhe.010.0124.

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33

Krafft, Raphaël. "Contrôle des frontières, contrôle des âmes". Revue du Crieur N°15, n.º 1 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/crieu.015.0030.

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34

Hodgkinson, T. G., R. A. Harmon y D. W. Smith. "Polarisation-insensitive heterodyne detection using polarisation scrambling". Electronics Letters 23, n.º 10 (7 de mayo de 1987): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870371.

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35

Heismann, F., P. B. Hansen, S. K. Korotky, G. Raybon, J. J. Veselka y M. S. Whalen. "Automatic polarisation demultiplexer polarisation-multiplexed transmission systems". Electronics Letters 29, n.º 22 (1993): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19931308.

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36

Deuff, Olivier Le. "Contrôle des métadonnées et contrôle de soi". Études de communication, n.º 36 (1 de junio de 2011): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/edc.2588.

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37

Marshall, Justin y Thomas W. Cronin. "Polarisation vision". Current Biology 21, n.º 3 (febrero de 2011): R101—R105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.012.

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38

Gherardelli, M., D. Giuli y M. Fossi. "Suboptimum adative polarisation cancellers for dual-polarisation radars". IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 135, n.º 1 (1988): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1988.0008.

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39

Vétois, Jacques. "Contrôle social". Terminal, n.º 108-109 (1 de junio de 2011): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/terminal.1287.

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40

Cardon, Alain, Hervé Chabannes y Claude Poirier. "ContrôLe total". Humanisme N° 294, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2011): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/huma.294.0107.

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41

Langlet, Marianne. "Contrôle social". Lien Social N° 1243, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/liso.1243.0007.

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42

Rousseaux, Xavier. "Contrôle social". Hypothèses 20, n.º 1 (2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/hyp.161.0237.

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43

Guez, Gérard. "Contrôle fiscal". Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2009, n.º 413 (junio de 2009): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-035x(09)74259-5.

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44

Tournès, Ludovic. "Contrôle qualité". Po&sie N° 185-186, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poesi.185.0045.

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45

Bonnefoy, Laurent. "L’impossible contrôle". Alternatives Économiques N° 122 - Hors série, HS1 (1 de enero de 2021): 74–75. https://doi.org/10.3917/ae.122.0074.

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46

Helfter, Caroline. "... en contrepoint - Contrôle du poids, contrôle de soi". Informations sociales 126, n.º 6 (2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inso.126.0029.

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47

Riviere, Daniel. "Le contrôle budgétaire et le contrôle de légalité". Revue juridique de l'Ouest 11, n.º 3 (1998): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/juro.1998.2469.

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48

Mastin, Jean-Luc. "Control… Did you say control? (or supervision?)". Revue française d'histoire économique N° 20, n.º 2 (24 de abril de 2024): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfhe.020.0012.

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Resumen

À partir du cas français, cet article qui résulte de plusieurs années de recherches dans les archives historiques françaises de la supervision bancaire et du contrôle interne, part du constat du retard historiographique français et est un appel à développer les recherches dans deux directions : le XIX e siècle, et le contrôle interne. Il est aussi difficile que nécessaire de définir et de circonscrire le « contrôle bancaire », qu’on doit distinguer de la « régulation » et qui ne désigne pas exactement la même réalité que « supervision » (prudentielle) – concept anglo-saxon qui progresse après 1974. Il faut en outre distinguer le contrôle externe (la surveillance des banques) et le contrôle interne (à l’intérieur des banques). On souhaite saisir les métamorphoses et les variétés historiques du contrôle bancaire. Les systèmes de contrôle articulent trois niveaux de coordination (contrôle interne et externe, contrôle sur pièces et contrôle sur place, et contrôle du contrôle), et combinent contrôles a priori et contrôles a posteriori . La variété de combinaisons reflète leur adaptation aux spécificités des réseaux, des systèmes bancaires, et des places, adaptation souvent en retard sur les innovations financières et technologiques. Enfin, on propose un cadre méthodologique pour analyser les métamorphoses du contrôle bancaire, à travers cinq questions : les facteurs (structurels et conjoncturels) et les finalités de son institution (stabilité et sécurité, ou crédibilité ?) ; les institutions du contrôle (quel degré de formalisation ? Unicité ou pluralité des autorités ? À qui est attribué l’autorité de contrôle ?) ; les pratiques concrètes du contrôle ; les acteurs et les parties prenantes du contrôle ; l’efficacité et l’efficience. Il s’agit de multiplier les comparaisons, d’étudier les circulations et transferts, de croiser les regards, d’articuler systématiquement contrôle interne, contrôle externe et politiques monétaires.

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49

Park, K. J., H. Kim, J. H. Lee, C. J. Youn, S. K. Shin y Y. C. Chung. "Polarisation-mode dispersion monitoring technique based on polarisation scrambling". Electronics Letters 38, n.º 2 (2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020046.

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50

Barnes, W. L. "2×2 optical fibre polarisation switch and polarisation controller". Electronics Letters 24, n.º 23 (1988): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880975.

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