Artículos de revistas: "Contribution to household expenses"

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Homiah, PA, O. Sakyi-Dawson, AM Bonsu y GS Marquis. "Microenterprise development coupled with nutrition education can help increase caregivers' incomes and household accessibility to animal source foods". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, n.º 49 (1 de marzo de 2012): 5725–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.49.enam4.

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Low income and lack of knowledge about child nutrition have been identified as key constraints to the use of Animal Source Foods (ASF) in the diets of young Ghanaian children. To improve ASF consumption among children in Ghana, the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project introduced an intervention that combined women’s microenterprise development activities with nutrition education on the importance of ASF in children’s diets. The present study assessed the effects of the intervention on the participants’ enterprise performance, their contribution to key household and child-related expenditures as well as their households’ purchases of ASF. Additionally, household ASF consumption was assessed in monetary terms (measured in Ghana cedis (GH¢):1GH¢ = US$ 0.92).A structured questionnaire was used to interview 80 caregivers who participated in the ENAM project activities in four intervention communities and 80 non-participant caregivers in four control communities. Information solicited included household characteristics, profits from microenterprises and contributions to household food and non-food expenditures. Significantly more participant caregivers expanded (P=0.004) and diversified (P=0.004) their enterprises and, as a result, tended to have higher average enterprise profits (GH¢19.3 ± 2.2 vs. GH¢12.2 ± 1.9; P=0.08) and significantly higher savings (GH¢62.9 ± 2.2 vs. GH¢26.3 ± 1.9; P<0.05) than non-participant caregivers. In addition, the intervention was associated with significantly higher percentage of monetary contributions by caregivers towards children’s health expenses (P<0.05), school expenses (P<0.01) as well as expenses on clothing and footwear (P<0.01). Caregivers’ mean percentage contribution to household food expenses also tended to be higher (P<0.1) for participants (50.8 ± 3.5%) then for non-participants (41.8 ± 4.1%). Participant households also tended to spend more money (P<0.10) and consumed significantly more amounts (in monetary value) of ASF (P<0.01) than non-participant households. Being a participant in the ENAM project’s microenterprise development and nutrition education activities was associated with higher enterprise profits, savings deposits, contributions to household and children-related expenditures, and ASF consumption at the household level.

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Sudaryanto, Gemilang Khairinissa, Suyud Warno Utomo y Tarsoen Waryono. "Growing households’ income through non-timber forest products". E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014202004.

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Population pressure to the forest is caused by the difficulty in fulfilling their needs. The condition then leads to unequal access to the resources and threatens the forest. A system of community forest management are necessary (Svendsen, 2009, Cheng, 2011, Tiwari, 2014). This study aims to evaluate the economic impact of coffee agroforestry and tourism businesses in Tugu Utara village, Cisarua, Bogor regency. This is quantitative research. The data colecting method used is suvey of saturated sampling method. The data are sells of cherry coffee, income from tourism activities and households’ expenses in 2018. The households income and expenses data were analyzed to find the contribution of households expenses. The results of the study showed that the expenses of households in 2018 was IDR 2,875,000 / family / month. The average of households’ income from the forest-based tourism activities is IDR 1,115,600 / household / month and the income from cherry coffee sales in 2018 is IDR 1,770,800 / family / month. The percentage of monthly income compared to households’ expenses is 100%. This study concludes that the needs of household can be fulfilled from the coffee agroforestry income added with income from the forest-based tourism activities.

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Hagan, LL, R. Aryeetey, EK Colecraft, GS Marquis, AC Nti y AO Danquah. "Microfinance with education in rural Ghana: Men's perception of household level impact". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, n.º 49 (1 de marzo de 2012): 5776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.49.enam7.

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Microcredit schemes have been shown to enhance women’s Income Generation Activities (IGA), household food security, and child nutrition. However, spouses or Male Household Heads (MHH) can influence how women’s loans are invested and how incomes ensuing from the investments are expended. This study describes how MHH perceived and experienced the participation of female caregivers from their household in the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project. The ENAM project was designed as an integrated intervention providing microcredit, entrepreneurship and nutrition education to women in rural communities in Ghana. Eighty-five MHH of ENAM project caregivers in two regions of Ghana were interviewed about their awareness of the microcredit and education intervention, their involvement in the IGA that the caregivers’ loans were invested in, and their perceptions of the impact of the project on the caregivers’ IGA as well as household and child nutrition. The majority of MHH indicated that they had been consulted by the caregivers about the decision to participate in the ENAM project. The most common reasons given for consenting to the caregivers’ decision to participate in the program were expectations that the caregiver would receive business capital (30.6%), education on optimal child feeding (36.5%), and income to enable caregivers to contribute more to household expenses (31.8%). With respect to the project’s impact, MHH perceived that the caregivers’ project participation had a positive impact on their business practices, particularly with respect to improved customer relations. The MHH perceived that caregivers’ incomes increased because of their participation in ENAM as evidenced by regular income savings and increased contributions to household food and non-food expenditures. However, MHH reported decreases in their own contributions to almost all household expenditure categories in response to the perceived increase in caregivers’ incomes. The MHH also perceived improvements in home meal quality. In summary, MHH credited the ENAM project with improved caregiver’s incomes and increased share of household expenses. However, this outcome resulted in unanticipated declines in MHH contribution to household expenses. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of empowering women through social experiments on households.

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Lee, Changwoo. "Is Universal Health Insurance Superior in Terms of Healthcare Payment? Estimating Financial Burden of Healthcare in Korea: 2009 to 2019". INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (enero de 2022): 004695802211359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221135957.

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This study estimates the financial burden of healthcare in Korea using the National Survey of Tax and Benefit panel data from 2009 to 2019. The sum of a household’s premium and out-of-pocket medical expenses defines the household financial burden of healthcare. We find that the household financial burden is regressive to income. We also find that the high burden household whose financial burden is over 10% of their household income accounts for about 30% of total household. This result suggests that equity in contribution to healthcare finance does not work well in Korea, which chose the universal health system that emphasizes the progressive contribution by income to medical finance.

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Fazaeli, Amir Abbas, Mohmmad Hadian y Aziz Rezapour. "Assessing the Distribution of Household Financial Contribution to Health System: A Case Study of Iran". Global Journal of Health Science 8, n.º 10 (25 de febrero de 2016): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p233.

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Background: Throughout the world, financing the healthcare system through households' financial contribution is a challenging issue in evaluating performance of healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is illustrating the consequences of Iranian household to health system financial contribution in terms of burden and incomes approaches.Method: The Data derived from an annual survey by Statistics Center of Iran (SCI) on expenditure-income of 36,551 households in 2012 was used to analyze countrywide distribution indicators of households' medical expenses by measuring indices of Income and burden approaches based on World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank recommended methodologies.Results: The fairness in financial contribution index was 0.85 and 0.82, and the income redistributive effect index was 0.54 and 0.3 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The fairness in financial contribution index was found 0.84 and 0.83 and the income redistributive effect index was 0.48 and 0.25 for households with and without medical insurance, respectively.The percentages of household with catastrophic health payments were 2.4% and 4% and the change in the number of household falling below the poverty line due to health system payments was 0.4% and 2% in urban and rural areas, respectively. The percentages of household with catastrophic health payments were 2.8% and 3% and the change in the number of household falling below the poverty line due to health system payments was 0.008 and 0.011 for households with and without medical insurance, respectively.Conclusion: Distribution indicators of medical expenses were more favorable in urban areas compared to rural areas and Medical insurance has declined impoverishment risks and number of people suffered due to catastrophic health expenditure. In addition, the result showed that there are different approaches for analyzing the distribution of out of pocket payments which used to complement each other in respect of formulation and development policy making in health system.

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Dandonougbo, Yevessé, Ablamba Johnson y Kodjo Gnedeka. "Capital humain et sécurité alimentaire des ménages au Togo". Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 8, n.º 2 (2023): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2023.2.7.

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Human capital and food security of households in Togo. Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of human capital on household food security in Togo. Design/methodology/approach : The multinomial logit model was employed using data from the 2015 QUIBB survey conducted among two thousand four hundred (2,400) households at Togo. Findings : The results show that 8.17% of households in Togo experience total food insecurity. Furthermore, 4.74% and 35.09% of them are respectively considered to be in transient food insecurity based on food consumption scores and food expenses. Additionally, the estimation of the multinomial logit model reveals that when the household head is educated or when the household has easy access to a healthcare center, it reduces the risk of food insecurity in the household. Therefore, any policy aimed at investing in human capital while prioritizing vulnerable groups in Togo would lead to an improvement in their food security status. Originality/value : This research highlights the contribution of human capital to food security, using a composite index to capture household food security in Togo.

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Mustika, Mustika, Neneng Hasanah y Mohammad Iqbal Irfany. "Factors affecting household debt to moneylenders". Annals of Human Resource Management Research 3, n.º 1 (7 de septiembre de 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v3i1.1578.

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Purpose: Moneylenders, sometimes called 'loan sharks' due to their high interest rates, are informal financial institutions that offer loans not in line with Islamic law. This study analyzes the factors that influence the behavior of households regarding debt to moneylenders. Research Methodology: This research employs descriptive and logistic regression analyses using primary data collected from locals in Jagapura village, Cirebon. Result: The results indicate that basic household necessities determine their debt behavior. However, Islamic financial literacy and increasing income present effective solutions for moneylenders to overcome their debt. Limitation: This study is based on primary data from a specific village, Jagapura, in Cirebon, which may not be representative of all households in debt to moneylenders in other regions or settings. Contribution: The study suggests that Islamic financial institutions should assist unbankable communities needing funds for daily expenses by performing social functions such as offering interest-free loans (qardhul hasan) and providing Islamic social finance. The establishment of sharia compliant savings and loans could also be a solution to usury-related issues.

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Iddrisu, Abdul Malik, Michael Danquah y Peter Quartey. "Paying for education among households in Ghana". International Journal of Development Issues 16, n.º 2 (3 de julio de 2017): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2017-0017.

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Purpose Using data from the sixth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, this paper aims to take a critical look at issues relating to the demand for education in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach In doing this, the paper develops a model for the determinants of household’s educational expenditure using the full sample of data and an income-quintile disaggregated model of the determinants of household’s educational expenditures. The study adopts robust empirical estimation techniques to estimate the model. Findings The paper finds that household resources importantly influence children’s educational expenditures with wealthier households spending proportionately more in educating their children than poorer households; large-sized households spend more in terms of educational expenses than small-sized households reflecting largely the quantity of education purchased, given that quality and contextual factors matters for educational investments. Strikingly, the findings show that female headship is a significant positive predictor of households’ demand for education. These findings provide valuable policy options relating to the goal of ensuring inclusive and quality education for all and promoting a lifelong learning by 2030. Originality/value While literature on the determinants of households’ educational expenditures abound, very few of this literature focuses on sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, this study makes an important contribution to the literature by providing evidence on the determinants of households’ educational expenditure in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.

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Hailemichael, Aklilu y Berhanu Gebremedhin. "Marketing, consumption and their determinants in village poultry production in four states of Ethiopia". Animal Production Science 60, n.º 17 (2020): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19085.

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Context It is widely recognised that village poultry play important roles nutritionally, economically and socio-culturally in developing countries such as Ethiopia where the sector makes up the largest portion of the national poultry meat and egg production. The importance of socioeconomic environment for improving the contribution of village poultry to household income and diets is receiving little attention in research and development. Aims The present study examined whether and to what extent household, flock, institutional and infrastructural factors enable or constrain village poultry marketing and consumption. Methods The results of the study are based on analysis of data drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 5004 households conducted in four regions of Ethiopia. On the basis of the type of dependent variable, probit and ordinary least squares regression models and marginal effects were used to determine whether and how much the aforementioned factors affect household involvement in marketing or consumption of village poultry. Key results Flock size per household highly significantly and positively affected poultry selling. Majority of the households (82%) sold their poultry primarily for covering planned household expenses. Male-headed households had a lower likelihood of selling poultry and an increased mean number of birds consumed, than did female-headed households. A lower probability of selling poultry was associated with an increasing household-asset ownership and an increasing distance to a market town. Participation in training increased poultry consumption per household. Conclusions Our empirical results showed that factors related to household characteristics, flock size, infrastructure and institutional services affected marketing and consumption of household poultry. Household attributes are important to identify and target the right groups for poultry research and development, and market infrastructure and institutional services have to be developed for improving opportunities of smallholders to better benefit from poultry marketing or consumption. Implications Finally, along with technical efforts to increase production, sustainability and nutritional and economic impacts could be improved if research and development interventions were to holistically take into account the socioeconomic and institutional context under which poultry-producing households operate.

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Davis, Adam W., Elizabeth C. McBride y Konstadinos G. Goulias. "A Latent Class Pattern Recognition and Data Quality Assessment of Non-Commute Long-Distance Travel in California". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 42 (13 de julio de 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787362.

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This study analyzes 8-week long-distance travel records from the California Household Travel Survey for completeness and identifies general types of non-commute long-distance tours using Latent Class Analysis. Likely due to the difficulty of gathering data of this kind, there has been relatively limited study of non-commute long-distance travel, despite the substantial contribution to many households’ greenhouse gas emissions and travel expenses. The California Household Travel Survey includes a valuable long-distance 8-week travel dataset, but this study identifies several possible shortcomings in the dataset. Of particular importance is a severe underreporting of shorter trips, which may result from a mix of respondent forgetfulness and survey fatigue. Despite the issues with the data, latent class cluster analysis was able to identify five distinct, informative patterns of long-distance travel. This analysis shows that long-distance tours for vacation, business travel, medical, and shopping are substantially distinct in terms of their travel characteristics and correspond to different combinations of other activities in the tour, and they are done by different types of households. The method used here to identify the typology of long-distance travel can be easily expanded to include a variety of other explanatory variables of this type of behavior in more focused data collection settings.

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Solomon, Yodit, Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill, Carol Ward y Addie Fuhriman. "Outreach, Impact, and Sustainability of Informal Banking: A Case Study of the Ouelessebougou-Utah Alliance Microenterprise Program in Mali". Journal of Developing Societies 18, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2002): 290–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0201800401.

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This paper presents a case study of a rural credit program sponsored by the Ouelessebougou-Utah Alliance (OUA) in Mali, West Africa. Ethnographic methods are employed to determine the outreach, impact, and sustainability of the program. Findings indicate that program specifications increasingly limit participation to an established and primarily male clientele. Both male and female borrowers reported higher earnings and greater contribution to household expenses; however, access to credit for women is not associated with improved status. The prospect for administrative and financial sustainability of the program is undermined by a weak and ineffective educational component.

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Avner, Paolo, Andrew Nell y Daniel Herszenhut. "Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing on Accessibility Across Space and Incomes". International Journal of Advanced Studies in Business Strategies and Management 11, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2024): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijasbsm.v11.i1.03.

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Urban transport is a major driver of global CO2 emissions, and, without strong mitigation strategies, its contribution is likely to increase with the rapid urbanization occurring in developing countries. There is a growing consensus on the fundamental role of carbon pricing for reducing CO2 emissions. However, carbon pricing policies are frequently criticized and resisted for having adverse distributional impacts, especially when they impact transit services, the cheapest motorized transport means. Policies affecting transport costs have impacts on household well-being. In the short term, they impact how much income is left after commuting expenses are incurred. But more generally, they impact accessibility to jobs, which is associated with reduced unemployment, better-paid jobs, and more formal and permanent employment. Accessibility is also a key determinant of where people can afford to live in urban areas. Carbon pricing can therefore negatively impact households, especially the poorest, by locking them out of the labor market or constraining them to live in locations with high housing costs.

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Hošková, Elena, Martin Richter y Iveta Zentková. "The Influence of Income on the Consumption Expenditures". Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0003.

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AbstractThe contribution aims to identify the influence of income on Slovak household expenditures. Analyses are querying from the household income and expenditures data in the Slovak Republic during the period 2004–2018. The data source is the Statistical Office of The Slovak Republic. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are used. The analysis of the goods and services expenditures reveals the major share of the expenditures is expended for the non-durable goods. The non-durable goods expenditures of the pensioners are 72% of their total consumption expenditures. Expenditures of employees, self-employees and other households for the non-durable goods present more than a half of their total expenditures. The share of services expenditures is also considerable. It is varying above 30% for all households kinds. The income influence on the household expenditures is analyzed using Engel’s expenditures functions which are used as the basis for the income elasticities of household expenditures. The analysis results are pointing to the fact that the less elastic on the income change is the reaction of the Slovak household expenditures on non-durable goods. A significant reaction on the income change is observed in household durable goods expenditures.

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Mauludyani, Anna Vipta Resti y Ahmad Syafiq. "Factors Associated with Expenditure on Animal Protein among Indonesian Households". Amerta Nutrition 7, n.º 2SP (31 de diciembre de 2023): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v7i2sp.2023.18-23.

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Background: Eating animal protein (AP) can prevent stunting in children under five, which currently is still 21.5%. Due to scarce resources, households had trouble distributing the cost and frequently had to choose between it and other food expenses. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between various food expenditures and expenditure on AP among Indonesian households. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data. Data on household food expenditures on AP, prepared food and beverage, cereals, instant noodles, fruits, cooking oil, cigarette, and sugar, total expenditure, household size, and age and education of household head from 97,467 household samples with children under five were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) March 2018. Susenas data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Using IBM SPSS Version 22, a multiple linear regression was carried out, adjusted for household socioeconomic factors. Results: The average per-capita household expenditure on AP was IDR 24,912, contributing 4.72% to total food expenditure. This expenditure was higher than that on cereals (3.77%) but lower than that on prepared foods and beverages (6.15%). There was a positive association (p<0.001) between fruits, instant noodles, cooking oil, sugar, and beans and nuts expenditure and AP expenditure. Contrarily, there was an inverse relationship between prepared food and beverage (p<0.001), cereals (p=0.004), and cigarette expenditure (p<0.001) and animal protein expenditure. Conclusions: The amount spent on animal proteins was positively correlated with other food. It is possible that the consumption of animal proteins would increase if household funds were diverted from cigarettes and prepared food and beverage.

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Afzali, Mehdi. "Economic Contribution of International Students (Case of the Russian Federation)". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2023, n.º 4 (14 de diciembre de 2023): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2023-8-4-478-487.

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The number and mobility of international student is a sign of quality and prestige for universities and educational institutions. International student mobility impacts different aspects of global society, including socioeconomic, political, and cultural environment, science, and technology. In order to compete in the global educational environment and attract international students, Russia has been offering a wide range of programs where the English is the language of instruction. This paper offers a descriptive research and uses a systematic approach to analyze monetary gains of Russia brought in by international students. The research uses secondary data provided by official international organizations. The results show that 64.5% of the international students who studied full-time in Russian universities in academic year 2017 / 2018 were self-financed. Among the top 6 destination countries for international students, Russia spends the lowest percentage of GDP on education, has the lowest economic contribution of international students to GDP and total economic contribution of international students. International students in Russia spent around $637.5 million on tuition and $1,632.7 million on household expenses during the period of study. The aggregate income from providing Russian educational services to foreign citizens is $2,270.2 million.

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Naipospos, Agnes y Raia Azzura. "The Impact of Indonesia Green Economy in Masterplan for Future Urban Farming Indonesia". Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 1, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2023): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v1i3.20.

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Indonesia is an agrarian country with 38.70 million people working in the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors, accounting for 28.61% of the total workforce. With a contribution of 12.98 percent to the GDP, agriculture is one of the crucial economic sectors in Indonesia. However, rapid urban development has reduced the vegetable supply, and urban farming in cities can be a solution by utilizing community yards to meet food needs, reduce household expenses, and increase farmer income. Utilizing community yards to meet food needs, reduce household expenses, and increase farmer income, urban farming in cities can be a solution. The research method employs a normative juridical approach, examining elements in positive law and making comparisons with other countries. Based on this approach, the study indicates that amid food issues and a declining interest in farming, Indonesia needs an urban farming program, but the current implementation of the program is not optimal. Therefore, the Indonesia Masterplan for Future Urban Farming (IM-for-FUF) is introduced as an innovation expected to better support the implementation of the green economy within the framework of positive law for sustainable economics in Indonesia. One effort to enhance food availability and environmental quality is the IM-for-FUF. Additionally, the farming concept is unique as it utilizes existing areas, eliminating the need for extensive space. By supporting IM-for-FUF, communities can acquire new skills and knowledge about farming, positively impacting the environment by utilizing the surrounding areas.

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Wolebo, Wotatu, Daniel Temesgen y Marisennayya Senapathy. "Role of Rural Women Entrepreneurship in Household Food Security: The Case of Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia". ComFin Research 10, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2022): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/commerce.v10i4.5175.

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This study attempts to assess the current status of women entrepreneurship in the study area, analyse the contribution of Entrepreneurship to Household food security and find constraints affecting rural women Entrepreneurship in Boloso Sore woreda, Wolaita Zone. Data were collected from 120 sample rural women entrepreneurs in three Kebele Administrations using random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected by conducting a rural women entrepreneur survey. In addition, key informant interviews were used. Secondary data were collected from various sources. Finally, the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, and frequency distribution. Moreover, the chi-square test was used to describe the relation of rural women-owned businesses type with an education background. Food security was measured by the expenditure method. All the study sample rural women entrepreneurs were married and had large size family. With the increasing family size, cultivating land size is highly decreasing proportionally. Hence, an annually harvested product from farmland cannot feed for more than two months; the above facts push factors into entrepreneurship activities. Types of businesses owned by the sample population were retail, manufacturing, service render and others which most educated entrepreneurs operating from retail businesses: fruit, used cloths and mini-shop retail and from service render businesses: rural cafeteria, rural alcohol grocery and rural restaurant services, while illiterate entrepreneurs operating from retail businesses: flour, grain, vegetables and coffee and all manufacturing businesses (Brewing borde, baking enjera, brew kinoto, baking bread) and others such as Vegetative plant trade and Livestock Trade. The majority of entrepreneurs started operating mentioned businesses ten years. The Source of the initial capital of the study sample was self-saving and household deposit. While household food expenses in a week mean 195 Birr, businesses contribute 63% of the household total food expenditure in a week. According to food security status, most study sample populations are highly food secure. With look upon problems, lack of market and lack of credit facilities are dominating problems. Because of daily food expenses, working financial capital is not increasing. However, Rural Women Entrepreneurship is profitable and dramatically contributes to household food security.

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Smith, James P. "Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation Between Health and Economic Status". Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1999): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.2.145.

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This paper sketches theoretical reasons why health may alter household savings and provides evidence on the empirical impact of health shocks on household wealth. The impacts on saving are quantitatively large and only partly explained by increased out-of-pocket medical expenses. Other contributing factors include reduced earnings and a revision in life expectancy. The author also delves into reasons why economic status, access to medical care, and deleterious personal behaviors have been rejected as insufficient explanations. New theories emphasize long-term impacts of early childhood or even intrauterine factors, cumulative effects of prolonged exposures to stress, or reactions of macrosocietal factors like rising levels of income inequality.

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Lobato, Jackeline Christiane Pinto, Antonio José Leal Costa y Rosely Sichieri. "Food intake and prevalence of obesity in Brazil: an ecological analysis". Public Health Nutrition 12, n.º 11 (20 de abril de 2009): 2209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009005527.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the consumption of refined carbohydrates and fats and the prevalence of obesity in the state capitals of Brazil.DesignAn ecological evaluation of obesity and dietary risk factors was carried out in twenty-six state capitals of Brazil.SettingAnalysis was based on the age-standardized prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) among adults aged 20–59 years. Both intake and obesity prevalence were obtained from the last National Family Household Budget Survey (HBS). The survey was conducted from July 2002 to June 2003, based on a probabilistic national sample of 48 470 households. In each household, during seven consecutive days, all monetary and non-monetary expenses for food and beverages for family consumption were transformed into energy. The relative contribution of foods and food groups was expressed as the proportion (%) of total energy. Fruits and vegetables were also measured by the quantity bought in grams.ResultsPrevalence of obesity varied from 5·1 % to 13·6 % among women and from 5·2 % to 17·6 % among men. For women, there were statistically significant correlations between obesity and intake of sugar and soft drinks (rS = 0·60; P = 0·001), ready-to-eat meals (rS = 0·39; P = 0·05) and potatoes (rS = 0·40; P = 0·04). For men there were no such associations.ConclusionsIncreasing intake of refined carbohydrates, mainly soft drinks, may play a role in the prevalence of obesity among women in Brazil. Effecting changes in family purchase patterns may be a strategy to reduce obesity.

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Djalal Ardjoun Khalil, Mahamat Ibrahim Souleymane, Chaib Imran Ahmat, Madjina Tellah, Issa Youssouf y Hamidou Boly. "Evaluation of the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena (Tchad)". GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 9, n.º 1 (30 de octubre de 2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.9.1.0249.

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Camel drivers living in the peri-urban area of Sahelian cities carry out several economic activities. These activities can have an impact on techno-economic practice of livestock. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 to assess the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena. It affected 42 sedentary camel drivers (27.6%). Young camel drivers (31.52 ± 9.3 years old) raise a mixed herd. Arab sheep is exploited for the subsistence. Its productivity is improved by monitoring reproduction, breeding selection (format) and supplementation. A family workforce and salaried shepherds ensure manage and sell. Camels walk during the day under the control of a young camel driver. Camel is milked manually by a woman and/or a man. The demand for sheep on the market is higher than that of goats and camels. The contribution rate of the average annual income of sheep sold (ScoreAISSm) is 51.2 ± 23.6% of the total average annual income from breeding (ScoreTAIBm) (1960187 ± 1028966 CFA francs). This rate is high in Group A households not selling camel milk compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). Average annual income from the sale of camel milk (ScoreCMm) provides the daily expenses of the household in Group B. The correlations between the number of women–ScoreTAIB and the number of women–ScoreCMm are positive (p<0.01). Depending on opportunities offered by the place of sedentarisation, camel drivers develop strategies to better meet the urban market demand while maintaining a pastoral way of life.

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Njideka Rita, Chiekezie,, Nwankwo Eucharia Chijindu y Ozor Maurice. Uche. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CATFISH FARMING AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO HOUSEHOLD POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTH EAST NIGERIA". Journal of Advance Research in Food, Agriculture and Environmental Science (ISSN: 2208-2417) 9, n.º 6 (23 de junio de 2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnfaes.v9i6.1718.

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The study analyzed factors influencing the potency of catfish farming determined the cost and returns of catfish farming, estimated the poverty status among catfish farmers and ascertained the contribution of catfish farming to household poverty alleviation in the study area. Primary data used for the study was collected using well-structured questionnaire which was administered to sampled Catfish farmers in the study area. In analyzing the data, descriptive statistical tools (frequency counts, means and percentages), enterprise budgeting techniques, Tobit regression model, expenditure approach of determining poverty line, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke technique and z-test were used. The results indicated that factors such as pond size (0.0004), feed (0.6411), labour (-0.0003), and farming experience (0.0105) had influence on potency of catfish farming . Net returns analysis result reveals a return on investment of ?1.51 and it implies that the catfish production enterprise generated 1.51 times more income than expenses incurred for the production, a gross ratio of 66% and a Profitability Index (PI) of 0.34 which means that for every naira earned as revenue, 0.34kobo was returned to the farmer as net income. This result surely indicates that cat fish production is highly lucrative in the study area. At 0.05 probability level, the calculated z value was statistically significant and thereby ascertained the positive contribution of catfish farming to household poverty alleviation. Based on this study, the following recommendations are made: Since catfish production are profitable, government need to devote more resources to the catfish farmers to ensure that the best practices are adopted for further sustainability of the agribusiness, farmers should be trained on how to compound different types of fish feed to enable them reduce cost of feed. In addition Government should ensure increased credit facilities by the financial institutions to enable the farmers spread out their scale of operation

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Slomski, Vilma Geni, Ivan Carlos Silva Lima, Valmor Slomski y Tiago Slavov. "Pathways to Urban Sustainability: An Investigation of the Economic Potential of Untreated Household Solid Waste (HSW) in the City of São Paulo". Sustainability 12, n.º 13 (28 de junio de 2020): 5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135249.

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The depletion of natural resources, the useful life of landfill sites, and the amount of garbage accumulating all challenge public policy to manage urban solid waste. We identified the economic potential for unused solid waste (HSW) in São Paulo in 2018 to be USD 637,633,836.04 through descriptive quantitative research and documentary analysis in the collected data. This amount comes from five sources, with the majority coming from internalizing private cost credits (45.58%), followed by recycling (42.21%), carbon credits (5.46%), refuse-derived fuel (3.77%), and organic compounds (2.98%). This potential assumes the implantation of waste sorting plants that generate jobs, reduce public expenses, and provide environmental benefits such as forest protection, water, and minerals. The environmentally adequate final destination of HSW constitutes an economic and socio-environmental measure that enables the reverse logistics of the business sector and urban sustainability. Consequently, the economic potential of HSW, generated from its sorting and marketing, could provide a positive contribution with the mitigation of environmental impacts, in addition to income generation and social inclusion.

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Verba, D., I. Verkhovod, S. Izbash, O. Bunchuk y O. Samborskyi. "BUDGETARY AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES AS A FACTOR OF EDUCATION AVAILABILITY FOR UKRAINIAN POPULATION". Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 3, n.º 38 (30 de junio de 2021): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v3i38.237480.

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Abstract. This article contains a results of testing the analytical techniques, designed to assess the contribution of budgetary sectors of the social industries to the dynamics of household well-being. Whereas the real consumption of free-to-use goods may be measured only conditional (by the amount of resources spent on creating such goods), we estimated the contribution of the budgetary education sector to the well-being of Ukrainian households through the dynamics of demand for goods, provided by commercial sector of education. We assume from the hypothesis about interchangeability of the goods, which received by households through the budgetary and commercial sectors of education. For empirically testing of this hypothesis, the article examines the functional relationship between the rate of extension of the budgetary education sector resource provision (as a factor) and the demand of households for the goods, supplied by the commercial sector of this industry (as a dependent value). For investigating such a functional dependence, the article evaluates the parameters of the function, where the dependent variable is the basic growth rate of real consumption of goods, which is provided to Ukrainian households by the commercial sector of education. Factor variables are the basic growth rates of real resources of the commercial and budgetary sectors of the Ukrainian educational industry. According to the logic of setting, this model is similar to the Working model, but does not provide a logarithmic form of the representation of the factor variables. The latter is predetermined by that fact, that both explanatory and dependent variables are expressed as growth rates, which significantly increases the likelihood of the hypothesis about linear nature of the connection between variables and the stability in time of absolute increments of the dependent variable value. The Working model was actively used to explain the dependence of changes in the pattern of household’s consumption on household income, before it was developed by Taylor, who incorporated in that model a term to reflect the impact of relative prices. We turned to the primary form of the Working model because we have add to it a factor, whose nature of connection with dependence variable is similar wit impact made by total household incomes. The simulation results have not empirically confirmed the inverse relationship between the expansion of the resource provision of the budgetary education sector and the growth rate of consumption of goods supplied by the commercial sector of the industry. At the same time, there are signs that during the retrospective period, the expansion of the budgetary education sector’s resource provision was accompanied by an increase in pressure on the commercial sector’s resource potential: there is a crowding out effect known in the macroeconomics of public and private investment. We have not received empirical evidence of the ability of budget expenditures to replace consumption of goods, provided by the commercial education sector in Ukraine. Both sectors of education are forced to operate in a mode of resources scarcity and adverse dynamics of resource provision, which threatens to erode the quality of educational services and undermines the fundamental foundations of commercial education financing: the connection «investments to education — income growth». The social performances of both the budgetary and commercial education sectors are clearly deteriorating due to the chronically negative tendencies in resource provision. Increasing the rigidity of education financing conditions, both at the expense of household incomes and at the expense of the budget, limits the choice of consumers so much that it is more correct to interpret our results as forms of adaptation to the negative dynamics of well-being, rather than as a manifestation of rational consumer choice. In this context that we interpret the lack of indications of households’ attitude to the goods, supplied by the commercial education sector, as to the goods of luxury: during the retrospective period, the share of education expenditures in household income declines. It is an expression of extremely low economic opportunities, not of consumer preferences of Ukrainian households, who are forced to spend about half of their individual consumer spending on meeting primary needs (food and utilities). Keywords: social sectors, education, budget expenditures, goods availability, commercial sector, budget sector, consumption. JEL Classification D12, H52, I31 Formulas: 2; fig.: 1; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 20.

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Siraji, Ahmad Hussein Abdul Shakoor y Muhamad Mustakim Abdul Halim. "Matrimonial property". Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S4 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 2139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1912.

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This research studies matrimonial property, which is a marital financial right that was not discussed by classical scholars in their books; it is a new, contemporary issue. The problem of this research is that in most contemporary societies, the husband can no longer cover all the household expenses or improve the financial status of the family on his own, which results in the wife's going out for work and contributing to many expenses like the house, car, etc. Spouses may not pay attention to this matrimonial property; however, when marriage is terminated, disputes about it arise. This research offers answers about the concept of matrimonial property and its types; the ruling of this property and how it can be divided. It also elaborates on the definition of matrimonial property and the legality of claiming it. Thus, this research is divided into two sections: the first explains the matrimonial property and its types, and the second clarifies the ruling of the matrimonial property. The paper also includes an introduction and a conclusion that presents the research findings.

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POK, Phearak, Kongkea CHHAY, Rvauth ROS y Putheara DY. "Economic Analysis of Pursat Orange Production in Cambodia: A Qualitative Case Study". Journal of Mathematics Instruction, Social Research and Opinion 3, n.º 2 (16 de mayo de 2024): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58421/misro.v3i2.234.

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Economics is crucial in all countries, with no exception in Cambodia. There are different factors contributing to economic development. The current study thoroughly analyses the economic factors of Pursat orange production in Cambodia, including production expenses, income generation, profits, and the broader economic impacts on households and the national economy. By gathering a wide range of information from Pursat orange growers, the study uses various economic principles and approaches to assess the economic viability and possibility of Pursat orange cultivation as a long-term revenue stream. The current study employed a qualitative design to identify and analyse the primary components of production costs, evaluate the impact of revenue generation mechanisms, and determine the key determinants of profitability and economic sustainability in Pursat orange farming, elucidating their contributions to the overall financial landscape and informing decision-making processes among stakeholder. The results emphasise Pursat oranges' importance for increasing household income and promoting economic development in Cambodia. Additionally, the research provides opportunities for future investigations, indicating possible areas for further exploration, like the influence of technological progress on production effectiveness, the significance of market trends in determining profit, and the potential socio-economic advantages of value-added activities in the Pursat orange supply chain. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and farmers by illuminating the economic aspects of Pursat orange production. It emphasises opportunities to improve the sector's resilience and its beneficial effects on livelihoods and overall economic growth.

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Karki, Renuka, Khagendra Kandel, Aashish Kunwar, Jagdish Bhatta, Shambhu Panthi y Prakash Kumar Pant. "Yarsagumba collection and marketing: A key income source of people in Api Nampa conservation area, Darchula, Nepal". Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2020): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i1.27175.

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Yarsagumba the Himalayan gold rush is the major part of the economy of the himalayan people in the Darchula distict. Our study was conducted in Khandeshwori region of the the Darchula district to quantify the contribution of Yarsagumba on the total household income of the harvester and to reveal the problems releated to its harvesting and selling. Income from Yarshagumba accounted upto 68% in this region. Geo-physical problems were observed most during collection along with significant conflicts and lower productivity. Price variation is the major market problem of those Yarshagumba harvesting peoples. Social factors like family size, adult members and educational factors have significant impact in total collection and income. The highest price obtained was Rs.18408.33, average price was Rs.15308.33 and the lowest price was Rs. 10205. Benefit to cost or expenses (BC) ratio found in research area was 5.13. Having sharp eye vision school children were taken for the collection and have to leave school for time. Although the data is emerging on medicinal use and market of Yarshagumba little systematic research has explored village level harvesting practice and socioeconomic impacts, especially in this region of Nepal.

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Ochieng, Walter, Anna Munsey, Alen Kinyina, Melkior Assenga, Faustin Onikpo, Alexandre Binazon, Marie Adeyemi et al. "Antenatal care services in Benin and Tanzania 2021/2022: an equity analysis study". BMJ Public Health 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2024): e000547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000547.

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IntroductionAntenatal care (ANC) interventions improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, access to ANC may be inequitable due to sociocultural, monetary and time factors. Examining drivers of ANC disparities may identify those amenable to policy change.MethodsWe conducted an ANC services equity analysis in selected public facilities in Geita, Tanzania, where most services are free to the end-user, and Atlantique, Benin, where every visit incurs user fees. Data on total ANC contacts, quality of care (QoC) indicators and wait times were collected from representative household surveys in the catchment of 40 clinics per country and were analysed by education and wealth. We used indices of inequality, concentration indices and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions to determine the distribution, direction and magnitude of inequalities and their contributing factors. We assessed out-of-pocket expenses and the benefit incidence of government funding.ResultsANC clients in both countries received less than the recommended minimum ANC contacts: 3.41 (95% CI 3.36 to 3.41) in Atlantique and 3.33 (95% CI 3.27 to 3.39) in Geita. Wealthier individuals had more ANC contacts than poorer ones at every education level in both countries; the wealthiest and most educated had two visits more than the poorest, least educated. In Atlantique, ANC attendees receive similar QoC regardless of socioeconomic status. In Geita, there are wide disparities in QoC received by education or wealth. In Atlantique, out-of-pocket expenses for the lowest wealth quintile are 2.7% of annual income compared with 0.8% for the highest, with user fees being the primary expense. In Geita, the values are 3.1% and 0.5%, respectively; transportation is the main expense.ConclusionsInequalities in total ANC visits favouring wealthier, more educated individuals were apparent in both countries. In Atlantique, reduction of user-fees could improve ANC access. In Geita, training and equipping healthcare staff could improve QoC. Community health services could mitigate access barriers.

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Zasimova, L. S. y A. G. Khusainova. "MEDICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF HOUSEHOLD SPENDING ON MEDICINES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC". Social Aspects of Population Health 68, n.º 6 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2022-68-6-3.

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Significance. In 2020, many Russians faced an increased need for medicines to treat COVID-19 and its complications, as well as economic hardship due to the crisis caused by the pandemic. The purpose of the study. To identify key factors that determined the Russian households’ spending on medicines and dietary supplements during the pandemic. Material and Methods. The study used Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - National Research University “Higher School of Economics” samples of households and adults for the year 2020. We employed regression models to estimate the probability of purchasing medicines and dietary supplements, and family expenses on medicines and dietary supplements, depending on medical factors, healthy lifestyle factors, socio-economic and demographic factors. Results. The probability of buying medicines and dietary supplements and the household expenditures were higher in families with the disabled, individuals with multimorbidity, with self-reported poor health, and with pensioners. High expenditures on medicines and dietary supplements were observed in families which members visited doctors on a regular basis. Both the probability and expenditures on medicines and dietary supplements rose with the increase in average per capita income. The presence of children under 14 years in the family was associated with a decrease in expenditures on medicines. Smoking, overweight and sports were significant contributors to expenditures on medicines and supplements, although their relative contributions were quite small. Private health insurance did not affect expenditures on medicines. Residents of the Northwestern Federal District spent significantly more on medicines compared to residents of other districts. Conclusions. Expenditures on medicines and dietary supplements in 2020 were largely explained by the following two key factors - people suffering from two or more chronic conditions in the family and the average per capita income. Other household factors, although significant, contributed much less to the decision to spend on medicines and dietary supplements. Public provision of medicines especially during economic crisis can be improved by supporting poor households and including patients with multimorbidity into drug reimbursement programs and thus expanding the number of its beneficiaries. Scope of application. The study results can be used to improve policy on pharmaceutical provision of the population.

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Kareemulla, K., P. Ramasundaram, S. Kumar y C. Rama Rao. "Impact of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India on Rural Poverty and Food Security". Current Agriculture Research Journal 1, n.º 1 (27 de agosto de 2013): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.1.1.02.

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A study based on regional and micro level household data was taken up to inquire in to the impacts of a national rural employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India. Studies in four sample districts in predominantly rainfed areas, which benefited from the scheme for the last six years indicated that the scheme attempted to address the core issue of rural unemployment of unskilled labor in earth works related to natural resource management. Primarily the rural labor obtained seasonal employment, but the resource poor farmers also participated in the Scheme more so in states like Maharashtra. The study findings indicated that the seasonal migration of rural labor has come down significantly due to the opportunities of employment provided under the scheme. The share of NREGS employment was up to one-third of wage days in some of the study districts. Similarly the contributions of income to the family from the wages of participation in the scheme were in the range of 12 to 33 per cent across the districts. These additional incomes were used by the rural households primarily for food security, education of dependents, health care and debt repayment. Wherever, the there were surpluses beyond these expenses, the households acquired durable assets and created amenities in the households. The negative fall out of the Scheme, albeit at a low scale, especially from the farming point of view is that there was abnormal rise in the wage rates. The scheme thus is a revolutionary one with broad spectrum impact on the rural milieu of India.

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Iraqi, Khalid Mahmood y Tehmina Faisal. "Empowering Women For Sustainable Development Through Active Participation In Social Enterprise’s Sector In Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 19, n.º 1 (8 de septiembre de 2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v19i1.75.

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Women are around 51% of the total population of Pakistan, and they can do miracles through their active participation in economic activities of the country. Empowering women means accrediting half of the population for sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to examine and analyze the impact of active women participation in the social enterprise sector for their empowerment, and its subsequent consequences in creation of social value in society. For this purpose, primary data has been collected through random and snowball sampling to gain insight into female practitioner’s perspective. The paper highlights women empowerment as a multi-dimensional phenomenon based on four dimensions: psychological, social, economic and political empowerment. It prime focus on active participation in the social enterprise’s sector may lead to increase in enablement of women, the data shows that majority of female entrepreneur responded that they feel psychologically empowered and have financial contribution in household expenses and in community welfare. Secondly, the paper identifies the major challenges including concern of safety and security, lack of access to financial opportunities and social acceptance of the project that restrict women entrepreneurs from progress and creation of social value. Thirdly, it intends to construct framework for recommendations to promote women social enterprises in Pakistan for sustainable development as a whole.

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Kata, Ryszard, Kazimierz Cyran, Sławomir Dybka, Małgorzata Lechwar y Rafał Pitera. "Economic and Social Aspects of Using Energy from PV and Solar Installations in Farmers’ Households in the Podkarpackie Region". Energies 14, n.º 11 (28 de mayo de 2021): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113158.

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The growing energy needs of agriculture, the need to reduce the burning of fossil fuels, and, on the other hand, the increasing technical efficiency are contributing to the wider use of solar energy technology in agriculture. The aim of the article is to identify factors determining farmers’ investments in solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installations for electricity and heat production, to establish the proportion between the consumption of such energy for the needs of the farmer’s family and for the needs of the farm, and to identify the drivers of solar energy use in agricultural production. Empirical materials were collected through surveys of farmers conducted at the end of 2020 in south-eastern Poland, in the Podkarpackie region. It is a region characterized by significant land fragmentation. Producing energy from renewable sources can be an opportunity for farmers not only to reduce household expenses, but also to increase agricultural income. As a result, it can be a driver of sustainable agricultural development in the region. The article presents the most important economic and social determinants that stimulate the adoption of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies by farmers for the needs of their households as well as for agricultural production.

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Boing, Alexandra Crispim, Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi, Aluísio Jardim Dornellas de Barros, Leila Garcia Posenato y Karen Glazer Peres. "Socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil". Revista de Saúde Pública 48, n.º 4 (agosto de 2014): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005111.

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OBJECTIVE To analyze the evolution of catastrophic health expenditure and the inequalities in such expenses, according to the socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian families.METHODS Data from the National Household Budget 2002-2003 (48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (55,970 households) were analyzed. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as excess expenditure, considering different methods of calculation: 10.0% and 20.0% of total consumption and 40.0% of the family’s capacity to pay. The National Economic Indicator and schooling were considered as socioeconomic characteristics. Inequality measures utilized were the relative difference between rates, the rates ratio, and concentration index.RESULTS The catastrophic health expenditure varied between 0.7% and 21.0%, depending on the calculation method. The lowest prevalences were noted in relation to the capacity to pay, while the highest, in relation to total consumption. The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure increased by 25.0% from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 when the cutoff point of 20.0% relating to the total consumption was considered and by 100% when 40.0% or more of the capacity to pay was applied as the cut-off point. Socioeconomic inequalities in the catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 increased significantly, becoming 5.20 times higher among the poorest and 4.17 times higher among the least educated.CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in catastrophic health expenditure among Brazilian families, principally among the poorest and those headed by the least-educated individuals, contributing to an increase in social inequality.

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Boyce, Geoffrey Alan y Sarah Launius. "The Household Financial Losses Triggered by an Immigration Arrest, and How State and Local Government Can Most Effectively Protect Their Constituents". Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2020): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420973976.

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Through a survey of 125 long-term resident households in Pima County, Arizona, this study finds that an immigration arrest costs each household an average of more than $24,000. These costs accumulate through the value of assets seized and not recovered, out-of-pocket costs for hiring an attorney, immigration bond, and other expenses involved in supporting an immediate family member as they navigate the immigration court system. But they also include lost income due to disruptions to employment resulting from the arrest, and a physical inability to work while in detention, appearing in court, and immediately following deportation. In this article, we discuss how, when measured at the scale of the household, these financial costs fail to discriminate according to immigration or citizenship status, and accumulate to affect issues of poverty, education, housing security, health and development, and generational wealth inequality — all matters of sustained interest to state and local government. In the second half of the article, we draw on our research findings to evaluate various policies that states, counties, and municipalities can implement to mitigate these financial burdens while promoting the overall well-being of their constituents. Policies considered include: The “Immigrant Welcoming City” paradigm The limitation of routine cooperation and custody transfer between local and federal law enforcement Expanding access to permissible forms of identification Universal representation for immigration defendants The cultivation of community bond funds The promotion of worker-owned cooperatives Although these kinds of state or local initiatives cannot replace meaningful federal action on immigration reform, they can do much to provide relief and promote economic security for established immigrant and mixed-status families living in the United States, while contributing to overall community well-being and economic vitality.

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POLENKOVA, Maryna. "Peculiarities of the influence of expenses on the results of agricultural enterprises functioning". Economics. Finances. Law, n.º 11/2 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.11(2).6.

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The paper defines the dynamics of agricultural production. The importance of rational distribution of production costs and capital investments of agricultural enterprises is substantiated. The sequence of application of the method of multifactor dynamic regression modeling is outlined. The influence of the main groups of production costs and capital investments on the results of enterprises specializing in crop production and animal husbandry is calculated. Control over production costs is a necessary condition for the functioning of every agricultural enterprise, farm or household. Thus development of investment potential for effective activity demands optimization of use of resources, in particular rational distribution of production expenses and capital investments. The study identified the impact of the main groups of production costs and capital investment on the results of enterprises specializing in crop production and separately for livestock products. The method of multifactor dynamic regression modeling, in particular dynamic balance cross-sectional regression, was used. In the process of applying this method, large-scale general samples were formed from 832 observations in crop production and from 576 observations in animal husbandry. All calculations were performed in the software environment Statistica 10.0. To increase the objectivity of the results of the study, all cost indicators are translated into US dollars and logarithmized. The results for the three dependent variables show the statistical significance of the calculations. Above average, the impact on the volume of output, value added and sales of enterprises specializing in crop production during 2012–2019 are characterized by the volume of material costs and costs of services used in production. Below the average level of impact on the value added of enterprises is the average number of employees in full-time equivalent. Statistical significance is also observed for the three dependent variables. The high level of impact on the volume of output and the volume of sales of enterprises specializing in animal husbandry during 2012–2019 is marked by the volume of labor costs. This, in turn, is due to the large amount of manual labor in animal husbandry. The average level of impact is characterized by the amount of material costs and costs of services used in production. The reverse effect (below average) is made by contributions to social activities.

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Blaney, S., M. Beaudry y M. Latham. "Determinants of undernutrition in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon". Public Health Nutrition 12, n.º 10 (octubre de 2009): 1711–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008004035.

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AbstractObjectiveTo understand how access to natural resources may contribute to nutrition.DesignIn each of the two major seasons, data were collected during a 7 d period using observations, semi-structured interviews, anthropometric measures and a weighed food consumption survey.SettingFour rural communities selected to represent inland and coastal areas of the Gamba Complex in Gabon.SubjectsIn each community, all individuals from groups vulnerable to malnutrition, i.e. children aged 0–23 months (n 41) and 24–59 months (n 63) and the elderly (n 101), as well as women caregivers (n 96).ResultsIn most groups, household access to natural resources was associated with household access to food but not with individual nutritional status. In children aged 0–23 months, access to care and to health services and a healthy environment were the best predictors of length-for-age (adjusted R2: 14 %). Health status was the only predictor of weight-for-height in children aged 24–59 months (adjusted R2: 14 %). In women caregivers, household food security was negatively associated with nutritional status, as was being younger than 20 years (adjusted R2: 16 %). Among the elderly, only nutrient adequacy predicted nutritional status (adjusted R2: 5 %).ConclusionImproving access to care and health for young children would help reverse the process of undernutrition. Reaching a better understanding of how the access of individuals to both food and other resources relate to household access could further our appreciation of the constraints to good nutrition. This is particularly relevant in women to ensure that their possibly important contribution to the household is not at their own expense.

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Sengkhamyong, Xaysompheng, Helmut Yabar y Takeshi Mizunoya. "Assessing Household Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of the Phou Chom Voy Protected Area in Lao PDR". Sustainability 14, n.º 18 (7 de septiembre de 2022): 11202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811202.

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This study aimed to examine whether local residents were willing to pay (WTP) for the improvement of the Phou Chom Voy Protected Area (PCV PA), by using the hypothetical scenario framework of the contingent valuation method. We interviewed a sample of 365 local residents. Among the respondents, 271 were willing to pay to maintain the protected area. Most residents who refused to pay had low incomes and stated that they did not want to increase their monthly expenses by contributing to the conservation fund. The estimated mean willingness to pay among the respondents who expressed the maximum willingness to pay for natural forest conservation because of its natural value and attractiveness for tourism was Lao Kip (LAK) 27,055/year. The aggregate willingness to pay for the protected area improvement was approximately LAK 93 million. The logit regression results revealed that age, education level, annual household income, and attitude toward conservation significantly influenced willingness to pay. The results of this study provide insights into applying willingness to pay in sustainable financing, to develop market-based conservation approaches in protected areas, thus reducing ongoing biodiversity losses and maintaining natural resources.

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Nadeem, Abdul Majeed, Muhammad Zahid Rafique, Khuda Bakhsh, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum y Shaoan Huang. "Impact of socio-economic and water access conditions on life satisfaction of rural farmers in Faisalabad district of Pakistan". Water Policy 22, n.º 4 (29 de junio de 2020): 686–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.004.

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Abstract The current study is designed to see the effects of water access on the well-being of the farming community in rural areas of Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households of ten villages in rural Faisalabad, Pakistan where the population is facing serious water quality and access issues due to industrial pollution, lack of clean water supply system and limited access to fresh water for agricultural use. We employed ordinary least square and ordered probit methods to measure the association between water access variables and households’ well-being. We found that source and quality of drinking water, access to irrigation water, and percentage of crop water requirement fulfilled, and water expenses were statistically significant influencing the households’ well-being. The study concluded that water access conditions strongly influence the life satisfaction and water access conditions must be considered in future research. Acknowledging the contribution of village-level economic activities to economic growth, a strong policy is proposed to re-evaluate the existing rural water supply strategy to enhance the households’ well-being and enhance livelihood generation among neglected pro-poor farmers in rural areas of Pakistan.

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Basaluddin, Kadafi A. "Economic Implications of Senior High School to Parents in Southern Philippines: A Rural-Urban Perspective". Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences 4, n.º 2 (11 de junio de 2021): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijss.v4i2.53.

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This pioneer study unravelled the economic implications of Senior High School (SHS) curriculum to parents in the rural area of Jolo and the urban center of Zamboanga City. Finding out the significant difference of said implications to parents clustered according to: Area Status, and Children’s Grade Level and Children’s School Type, and SHS-Associated Factors causing financial difficulty to them in both areas are also within the confine of this endeavour. As an expose facto cross-sectoral and evaluative survey, this research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. One hundred twenty seven (127) respondents comprising of parents and senior high principals/coordinators/directors were determined through a Purposive sampling method. Weighted Mean, t-test (Independent Sample-Test), and Ordinal Scales were utilized in analysing the data. The findings are forwarded - The economic implications of the curriculum to parents in both areas are as follows: more spending for school and non-school needs of children, compromised other household expenses and needs of the family, difficulty to support the education of senior high and non-senior high children, compromised expenses on non- senior high children, increased in educational expenses, costly secondary education, increased of daily expenses, financial burden, difficulty to manage income, difficulty to deal with tuition and miscellaneous fees, difficulty to save money, compromised personal and social expenses, need to generate extra income and borrow money to support the education of children, difficulty to extend financially assistance to needy relatives and friends (rural respondents), and difficulty to attend to social obligations on regular basis (rural respondents). As to the extent/intensity of the implications, parents in SCT-SHS and NDJC-SHS in rural area are more affected by the curriculum than the rest. While in urban center, parents in DPLMHS-SASHS and TTNHS-SHS are more affected than those in the four senior high schools. Generally, the extent/intensity of the economic implications of the curriculum to parents in both areas is slight. Income and tuition fee are among the top-ranking pre-determined SHS-Associated Factors causing financial difficulty to parents in rural area and urban center, and in the twelve senior high schools in both areas. Specifically, parents are shelling-out an average of PhP35,000 to 45,000 every year for the senior high education of their children. From the study findings, the researcher developed a model dubbed as Cycle of Despondency. The curriculum increases the private costs of education and burgles effluent family of two years of indispensable child’s contribution in terms of labor opportunity cost. Above all, it is taxing to parents beyond their financial capability to cope. Scrapping it, however, is indubitably not an astute plan. Instead, immediate and sweeping review and modification are prudent stratagems to undertake since it is already running for four years now. Program mitigating its pecuniary repercussions to parents have to be devised, along with inflexible regulation of school fees and charges. The Civil Service Commission (CSC) and corporate entities have to amend some job “educational requirements” to accommodate senior high graduates in the labor market. Studies on the economic aspect of the curriculum must be launched by various social divides - to spot genuine recommendations in aid of legislation and curriculum planning in general and map out alternative methodologies to minimize its impacts to family in particular. Otherwise, the curriculum will completely end up in fiasco.

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Zhang, Ting-Ting, Xiu-Yun Cai, Xiao-Hui Shi, Wei Zhu y Shao-Nan Shan. "The Effect of Family Fertility Support Policies on Fertility, Their Contribution, and Policy Pathways to Fertility Improvement in OECD Countries". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 6 (8 de marzo de 2023): 4790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064790.

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The cost of childbirth has been confirmed as a vital factor in families’ fertility decision-making, and family welfare policies are capable of compensating for the increase in household living expenses regarding childbirth, such that the country’s fertility situation can be optimized. In this study, the fertility promotion effects of family welfare policies in OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries are investigated through regression analysis, grey correlation (GRA), and the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis fsQCA method. As indicated by the results: (1) Family welfare policies notably boost fertility, and the boosting effect is long-lasting. However, this boost will be weakened in countries where fertility rates remain below 1.5. (2) The contribution of welfare policy measures to the fertility-promotion effect varies by country. The contribution of cash benefits is highest in over half of the countries worldwide, the contribution of relevant services and in-kind expenditure is highest in 29% of the countries, and that of tax incentive expenditure is highest in 14% of the countries. (3) The policy mix to boost fertility also varies according to the social context, with three policy groups derived using the fsQCA method. To be specific, the core antecedent conditions comprise cash benefits, relevant services, and in-kind expenditure. On that basis, China should pay attention to the following three points when formulating family welfare policies to tackle their demographic challenges. First, a system of family welfare policies should be developed as early as possible in the context of increasingly severe demographic issues since the incentive effect of family welfare policies will be weakened in countries with chronically low fertility rates. Second, the effects of improvements vary by country, and China should comprehensively consider its national circumstances when formulating and dynamically adjusting the mix of government fertility support policies in accordance with its social development. Third, employment is the main means of securing family income and takes on critical significance to sustaining families. Unemployment exerts a significant disincentive effect, such that it is imperative to reduce youth unemployment and enhance the quality of youth employment. On that basis, the disincentive effect of unemployment on fertility can be reduced.

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Umikalsum, R. A., M. Ardi Kurniawan y Ririn Puspita Sari. "KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN IBU RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI PENGRAJIN ATAP NIPAH DI DESA GASING KECAMATAN TALANG KELAPA". Societa: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 11, n.º 1 (2 de julio de 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jsct.v11i1.4713.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to find out how much income women nipah roofing craftsmen earned, to find out the contribution of women nipah roofing craftsmen to family income, to find out what motivations influenced women nipah roof craftsmen and to find out how much household expenses were women nipah roofing craftsmen. in Gasing Village. Determination of the location is done by purposive sampling (deliberately), the research method used is the survey method. The sampling method used a simple random sampling method, in which 30 craftsmen were selected as samples. The data of this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The average income generated by nipah roofing craftsmen in one month with a working time of 26 days is around Rp. 465,287.00 while the average husband's income is Rp2,122,000.00 per month. The contribution made by female nipah roofing craftsmen is 17.99%, this is relatively low because it is 35% of the total family income. The motivations of respondents for nipah roofing craftsmen in Gasing Village include: increasing income, spending free time, socializing. The household expenditure of nipah roof craftsmen on food needs is (56.29%), the need for clothing is (14.93%), the need for boards is (0.12%), the need for education is (21.22%), the need for health is (7.28%) and other needs (0.16%). ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berapa besar pendapatan wanita pengrajin atap nipah, untuk mengetahui besarnya kontribusi pendapatan wanita pengrajin atap nipah terhadap pendapatan keluarga, untuk mengetahui motivasi apa yang mempengaruhi wanita pengrajin atap nipah dan untuk mengetahui berapa besar pengeluaran rumah tangga wanita pengrajin atap nipah di Desa Gasing. Penentuan lokasi dilakukan secara Purposive Sampling (secara sengaja), Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Metode penarikan contoh menggunakan metode acak sederhana (simple random sampling), dimana sampel yang dipilih sebanyak 30 pengrajin. Data penelitian ini terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Rata-rata pendapatan yang dihasilkan oleh pengrajin atap nipah dalam satu bulan dengan waktu kerja 26 hari adalah sekitar Rp465.287,00 sedangkan rata-rata pendapatan suami sebesar Rp2.122.000,00 per bulan. Kontribusi yang dihasikan dari wanita pengrajin atap nipah adalah sebesar 17.99%, hal ini tergolong rendah karena ? 35% dari total pendapatan keluarga. Motivasi responden pengrajin atap nipah di Desa Gasing diantaranya menambah penghasilan, mengisi waktu luang, bersosialisasi. Pengeluaran rumah tangga pengrajin atap nipah pada kebutuhan pangan adalah sebesar (56.29%), kebutuhan pada sandang sebesar (14.93%), kebutuhan pada papan sebesar (0.12%), kebutuhan pada pendidikan sebesar (21.22%), kebutuhan pada kesehatan sebesar (7.28%) dan kebutuhan lainnya sebesar (0.16%).

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Kim, Eun-Jung, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young-Eun Kim, Dunsol Go, Yunsun Jung y Munkhzul Radnaabaatar. "Analysis of the Effect of the Elderly’s Labor Status on Care Cost at the End of Life". INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (enero de 2019): 004695801983835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019838358.

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This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of employment patterns at the time of death of the elderly on the utilization of medical care before death using the cohort data from the National Health Insurance Corporation, controlling mortality to obtain more accurate results. Gender was coded as 0 for males and 1 for females, and average monthly household income was taken as a logarithm to approximate a normal distribution. Care cost at the end of life was defined as the sum of the national health insurance contributions and statutory self-contributions. To measure proximity to death, deceased elderly were divided by the period from last hospital visit to death (except any hospital visit at time of death). We distinguished regular workers, irregular workers, self-employed and employers, unpaid family workers, and unemployed. The data used in this study are sample cohort data from the National Health Insurance Corporation. We examined the relationships between variables through 4 models using negative binomial regression. The effects of employment status on health status were analyzed and adjusted for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and proximity to death. As the dependent variable, medical expenses were taken for 1 year before death. In this study, care costs at end of life were higher when children were economically independent and when the respondent was more educated, had high economic level, and had high average monthly household income. In addition, employment security also had a significant impact on care cost at end of life: Irregular workers spent significantly less than regular workers. The fact that care cost at end of life is differentiated according to employment status suggests that individuals’ health exists within a social context, which may also constrain it: There is a risk that people’s health status will become determined by socioeconomic status.

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Juyal, Anjali, Rekha Vyas, Hemu Rathore y Yeshwant Menaria. "Health Impact Analysis of Physical Workload on Rural Women Residing in Hilly Terrain of Uttarakhand". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, n.º 01 (2023): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.017.

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Rural women in India have always been viewed as a gender which is best suitable for household work and not as a conventional monetary contributor. In general, life is difficult for rural women but it’s even harder to live in mountains where basic requisite for living conditions such as potable water, fuel wood, cattle fodder, and hospital etc., never comes easy and leads to manual material handling of the tasks such as awkward or restrained heavy lifting, carrying, pushing, or tugging. It is amajor health concerns among rural women causing long-term suffering, disability, reduced productivity, and increased medical expenses among rural women due to the well-established risk factor of excessive physical labor. Present study investigates the probable catalysts pertaining to the physical health of rural women native to the mountainous region. 150 women from Amsore village of Uttarakhand were enrolled for this study. All the participants were evaluated using a semi-structured questionnaire for demographic profile and Borg scale of perceived exertion for activities impact assessment. Fetching water (100%), fodder collection (71.33%) and firewood collection (80%) were reported as the most exertion inducing tasks causing physical stress to the women. Low income, unemployment, and poverty, as well as inadequate education, poor sanitation, hazardous working environments, and a lack of access to health care, have been identified as major contributors to health disparities. In order to increase socio-economic contribution and lower the frequency of health injuries among women, these findings urge for preventive efforts and safety guidelines.

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Kisnarini, Rika, Johannes Krisdianto y Iwan Adi Indrawan. "Contribution of Balcony on Thermal Comfort : Rusunawa Surabaya". Open House International 43, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2018-b0003.

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Dwelling, which is a basic human need (Maslow, 1970) should act as an object of technology that serves as a place for individuals or families to conduct all their daily activities in order to meet their needs in life. In case of sustainability, thermal comfort is one of the most important comfort conditions that must be achieved (Szokolay SV, 1980). Proper air movement control may lessen the demand for energy, thus reducing the expense of providing a comfortable home (Boutet, 1987). However, to ensure the acceleration of air movement, the availability of both inlet and outlet openings in the building or space become an absolute requirement (Olgyay Victor, 1973). Rusunawa is a typical rental-apartment in Indonesia that served for low income families. The types of existing space generally include: a multi-functional space, a kitchen, and a bathroom/WC, and sometimes is furnished by a balcony. There is only one living space in rusunawa that is the multi-functional space which is often used for: living, sleeping, studying, watching TV, eating, storing, child-caring, and probably more other functions. Not to mention if the family has a home-based business. Among rusunawa unit types that existed in all fourteen locations in Surabaya, some of them were built without a really outdoor balcony, meaning that the balconies were provided indoor, instead of in the cantilever system. These indoor balconies accommodate the same household activities as those of outdoor balconies. However, the contribution to the internal thermal comfort may not be the same. By using Ecotect analysis 2011 program, This research intends to investigate the comparison of thermal conditions of the inner space between rusunawa unit having a balcony (outdoor), and rusunawa unit without a balcony (indoor). The result of this comparison is meant to convince the contribution of unit having a balcony to the thermal comfort of inner space, to ensure whether the design of the future rusunawa units should be equipped with a balcony or not. To further reassure its contribution, this experiment is continued by comparing between unit having just a balcony and unit having a balcony that equipped with sun-devices.

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Watono, Watono. "Optimalisasi Biaya Operasional Pembuangan Sampah di Perumahan Bontoramba Kabupaten Maros". Journal on Education 5, n.º 3 (8 de febrero de 2023): 8025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i3.1592.

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The local population reaches around 322,212 people, maros regency produces large amounts of waste every result, the costs for waste management are increasing. Most of the waste is from population activities such as household waste, industrial waste, market waste, hospital waste, agricultural waste, plantation waste, agricultural waste, association / office / school waste, and so on ... More important than other types of diversity, including packaging waste that is more difficult and more difficult to decipher by natural processes. To strive to improve the quality of health in Bontoramba, both in terms of the influence of weather and air immersion, good management of waste disposal is needed. Both of the expenses from each house, each group of housing, blocks and the whole of the housing.The results of the interview analysis as many as 90.67% of the community were ready to receive contributions to the local government so that the waste in the location was wasted well or ready to dispose of the trash with the requirements to make temporary transfer places not to be far away because there were 82% of the community requested. need to be corrected systematically, both integrated, transport in order to overcome waste problems.

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Wang, Yang, Chengchao Zuo y Mengke Zhu. "How Semi-Urbanisation Drives Expansion of Rural Construction Land in China: A Rural-Urban Interaction Perspective". Land 13, n.º 1 (21 de enero de 2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13010117.

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The expansion of rural construction land in China has led to ecological consequences under the context of rural depopulation, despite government land use controls. While previous studies have investigated the local factors contributing to the expansion of rural construction land, the semi-urbanisation of urban immigrants distant from rural areas has received less attention. To better understand the connections between the semi-urbanisation in the urban areas and the construction land expansion in rural areas, this study constructed a network/spatial lag of N/X (N/SLX) model that incorporated the network lagged term of the socio-economic traits of semi-urbanised migrants to analyse how urban semi-urbanisation influenced rural construction land. Our findings suggest that both the income of rural-urban migrants and the difficulty of obtaining urban household registration are positively correlated with the expanding extent of rural construction land. Conversely, the living expenses of migrants and city economic development are negatively correlated with that of rural construction land. Considering our findings, we propose that policies facilitating the settlement and integration of rural out-migrants into cities and proceeding urbanisation based on county towns are crucial to curb the inefficient expansion of rural construction land.

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BRADSHAW, JONATHAN y JOHN HOLMES. "An Analysis of Equity in Redistribution to the Retired and Children over Recent Decades in the OECD and UK". Journal of Social Policy 42, n.º 1 (5 de septiembre de 2012): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412000578.

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AbstractIn The Pinch, David Willetts (2010: xv) attracted attention by asking whether ‘the boomers have been guilty of a monumental failure to protect the interest of future generations’. This was just the latest contribution to a long running concern of social policy analysts about horizontal equity and generational fairness. Using OECD data from 1980–2007, in the first part of this paper we show that there is no evidence that social expenditure has been shifting in favour of the retired at the expense of children, except perhaps recently in some Nordic countries. For the UK, we have created a time-series using the published articles since 1977 and the micro data sets since 1994/5 from the annual Office for National Statistics analyses of the Effect of Taxes and Benefits on Household Incomes and used it to analyse trends in the redistributive impact of cash benefits, direct and indirect taxes and services on the retired and households with children and across the income distribution. The analysis shows how the relative support for the retired versus children has changed over time, which elements have contributed to the changes and for which part of the income distribution. There has been a small shift in final income in favour of the retired but it was not the result of changes in taxes, benefits or services in kind but rather a change in the original income distribution in favour of the retired.

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Makunga, John E. y Salome B. Misana. "CONTRIBUTION OF JGI REDD+PROJECT IN ADDRESSING DEFORESTATION, CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS IN WESTERN TANZANIA: A CASE OF ILAGALA, KARAGO AND KIRANDO VILLAGES". American Journal of Environment Studies 1, n.º 1 (11 de abril de 2017): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajes.233.

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Purpose: The study examined the contribution of REDD+ in addressing deforestation, climate variability and people’s livelihoods in three villages of Ilagala, Karago and Kirando, within the REDD+ Masito-Ugalla ecosystem in Uvinza District, Tanzania. Methodology: The methods used were household interviews, semi-structured interview, focus group discussions, field observations, analysis of meteorological data, as well as remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). A total of 101 households were randomly selected for the study. Results: The trend of the mean annual rainfall and rainfall deviations from the annual mean revealed the presence of climate variability. Majority of the respondents agreed that climate variability was happening in their area. Deforestation and forest degradation were also a problem in the area as evidenced by expansion of cultivation at the expense of other vegetation types and opening up of the closed woodlands. The findings further revealed that majority of respondents were aware about REDD+ objectives and that the project had provided conservation education to local communities and supported them to alleviate poverty through establishing entrepreneurship groups within the project area, each group dealing with a specific activity, including beekeeping and poultry. Majority of the respondents said they were able to support the education needs of their children as benefits accrued to them during REDD+ operation. The contribution of REDD+ project in minimizing deforestation, climate variability and improving people’s livelihoods was manifested through training of forest monitors and fire breakers and establishment of community projects. The REDD+ performance, however, was reported to be on average. Also due to its short operation period, REDD+ did not significantly contribute to people’s livelihoods. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study has provided important lessons on the importance and opportunities offered by REDD+ in addressing forest conservation and providing livelihood benefits to the local communities. Although REDD+ policies and projects are geared towards addressing climate change mitigation, if well designed, they can go a long way in alleviating poverty while at the same time conserving the forests. What is required is for nations to identify what the needs of the local communities and the desired benefits in the respective areas are and build into the REDD+ projects strategies that would adequately address those needs and provide the required benefits.

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Joewono, Tri, Ari Tarigan y Muhamad Rizki. "Segmentation, Classification, and Determinants of In-Store Shopping Activity and Travel Behaviour in the Digitalisation Era: The Context of a Developing Country". Sustainability 11, n.º 6 (15 de marzo de 2019): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061591.

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The influence of digital technologies in the current era has substantially affected the way individuals engage with in-store shopping activities and travels. To prepare a transport policy with sustainable orientations, it is important to investigate factors that determine in-store activity-travel patterns. In particular, knowledge about how in-store activities and travels interact with other forms of activities and travels should be updated, since the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) may be substantial to create new patterns of activity and travel. It is believed that shopping travel and activity behaviours may indicate the increase or decrease of physical travels, which is crucial for carbon emission measures in transportation sector. While numerous studies about this issue have been recently carried out based on the context of developed countries, little is known for the context of developing countries. To offer a better understanding of the nature of in-store shopping travels and activities in the digitalisation era, a household survey was conducted in Bandung, Indonesia. This survey tends to acquire data from respondents as a representation of developing countries on their shopping behaviour, travel characteristics, and spatial attributes that represent the conditions of their built environment. The results from the survey show that individuals in a developing country are still having interest in in-store grocery shopping even though their daily life has a close connection with digital life. The results of the analysis show that grocery shoppers in a developing country simultaneously consider shopping activity, other activities, modes of transport, and shopping expenses. This manifests in the form of trip-chaining activities and affects decisions on the modes of transport used. The results indicate a significant portion of trip frequency for in-store shopping travel with motorised modes. Since motorised modes are the main contribution for carbon emission production in transportation sector, the results of this study are critical for developing transport demand measures and setting relevant policy schemes to improve the sustainability of transportation system, especially for the context of developing countries.

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Jaiswal, Nidhi, Alida Melse-Boonstra, Surjeet Kaur Sharma, Krishnamachari Srinivasan y Michael B. Zimmermann. "The iodized salt programme in Bangalore, India provides adequate iodine intakes in pregnant women and more-than-adequate iodine intakes in their children". Public Health Nutrition 18, n.º 3 (24 de abril de 2014): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001400055x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo compare the iodine status of pregnant women and their children who were sharing all meals in Bangalore, India.DesignA cross-sectional study evaluating demographic characteristics, household salt iodine concentration and salt usage patterns, urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in women and children, and maternal thyroid volume (ultrasound).SettingAntenatal clinic of an urban tertiary-care hospital, which serves a low-income population.SubjectsHealthy pregnant women in all trimesters, aged 18–35 years, who had healthy children aged 3–15 years.ResultsMedian (range) iodine concentrations of household powdered and crystal salt were 55·9 (17·2–65·9) ppm and 18·9 (2·2–68·2) ppm, respectively. The contribution of iodine-containing supplements and multi-micronutrient powders to iodine intake in the families was negligible. Adequately iodized salt, together with small amounts of iodine in local foods, were providing adequate iodine during pregnancy: (i) the overall median (range) UIC in women was 172 (5–1024) µg/l; (ii) the median UIC was >150 µg/l in all trimesters; and (iii) thyroid size was not significantly different across trimesters. At the same time, the median (range) UIC in children was 220 (10–782) µg/l, indicating more-than-adequate iodine intake at this age. Median UIC was significantly higher in children than in their mothers (P=0·008).ConclusionsIn this selected urban population of southern India, the iodized salt programme provides adequate iodine to women throughout pregnancy, at the expense of higher iodine intake in their children. Thus we suggest that the current cut-off for median UIC in children indicating more-than-adequate intake, recommended by the WHO/UNICEF/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders may, need to be reconsidered.

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Nassyrkhanova, B. K. y A. S. Belgibayeva. "MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS MARKET IN AKMOLA REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN". Problems of AgriMarket, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.15.

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Recommendations for solving the problems of sustainable development of milk and dairy products market in the region are based on the study of its current state and promising directions. The dynamics of production of milk and its processing products, export and import, livestock and productivity of cows is analyzed. The contribution of various categories of farms to the receipt of raw milk has been studied, while the lag in milk yield in farms and households from agricultural enterprises has been revealed. The analysis of expenses in agricultural enterprises is presented, as well as the structure of material costs. The main problems of effective development of the industry of dairy cattle breeding include tendency to reduce the area under fodder crops; a weak feed base and increase in feed prices, which leads to the increase in the cost of milk; reduction in the number of dairy cows; small commodity farms, that is, the concentration of main volumes of milk production in households where the introduction of intensive innovative technologies is difficult; seasonality of the process; non-observance of veterinary and sanitary standards. The regional features of location of dairy processing enterprises have been investigated, confirming the close relationship between the development of the dairy industry and the raw material base. Those of them have been identified, which account for the largest share in production of the range of dairy products. The organizational structure of the milk processing enterprise "Gormolzavod" LLP was studied, the calculation of butter was made using its own raw materials. The competitive advantages of the processing enterprises of the region are revealed.

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