Tesis sobre el tema "Contract for valuable consideration"

L'expression « contrat portant sur une chose future » signifie que les contractants peuvent valablement stipuler que la chose due sera future ; ils peuvent ainsi contracter sur une chose corporelle ou incorporelle qui n'existe pas encore, du moins dans son entièreté. Depuis la vente romaine de chose future, les contrats portant sur une chose future se sont diversifiés. La pratique de ces contrats est devenue courante en raison de leur importance économique. Prenant la mesure de cette diversité et de cette richesse, la réflexion sur le contrat portant sur une chose future a été envisagée sous le propos de théorie générale.Les contrats portant sur une chose future sont des figures familières sans que l'on les remarque forcément. Il convenait de les identifier dans un premier temps. Ce qui les caractérise et que l'on voit rapidement est que, chacun de ces contrats suppose une chose future qui en constitue l'objet ; la présente étude en propose une définition claire et distincte. Ce que l'on perçoit peut-être moins à l'analyse de ces contrats et qui, pourtant, leur est caractéristique, est qu'ils sont toujours des contrats commutatifs et non des contrats aléatoires. Ce trait montre que la théorie romaine de la vente de chose future, telle qu'elle a été toujours présentée, doit être utilisée aujourd'hui avec beaucoup de précautions pour expliquer tout le mécanisme du contrat portant sur une chose future.L'identification du contrat portant sur une chose future s'est poursuivie avec une référence à l'anticipation. Celle-ci est une explication doctrinale de l'article 1130 ancien, alinéa 1er, du Code civil qui disposait : « L'obligation peut avoir pour objet une chose future. » Elle explique aujourd'hui encore, après la réforme du droit des contrats, le nouvel article 1163, alinéa 1er. Ces trois références ou critères (la chose future, l'absence d'aléa et l'anticipation) ont permis d'identifier, d'un côté, les contrats spéciaux portant sur une chose future et, de l'autre côté, les sûretés conventionnelles portant sur une chose future.Après identification des divers contrats portant sur une chose future, il importait d'étudier leur régime juridique dans un second temps. Le contrat portant sur une chose future se distingue par deux règles communes et spécifiques : d'abord la naissance à la charge du débiteur d'une obligation préalable de faire consistant à faire advenir la chose promise en participant à sa création ou en exécutant un autre contrat ; et ensuite, la naissance au profit du créancier d'un droit éventuel, qui est le droit pur et simple en germe. En outre, la plupart des développements sur la validité et sur l'inexécution du contrat portant sur une chose future relèvent du droit commun du contrat. Les problématiques abordées n’ont pas permis de relever des spécificités tenant à l'aspect chose future, objet de la prestation.Sur le plan de la notion et du régime, il y a au total cinq critères et règles communs sur lesquels on peut s'appuyer pour parler de théorie générale du contrat portant sur une chose future
The expression "contract relating to a future thing" means that the contracting parties may validly stipulate that the thing due will be future; they may thus contract on a tangible or intangible thing that does not yet exist, at least in its entirety. Since the Roman sale of a future thing, contracts relating to a future thing have diversified. The practice of these contracts has become commonplace because of their economic importance. Taking the measure of this diversity and richness, reflection on the contract for a future thing has been considered under the heading of general theory. Contracts relating to a future thing are familiar figures without necessarily being noticed. It was necessary to identify them first of all. What characterizes them, and what is quickly apparent, is that each of these contracts presupposes a future thing which constitutes their object; this study proposes a clear and distinct definition of them. What is perhaps less obvious from an analysis of these contracts, and yet characteristic of them, is that they are always commutative contracts and not random contracts. This feature shows that the Roman theory of the sale of a future thing, as it has always been presented, must be used today with great care to explain the whole mechanism of the contract for a future thing. The identification of the contract relating to a future thing continued with a reference to anticipation. This is a doctrinal explanation of former article 1130, paragraph 1, of the Civil Code, which provided: "The subject-matter of an obligation may be a future thing". It explains even today, after the reform of the law of contract, the new article 1163, paragraph 1. These three references or criteria (the future thing, the absence of contingency and anticipation) have made it possible to identify, on the one hand, special contracts relating to a future thing and, on the other hand, contractual securities relating to a future thing. Once the various contracts relating to a future thing had been identified, it was important to study their legal regime in a second stage. A contract relating to a future thing is distinguished by two common and specific rules: first, the debtor is under a prior obligation to do something which consists in making the promised thing happen by participating in its creation or by executing another contract; and second, the creditor has a possible right, which is the pure and simple right in germ, in favour of the creditor. Moreover, most of the developments on the validity and non-performance of a contract relating to a future thing fall under the general law of contract. The problems discussed did not make it possible to identify any specific features relating to the aspect of the future thing, the object of the service.In terms of the concept and the regime, there are a total of five common criteria and rules on which to base a general theory of the contract relating to a thing in the future

This master thesis focuses on a comparison of two contract law institutes -- consideration and cause. While the former is an Anglo-American legal concept, the later is of civil law origin. The goals of this comparative study are as follows: 1. to analyze consideration and cause with the emphasis on the problematic aspects; 2. to compare the institutes with regard to their function in contracts formation; 3. to assess their reasonableness and consider alternative solutions which could better comply with the requirements of modern contract law. The structure of the paper corresponds to the above-mentioned aims.

This thesis explores the question how unilateral conduct can create, vary or discharge obligations in English private law and how unilateral conduct is regulated. First, it is explained that the reason for asking this question follows from the candidate’s background in a civil law jurisdiction, in which unilateral juridical acts are regarded a category of legally relevant behaviour. After observing the obstacles in English law to the recognition of the civil law concept of unilateral juridical acts, a number of examples of unilateral conduct are identified that create legal effect. The focus of the thesis is on examples of unilateral conduct that create, vary or discharge obligations. English law allows the creation of obligations by unilateral conduct only in very specific instances. It is observed that unilateral conduct can create or transfer property rights. The different approach is explained primarily by deeply rooted distinction in English law between words and acts. Subsequently, the thesis discusses how unilateral conduct is regulated. For some issues, notably interpretation, revocability and the intention to create legal effect, similar rules apply to the different examples of unilateral conduct. For other issues, especially mistake and form requirements, the rules diverge. It is concluded that unilateral conduct forms a category of legally relevant behaviour in English law. This category is divided in unilateral conduct that creates obligations, quasi-contractual unilateral conduct that varies or discharges obligations and unilateral voluntary property transactions. Whereas quasi-contractual unilateral conduct is closely related to contracts and should thus generally be regulated in a manner similar to contracts, the unilateral voluntary property transaction is a distinct concept, to which specific rules apply.

This thesis is an investigation of a doctrine generally known as ‘failure of consideration’, but which I term ‘failure of condition’. I have two principal aims. First, to clarify quite what the doctrine of failure of condition is. Secondly, to explain why it has the effects it does – in particular, why it justifies the response of restitution. The doctrine, at core, concerns conditional transfers: when a transfer is made conditionally, and the condition fails, the transfer can be recovered. For this reason, I term the doctrine ‘failure of condition.’ I investigate the nature of this relationship and argue that the reason why the transfer is conditional is that the agent’s intention to make the transfer was itself conditional. The justification of restitution is a more complex affair than is customarily accepted – but there is a valid justification lurking not far from the surface of orthodoxy. A secondary concern of the thesis is to re-examine an old theory in the field of common mistake, frustration and termination following a breach of contract. It used to be thought that these doctrines could be explained by failure of condition. That theory has fallen out of favour – it seems that no one accepts it today. This rejection rests upon a confusion over the nature of the doctrine of failure of condition. Once the nature of this doctrine has been clarified, we can see how closely the various doctrines align with one another; we can also see where the true difficulty with the failure of condition explanation lies.

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African system of breach of contract recognizes several distinct forms of breach. each encompassing its own set of requirements. Before one is able to determine the outcome and accordingly the rights of each contracting party in respect of an alleged breach of contract. the factual situation must be fitted into one of the recognized forms of breach. This has resulted in a highly complex system of breach of contract and resultant remedies. The existence of a direct relationship between the form of breach present in a factual situation and the remedies available to the innocent party is a fundamental premise of South African law and one that is often accepted without much investigation. This thesis investigates the extent of this interdependence and to establish whether this intricate system is necessary from a practical and a theoretical point of view. To this end. the thesis examines the less complex system of breach of contract as embodied in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods C·CISG'·) which has been widely adopted in international trade. and which has provided a template for the reformation of various national systems of law. This study concludes that the South African approach to breach of contract and remedies is in need of reform. and that a unitary concept of breach could provide a basis for both a simplification and modernization of our law.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kontraktereg erken verskeie verskyningsvorms van kontrakbreuk, elk met sy eie besondere vereistes. Ten einde die uitkoms van probleemsituasies waarin kontrakbreuk beweer word te bepaal en derhalwe die regte van die betrokkenes uit te kristalliseer. moet die feitestelonder die een of ander vorm van kontrakbreuk tuisgebring te word. Hierdie benadering het 'n besonder komplekse stelsel van kontrakbreuk en remedies tot gevolg. 'n Fundamentele uitgangspunt van die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is dat daar Il direkte korrelasie bestaan tussen die tipe van kontrakbreuk wat in 'n bepaalde geval teenwoordig is en die remedies waarop die onskuldige party kan staatmaak. Hierdie siening, wat meerendeel sonder bevraagtekening aanvaar word, vorm die fokuspunt van hierdie ondersoek. Die oogmerk is om die praktiese nuttigheid en teoretiese houbaarheid van die benadering vas te stel. As 'n vergelykingspunt neem die tesis die vereenvoudigde sisteem van kontrakbreuk beliggaam in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie aangaande die Internasionale Koopkontrak ("CISG"). Hierdie verordening geniet wye erkenning in die Internasionale Handel en het alreeds die grondslag gevorm van verskeie inisiatiewe vir die hervonning van Il aantal nasionale regstelsels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die Suid-A frikaanse benadering tot kontrakbreuk en die remedies daarvoor hervorming benodig en dat die opvatting van 'n sg uniforme kontrakbreuk as 'n basis kan dien vir die vereenvoudiging en modernisering van ons reg.

This thesis considers certain consequences following contractual failure in South African and Scots law in comparative perspective. Three species of contractual failure are under review: termination after breach; termination after supervening impossibility/frustration; and termination of a contract which is voidable by reason of improperly obtained consent. The focus is on the following: (a) the legal effect of termination for breach on the contractual nexus between the parties; (b) the claim which allows a party to enforce a right to a contractual performance after contractual failure; (c) the claim for the return of a contractual performance (or the value thereof) conferred prior to termination for breach; (d) the claim designed to redress the economic imbalances between the parties after supervening impossibility of performance/frustration; and (e)the claims designed to redress the economic imbalances between the parties after termination of a contract rendered voidable by reason of improperly obtained consent. The central argument is that in choosing between defensible doctrinal alternatives to regulate the consequences of contractual failure, a legal system must not rely exclusively on abstract taxonomic arguments, historical arguments or comparative arguments. I argue that this choice should be made after careful consideration of the principles of recovery underpinning a particular remedy and the consequences of imposing liability according to a particular doctrinal set of rules. The proper doctrinal basis of a particular remedy is the one which, having due regard to the consequences of imposing liability according to a doctrinal set of rules, most accurately reflects these principles of recovery.

This work deals with valuable consideration when changes of ownership of equity securities occur in connection with corporate changes in joint-stock company, especially with unwilling changes -- rise of registered capital with excluding the priority subscription right (§ 204a/5 of the Commercial Code), unwilling transfer of shares on the major shareholder (§ 354 of the "Act on the changes of commercial companies and associations") and squeeze out (§ 183i of the Commercial Code). Valuable consideration defines relatively in detail the Takeover Bid Act. This framework could be to certain extent analogically used for valuable consideration in unwilling transaction. However, its definition itself offers a considerable room for interpretation, so is also seized as the independent secondary topic (chapter 1). The main topic concerns two basic aspects. The first is a company evaluation. In this aspect we will take a look only at the dependence of the expert providing the evaluation on major shareholder (chapter 5). Work aims at the second problematic aspect of unwilling transaction - a premium over the valuable consideration for the infringement of right (chapter 2, especially section 2.4.). The work also deals with unevaluated risks of minority shareholders in the period beginning the day to which the company was evaluated to time of the pay out of ownership (chapter 4).

La question du traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics semble opposer de façon « incommensurable » les droits anglais et français. Si le droit français est doté de règles de droit objectif permettant, dans l’intérêt général, le traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics sans accord des parties, rien de tel n’existe en droit anglais ou la règle de la force obligatoire commande l’intangibilité de l’accord initial. La comparaison anglo-française permet, grâce à cet antagonisme, de mettre en exergue les ressorts profonds du traitement de l’aléa affectant les contrats publics au travers de l’opposition théorique entre force obligatoire et intérêt public. Dans cette perspective, les règles générales permettant, en droit français, le traitement de l’aléa sans accord des parties apparaissent comme étant fondées sur une conception économique et téléologique du contrat et de sa force obligatoire, que l’on peut également identifier dans certains aspects du droit anglais des contrats. En outre, le mode de traitement de l’aléa priviligié en Angleterre aussi bien qu’en France est l’accord de volontés – initial ou subséquent. Néanmoins, les possibilités de modification du contrat en cours d’exécution sont drastiquement limitées par le droit de l’Union européenne. A l’inverse, les stipulations initiales qui tendent à ériger, du fait de la généralisation des clauses standardisées, un régime contractuel autonome de traitement de l’aléa, apparaissent désormais comme le mode incontournable d’adaptation des contrats publics en cours d’exécution
The question of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts seems to oppose in an immeasurable way English and French laws. While, in French law, general rules provide, in the public interest, the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts without the consent of the contractors, no such provisions exist in English law, where the sanctity and intangibility of contract prevails. Thank to this antagonism, the proposed comparison enables to highlight the deep motivations of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts, through the theoretical opposition between sanctity of contract and public interest. In this respect, the general rules allowing, in French law, the treatment of the uncertain/unforeseen events without the consent of the parties appear to be based on an economic and teleological approach of the contract and its biding force. Surprisingly, the latter approach can also be noticed, in some respects, in the English law of contracts. Moreover, the priviledged mean to treat uncertain/unforeseen events in England as well as in France is the agreement of the parties – whether ex ante or ex post. Nonetheless, the possibilities of variating the contract in the course of its performance have been drastically limited by the European Union law. By contrast, the intial terms which tends to erect an autonomous regime of treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events through the spreading of standard terms appear to be the major and indispensable mean of adaptation of public contracts in the course of their performance

Si les réflexions menées sur la notion de subvention foisonnent en droit public et en science financière, le droit privé fait preuve à son égard d’une certaine indifférence. Celle-ci est d’autant plus préjudiciable que le phénomène des subventions consenties aux et par les entreprises privées ne peut qu’imparfaitement être appréhendé à travers le prisme de l’analyse classique de ces matières, à savoir que la subvention est une aide financière accordée sans contrepartie par une personne publique. L’étude des subventions aux entreprises privées permet donc d’apprécier la pertinence de cette analyse classique et propose un renouvellement de la notion de subvention à un triple titre.Tout d’abord, à rebours de l’analyse de droit public, la subvention doit être qualifiée non pas d’acte unilatéral, mais de contrat unilatéral. Il ne faut pas, en effet, confondre l’expression du consentement de la personne morale, résultant d’un acte unilatéral, avec l’acte de subvention, ayant une nature contractuelle. Ensuite, la subvention n’est qu’une variété d’aide financière. Elle se caractérise par un transfert direct de valeurs du patrimoine de l’auteur de la subvention à celui de son bénéficiaire, les valeurs étant toujours affectées à la réalisation d’un but déterminé. Ces deux éléments sont essentiels, car ils permettent de distinguer la subvention d’autres aides aux entreprises (telles qu’un abandon de créance, un prêt ou une opération pour un prix minoré ou majoré) et de mettre en évidence que l’affectation de la subvention n’engage pas son bénéficiaire à l’exécution d’une obligation, mais plus justement au respect de cette finalité en raison de la force obligatoire du contrat. En cas de méconnaissance, l’entreprise subventionnée s’expose alors à la résolution du contrat pour inexécution, toute exécution forcée étant impossible au regard de l’atteinte qu’elle porterait à sa liberté de gestion. Enfin, la subvention n’est pas exactement une aide sans contrepartie, mais plutôt une aide sans contrepartie directe. Si son auteur recherche alors souvent une contrepartie indirecte de l’attribution de la subvention, il n’en retire parfois aucune. Cette alternative fait apparaître toute la spécificité de la subvention, puisqu’elle peut être consentie soit à titre gratuit soit à titre onéreux. En d’autres termes, la subvention est un acte neutre, d’où les nombreuses difficultés pratiques qu’elle suscite. Plus précisément, en tant que contrat neutre, la subvention ne trahit pas sa cause et il faut alors déterminer dans chaque cas si le but de son débiteur est intéressé ou désintéressé. Cette recherche est indispensable, car la subvention consentie à titre gratuit, notamment par une entreprise privée, entraîne une réaction du droit des sociétés – violation du principe de spécialité – du droit fiscal – acte anormal de gestion – et du droit pénal. La mise en évidence de telles limites à la liberté de subventionner les entreprises privées contribue alors à révéler l’identité civile et fiscale de l’acte neutre
While the notion of subsidy is widely discussed within public law and financial science, private law remains relatively indifferent to this subject. This is particularly detrimental given that the concept of subsidies for and by private companies can only be imperfectly assessed via the classical analysis of these subjects where a subsidy is viewed as an unconditioned financial support. Studying subsidies to private companies thus enables us to assess the appropriateness of this classical analysis and to suggest a renewed understanding of subsidies on three aspects.Firstly, unlike in public law, a subsidy must be viewed as a unilateral contract, not a unilateral act. It is important indeed not to confuse the expression of consent by a legal entity, which results from a unilateral act, with the act of granting a subsidy, which is contractual in nature. A subsidy is also just a type of financial support. It is characterized by a direct wealth transfer from the grantor of the subsidy to its beneficiary, valued on the achievement of a specific goal. These two elements are essential as they differentiate a subsidy from other types of private companies’ support mechanisms (such as debt relief, loans, underpriced or overpriced transactions) and show that being goal-oriented does not commit the beneficiary to realizing the stated objective, rather it is the binding nature of a contract that enforces this obligation. In case of non-compliance, the subsidized entity will be subject to the contract’s termination clauses for being in default of its contractual obligations, a forced contractual compliance being not possible as it remains a management decision. Finally, a subsidy is not exactly an unconditioned financial support, rather it is a support without direct obligations. If its grantor often aims to obtain a direct benefit against the issuance of a subsidy, it often obtains nothing. This alternative reflects the specificity of a subsidy as it can be given for free or not. In other words, a subsidy is a neutral act which explains its numerous practical difficulties. More precisely, as a neutral contract, a subsidy does not express a specific reason, in each case it must thus be assessed if the issuer has a vested interest in the granting of the said subsidy. This research is of great interest, as a subsidy granted for free, in particular by a private enterprise, has consequences in terms of company law – breach of the “specialty” principle – tax law – customary managerial decisions – and criminal law. Showing the limits of the freedom to subsidize private companies contributes to reveal the civil and tax identity of a neutral act

Since 1809 the common law has clearly provided that a promise by a party to perform an act that he or she is already legally bound to perform is not good consideration. Accordingly a promise received in exchange is not enforceable. This is so whether the promise would have the effect of creating a new contract or modifying the terms of an existing contract. The rule has from time to time been the subject of judicial criticism but nevertheless operated with full vigor until 1991. Hitherto, (except in unilateral contract situations) consideration subsisted in the promises made by the parties at the instant of exchange rendering the promises thenceforth mutually enforceable. The contract or the modified contract effectively existed from that time, unconcerned with what the parties hoped to gain from the exchange or what each in fact gained. The English Court of Appeal decision in Williams v. Roffey Bros & Nicholls Ltd has the potential to change the law as settled. This dissertation is concerned with the consequences of the decision in the context of promises intended to modify the terms of existing contracts. In Williams v. Roffey the successful promisee gave the promisor no more than an understanding that he would continue to attempt to perform his undertaking under a prior contract. The Court held that the 'practical benefit' that accrued to the promisor from the repetition of the previous promise was sufficient consideration to make the promise of increased payment enforceable. The second promise was made outside the bargaining process and the potential for 'practical benefit' was neither solicited nor offered. The fact that there would be a 'practical benefit' was a deduction made by the Court as a result of questioning counsel for the defendant during the argument of the appeal. The dissertation examines the history of the doctrine of consideration, its incidents, which are said to enable consideration to moderate bargains, and how each is potentially rendered redundant by the decision. As a result of the decision, the role of the court has changed with greater emphasis on the substance of the transaction instead of external characteristics. The superior record keeping methods available to commerce in the 20th century facilitates this change. The following matters seem implicit in the decision. First, the bargaining process has lost its significance in contract modification situations. Second, the courts in determining what is practical and what is not, will find it difficult to avoid investigating the adequacy of consideration. This is an investigation that the courts have steadfastly refused to undertake in the past. The series of Australian authorities commencing with Je Maintendrai v. Quaglia and culminating in The Commonwealth of Australia v. Verwayen are examined. Whilst it is correct to say that those decisions, especially Waltons Stores v. Maher, introduce reliance based liability into the Australian law, the conclusion is reached that extensions to the law of estoppel do not solve the problems arising out of promises that modify existing contracts. This is because detriment to the promisee is necessary to trigger the operation of the law of estoppel and the remedy, being equitable, is discretionary. In contract modification situations the detriment suffered by the promisee is often ethereal and a discretionary remedy (as opposed to enforcing the promise) deprives the transaction of the certainty that is desirable in commercial transactions. The work concludes that, in regard to contract modifications, the doctrine of consideration ceases to perform a useful role and the equitable remedies do not meet the needs of commerce. Accordingly, the suggestion is made that all promises having the effect of modifying an existing contract should be enforceable provided that there is satisfactory evidence that the promise was made and the absence of duress.

碩士
淡江大學
金融研究所
83
In the 1980s, some developing countries, such as Poland, Mexico and Brazil, declared that they had no ability to repay international loans. This declaration from those counties resulted in finance crisis in the world. In addition, because of developing countrys' instability for politics, economics and society, and international loans gradually accumulate, that borrowers are not able to remit money and perform obligation on schedule. That reasons make directly impact on borrowers' finance system. The international bank may face the situation the borrower cannot repay money and the risk happened bad debt risk as well. How to develop the new finance contract that developing countries can repay debt and reduce international loan risk of banking firm is one of the major purpose of the present study. In the paper, the major purpose is to view the international lending problem from the perspective of the banking firm fund suppler and to discuss how to design the international loans contract forms under the case of inliquidity risk, in order to maximize the banking firm's expected profit. Besides, the paper also deals with the issues of compative static analysis of competitive loan rate, borrowing rate, commodity spot price and commodity expected forward price variation to international loan combination.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
106
With the popularity of the internet and mobile devices, the transmission of information becomes quick and conveniently. In recent year, the "Sharing Economy" trend has risen, its core concept isto sharethe idle asset with the people whoneed, so that canreduce the waste and create business opportunities. Due to technological innovation,the applications about the concept of sharing economy are become more various,that providers and demander can be matched more conveniently and efficiently.Therefore, new models to describe the interaction between platform, supplier and demander are essential.This research want to maximize the profit of the sharing economy platform,then the supply and demand will affect theprofit. This research presents a two-phase setting model, where the first phase is purchase phase and the second phase is the sharing phase, and finds the optimal solutions for the rental price, commission and profit in first and second phase.In this research, it is found that when the rental price is between 0.7 and 0.75 of the market price, it will bring about turning point in the profit of the platform, and found that rental price and commissions too high or too low cannot produce the highest profit.

碩士
淡江大學
財務金融學系
87
The commercial banks had quicken their step in internationalization by the varying of financial surroundings and regulations of law－the development of international free trade, professional manufacturing and accelerated liberalizing internationally. Bennett (1984) applied the modern portfolio theorem in international banks' loan investment. But, as mention to international circumstances, though under the integration in economy, there still had difference in financial environment, quality of economy, organization of government, laws and regulations, business cycle between nations. The uncertainty of lending in domestic or foreign counties, therefore, have distinguishing feature. Despite the irresistible global trend toward financial liberalization, a bank may not necessarily increase its international diversification lending activities. This international diversification puzzle may be realized once we observe the optimal composition of a bank's loan portfolio. The intention of this thesis is, meanwhile, to query if it is suitable to discuss the international banking firms' lending decision only from the point of view of portfolio theorem? To propose a possible explanation for this puzzle, the international loan portfolio from the viewpoint of the portfolio-theoretic as well as firm-theoretic approaches is derived and analyzed. However, the diversification puzzle may vanish even though only the exchange-rate risk faced by the bank under different deposit and loan market structure is under consideration. By bridging an important linkage between these two approaches, the issue of the diversification puzzle can be further discussed.

of the Master thesis This Master thesis deals with an institute of the Czech contract law - kauza (causa). The example of kauza (and consideration) illustrate the tendency of legal systems to keep institutes once they have been created, even at the cost of inconsistent changes in their definition, purpose or function. The original meaning of the institutes is continuously blurred which makes it difficult to assess whether their use in the current legal system is substantiated. The main purpose of the thesis is to contribute to a clarification of the real function of kauza in the Czech contract law. Unlike in foreign legal publications, kauza is rather marginalized in Czech legal writings. Authors that deal with the problems of kauza (at least to some extend) often come to mutually exclusive/ inconsistent conclusions. The classical doctrine of causa makes little sense in the consensual concept of contract that seems to be favored in the Czech legal theory. Namely, the requirement of kauza appears to be additional to a requirement of consensus of the parties. Such theoretical discrepancy may be one of the reasons why the meaning of kauza in the Czech law is still unclear. Contract theories facilitate a deeper understanding of contracts, contract law and its particular institutes. However, the Czech...

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
93
As oversupply and the era of low gross margin come, the competition has shifted to supply chain to supply chain. The coordination and integration among enterprises in pursuit of maximizing the profit of the whole supply chain are more important then ever. In practice, signing the supply chain contract（for example, the complex quantity flexibility contract used by Benetton and its retailers）is helpful for the coordination and integration among enterprises to enhance the profit of the whole supply chain. Due to the huge value generated by the supply chain contract in practice and there exists ample opportunities for conducting academic research about supply chain contract, our study has designed a supply chain contract in consideration of risk pooling and risk sharing for a single-period environment in which there is a manufacturer offering many products to a retailer and the manufacturer can not stock out. Under this contract, not only the retailer, before the real demand occurs, has the right to adjust the ordering quantity of each product（at this time, we could shift extra ordering quantity from the product whose expected amount is beyond the real demand to another product whose real demand is beyond the expected amount）, but also the retailer, after the real demand occurs, has the second chance to increase the total ordering quantity so that the manufacturer and the retailer could share the risk of the uncertain demand and enhance the profit of the whole supply chain. First, under the given parameters of the ordering quantity adjustment flexibility, by using the conditional expectation, we formulate the expected profit models for the retailer and the manufacturer and solve the aforementioned models to assist them in making proper ordering and producing decisions. Then, by formulating an approximate general linear model, we further design the contract’s parameters of the ordering quantity adjustment flexibility to effectively coordinate and integrate the manufacturer and the retailer to maximize the expected profit of the whole supply chain. Finally, by performing the sensitivity analysis and the experimental design, we systematically explore the individual and combined benefits of the risk pooling and the risk sharing and find the significant factors which influence the total ordering quantity and expected profit. Via comparison and analysis, our study gets the following conclusions： 1.By considering the proper flexibility to adjust the ordering quantity of each product while maintaining the same total ordering quantity, we could get the benefit of the risk pooling among products and enhance the expected profit of the whole supply chain. And by considering the proper flexibility to increase the total ordering quantity, we could let the manufacturer and the retailer share the risk of the uncertain demand and enhance the expected profit of the whole supply chain. 2.By considering the flexibility to adjust the ordering quantity of each product while maintaining the same total ordering quantity or by considering the flexibility to increase the total ordering quantity, we could enhance the expected profit of the whole supply chain compared to no flexibility to adjust the ordering quantity. And because the contract which simultaneously combines the above two flexibility could more effectively enhance the expected profit of the whole supply chain, it can serve as the mechanism to coordinate and integrate the enterprises to pursue the maximization of the profit of the whole supply chain in practice.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
105
With the popularity of smart devices and the convenience of the internet, global mobile data keeps growing. As network congestion occurs more frequently, users experience internet service with lower quality and start complaining of internet providers. Internet service provider will have higher reputation if service quality is improved, but the maintenance cost of network infrastructure will increase as well. However, content provider will gain more benefits without paying additional cost after infrastructure expansion. Therefore, internet service provider has no incentive to expand the scale of capacity. In this research, we consider a cost-sharing contract between internet service provider and content provider, and analyze the problem by backward induction. In basic model, content provider decides the subscription price of content after internet service provider decides the scale of capacity provided to users for connecting to the internet. This research considers different cooperation scenario, in which content provider and internet service provider are able to make different decisions, that is, the scale of capacity or the proportion of maintenance cost shared by content provider. Through numerical analysis, we show that internet service provider will have incentive to expand the scale of infrastructure capacity without sacrificing content provider’s utility through cost-sharing contract, and more users can experience internet service with better quality at the same time.

(in English): The final thesis deals with the analysis of selected principles of the Czech and English contract law. The aim of the final thesis was to highlight common and different features of the Czech and English law based on the selected principles and simultaneously to illustrate the differences in legal reasoning between the two countries. The author describes the significance of the English law in the first chapter, followed by the chapter concerning formation of a contract in the Czech and English law. Attention is being paid to an offer, further analysis includes the possibility of revocation of an offer and the different approaches adopted to these problems in the legal frameworks of the Czech Republic and England. The author than proceeds to the description of acceptance of an offer, formation and conclusion of a contract and effectiveness of an acceptance in the case of distance dealing between the parties. Comparison with PECL and UNIDROIT is being made and the author concludes, that both the Czech and English contract law adopt the same solutions for an acceptance and conclusion of a contract, which, however, do not coincide with the rules laid down in PECL and UNIDROIT. Critical assessment of the provisions concerning the offer and acceptance in the Czech Civil Code Bill, which...

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
103
Many countries start focusing on issues of environmental protection and climate change in recent years. In the meanwhile, the energy prices began to increase substantially which causes heavy burdens for countries including Taiwan who are lack of natural resources. Green energy thus becomes important. However, before the green energy can be used thoroughly, governments usually set up policies in advance for energy conservation and carbon deduction. In response to this situation, the energy service company (ESCO) has been developed for the purpose of improving energy waste for enterprises or governments. Projects are conducted according to energy savings performance contracts (ESPC) by which the future energy saving can be used to pay back the installation cost of energy efficiency systems through the technical support of ESCOs. How to choose a proper type of contract according to real circumstances of users is a critical issue. In the present research, analyses are carried out based on two commonly applied energy saving contracts named ‘shared savings contract’ and ‘guaranteed savings contract’. Carbon tax is taken into consideration in particular to investigate its influence on the contract. As the cost of power generation on off-shore islands is higher than that of Taiwan itself, and the scope of off-shore islands is also relative small. It would be reasonable to launch energy saving programs for initial experiments. Beside, in order to respond to the government’s project to replace traditional mercury-containing streetlights with LED streetlights, this thesis takes the replacing mercury-containing streetlights with LED streetlights on one of Taiwan’s off-shore island as an example. We first consider the cost and profit of construction, operation, maintenance of LED streetlights, and carbon trading, carbon tax, government’s grant-in-aid and other factors. Secondly, we analyze two kinds of performance contracts described above respectively to realize their payback periods and returns on investment. And then, we consider the perspective of ESCO, energy consumer, and government, respectively, to find out the appropriate energy saving business model and policies which benefit for each of themselves.

In this dissertation, I critically evaluate the VAT treatment of common partnership transactions that are encountered during the life of a partnership. Of great significance, is that at common law a partnership is not regarded as a person, but for VAT purposes it is treated as a separate person. This creates a strong dichotomy between the general legal nature, and the VAT character of a partnership transaction. The partnership and the VAT law dichotomy, is an important theme that runs through most of the thesis. Only once I have established the nature of the transaction for VAT purposes – whether in keeping with or differing from the common law – do I apply the relevant provisions of the VAT Act to determine the VAT implications of the transaction. An important general principle is that what is supplied or acquired by the body of persons who make up the partnership, within the course and scope of its common purpose, is for VAT purposes, supplied or acquired by the partnership as a separate person. I conclude that there are difficulties and uncertainties regarding the application of the provisions of the VAT Act to various partnership transactions. For the sake of certainty and simplicity, I propose amendments to the current provisions that are relevant to partnership transactions, and also propose additional provisions. The proposed amendments seek to align with the purpose of the VAT Act and the principles upon which it is based, and also to adhere to internationally accepted principles for a sound VAT system. I also pinpoint those aspects of the VAT Act that can be clarified by the SARS in an interpretation statement. I further identify issues that require more research, eg issues arising from a partnership’s participation in cross-border trade.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.