Tesis sobre el tema "Contamination – Environnement"
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Prevost, Benoit. "Dynamique de la contamination virale dans un environnement hydrique urbain". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1181.
Texto completoEnteric viruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. These viruses are mainly excreted in the faeces and are therefore observed in large amounts in wastewater. Depending on the types of treatments, virus removal from effluent may vary from one wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to another. Despite these treatments, most of the WWTP releases significant quantities of enteric viruses in the environment. The aim of this study was to better understand the circulation of human enteric viruses in urban rivers. For this purpose methods have been developed to enable the detection of a broad panel of enteric viruses in various water matrices that may be collected from the environment. Since there is important inhibition observed in this type of water samples, three controls were developed to verify the success of this method, from the sample concentration to the PCR quantification, and thus to validate the results. A sampling campaign was carried out at the Seine River section (Paris area) affected by its natural tributaries and WWTP effluents. The river and effluent flows at the different sampling points were used to calculate the viral flows as the amount of virus circulating at a point during a time unit. This approach has demonstrated the major implication WWTP effluents in the viral contamination of the Seine River. Among all the targeted enteric viruses, adenoviruses, norovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus showed the most significant viral loads in WWTP effluents and consequently in river waters. Their quantities in WWTP effluents and surface water were the most important during the winter period which was consistent with the epidemiological data from the French Reference Center for enteric viruses. A close connection between the health status of the Parisian population and enteric virus concentration in WWTP effluents and in the Seine River could be established. The study of the diversity of astrovirus and norovirus of genogroups I and II was carried out by pyrosequencing on WWTP effluent and Seine river samples to develop a profile of the different genotypes circulating in the environment. Many common genotypes were observed between the effluent dataset and the epidemiological data collected over the same period by the French Reference Center. These results highlight the complementarity of the two datasets, and the fact that WWTP effluents provide a relevant profile of enteric viruses circulating in the environment but also in the human population. The amount of enteric viruses present in drinking water resources such as surface waters is a real public health problem. Therefore, it is important to evaluate viral persistence in surface waters during tertiary treatment and in drinking water, but also the viral persistence after usual disinfection treatments such chlorination and ultraviolet treatment. The absence of cell model for culture of most enteric viruses, has led us to develop a method using intercalating dyes to assess the capsid integrity of the viral particles quantified by real time PCR. The use of these intercalating agents was relevant when the environmental conditions and disinfection treatments caused a degradation of the viral capsid. Consequently, their use for the analysis of water samples from drinking water plants allowed to prevent an overestimation of the risk of transmission to humans by the consumption of tap water. In conclusion, this work provides development of analysis methods highlighting the relationships between the circulation of infectious enteric viruses in the environment and the health status of the human population
Gaspard, Philippe. "Contamination parasitaire dans l'environnement : prospective pour une gestion des risques sanitaires". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10453.
Texto completoDubois, Eric. "Contamination de l'environnement littoral par les rotavirus du groupe a : detection par amplification enzymatique en chaine et analyse du polymorphisme de restriction de sequences virales dans les eaux de surfaces et les coquillages". Rennes 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REN1B036.
Texto completoLucas, Jean-Paul. "Contamination des logements par le plomb : prévalences des logements à risque et identification des déterminants de la contamination". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00946167.
Texto completoBaudrimont, Isabelle. "Biocontamination de l'environnement dans des ateliers de fabrication". Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P055.
Texto completoIdder, Salima. "État de la contamination des eaux du département de la Dordogne par les résidus de médicaments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14652.
Texto completoThe beginning of the 21th century saw a growing interest for pharmaceuticals in aquaticsystems. The development of new analytical technologies allowing detection and quantification ofcompounds at ultra-trace levels mostly contributed to this expansion. These technologicalimprovements allowed to evidence and quantify many xenobiotics in various aquaticcompartments. Since about fifteen years, research teams focused their attention to human orveterinary pharmaceuticals. These contaminants are among emerging pollutants and no regulationexists in Europe concerning their presence in the environment. The presence of few tenths ofpharmaceuticals has been demonstrated. Living organisms in aquatic bodies are thereforeexposed to mixtures of compounds certainly at low doses (often between few ng and fewhundreds of ng) but continuously and the effects of this exposure are few documented. Thecontamination of aquatic systems by pharmaceuticals is usually the sign of an importanturbanization and streams with strong domestic pressures are often chosen as sampling sites inscientific studies. Nevertheless, the data concerning rural areas are still scarce although theyrepresent four fifth of the French territory.This work aims to establish a current situation of water resources of a rural territory, theDordogne administrative department. The occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals including lipidregulators, antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anticancer drugs, etc inseveral streams has studied with a multi-residue analytical method involving an on-linepreconcentration, a chromatographic separation followed by tandem MS/MS detection. Themethod has been validated for surface waters according to COFRAC requirements.Many sites were sampled every month during one year (2011) on six major streams of theDordogne department. The various campaigns allowed identifying the main areas contaminatedby pharmaceuticals and some linear correlations with other parameters (ammonium ion,phosphorus, etc.) have been evidenced.Beside the results obtained over all the Dordogne department, a focus on the presence ofpharmaceuticals in Isle river, around Périgueux, the main urban area of Dordogne, was led. Thissurvey allowed characterizing the introduction ways of pharmaceuticals and better understandingthe impact of the city of Périgueux on the river Isle
Dairain, Annabelle. "Sensibilité de l’espèce bioturbatrice Upogebia cf. pusilla dans un environnement littoral soumis à différents stress : infestations parasitaires et contamination métallique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0331/document.
Texto completoBioturbation is a typical example of ecosystem engineering. Bioturbating species are mainly epi- or endobenthic organisms, which profoundly affect the physical structure and biogeochemical properties of sediments. In marine soft-bottom environments, thalassinidean mud shrimp are considered as one of the most prominent bioturbating organisms. Among these species is the mud shrimp Upogebia cf. pusilla, which is recognized as an important sediment reworker, also significantly contributing to the bioirrigation of sediments. In fine, this species greatly modulates organic matter mineralization and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface. The influence of U. cf. pusilla in ecosystem functioning depends on the intensity of its bioturbation and thus on its fitness. Several factors can affect the physiological status of organisms, potentially resulting in behavioural changes and causing modifications of their activities. Amongst potential stressors, we evaluated the influence of parasitism and trace metal contamination on the mud shrimp U. cf. pusilla in Arcachon Bay, France. Field surveys and laboratory experiments were undertaken in order to evaluate (1) the parasite infestation levels in the mud shrimp at the local scale, (2) the metal contamination background and potential relationship between the metal accumulation and the parasitic status of organisms in the field and (3) estimate the distinct and interactive impacts of parasitism and metal contamination on two scales of organisation, by targeting a molecular (gene expression) and a behavioural (sediment reworking) endpoint.A large spatial and temporal survey conducted in Arcachon Bay showed that at least two parasites species occur in mud shrimp: a bopyrid isopod (Gyge branchialis), living in one of the gill chambers of its host, and a trematode parasite (Maritrema sp.), infecting the whole body of mud shrimp. These two parasite species are negatively associated within their host, in which the bopyrid likely interferes with trematodes establishment. Additionally, a one year seasonal sampling demonstrated that mud shrimp displayed very low levels of metals in Arcachon Bay. The bopyrid parasite could interfere with the process of metal accumulation in mud shrimp, while such correlation was not found for the trematode parasite. Finally, complementary laboratory experiments highlighted that, at the molecular level, the bopyrid parasite did not affect the expression of the genes targeted in this study in mud shrimp. Similarly, at the behavioural level, and conversely to a previous study, the effects of the bopyrid parasite were minor, i.e. only associated to small modifications of the bioturbation activity of its host. Indeed, the intensity of the sediment reworking of mud shrimp was slightly reduced when organisms were infested with this parasite. Regarding trace metal contamination, we noticed that mud shrimp largely accumulated cadmium. This accumulation was associated to an important modulation of gene expression, especially of genes encoding proteins involved in detoxification processes, highlighting, at this organisation level, the capability of mud shrimp to deal with the deleterious effect of cadmium. At the behavioural scale, cadmium contamination positively affected the sediment reworking activity of mud shrimp. Finally, double-stress experiments evidenced an antagonistic effect of both stressors on the two targeted endpoints. This study highlights the complexity of the interactions between multiple stressors and that the response of organisms cannot be predicted from “single-stress” experiments. [...]
Menant, Nina. "Etude des mécanismes de contamination particulaire et des moyens de détection : proposition et evaluation de solutions innovantes pour la détection en temps-réel de la sédimentation des particules sur les surfaces critiques". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT268/document.
Texto completoThe assembly of the satellites in clean rooms is currently monitored, in order to guarantee their reliability, via optical counters of particles which indicate the quantity of particles per volume of air in the room. However, why measure the quantity of particles in the air whereas it is the cleanliness of surfaces which is important? The complexity of the phenomena of transport and sedimentation of the particles makes the simulation, the prediction or the prevention of these phenomena particularly difficult. The objective of this thesis, which proceeded at the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), is to propose a method of measurement of the local and surface particulate contamination. Two axes are privileged to this end. Initially, an evaluation of the phenomena of contamination and existing methods of measurement are proposed by approaching space field specificities. The theoretical and experimental studies gathered in this memory and the assessment of the remaining interrogations trace a clear portrait of the state of current knowledge in this field. This state of the art brings to the definition of a need for the first time clearly expressed. A review of the metrological methods being based on this preliminary evaluation makes it possible to study with precision the possibilities of development of a sensor. Finally, this thesis shows that the goal of active and real-time measurement of particles of 1 µm is achieved with a method of optical detection by transmission of the light signal. In the second place, this thesis attempts to describe the characteristics of the sensor whose specifications were studied and specified in first part. If the development of the sensor is still at the initial stage, the prospects for industrial valorization are clearly established. This memory is thus based on a background research on the theory of the particulate contamination and the physical phenomena of interaction between the particles and their environment to define a method of optical measurement reliable, validated by simulation, and being the object of a patent filling
DORN, STEINMETZ CELINE. "Evaluation de la contamination diffuse de l'environnement par les pesticides : mise au point d'une technique analytique multiresiduelle sur une eau de surface chargee". Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15006.
Texto completoCoclet, Clément. "Impacts de la contamination multiple en éléments traces métalliques sur les communautés microbiennes dans un environnement côtier fortement anthropisé : la rade de Toulon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL0010.
Texto completoToulon Bay is a highly anthropized coastal ecosystem that present multiple trace metal contamination gradients, and was considered as a model system. The coupling of field campaigns and laboratory experiments were used to study the impact of trace metal contamination on bath planktonic and biofilm microbial communities. Chemical analyses, flux cytometry, and metabarcoding were used to study several characteristics of communities, as abundance and taxonomie diversity in response to trace metal contamination in the Toulon Bay. Then, bath ultraphytoplankton and bacterioplankton showed strong spatial patterns along the trace metal contamination gradients. Laboratory experiments showed that trace metals played an important raie on bath abundance and diversity patterns of ultraplanktonic communities, by bath potential direct (toxicity) and indirect (phytoplankton-bacterioplankton interactions). Conversely to planktonic communities, trace metal contamination had limited impact on microbial biofilm community. ln contrast, microbial biofilm community seemed to be influenced by surrounding sediments, and by potential colonizer taxa from benthic compartment resuspended du ring sediment resuspension events. ln conclusion, trace metals seemed to have impacts on all the microbial communities of Toulon Bay, with variations of influence depending on the compartment
Diop, Amadou. "Diagnostic des pratiques d'utilisation et quantification des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar (Sénégal)". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959895.
Texto completoBrieudes, Vincent. "Caractérisation de la contamination des systèmes aquatiques par les psychotropes : développement d'une méthode de référence incluant une démarche multifactorielle de hiérarchisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0034.
Texto completoPharmaceuticals and their residues belong to the so-called “emerging” pollutants for which no current regulation is applied regarding their presence in the environment. Monitoring the contamination of aquatic resources by these kinds of micropollutants is a necessity in order to anticipate potential effects regarding human health and ecosystems. In this context, data quality (traceability and comparability) is compulsory so as to take better decisions regarding policies to be driven. Psychotropic compounds, which are widely consumed, display a great concern in that field.This thesis aimed at characterizing occurrence of psychotropic compounds in the environment and putting forward metrological tools insuring accuracy, traceability, comparability as well as representativity of the measurement results.To that purpose, a SPE-LC-MS² multi-residue method has been developed for a selection of psychotropic compounds and other commonly consumed drugs. Method limits of quantification were in the range of ng.L-1 which enabled to characterize their occurrence in several surface waters and treated wastewaters. Concurrently, usage of integrative samplers was evaluated and applied on the field in different locations. Occurrence levels of 68 selected compounds were established by implementation of this complementary strategy in aquatic systems. Furthermore, results from measurement campaigns were used to rank studied compounds into a short list of interest. Finally, a reference method using isotopic dilution and mass spectrometry (DI-MS) was developed for the characterization of 24 psychotropic compounds in surface waters. Expanded uncertainties (k=2) inferior to 10% were obtained. Last be not least, implementing this method to environmental analysis emphasized the importance of sampling related uncertainties regarding to global measurement uncertainties
Idder, Salima. "État de la contamination des eaux du département de la Dordogne par les résidus de médicaments". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14652/document.
Texto completoThe beginning of the 21th century saw a growing interest for pharmaceuticals in aquaticsystems. The development of new analytical technologies allowing detection and quantification ofcompounds at ultra-trace levels mostly contributed to this expansion. These technologicalimprovements allowed to evidence and quantify many xenobiotics in various aquaticcompartments. Since about fifteen years, research teams focused their attention to human orveterinary pharmaceuticals. These contaminants are among emerging pollutants and no regulationexists in Europe concerning their presence in the environment. The presence of few tenths ofpharmaceuticals has been demonstrated. Living organisms in aquatic bodies are thereforeexposed to mixtures of compounds certainly at low doses (often between few ng and fewhundreds of ng) but continuously and the effects of this exposure are few documented. Thecontamination of aquatic systems by pharmaceuticals is usually the sign of an importanturbanization and streams with strong domestic pressures are often chosen as sampling sites inscientific studies. Nevertheless, the data concerning rural areas are still scarce although theyrepresent four fifth of the French territory.This work aims to establish a current situation of water resources of a rural territory, theDordogne administrative department. The occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals including lipidregulators, antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anticancer drugs, etc inseveral streams has studied with a multi-residue analytical method involving an on-linepreconcentration, a chromatographic separation followed by tandem MS/MS detection. Themethod has been validated for surface waters according to COFRAC requirements.Many sites were sampled every month during one year (2011) on six major streams of theDordogne department. The various campaigns allowed identifying the main areas contaminatedby pharmaceuticals and some linear correlations with other parameters (ammonium ion,phosphorus, etc.) have been evidenced.Beside the results obtained over all the Dordogne department, a focus on the presence ofpharmaceuticals in Isle river, around Périgueux, the main urban area of Dordogne, was led. Thissurvey allowed characterizing the introduction ways of pharmaceuticals and better understandingthe impact of the city of Périgueux on the river Isle
Vadrot, Cyril. "Mise au point d'une méthode de détection du bacille de la tuberculose et application pour l'étude de lieux à risques". Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P626.
Texto completoTuberculosis remains a health problem in many developed countries. It should be beneficial to obtain a non-invasive tool to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in environment. A semi-quantitative approach for a bioaerosol monitoring of M. Tuberculosis based on a DNA diagnostic involving the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was adapted for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in different indoor locations. The method was assessed by tests in hospital rooms (in the presence of tuberculosis patients, in a bronchoscopy room, in mycobacteria laboratory and in a bus carrying homeless people. The method was put into practice, with positive results in hospital rooms where tubercular pneumonia patients were hospitalized during the first days after the diagnosis and in the mycobacteria laboratory. These methods could be adapted to study environmental spreading of M. Tuberculosis airborne particles expelled from the human respiratory tract and applied to risk-assessment studies
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Texto completoDargnat, Cendrine. "Sources, transfert et devenir des phtalates sur le bassin versant de la Seine : caractérisation des dangers pour l'environnement et les écosystèmes". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066574.
Texto completoRaffy, Gaëlle. "Exposition humaine aux composés organiques semi-volatils (COSV) en environnement intérieur par ingestion de poussières : évaluation de la bioaccessibilité orale des COSV". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B053.
Texto completoThe quality of indoor environments is now a major public health concern. People spend nearly 90% of their time indoors where they are exposed to pollutants such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) suspected of adverse health effects. Dust ingestion is a significant route of exposure to some of these SVOCs, especially for children. To characterize this exposure, it is necessary to consider the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs, defined as the fraction of pollutant released into the gastrointestinal tract and available for absorption. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) develop and validate a simple method for measuring the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs in indoor dust and (ii) produce bioaccessibility data for SVOCs of health interest This article-based thesis consists of three chapters: a scientific context, which presents the sources and toxicity of SVOCs, then describes their presence in school air and dust, before addressing the different routes of human exposure; a state of the art on the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs in dust; and the proposal of a simplified method for measuring this bioaccessibility, its validation, and its application to first samples. This work concludes on a broader context than ingestion by establishing perspectives that also consider inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility, in order to characterize the overall exposure to COSV in indoor environments
Gebrayel, El Reaidy Georges. "Evaluation expérimentale et modélisation de la contamination induite par laser sur les optiques spatiales". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0493/document.
Texto completoSince their first implementation in satellite systems, lasers have proven to be very versatile devices in space applications. They are key components of a variety of space-based instruments performing altimetry, light detection and ranging, laser sensing, and laser communication. However, laser induced damage (LID) and laser-induced contamination (LIC) of optical surfaces are a major failure risk for space-bound laser instruments. Regarding the LIC effect, the interaction of the laser with slight traces of organic compounds on the optical surface leads to the formation of a highly absorbing nanometric deposit on the laser footprint. Under certain conditions, this deposit may cause laser induced damage. Today, mainly the LIC effect remains an obstacle for the development of reliable and long-living spaceborne lasers. A parametric study concerning this effect was carried out in this work in order to enhance our understanding of the various mechanisms involved
Zhu, Xiaoxiao. "Influence of hydrodynamics and correlation of metal contents with settling velocities on contamination distribution in a stormwater detention basin". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI035.
Texto completoStormwater detention basins have three main functions: storing rainwater to prevent flooding, promoting settling of particulate pollutants, avoiding resuspension and remobilization of settled pollutants to the downstream. The design and the management of such facilities requires the knowledge of hydrodynamic and sediment characteristics, as well as the ability to predict areas where deposits are highly contaminated.The main objective of this PhD work is to identify the areas where pollutant levels in sediments are high in detention and settling basin. The studied site is the stormwater detention basin (Django Reinhardt basin or DRB), which is an extended and dry basin at the outlet of an industrial watershed. This basin has been the subject of numerous investigations within the framework of the Field Observatory for Urban Water Management (or observatoire de terrain en hydrologie urbaine - OTHU in French).First of all, the measurements of surface velocities by Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) permits to better understand the hydrodynamic behaviour in the basin. These measurements were used to evaluate CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models. This is the first time this measurement technique has been applied in the case of stormwater management facilities. The results show that CFD models identify the main recirculation zone that promotes settling. These evaluated models were then used to simulate the transport of particulate pollutants, including sedimentation and resuspension. The exploitation of these simulations results enables to (i) identify the preferential areas where resuspended contaminated sediments may be conveyed to the downstream infiltration basin and (ii) predict the accumulation zones of some metals. Results also demonstrate that iron contents in sediments are strongly correlated to settling velocities and can be considered as a good indicator of the level of heavy metals contamination of sediments. The results obtained in this thesis contribute to improve the design of stormwater detention and settling basins and the management of contaminated sediments
Da, Silva Abdou Malik. "Etude du rôle des hôtes définitifs impliqués dans la contamination environnementale par Echinococcus multilocularis en zone d’endémie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCE021.
Texto completoAlveolar echinococcosis remains an expanding zoonosis despite improved sanitary measures, changing dietary habits and decreasing populations in the most at-risk socio-economic categories. Environmental contamination with Echinococcus multilocularis, the parasite responsible for this zoonosis, and the risk of infection for humans depend on the distribution of carnivore faeces, as definitive hosts of the parasite. This study aimed to characterise the contribution of foxes, dogs and cats to environmental contamination with E. multilocularis in endemic area. The presence of E. multilocularis eggs was confirmed most significantly in fox faeces. Furthermore, our studies demonstrated local spatial heterogeneity in the exposure risk to E. multilocularis eggs via fox faeces, which represents a key parameter in the local transmission of the parasite. In addition, investigation of soil contamination with E. multilocularis in vegetable gardens suggests that E. multilocularis eggs could persist for at least one year after the disappearance of faeces carrying the parasite. Individual contribution of foxes to environmental contamination with E. multilocularis was explored by genotyping their faeces with microsatellite markers. Among infested foxes, we identified a few individuals (35%) that deposited the majority of faeces tested positive for E. multilocularis (60%). Finally, the identification of EmsB genetic profiles of E. multilocularis eggs isolated from definitive host faeces suggests transmission of the parasite from foxes, then considered as a local reservoir, to dogs and cats via predation of the local rodent population. The whole study demonstrates the major role of the sylvatic cycle perpetuated by foxes in maintaining the synanthropic cycle of the parasite. It seems then measures to control E. multilocularis abundance in the field must necessarily cover the territory of fox individuals that are super-spreaders for the parasite in order to s ucceed in interrupting the local cycle of the parasite
Merhabi, Fatmé. "Contamination par les polluants organiques persistants et émergents une étude de cas : la rivière Kadicha". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG080.
Texto completoThe river contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants has raised an increasing concern about their impact on exposed ecosystems. Small Mediterranean coastal rivers have great and fast variations of hydrological flow along the year and can rapidly bring to the mediterranean sea the contamination occurring in the coastal area, especially where population density is high. The Kadicha river basin in Northern Lebanon is an illustrative example of multiple pressures encountered in the Mediterranean basin: it is a small coastal river affected by disorganized and rapid urbanization, a population growth and a chronic default of wastewater collection and treatment. In this context, various contaminants, witness of different anthropic activities were selected and analyzed within the Kadicha river basin.The main objective of this thesis was to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the Kadicha River watershed through the study of the contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants. Then, the potential environmental risk associated with their presence was assessed. Among emerging contaminants, several compounds having different physico-chemical properties were selected: personal care products (ultraviolet absorbents, musks), insecticides, biocides and surfactants (alkylphenols) and pharmaceutical products. Thus 41 hydrophobic compounds and 23 hydrophilic compounds were studied in sediments and water respectively. The environmental matrices were collected during two sampling campaigns corresponding to wet and dry seasons along sites impacted by urban, rural and mixture land uses (residential and agricultural zones).The results indicate : i) a detection of the totality of persistant organic pollutants and personal care products, insecticides, biocides and surfactants and 6 pharmaceuticals were detected, ii) a higher contamination (in terms of concentrations and diversity of molecules) in urban than in rural zones, iii) a selection of potential markers of urbanization (permethrin, galaxolide and UV-326) iv) an environmental risk for several compounds (ofloxacine (pharmaceutical), low molecular weight PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls) was identified and v) a higher potential risk associated with the presence of persistent organic pollutants.These results can be considered a knowledge base on anthropogenic pressures and levels of contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants in the Kadicha river watershed. The data acquired as well as the potential environmental risks associated with the presence of certain molecules in the Kadicha river watershed lead to propose these molecules as a part of future monitoring programs for anthropized rivers in the Mediterranean basin
Brieudes, Vincent. "Caractérisation de la contamination des systèmes aquatiques par les psychotropes : développement d'une méthode de référence incluant une démarche multifactorielle de hiérarchisation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0034/document.
Texto completoPharmaceuticals and their residues belong to the so-called “emerging” pollutants for which no current regulation is applied regarding their presence in the environment. Monitoring the contamination of aquatic resources by these kinds of micropollutants is a necessity in order to anticipate potential effects regarding human health and ecosystems. In this context, data quality (traceability and comparability) is compulsory so as to take better decisions regarding policies to be driven. Psychotropic compounds, which are widely consumed, display a great concern in that field.This thesis aimed at characterizing occurrence of psychotropic compounds in the environment and putting forward metrological tools insuring accuracy, traceability, comparability as well as representativity of the measurement results.To that purpose, a SPE-LC-MS² multi-residue method has been developed for a selection of psychotropic compounds and other commonly consumed drugs. Method limits of quantification were in the range of ng.L-1 which enabled to characterize their occurrence in several surface waters and treated wastewaters. Concurrently, usage of integrative samplers was evaluated and applied on the field in different locations. Occurrence levels of 68 selected compounds were established by implementation of this complementary strategy in aquatic systems. Furthermore, results from measurement campaigns were used to rank studied compounds into a short list of interest. Finally, a reference method using isotopic dilution and mass spectrometry (DI-MS) was developed for the characterization of 24 psychotropic compounds in surface waters. Expanded uncertainties (k=2) inferior to 10% were obtained. Last be not least, implementing this method to environmental analysis emphasized the importance of sampling related uncertainties regarding to global measurement uncertainties
Berrandou, Takiy Eddine. "Gènes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques : rôle prédictif dans les niveaux de contamination biologique par les polluants environnementaux et implication dans le risque de cancer du sein. Analyse de l’étude CECILE". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS598.
Texto completoThe xenobiotic metabolism (XM) genes involved in the activation and elimination of environmental carcinogens may modulate breast cancer risk, but their effects in breast cancer have been little studied and are poorly understood. The objectives of the PhD were to study the role of XM genes in breast cancer on the one hand, and in the biological levels of suspected breast carcinogens on the other. The analyses were based on a population-based case-control study on breast cancer (CECILE study). We investigated the association of breast cancer (1) with NAT2 gene variants that determine the type of slow or rapid acetylator in each individual; (2) with polymorphisms of XM genes that were studied jointly at the gene and at the XM pathway level using a gene set method. In each of these approaches, interactions with tobacco consumption were studied. In a final section, we sought to identify polymorphisms of XM genes that predict blood concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants (p,p'-DDE and PCB153) among the controls of the CECILE study.The risk of breast cancer was increased in women with a NAT2 genetic profile of rapid acetylators compared to women with a profile of slow acetylators. Among slow acetylators, current smokers had an increased risk of breast cancer compared to non-smokers, indicating an interaction between tobacco smoking and NAT2 genotype. The gene set approach showed that polymorphisms at the level of some XM genes and at the level of the entire pathway were collectively associated with breast cancer. The association between breast cancer and all pathway XM polymorphisms was observed in female smokers, indicating a role for tobacco smoking in this association. Finally, we have shown that CYP2B6 gene was a determinant of blood levels of p,p'-DDE and PCB153. Our results highlight a role of XM genes in breast cancer that is explained by their function in the metabolism and elimination of environmental carcinogens
Loukiadis, Estelle. "Facteurs de virulence et dissémination dans l'environnement via les effluents d'abattoirs d'animaux de boucherie d'Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC)". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/83/.
Texto completoEnterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major human pathogens. Shiga-toxins and intimin are key virulence factors but others, such as Cif, could be involved. Livestock is the main reservoir of EHEC but contamination of sewage from slaughterhouses has to be checked. Sewage samples from slaughterhouses were tested for the presence and characteristics of putative EHEC. Potentially pathogenic strains were detected in the samples collected. The diversity observed among virulence factors suggests that the environment could play an important role in the emergence of EHEC strains. The study of distribution, functional expression and genetic organization of Cif has shown that cif has been spread within the natural population of E. Coli but was often not functional. Precise characterization of the strains should be included in the assessment of EHEC pathogenicity. Applying hygiene rules could reduce the risk of environmental transmission of EHEC from livestock to humans
Sage, Jérémie. "Concevoir et optimiser la gestion hydrologique du ruissellement pour une maîtrise à la source de la contamination des eaux pluviales urbaines". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1153/document.
Texto completoUrban runoff discharge is today identified a major source of surface water impairment. In recent years, on-site stormwater control, in small and relatively simple vegetated systems, providing volume reduction through infiltration or evapotranspiration, has become increasingly popular due to the inability of conventional drainage systems to limit the amount of stormwater and pollutant directed to the environment. While such practices clearly offer opportunities to mitigate the adverse effects of urban runoff, their performance remains insufficient and is yet not completely understood. The main purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is therefore to investigate the relation between the hydrological behaviour of these source-control systems and pollutant removal efficiencies so as to provide design tools or guidelines that support practitioners in the implementation of efficient stormwater management practices.Current stormwater management practices are first examined on the basis of a literature review of various guidelines or regulatory documents so as to identify the strategies that may be promoted for on-site pollution control, in France or abroad. This analysis indicates that recommendations can be quite variable depending on the country or the community and do not systematically reflect on-site pollution control objectives, which may result in the implementation of inappropriate stormwater management systems.A modelling system based on the representation of a pervious facility collecting runoff and pollutant loads generated over a small urban catchment, allowing the simulation of different scenarios in terms of urban surfaces characteristics and source-control system design, for long rainfall periods, is later developed to investigate the relation between the hydrological behaviour and the pollutant removal efficiencies of on-site stormwater management practices. An improved description of the hydrological processes in the source control system is adopted with the introduction of an infiltration-redistribution scheme accounting for the evolution of soil moisture so as to better replicate the temporal variability of infiltration fluxes. The opportunity of implementing relatively simple conceptual runoff quality models to simulate distinctive pollutant emission dynamics is also investigated: a generic model formulation is adopted and calibrated to replicate suspended solids concentrations in urban street runoff or zinc concentrations from a metal roof. A sensitivity analysis of the modelling system is later conducted so as to evaluate the influence of the different input factors and better understand the effect of some modelling hypotheses for the assessment of the performance of stormwater source control practices.The practical value of the modelling system is finally illustrated with the production of sizing diagrams displaying pollution control efficiency estimates as a function a limited number of design parameters, from which the relevance of a large variety of runoff control scenarios may be evaluated. The results presented in this study, corresponding to the rainfall conditions encountered in Paris region, suggest that the infiltration or evapotranspiration of a relatively small fraction of runoff in a simple dead storage volume could result in a significant reduction of pollutant discharges for soils exhibiting saturated hydraulic conductivity values greater than 10-6 m.s-1. In the case of lower saturated hydraulic conductivity values, this study however evidences possible failures of source control system due to a limited drainage capacity (extended ponding duration and saturation of the soil profile over significant depths). Results therefore suggest that the implementation diffuse stormwater management practices, with large infiltration/evapotranspiration areas and limited storage depths, should generally be preferred to achieve pollution control and ensure correct hydrological functioning of the source control systems
Tedoldi, Damien. "Mesure et modélisation de la contamination du sol dans les ouvrages de gestion à la source du ruissellement urbain". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1201/document.
Texto completoSustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are increasingly used for stormwater management. However, the generalization of runoff infiltration in urban watersheds raises some concerns regarding the soil's ability to retain ubiquitous micropollutants. The present work addresses soil contamination by trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in such infiltration devices, with the aims of: (i) appraising the levels and spatial extent of soil contamination, (ii) better understanding the mechanisms which govern the fate of contaminants in these systems, and (iii) identifying design and maintenance guidelines which may enhance long-term pollutant control through SUDS.The first part of the study consists in a series of experimental investigations in ten contrasting study sites, which have been in operation for more than ten years. The two-stage methodology successively leads to cartographies of metal contamination in the surface soil, and vertical profiles of metal and PAH concentrations, along with different explanatory variables. The spatial distribution of trace metals in the upper horizon displays a systematic structure with respect to the inflow area, and bears the time-integrated signature of the infiltration fluxes and flow pathways at the surface. In the most contaminated zone of the facilities, a significant enrichment of metals and PAHs is detectable until 10 to 40 cm depth. Contaminant retention results from the combination of different physicochemical and mechanical processes (resp. sorption and sedimentation/filtration), the contribution of which can be assessed via the zirconium deficit in urban sediment in comparison to the soil's geochemical background. The inter-site variability of contamination levels is attributable to (i) differences in the soil's retention capacities, and (ii) differences in pollutant loads from the watershed. Although surface contents may exceed intervention thresholds for “multi-functional” spaces in several study sites, the area which would require soil remediation is laterally and vertically limited.These experimental assessments are complemented by a modelling approach, to describe the long-term evolution of soil contamination, and to evaluate the effect of various SUDS designs and maintenance operations. A sensitivity analysis is first carried out so as to identify the “key elements” in the system description: the results show that a wrong estimation of the soil's dispersivity or sorption isotherm is likely to induce significant biases in the predicted contamination profiles. A method is then proposed to describe non-uniform water infiltration fluxes, and the filtration of particle-bound contaminants. The model is validated via a comparison between measured and predicted metal profiles in one of the study sites, where a comprehensive soil characterization is undertaken. Finally, a “scenario analysis” illustrates the benefits of (i) using soil enrichment products with enhanced sorption capacities, and (ii) facilitating water spreading at the surface, in terms of “lifespan” of the devices and maintenance requirements
Chaâbene, Zayneb. "Identification et mesures de biomarqueurs infra-individuels chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera) lors d’une contamination métallique : prédiction des voies métaboliques et description des mécanismes de détoxication des métaux impliqués". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10123/document.
Texto completoThe phosphate processing industries for the production of phosphate fertilizers, which are present in the southern coastal zone of the Grand Sfax in Tunisia, caused atmospheric emissions and waste discharges i.e., phosphogypsum loaded with metal contaminants. The resulting contamination of soils is a persistent contamination. In order to better understand the effects of metal contamination caused by this industrial activity and ultimately to propose measures for the rehabilitation and/or ecological restoration of the sites but also because of its economic importance, particular attention has been paid on the palm date (Phoenix dactylifera). The aim of this work was to study seed germination and growth of the Deglet Nour variety in various metal contamination contexts by means of plant biotechnology techniques involving in silico research and in vitro culture of vitroplant. Two approaches have been performed. An individual integrative approach that used numerous measurements of morphological and biochemical biomarkers in date palm exposed to various metal stresses. A second approach, more molecular and mechanistic, was performed to identify genes that respond when plants are exposed to Cd, Cu, or Cr which help for the prediction of the metabolic pathways that are affected by contaminants or involved in detoxification processes. This second approach, based on the exploitation of a cDNA library of the Deglet Nour variety, allowed the identification of genes coding for metal chelators and transporters. Monitoring of the levels of expression of these genes made it possible to better understand the detoxification mechanisms of metals in the palm date
Bouam, Amar. "Les sources et les réservoirs de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent causal de l'ulcère de Buruli". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0270.
Texto completoBuruli ulcer is a dermis, epidermis and sometimes bone infection leading to deformities and permanent disabilities. It is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a mycobacterium associated to the aquatic ecosystems but its sources and reservoirs are not yet defined. Therefore, no prophylaxis is established. This thesis contribute to unmask the sources of contamination of M. ulcerans. My review has identified potential sources of M. ulcerans in the environment and highlighted the missing pieces for understanding the epidemiology of Buruli ulcer. My study on the role of amoeba in the survival of M. ulcerans in the environment, install M. ulcerans as susceptible to amoeba rendering amoeba an unlikely host of M. ulcerans. Hereafter, i studied carbon substrates metabolized by M. ulcerans strains. Literature survey indicated that the environmental sources of carbon substrates metabolized by M. ulcerans were bacteria, fungi, algae and mollusks. I therefore studied the interactions of M. ulcerans with fungi by testing the effect of mycolactones on fungi. Mycolactones showed an attraction effect on Mucor circinelloides. This observation suggest a novel role for mycolactones as chemoatractants to fungi. The mode of transmission of M. ulcerans to humans remains unknown. I showed that M. ulcerans DNA can be detected on the healthy skin of asymptomatic persons, suggesting an asymptomatic carriage. These data could help promote prophylaxis based on wearing protective clothing in contact with risky environments. In perspective to my thesis work, we set up a collaboration with the Buruli Ulcer Program (PNLUB) and Institut Pasteur Côte d'Ivoire to study the reservoirs of M. ulcerans
Nieguitsila, Adélaïde. "Evaluation de l'aérocontamination fongique dans les environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0076/document.
Texto completoFungal spores represent a significant part of the biological contaminants that could be detected in air. Exposure to fungi has been associated with several types of human or animal health problems (mycosis, allergy, mycotoxicosis). To evaluate the relationship between airborne fungi potential and adverse health effect, the fungal types and their relative frequencies in air need to be investigated. Traditional methods for fungal identification (culture and microscopy analysis) are laborious, time-consuming and require expertise. To replace cultivation, several techniques have been proposed. This study showed that molecular techniques (PCR-TTGE or Temporal Temperature Gradient Electrophoresis and PCR-DHPLC or Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography) allowed the separation of amplificons corresponding to distinct fungal species that may be encountered in air. Both methods were proved to be appropriate for analysis of complex fungal communities. The detection and the molecular identification techniques were adapted for the evaluation of indoor airborne fungal contamination. The cultivation method and culture-independent techniques were further compared for the analysis of fungal aerosols from different sites
Sellami, Emna. "Conception pluridisciplinaire d’une méthode générale d’évaluation des flux de contaminants issus des ruissellements des matériaux de toitures à l’échelle urbaine : développement et illustration à partir du cas du zinc à Créteil". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1044/document.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to develop a general method for modelling roofing materials emissions on the city scale. This method is based on an original scaling approach integrating different tools within the engineering sciences and social sciences. The work includes the creation of a bibliographic database describing new and old roofing materials and their associated contaminants.The scaling approach - from roof to the city scale – is based on a new concept called typical-situation of contaminant emission from roofing material on the roof. For each typical situation a contaminant annual runoff rate is associated. This concept allows the transition between the roof scale and the city scale. To facilitate contaminant flow calculation on the city scale, different methodological principles are adopted to exploit and adapt existing urban databases (land use database, numerical cadastre, and aerial images) with respect to the specific issue of roofing material emissions. Thus, dividing and crossing principles are used to divide the city into homogeneous units. A unit is a cluster of buildings characterized by a specific roofing materials distribution. These units are obtained by crossing a typological buildings study (developed from the land use database) with the city urban history and the roofing material historical evolution. Defining empirical rules is necessary to quantify the distribution of the material in the different roofing elements on the city scale. These rules are developed from a survey made by conducting interviews with experts of the roofing material sector (industrials, masters of work, architects...) as well as a historical study and a market study for roofing materials.The full development of the method makes it essential to choose a study site and a contaminant in order to illustrate in detail all the calculation steps. Créteil city was selected because it presents a big diversity and a large number of buildings in order to represent most of the urban functions of any city in France. In the city of Créteil, zinc annual runoff rates have been produced for different metallic materials for the maximum of zinc typical-situation. A statistical approach was developed to complete empirical rules to compute roofing materials area distribution on the city scale. This approach is based on a stratified random sampling technique in conjunction with aerial images interpretation of the different roofing material element applied for each unit. Given the roofing material distribution and the zinc typical-situations, annual zinc flow from roofing material at Créteil city was estimated namely 813 kg.an-1 with an uncertainty of 16.6%.The developed method can be applied to other cities and other contaminants. In this context, the operational procedure of the application of this method was described at the end of this work. Our method can be used as a decision-making tool by urban planners at three levels to implement policies in order to reduce roofing pollutants emissions. In order to apply this method to any contaminant, different tracks were drawn to define an optimized approach to produce of runoff rates for different typical situations
Choukri, Firas. "Contamination aérienne par Pneumocystis : contribution à la caractérisation du risque environnemental". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077023.
Texto completoPneumocystis is an atypical micromycete, responsible of pneumocystosis in immunocompromised individuals. Although it is admitted that Pneumocystis can be transmitted via the airborne route, we ignore completely the fungal stage or form present in air or the quantity propagated by the infected host. The objective of our work was to study of the excretion of Pneumocystis by the infected host in order to clarify the dynamics of the transmission of this fungus. In the first part of this study, we have optimized the technique of collection and quantification of this fungus in air by associating a new System of air sampling based on impaction in liquid medium (Coriolis® μ) and a specific real-time PCR allowing the quantification of Pneumocystis in the collected sample. This technique has been validated in an experimental model of pneumocystosis in nude rats. Two experimental studies allowed us to describe the kinetics of excretion of Pneumocystis carinii in air during infection and to show the correlation between the fungal load in air and the pulmonary load in the infected animal. In the second part of this study, by using specific probe and primers for real-time PCR of P. Jirovecii we have detected and quantified P. Jirovecii DNA in the close surrounding air of patients with pneumocystosis, (80% of positive samples a 1 m distance) and shown a diffusion of the fungus at distance (33% of positive samples at 8 m). This data bring the first elements on hazard quantification in the environment and the risk of exposure to this fungus and emphasizes the recommendations of patient's isolation in order to limit the risk of nosocomial transmission of pneumocystosis
Luna, Acosta Andrea. "Les phénoloxydases chez l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : biomarqueurs potentiels de stress environnemental". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS313/document.
Texto completoThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the leading aquaculture product at the worldwide level. However, massive summer mortalities affect dramatically cultivated and natural oyster populations, especially at young life stages. These events could be linked to an unbalance between the different actors of the triad host – pathogen agent – environment, which could favour a weakening of defence mechanisms in the host, and consequently, the emergence and/or increase of diseases. Among environmental factors that could contribute to this unbalance, chemical contaminants are known to modulate defence capacities in different aquatic organisms. Phenoloxidases (POs) are the key enzymes of a biochemical cascade responsible for the production of melanin and are implicated in immune defences and in self/non-self recognition in invertebrates.Recently, a PO-like activity was detected in C. gigas, and was suggested as a potential biomarker of chemical contamination. However, little is known on the different PO activities present in C. gigas, and on their implication indefence mechanisms in this species. In this general context, the aims of this work were to 1) identify the different types of PO present in different tissues of C. gigas 2) evaluate their potential as biomarkers in experiments of in vivo exposure to organic contaminants, 3) evaluate their potential as biomarkers in in situ biomonitoring studies. We showed, for the first time in this species, the existence of two PO-type activities: a catecholase activity and a laccase activity. Moreover, we observed an in vitro bactericidal effect associated to PO activities against two oyster pathogens, Vibrio splendidus and V.aesturianus, which have often been associated to massive summer mortalities in oysters. Finally, based on a multiple biomarkeranalysis in different tissues of C. gigas, results suggest that POs could be used as biomarkers of environmental stress, rather than of contamination, for biomonitoring studies in coasts and estuaries
Cheron, Marion. "Effets sublétaux de contaminants environnementaux sur le développement d’un amphibien (Bufo spinosus) : une approche expérimentale". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS027.
Texto completoIntensive agriculture homogenizes landscape and reduces the proportion of natural habitats, thus altering wildlife ecology. In addition to landscape fragmentation, intensive agriculture is responsible for the release of chemicals into non-target environments, such as aquatic environments, which are particularly affected by this contamination. The transfer of these molecules to aquatic environments occurs though runoff or soil erosion. Pesticides can accumulate in large quantities in slow-flux habitats such as ponds and vernal-pools, potentially creating ecological traps for the species that inhabit them. Amphibians are sentinel species of their ecosystems and are particularly sensitive to agricultural chemicals, especially because of their particularly permeable skin. In addition, part of their complex (biphasic) life cycle takes place in lentic environments, which are likely to be highly contaminated. During my thesis, I studied the effects of agricultural activities on an amphibian species that is widespread in agricultural and forest environments, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus). To understand the consequences of agricultural activities on the ecology and physiology of this species, I studied the effects of habitat characteristics (structure and contamination) on different developmental stages (embryos, larvae, adults). To achieve these objectives, I used two methodological approaches: (i) a field approach to measure morphological and physiological differences of adult male populations in contrasting habitats; and, (ii) an experimental approach under controlled conditions to distinguish the effects of exposure period and concentration of different contaminants on key developmental phases of this species. The results indicate that male adult populations show different allometric relationships depending on the habitat (agricultural, intermediate or forest) and that these differences probably result from evolutionary mechanisms related to phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, preliminary population genetic analyses do not detect genetic divergence among the populations studied, suggesting that physical or chemical habitat characteristics result in different response norms among populations. The observed allometric relationships could be the result, at least in part, of developmental plasticity due to environmental contamination within breeding sites. Studies of exposure to two herbicides (a legacy contaminant metabolite and an emerging contaminant) over ontogeny in this species showed us that contamination results in variability in morphological (size and body proportion), physiological (oxidative stress) and behavioral responses that suggest that there may be endocrine disruption mechanisms operating at very low concentrations. In addition, contamination negatively influences fitness proxies in exposed individuals (size and mass at metamorphosis, survival) which could ultimately alter recruitment, reproduction and population sustainability of spined toads
Garnier, Robin. "Systèmes alternatifs de gestion des eaux pluviales : Contribution à l’analyse de performances conjointes en matière d’hydrologie quantitative et de piégeage de micropolluants. Comparaison systèmes à la source – système centralisé". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI002.
Texto completoStormwater management is a major issue for municipalities, be it regarding the increasing of runoff water because of the developpment of impervious urban areas (flooding risks), as well as the pollutant contamination limitation and removal in accord with the European Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC) requirements. .. Since a few decades, municipalities implements and encourage the use of stormwater control measures (SCM) to regulate waterflows by infiltration either on large scale (via separative sewers and detention/infiltration basins) or on smaller plots directly at the source of runoff (source control systems such as swales, trenches, porous pavement…). A furnished litterature exists regarding stormwater quality on usual pollutants (TSS, COD, nutrients…), metals and PAHs. These last two are recognized as caracteristic of stormwater pollution and many studies highlighted their removal by differents types of SCMs. However, few or no studies focuses on a wider range of ;icropollutants such as pesticides, alkylphenols of brominated flame retardants. This study aim to contribute to the research field through the qualitative caracterization in situ of stormwater from two different type of SCMs (centralized and source control) on 59 micropollutant. Four different sites were chosen in oder to conduct the sampling at the outlet of i) a centralized detention basin (semi urban area, stormwater sewers), and three source control systems managing parking lots: ii) a porous pavement with reservoir structure, iii) an infiltration trench and iv) and vegetalized infiltration swale. Analysis were conducted on 59 micropollutants from five differents families (metals, PAHs, pesticides, alkylphenols and PBDEs) for about a dozen of rain events. Flows for more than 100 rain events were studied via metrology and sampling installations specially developed to measure the wide range of flows at the outlet of the source control systems.The study shows that metals and PAHs are the most particulate and the most quantified micropollutants in stormwater. They are also the ones that are treated the best, particularly by the source control systems which infiltration appears more efficient than the settling from the detention basin. Other micropollutant families show a more random speciation and are more likely to be removed by the trench and the swale than by the other systems. Globally, source control systems appear more efficient regarding micropollutant removal than the centralized basin thanks to their filtration, but the swale and the trench still stand out because of their great water retention increasing drastically their efficiency regarding total loads of micropollutants evacuated in receiving bodies
Abdou, Melina. "Cycles biogéochimiques du platine dans les environnements côtiers". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0068/document.
Texto completoPlatinum (Pt) is a Technology-Critical Element (TCE) and an emerging contaminant increasingly released into all Earth compartments, but its environmental occurrence, distribution, and dynamics are under- documented. The present research combines laboratory observations and field monitoring studies on Pt biogeochemistry in coastal systems (Atlantic Ocean and northwestern Mediterranean Sea), including its distribution between seawater, particles, and living organisms. Exposure experiments with oysters facing a wide range of exposure levels provide the first Pt accumulation kinetics in marine bivalves, supporting uptake of Pt from seawater in line with field observations. At environmentally-relevant Pt levels (50 and 100 ng.L-1), the positive linear relation between exposure and Pt accumulation in tissues justifies the use of oysters as integrative sentinels for seawater Pt contamination. At relatively high Pt levels (10,000 ng.L-1), deleterious physiological effects (e.g. increased oxidative stress and energetic stock mobilization) occurred in oysters. Field observations at contrasting sites have provided regional background Pt concentrations in seawater in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (0.05 ng.L-1 and 0.08 ng.L-1, respectively) and bioconcentration factors for phytoplankton (~ 104), and bivalves (oysters and mussels ~ 103). Spatial distribution of Pt levels in seawater, plankton and bivalves suggest higher contamination along the northwestern Mediterranean coast, especially in semi-enclosed, industrialized/urbanized systems (Toulon Bay and Genoa Harbor). Historical records in sediments (~ 1900 - 2010) and bivalves (1980 to present) from the Gironde watershed and the Toulon Bay showed past Pt contamination due to industrial (metallurgic, oil-refining, coal) activities, whereas the strong recent increase in Pt contamination originates from emerging Pt sources, e.g. car catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and sewage. High temporal resolution observation of Pt partitioning, together with environmental master variables (O2, Salinity, Chl-a, nutrients etc.), suggests that in coastal systems, biogeochemical processes including phytoplankton production and degradation may play an important role in Pt behavior and fate
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332.
Texto completoTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Peruzzo, Luca. "Geoelectrical approaches for characterizing soil geochemical processes and soil-root interactions". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30015.
Texto completoIn this thesis I investigate some of the possibilities offered by the use of geoelectrical methods for characterizing soil geochemical processes and root-soil interactions. The motivation for this thesis arises from the pivotal role of soil quality and root-soil interactions in manifold environmental issues. In addition, there is growing evidence of the importance of mutual interactions between roots and soil, for this reason this thesis explores the use of geoelectrical methods for more comprehensive approaches. Both soil physicochemical processes and root-soil interactions involve, among others, the movement of water and solutes, altercations of the soil structure, and biological feedbacks. Geoelectrical methods are potentially sensitivity to these hydrogeological and biogeochemical modifications. The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) method was combined with geochemical analyses and modeling in order to investigate its sensitivity to pore fluid composition, pH, and ionic strength. In particular, the SIP signature of Na+/Cu2+ substitution was investigated because of their worldwide relevance for soil quality. The SIP investigation focused on saturated silica, and explored concentrations of Na+ and Cu2+ that are typical to agricultural soils exposed to the use of Cu pesticides. The results showed how pH and ionic strength were the main variables controlling the SIP signals, while negligible effects were related to the Cu/Na substitution. The concurrent use of chemical and geophysical laboratory experiments allowed a better characterization of the investigated complexation processes and significantly supported the interpretation of the SIP signals. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography and the Mise-A-La-Masse methods were combined to develop a novel approach for imaging the electric current pathways in the root-soil system. Since the current conduction in soil and roots is mostly electrolytic, the proposed approach relates to the movement of water and solutes within the root-soil system. The potential of the method for field investigations was explored with a set of experiments on a grapevine. In light of the promising results, the method was further developed and applied to rhizotron laboratory experiments on cotton and maize plants. The method proved to be sensitive to inter-species physiological differences and possibly to the plant response to environmental stressors. New experiments with physiological analyses of root tissues are needed to elucidate these aspects. Emerging technologies are strongly supporting to the diffusion of imaging and monitoring geoelectrical applications at the field-scale. In this promising context, the results of this thesis contribute to the development of geoelectrical approaches for studying soil and its mutual interactions with plant roots over relevant spatiotemporal scales
Nieguitsila, Adelaïde. "Évaluation de l'aérocontamination fongique dans les environnements intérieurs". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944176.
Texto completoAndrianary, Juliana. "Etude de la contamination des denrées alimentaires par le relargage de produits organovolatils issus de l'emballage". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30173.
Texto completoMichaut, Manon. "Déterminisme environnemental de la contamination par Escherichia coli des eaux et des biofilms d'un hydrosystème karstique". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR134/document.
Texto completoIn order to assess environmental conditions leading to contamination of a rural karstic hydrosystem this study combine hydrogeology, and environmental microbiology. We focused on a well-characterized chalk karstic hydrosystem (Norville, France) vulnerable to microbiological pollution, of the French national observatory network on karst (INSU/CNRS). Temperature and hydrological time series (pluviometry, turbidity and electrical conductivity) over the past 5 years were analysed in order to correlate hydrological condition leading to run-off on the watershed and E. coli contamination of the hydrosystem. Fifteen sampling campaigns of water and biofilms were carried out in different hydrological conditions, on the surficial watershed (i.e. the upstream part of the system) and at the spring downstream. That has been used to determine periods more subject to soil bacteria leaching and input in the hydrosystem. Finally, relationships between abundance and genetic diversity (phylogroup distribution) of E. coli population in the hydrosystem waters, hydrological conditions and land use were investigated. An hydrological indicator (IndiCE) based on the analysis of pluviometry, conductivity, turbidity and temperature time series has been constructed to assess the vulnerability of such karstic hydrosystem to E. coli contamination according to hydrological conditions. The role of karstic biofilm as pathogens reservoir and class 1 integrons, responsible of secondary contamination, has been studied recording E.coli occurrence in karstic biofilms sampled at Norville’s spring. It has been showed in reactor E. coli capacity to form biofilms on chalk in oligotrophic conditions. In situ cultivable E. coli and class 1 integrons can integrate autochthonous biofilms transiently. E. coli population structure in biofilms is significantly the same than in spring water. This thesis work allowed to a better understanding of E. coli contamination dynamic in water and biofilm of karstic hydrosystem
Luna, Acosta Andrea. "Les phénoloxydases chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : biomarqueurs potentiels de stress environnemental". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567216.
Texto completoBessonneau, Vincent. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la contamination de différents environnements intérieurs par les composés organiques volatils". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S138.
Texto completoThe degradation of the indoor air quality can lead to numerous health ranging from headaches to respiratory disorders such as asthma. In our modern lifestyle, we spend approximately 90 % of our time indoors, where we are exposed to many polluants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with more than hundred substances detected, represent a large part of the contamination. In addition, indoor environments contain multiple sources that lead to a heterogeneous contamination. This thesis work proposed a new approach for the classification of emissions, based on their spatial and temporal variability. The implementation of this approach in different indoor environments (homes, swimming-pools, hospitals) led to the development of sampling strategies, which could be used for monitoring programs, the assessment of concentrations levels of few VOCs, and the assessment of the main determinants of the contamination
Cariou, Stéphane. "Contamination organique de l'air dans les environnements maîtrisés : étude, suivi analytique et optimisation des performances d'un traitement par adsorption". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0022.
Texto completoNowadays, particulate contamination is well controlled in environments such as clean rooms, so one of the purposes of such industries is now to eliminate the organic contamination. Indeed, in order to pursue industrial developments, for example in micro-electronics, air quality in controlled environments will have to be increasingly high. Currently, adsorption on activated carbon is used to trap organic compounds. However, the operating conditions (temperature, moisture, throughput speed) are not well adapted to this technique of purification. The purposes of this study are the development of a system to simulate various atmospheres, the development of an analytical method to follow organic contamination, the test of a commercial media with different conditions and the suggestion of improvements to increase the level of purification. In this work, an atmosphere generating device, in dynamic mode, was developed and two preconcentration techniques (Packed cartridges and SPME fibers) were tested for the analytical monitoring of weak organic compound concentrations. The system could evaluate the purification capacity of the current filters by showing the strong points and the weak points of current operation. Then, modification in experimental parameters resulted in proposing modification of treatment device in order to increase elimination capacity filters. An index of follow-up of the air quality, the GAPI (Global Airborne Pollutant Indicator), was also developed during this study. It allows balancing concentration to adjust contaminant impact compared to air quality related to production targets
Amoureux-Boyer, Lucie. "Achromobacter xylosoxidans : épidémiologie au centre de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose de Dijon et réservoir environnemental". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS070/document.
Texto completoAchromobacter xylosoxidans is an aerobic nonfermentative Gram-Negative rod considered as an important emerging pathogen among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients worldwide. In Dijon (Burgundy), the prevalence of colonised patients is high among CF patients and increasing among non-CF hospitalised patients. The natural habitat of this organism as well as the possible sources of patient contamination remain unknown.The aims of this study were to report the first epidemiological data about A. xylosoxidans in a French CF centre and to identify potential reservoirs of this organism in Burgundy. In a retrospective study, all the isolates recovered from the patients affiliated with our centre in 2010 since their first visit were analysed. Out of 120 patients, 21 (17.5%) had at least one positive culture with A. xylosoxidans. Genotyping analysis by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis revealed that cross-Contamination was very rare. Acquired resistance was frequent to ciprofloxacin (since primocolonisation), to ceftazidime and to carbapenems (in persistent colonisations). Thanks to our protocol designed to detect A. xylosoxidans in environment, a total of 50 strains were isolated in hospital (33 isolates), domestic (9 isolates) and outdoor (8 isolates) samples, mainly in handwashing sinks, showers, and water. These environmental isolates shared characteristics with clinical ones: 6 genotypes in common and a constant resistance to ciprofloxacin. These results reveal potential sources of contamination for the patients at home or in hospital. Further studies are needed to help understanding the emergence of this bacterium and the mechanisms involved in acquired antibiotic resistance
Berthol, Dominique. "Étude de l'absorption et du métabolisme du 99Tc lors d'un apport chronique et à faible dose chez le ruminant et le monogastrique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL569N.
Texto completoMbodji, Mor. "Etude des impacts environnementaux et sanitaires des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) au Sénégal : cas de la ville de Dakar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1290.
Texto completoWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is particularly problematic around the world. The aim of this thesis was to assess the potentially harmful effects of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) on the dispersion of metals in the environment and their fate to human health in Dakar, Senegal. Studies first focused on the determination of metals in the soils of four WEEE recycling sites in Dakar (Mbeubeuss, Mermoz Pikine and Reubeuss) by LIBS and portable X-ray fluorescence techniques. The results of this work showed that all the sites studied were contaminated by elements such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn in comparison with a control site. The distribution of metals is highly dependent on the site and therefore on the recycling activity. The potential contamination of the population through the food chain was assessed by analyzing vegetables produced near the largest WEEE waste dump (Mbeubeuss). Speciation by sequential extraction of the elements Sb, Pb, Sr, Cr, Cu Mn and Zn in market garden soils showed that the elements were mainly present in the residual fraction. This approach has shown that the metals are not mobile and not very bioavailable to plants. The contamination of metallic elements in two batches of vegetables produced from two distinct market gardening areas near Mbeubeuss and the evaluation of the potential health risk associated with the consumption of these products were studied. The results obtained from the first batch showed the contents of Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn and Fe led to risk indices. For the 2nd batch of vegetables (closer to Mbeubeuss) the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb are higher with a risk linked to the presence of Cr. The results of this work led to the conclusion that there is a potential health hazard for consumers of vegetables linked to the Cr element, only if it is present as CrVI
Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
Texto completoPlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Texto completoMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Moularat, Stéphane. "Etude de la contamination fongique des environnements intérieurs par la détermination et la mesure de traceurs chimiques spécifiques : application à l'hygiène de l'habitat". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0240.
Texto completoDisease occurrence in mouldy environments is very widely described in the literature. Health effects of moulds and associated metabolites are numerous: infection, allergy, toxi-infection, irritations. Prevalence and severity of declared diseases in the childs and adults seem correlated with an increase of indoor contaminated surfaces. However, the characterization of occupant exposure remains underestimated. The object of this work is essentially focused on the development of analytical methods to determine microbiological indoor quality, the definition and validation of survey indicators. This research is thus both aimed at the development and improvement of sampling techniques and also on the conception and adaptation of direct and indirect measurements methods of metabolism products ( Specific VOC) or of specific cellular components (Ergosterol, mycotoxins). The study of VOC of fungus origin enabled the definition of relevant chemical tracers associated with fungus development. >From these compounds, we established an index of fungus contamination in the indoor environments. Samplings realized in 12 houses allowed the validation of this index. Besides, an original methodology of quantification of mould exposure was proposed taking into account the evaluation of biomass and airborne mycotoxins. The transfer rate of material-air of a mycotoxin (the sterigmatocystin) was also studied
Devault, Damien. "Approche spatio-temporelle de la contamination par les herbicides de pré-levée du biotope de la Garonne Moyenne". Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000578/.
Texto completoApplication to the natural environment of a protocol of proportionning of the herbicide in sediment made possible to draw up a cartography of the sediment and surface water contamination paired by the plant health products. Through this first state of the aquatic biotope contamination, the study will identify and characterize the sites where the pesticides accumulation is highest: in an urban context and in major discontinuities favourable to the sediment accumulation (dams). Investigations were carried out to compare the biological activity of the sediment with its herbicide concentration. Corings were carried out with the outstanding ones of the Garonne via the early diagenesis (Malause)