Artículos de revistas: "Conservation of natural resources (Iran)"

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Azhdari, G. H., K. Deilami y E. Firooznia. "IMPLEMENTING NATURAL RESOURCES CADASTRAL PLAN IN PASARGADAE DISTRICT OF IRAN BY USING QUICK BIRD IMAGES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (10 de diciembre de 2015): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-73-2015.

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Natural Resources are essential for security and sustainable development of each country. Therefore, in order to reach sustainable development, conservation as well as optimum utilization of natural resources, executing of natural resources cadastral plan is necessary and essential. Governments conduct lands management in Iran, so there is a need for comprehensive plan with arranged program for best evaluation. In this research as a pilot, Pasargadae city is opted. Pasargadae region is located in north-east of Shiraz in Fars province with Latitude and longitude of 30° 15 ́ 53 ̋ N and 53° 13 ́ 29 ̋ E respectively. In order to generate the cadastral maps, Firstly, images from QuickBird satellite with 50-60 centimeters resolution were georeferenced by utilizing ground control points with accurate GPS coordinates. In addition to satellite images, old paper maps with 1:10000 scale in local coordinate system from agriculture ministry in 1963 were digitized according to 1:25000 scale map from army geographical organization with AutoCad software. Beside, paper maps with 1:50000 scale and Google Earth were used to find the changes during time. All the above maps were added to QuickBird images as new layers by using ArcMap software. These maps also were utilized to determine the different land-uses. Thus, by employing ArcMap software lands divide into 2 groups: firstly, lands with official document, which is owned by either natural or legal persons, and secondly national lands under different uses such as forestry, range management and desertification plans. Consequently, the generation of cadastral maps leads to better difference between private and national lands. In addition, producing cadastral maps prevent the destruction and illegal possession of natural lands by individuals.

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Rezaeinejad, Ismael y Amol Khaniwadekar. "The role of Eco-tourism in sustainable development: case study eco-tourism challenges in Iran". E3S Web of Conferences 311 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131102004.

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Sustainable development is a new concept formed after the industrial revolution and the problems created concerning industrialization of cities and technological development of cities and linking different economic, cultural, political, and social development and exceptional attention to ecological considerations. Sustainable development has a comprehensive, integrated and human-oriented approach. It includes valuable concepts in preserving, promoting, and improving health and ecological integrity in the long term and providing human needs. Without destroying the next generation's ability and achieving economic dynamism, a livable environment and social equality are critical dimensions. The importance of conservation of natural resources in the urban environment is as significant as one of the essential areas of development of communities and, at the same time, a criterion for improving the quality of life. The consequences of urban development and the complexity of environmental problems have the inevitable existence of green spaces and their development. Due to the role of urban management in achieving sustainable urban development, this research tries to explain the concept of urban management, its objectives, and its components and provide effective urban management to achieve sustainable development. Eco-tourism is mainly based on resources that the natural environment is available to tourists that use it and appropriate conditions and requires protection of natural resources, which can be realized through evaluation of capability and capacity of the natural environment to attract tourists. The unique geography and diversity of natural phenomena caused Iran to be recognized as the fifth most crucial natural diversity globally, but planning for using these conditions is still not provided. In addition, the country's eco-tourism is faced with social, economic, and environmental problems, and for planning in the field of overcoming this challenge, we first need to recognize these challenges.

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pour, Mohsen Javanmiri. "FIRE CHARACTERISTICS OF ZAGROS FOREST ECOSYSTEM, KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, WESTERN IRAN". Environment & Ecosystem Science 5, n.º 2 (15 de julio de 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.02.2021.94.100.

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Fires are an integral part of many terrestrial biomes and a major source of disturbance in nature. The purpose of this study is to assess the causes and characteristics of fires in the Zagros ecosystem in ten consecutive years from 2011 to 2020. To conduct this research, wholly fire events that occurred in natural areas in the Gilan-e Gharb basin during the fire season detailed in a decade. In practice, immediately after informed of the occurrence of fires in natural areas, research data recorded. Totally, 233 event fires have occurred in the ten years from 2011 to 2020. The fire affected approximately 11,420 hectares of natural areas. The highest frequency of monthly fires during the months of the fire season includes 53, 44, and 40 events, which concern August, July, and September, respectively. The frequency of fires in different components of natural resources shows that the highest and the least frequency includes non-wooded pastures (44.6±5.6) and mixed Forest-rangeland (14.25±4.11). The most causes of fire in natural areas include recreation and hunting (43.3±16.1). The maximum frequency of the fire area includes <100 hectares’ classes (83.6±20.57). Most fires suppressed in a very short period (64.27±26.17). Daneh Khoshk, Nawdar, Poshteh, Peikoleh, Belaleh, Cheleh – Ghalajeh as well as Chikan regions include a high risk of fire. The issues connected to the fire are multidimensional. It deals with climatic and habitat factors, social issues, and the nature conservation culture institutionalization among the local people. To reduce the fire and the resulting damage, it is necessary to perform basic proceedings in whole fields.

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Heshmati, Mosayeb, Mohammad Gheitury y Samad Shadfar. "Factors affecting possibility of ecotourism development and sustaining natural resources using SWOT approach in west Iran". International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 10, n.º 2 (junio de 2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.03.004.

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Mahmoodi, Nariman, Jens Kiesel, Paul D. Wagner y Nicola Fohrer. "Integrating water use systems and soil and water conservation measures into a hydrological model of an Iranian Wadi system". Journal of Arid Land 12, n.º 4 (julio de 2020): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40333-020-0125-3.

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Abstract Water resources are precious in arid and semi-arid areas such as the Wadis of Iran. To sustainably manage these limited water resources, the residents of the Iranian Wadis have been traditionally using several water use systems (WUSs) which affect natural hydrological processes. In this study, WUSs and soil and water conservation measures (SWCMs) were integrated in a hydrological model of the Halilrood Basin in Iran. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the hydrological processes between 1993 and 2009 at daily time scale. To assess the importance of WUSs and SWCMs, we compared a model setup without WUSs and SWCMs (Default model) with a model setup with WUSs and SWCMs (WUS-SWCM model). When compared to the observed daily stream flow, the number of acceptable calibration runs as defined by the performance thresholds (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)≥0.68, −25%≤percent bias (PBIAS)≤25% and ratio of standard deviation (RSR)≤0.56) is 177 for the Default model and 1945 for the WUS-SWCM model. Also, the average Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) of acceptable calibration runs for the WUS-SWCM model is higher in both calibration and validation periods. When WUSs and SWCMs are implemented, surface runoff (between 30% and 99%) and water yield (between 0 and 18%) decreased in all sub-basins. Moreover, SWCMs lead to a higher contribution of groundwater flow to the channel and compensate for the extracted water by WUSs from the shallow aquifer. In summary, implementing WUSs and SWCMs in the SWAT model enhances model plausibility significantly.

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Heydari, Moslem, Afshin Honarbakhsh, Mahdi Pajoohesh y Maryam Zangiabadi. "LAND USE OPTIMIZATION USING THE FUZZY MATHEMATICAL-SPATIAL APPROACH: A CASE STUDY OF CHELGERD WATERSHED, IRAN". Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 26, n.º 2 (27 de junio de 2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1350688.

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In recent years, inappropriate land use, urban and industrial development along with different pollutions emanating from it gives rise to loss of natural resources and further leads to destructive floods, soil erosion, sedimentation and other various environmental, economic and social damages. Thus, management and planning are essential for the proper utilization, protection and revival of these resources. This study aimed to develop a mathematical-spatial optimum utilization model using FGP – MOLA in watershed including environmental and economic objectives while considering social issues. The results showed that the proposed model can lead to economic growth to 37% and decreasing the environmental damages to 2.4%. Under optimized condition, the area allocated to dry farming lands will decrease about 12% and gardens will increase about 423% and the other land uses remain unchanged too. In addition to, the results demonstrated the usefulness and efficiency of the proposed fuzzy model due to its flexibility and capability to simultaneously provide both optimum values and location of production resources.

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Reza E Owfi, Hossein Barani y Ahmad Abedi Sarvestani. "Study of non-grazing conflicts in protected areas (case study: Bahram-e Goor protected area-Iran)". International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research 3, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2022.3.2.0057.

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Protected areas have emerged as one of the most important and effective tools in the world for biodiversity conservation. Changing the use of natural lands, especially rangelands to protected areas, causes livestock grazing to be restricted in some of the grazing lands. These restrictions cause conflict between different natural land stakeholders. This study investigates the non-grazing management conflicts in the Bahram-e Goor protected area in Iran. In the first stage of the study, in order to investigate the existing conflicts, interviews were conducted with various stakeholders. The sampling method is classification, optimum allocation and targeted sampling method and the statistical population size is obtained from snowball method. The tool used for data collection was questionnaire and R and Gephi software were used for statistical analysis of data. Overall, 15 stakeholder groups and 19 conflict codes were identified. On the other hand, 354 questionnaires were also completed. The results of this research show the number of conflicts of the Department of Environment with 20 conflicts, more than others. Also, the highest number of conflicts is between the Department of Environment and unauthorized tourists, with four conflicts, and with farmers and gardeners, with three conflicts. Based on the findings of this study, in order to resolve key and important conflicts, planning can be done by the management of natural resources and protected areas.

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Sobhani, Parvaneh, Hassan Esmaeilzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Isabelle D. Wolf y Azade Deljouei. "Relationship Analysis of Local Community Participation in Sustainable Ecotourism Development in Protected Areas, Iran". Land 11, n.º 10 (21 de octubre de 2022): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101871.

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Nature conservation efforts cannot succeed without stakeholder participation. The inherent complexity of nature-based ecotourism has made the development of sustainable ecotourism operations a challenge, so it is essential to increase community stakeholder participation. Hence, this study investigates local community participation in Lar National Park (LNP) and the Jajrud Protected Area with the Sustainable Use of Natural Resource Areas (JPA) in Iran and evaluates how this influences the sustainability of ecotourism. This study found that in LNP, sustainable ecotourism development involving local communities is increasing because of the high level of attachment and interest to this part of pristine nature. In the JPA, the relationship between local community participation and ecotourism sustainability is significant too. As a result, natural habitats have been degraded and sustainability has decreased. To conserve these critically endangered natural areas, managers and decision-makers must increase community participation and education to encourage local communities to engage more in developing sustainable ecotourism.

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Yousefi, Fazeleh y Francesco Nocera. "The Role of Ab-Anbars in the Vernacular Architecture of Iran with Emphasis on the Performance of Wind-Catchers in Hot and Dry Climates". Heritage 4, n.º 4 (27 de octubre de 2021): 3987–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040219.

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Vernacular and traditional Iranian architecture has always acted rationally, harmoniously, and climate-friendly to meet the needs of the people in dealing with the environment. In addition, without harming the environment, they have achieved the best initiatives with the least facilities. For example, we can mention that the Ab-Anbars in arid and desert areas of Iran, which are used to store water in seasons with precipitation for use in the rest of the year, has been an optimal way to use natural resources and provide climate comfort. The Ab-Anbars are realized with ventilated cisterns through openings on their roof or wind-catchers to keep the water cool and provide comfortable conditions for the occupants. In order to study the essential role of natural ventilation and cooling in the Ab-Anbars, thermal analysis with CFD software was carried out to assess the effectiveness of a typical wind-catcher according to different wind directions in Yazd city. The results showed that Ab-Anbars have played an important role in reducing cooling loads and supply the necessary ventilation rate of buildings and can be used in the future for application in contemporary architecture and urban planning.

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Yazdanpanah, Masoud, Nozar Monfared y Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler. "Inter-Related Effects due to Droughts for Rural Populations: A Qualitative Field Study for Farmers in Iran". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 31, n.º 2 (agosto de 2013): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701303100201.

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This paper provides in-depth information on the multiple realities and time-dependencies during droughts over different sub-groups of an affected society. Dynamics are analyzed based on categorization of impacts into human, social, financial and natural capital effects and using the theory of conservation of resources for the behavioral explanation of selected coping strategies. A qualitative field study based on this approach was conducted in a village in southern Iran. It was found that droughts can cause waves of negative effects on various capital dimensions to farmers, especially the poor. The dimensions are very much interrelated and can multiply negative effects, decreasing resilience to drought to very low levels that can eventually lead to poverty trap-like situations. Furthermore, it was found that government aid interventions unintendedly worsened the situation of the poor. To avoid such situations it is suggested to shift from relief or ex-post interventions to a proactive risk management approach.

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Khorami, Shokoofeh, Seyed Kazemeini, Sadegh Afzalinia y Mahesh Gathala. "Changes in Soil Properties and Productivity under Different Tillage Practices and Wheat Genotypes: A Short-Term Study in Iran". Sustainability 10, n.º 9 (13 de septiembre de 2018): 3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093273.

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Natural resources are the most limiting factors for sustainable agriculture in Iran. Traditional practices are intensive tillage that leads to a negative impact on crop productivity and soil properties. Conservation agriculture including tillage reductions, better agronomy, and improved varieties, showed encouraging results. The goal of this study was to test combined effect of tillage practices and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes on soil properties as well as crop and water productivity. The experiment was conducted at Zarghan, Fars, Iran during 2014–2016. Experimental treatments were three-tillage practices—conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT)—and four wheat genotypes were randomized in the main and subplots, respectively using split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed NT had higher soil bulk density at surface soil, thereby lower cumulative water infiltration. The lowest soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were obtained under CT that led to the highest C:N ratio. Reduced tillage produced higher wheat yield and maize (Zea mays L.) biomass. Maximum irrigation water was applied under CT, which leads lower water productivity. The findings are based on short-term results, but it is important to evaluate medium- and long-term effects on soil properties, crop yields and water use in future.

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Attarian, Koorosh y Behnaz Safar Ali Najar. "Vernacular and historic underground urban facilities and sustainability of cities case study". Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 9, n.º 1 (4 de febrero de 2019): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-06-2017-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the underground levels of a city to explore how vernacular and historic underground urban facilities help traditional cities to be sustainable. Therefore, the authors look at how culture, climate and economy affect those facilities. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on vernacular and local underground urban facilities in historic cities to find more sustainable processes of urban development that integrate cultural, climatic and economical concerns into design planning. The paper is based on a case study of the underground infrastructure of Dezful, Iran. Findings There are several vernacular building styles around the world, especially in Iran, with different shapes, materials, arrangements and concepts. Building construction has significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. Dezful is a city in Iran with a lot of potential in terms of its architecture. Vernacular cities possess infrastructure that helped them thrive in harsh climates. For instance, Dezful takes advantage of a systematic infrastructure termed the “Underground City.” Originality/value The traditional architecture of Dezful plays an important role in creating underground spaces, especially urban and architectural elements with thermal isolation properties that can be used as housing and as food storage. In this century, building construction could adopt these environmental properties, which could lead to low energy consumption in urban environments. Considering traditional and contextual elements in urban planning and design could revive sustainable community practices in urban environments.

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Ghorbanian, Arsalan, Soheil Zaghian, Reza Mohammadi Asiyabi, Meisam Amani, Ali Mohammadzadeh y Sadegh Jamali. "Mangrove Ecosystem Mapping Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Satellite Images and Random Forest Algorithm in Google Earth Engine". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 13 (30 de junio de 2021): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132565.

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Mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems in existence, with many ecological benefits. Therefore, generating accurate thematic maps from mangrove ecosystems is crucial for protecting, conserving, and reforestation planning for these valuable natural resources. In this paper, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used in synergy to produce a detailed mangrove ecosystem map of the Hara protected area, Qeshm, Iran, at 10 m spatial resolution within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. In this regard, 86 Sentinel-1 and 41 Sentinel-2 data, acquired in 2019, were employed to generate seasonal optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) features. Afterward, seasonal features were inserted into a pixel-based random forest (RF) classifier, resulting in an accurate mangrove ecosystem map with average overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient (KC) of 93.23% and 0.92, respectively, wherein all classes (except aerial roots) achieved high producer and user accuracies of over 90%. Furthermore, comprehensive quantitative and qualitative assessments were performed to investigate the robustness of the proposed approach, and the accurate and stable results achieved through cross-validation and consistency checks confirmed its robustness and applicability. It was revealed that seasonal features and the integration of multi-source remote sensing data contributed towards obtaining a more reliable mangrove ecosystem map. The proposed approach relies on a straightforward yet effective workflow for mangrove ecosystem mapping, with a high rate of automation that can be easily implemented for frequent and precise mapping in other parts of the world. Overall, the proposed workflow can further improve the conservation and sustainable management of these valuable natural resources.

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Panova, Iryna O. y Oleksandr K. Zhevaho. "The Socioeconomic and Political Profile of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Business Inform 4, n.º 531 (2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-4-26-33.

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Currently, the issue of renewing the nuclear deal remains a key factor in the d?tente and reset of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Western countries. The success of the talks could stabilize the Middle East region and lead to the resumption of Iran’s close economic cooperation with international actors. At the same time, the public power, which is currently in the hands of conservative circles of the Iranian elite, and the presence of a significant part of hardliners in government circles of the United States and Israel prevent the rapid achieving of positive results via negotiations. Iran-Ukraine relations, despite considerable prospects, are currently de facto frozen due to a significant number of adverse factors. In addition, taking into account the important fact that today there is a significant intertwining of geopolitical processes in the international arena, one can state that the future of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Ukraine lies in the solution of two tangential cases, namely: the Russian-Ukrainian war and the Iranian nuclear deal. The resolving of both situations lies with the international community, whose interests are closely intertwined. The development of Iran-Ukraine relations is possible and is strategically important for the formation of a zone of economic, political and military security in Europe, the Caucasus and the Middle East not only at present, but also for the future of the whole world. Given this, the Iranian direction of Ukrainian foreign policy needs a reset and an integrated approach even now. The object of the study of the article is the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article is aimed at studying the socioeconomic and political profile of the Islamic Republic of Iran. As a result, it is concluded that Iran effectively uses all available opportunities to advance its own interests. Significant natural and human resources provide an opportunity to stabilize the economy and ensure its growth despite external and domestic political obstacles. The use of asymmetrical means allows to successfully resist the superior force of numerous regional opponents, while the «soft policy» provides the necessary human and financial resources.

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Kheyroddin, Reza, Sina Rahsaz y Mohammad Abbaspour Kalmarzi. "Ecological Tourism Development in the Mountainous Regions and Historical Railway Network Capacities. Case Study: Tehran-Mazandaran Old Railway by Crossing the Alborz Mountain Range". Lucrările Seminarului Geografic "Dimitrie Cantemir" 48, n.º 2 (2020): 186–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/lsgdc.v48i2.04.

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Ecological tourism or ecotourism (In abbreviation) is a form of tourism intended as a low impact on the environment and is based on the principles of sustainability in natural and historical areas with conservation characteristics. Railway tourism can be a form of ecological tourism that occurs in areas with presence of the railroad network. due to its novelty and proximity with natural and cultural heritage in the humid and rainy climate, This form of tourism can attract many tourists all around the world. The methodology of this study is descriptive and analytical, and initially, characteristics and requirements have been explained with resources and library studies The required infrastructures are the main bass of tourism, one of the most significant of which, is the current situation of the transportation system (railway network). The main aim of this study is the introduction of railway tourism as a strategy for development of railroad settlements in north of Iran with ecological and sustainable tourism. As the second aim, the most significant criteria of the railway-tourism were extracted from theoretical the foundation, in addition, their priority were specified by experts’ in AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) method. Moreover, in order to understand the restrictions and main problems of the local people, interviews have been conducted. In the following, Tehran – Mazandaran impassable mountainous railway has been introduced, that passes through the Alborz Mountains. This route has majority of unrivalled natural and cultural attractions, traditional habitation, and rural settlements. Despite recent spatial changes in Iran, these regions remained original and traditional. Interestingly, the railway is the only accessible transport to some of these settlements, without destructive effect on the environment. As the result, the substantial criteria were specified, and the basic issues and limitations of the locals’ life have been explained from survey and interviews. Consequently, a direct relationship has been detected between railway tourism and railroad habitation development in Tehran – Mazandaran railway that contains social, economic, physical and demographic studies. Eventually, it could be easily realized, which railway-tourism has the lowest ecological impacts despite other types of tourism in natural and rural areas. Therefore, every kind of effort from researchers to authorities in this field could be helpful in order to protect our environment.

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Kamali, Nadia, Ahmad Sadeghipour, Mahshid Souri y Andrea Mastinu. "Variations in Soil Biological and Biochemical Indicators under Different Grazing Intensities and Seasonal Changes". Land 11, n.º 9 (11 de septiembre de 2022): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091537.

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Knowledge of variations in soil biological and biochemical indicators with grazing and seasonal changes is important for assessing soil quality and required management. Lack of proper management could induce irreversible damage to the soil structure; therefore, a seasonal experiment was carried out in Salook National Park, Iran; arranged in a factorial-based randomized complete block design (RCBD) in all seasons of a year. The study area had three plots including a no-hunting area, national park, and protected area. Our data showed that overgrazing has altered the chemical–physical components of the soil with effects on the soil microbiome. The most affected areas are those subjected to the hunting ban and in the summer season. It could be concluded that low grazing intensity while protecting the soil ecosystem structure would increase the biochemical and biological characteristics of the soil and provide adequate conditions for providing forage to the natural herbivores living in this area. In order to preserve the biological resources of the region, it is strongly recommended that the level of protection be increased, especially in areas where hunting is prohibited.

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Aghmashhadi, Amir H., Samaneh Zahedi, Azadeh Kazemi, Christine Fürst y Giuseppe T. Cirella. "Conflict Analysis of Physical Industrial Land Development Policy Using Game Theory and Graph Model for Conflict Resolution in Markazi Province". Land 11, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040501.

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Industrial growth and development are among the integral components of economic development in developing countries such as Iran. Markazi province in the central part of Iran is one of the most prone areas for industrial progress due to its geopolitical location, proximity to the capital and major cities, and access via Iran’s western corridor. Over the last few decades, the concentration of major industries in combination with a lack of environmental safeguards have led to major environmental concerns, such that the province’s industrial development faces serious challenges going forward. This paper analyzes how to resolve these challenges through strategic analysis of stakeholder interactions using a Graph Model for Conflict Resolution, i.e., a non-cooperative model of game theory. Results indicate that, from a strategic point of view, the main cause of the conflict is over physical industrial land development in Markazi province by way of rationality and organizational benefits from stakeholders. It was shown that the insistence from the Industry and Mining Organization on industrial development and the Department of Environment on the preservation of natural resources and the environment, on the one hand, and the prevention of their further destruction, on the other, have made it difficult to find a cooperative solution. The findings further unveiled that in a non-cooperative scenario (i.e., the current situation), the equilibrium point of the conflict is status 16 (i.e., among the 18 situations) and no unilateral progression from either party can be detected. Via the equilibrium point, if the current preferences of the parties cannot be resolved, the conflict will remain at a deadlock leaving the environment at risk of further degradation.

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Mohammad Reza, Khaleghi. "The influence of deforestation and anthropogenic activities on runoff generation". Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 6 (27 de junio de 2017): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/130/2016-jfs.

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In recent decades, due to rapid human population increases and in its results, destructive effects of anthropogenic activities on natural resources have become a great challenge. Land use and vegetation are important factors in soil erosion and runoff generation. This study was performed to assess the effects of different amounts of forest cover on the control of runoff and soil loss in the Talar basin, which is located in Mazandaran province, using a runoffrainfall model, geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to determine the hydrologic effects of deforestation on the Talar watershed (north of Iran). A runoff-rainfall model has been presented using GIS (HECGeoHMS) and hydrologic model (HEC-HMS). Land use changes (deforestation) and anthropogenic activities (roads and impervious surfaces development) were evaluated using RS techniques and satellite images. We used the Soil Conservation Service and Curve Number methods for hydrograph simulation and runoff estimation, respectively. First, a model was performed and optimized. Afterward, the optimized model was evaluated by other six events of floods (model validation). According to the obtained results, the runoff generation potential has been increased in the Talar watershed due to deforestation during the last forty years. Land use changes cause an increase in runoff volume and flood peak discharge.

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Tayebi, Safiyeh, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Saeed Esfandi, Banafsheh Aliabbasi, Seyed Ali Alavi y Aliakbar Shamsipour. "A Neighborhood-Based Urban Water Carrying Capacity Assessment: Analysis of the Relationship between Spatial-Demographic Factors and Water Consumption Patterns in Tehran, Iran". Land 11, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2022): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122203.

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The upward trajectory of urbanization, coupled with the ever-growing demand for more water resources, has led to increased pressure on limited water resources, particularly in cities with dry climates such as Tehran. Since the balance of Tehran’s water ecosystems has been disturbed, and the quality and quantity of water resources have been affected in recent years, conducting an assessment of water environment carrying capacity (WECC) seemed vital for this city. WECC was used as the basis of water supply sustainability evaluation concerning Tehran’s land use and demographic characteristics on a neighborhood scale. Therefore, the effect size and correlation of 12 types of land use and six variables derived from the literature with water consumption patterns were examined in warm and cold seasons. The results show that land use, population density, percentage of deteriorated area, percentage of buildings over 30 years old, residential–commercial land use, and green spaces correlate significantly with water consumption. The percentage of deteriorated areas and buildings over 30 years old has a negative, and the rest has a positive impact on water consumption. It is also recommended to use the research findings to improve Tehran’s water environment carrying capacity and apply the proposed evaluation procedure to other cities. The results of this research can be used in planning large and densely populated cities with a neighborhood-oriented approach, in which local institutions play an essential role in attracting people’s participation and inclusive urban planning.

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Suprun, I. I., V. I. Malyarovskaya, I. V. Stepanov y L. S. Samarina. "IRAP-analysis for evaluating the genetic stability of endemic and endangered species of the Western Caucasus flora in the collection in vitro". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.455.

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The characterization of genetic diversity is one of the main components of the genetic resources collection and management. Molecular markers are the most effective tool for characterizing and assessing genetic diversity in plant collections. IRAP (inter-retrotransposons amplified polymorphism) markers have proven to be some of the most effective for characterizing and evaluating germplasm, confirming the genetic fidelity of in vitro preserved cultivars and species. In this regard, the aim of this work is to test several IRAP primers to identify genetic polymorphism and study the genetic fidelity of three rare and endemic flora species of the Western Caucasus during in vitro conservation. Approbation of 16 IRAP-primers on the investigated species was carried out for Eryngium maritimum L., Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. and Campanula sclerophylla Kolak. The results made it possible to select the most efficient of them for genetic fidelity analysis of micropropagated plants. Out of 16 IRAP primers 8 amplified PCR products in Eryngium maritimum. In Galanthus woronowii as well 8 of 16 IRAP primers resulted in the amplification with the number of DNA fragments ranging from 2 to 12. In Campanula sclerophylla 9 of 16 IRAP primers amplified 1 to 11 fragments, depending on the marker. The results of the genotyping of regenerants were compared with data on stock in situ plants, which were the source of explants for in vitro conservation. In total, 60 regenerants for each species of the natural flora of the Western Caucasus were involved in the study. The results obtained demonstrated no genetic changes of the regenerants in all the studied species. These results were confirmed using ISSR analysis of an extended sample set of microplants for each species. The results obtained can serve as evidence of a low probability of genetic disorders during in vitro propagation and conservation of the species Eryngium maritimum L., Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. and Campanula sclerophylla Kolak.

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Shirmohammadi, Bagher, Arash Malekian, Ali Salajegheh, Bahram Taheri, Hossein Azarnivand, Ziga Malek y Peter H. Verburg. "Scenario analysis for integrated water resources management under future land use change in the Urmia Lake region, Iran". Land Use Policy 90 (enero de 2020): 104299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104299.

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Mohammadi, Alireza, Christopher Lunnon, Remington J. Moll, Cedric Kai Wei Tan, Kaveh Hobeali, Pouyan Behnoud, Peyman Moghadas, David W. Macdonald y Mohammad S. Farhadinia. "Contrasting responses of large carnivores to land use management across an Asian montane landscape in Iran". Biodiversity and Conservation 30, n.º 13 (6 de octubre de 2021): 4023–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02290-9.

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AbstractLand-use change has led to substantial range contractions for many species. Such contractions are particularly acute for wide-ranging large carnivores in Asia’s high altitude areas, which are marked by high spatiotemporal variability in resources. Current conservation planning for human-dominated landscapes often takes one of two main approaches: a “coexistence” (land sharing) approach or a “separation” (land sparing) approach. In this study, we evaluated the effects of land-use management on a guild of large carnivores in a montane ecosystem located in northeastern Iran. We used interview surveys to collect data on Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor and grey wolf Canis lupus and modeled the areas occupied by these species in a Bayesian framework. After accounting for imperfect detection, we found that wolves had a higher probability of occupying the study area than leopards (82%; 95% CI 73–90% vs. 63%; 95% CI 53–73%). Importantly, each predator showed contrasting response to land-use management. National Parks (i.e. human-free areas) had a positive association with leopard occupancy (αNational Park = 2.56, 95% CI 0.22–5.77), in contrast to wolves, which displayed a negative association with National Parks (αNational Park = − 1.62, 95% CI − 2.29 to 0.31). An opposite pattern was observed for human-dominated areas (i.e. Protected Areas and Communal Lands), where occupancy was higher for wolves but lower for leopards. Our study suggests that to protect these large carnivores, a combination of land sharing and land sparing approaches is desirable within Iran montane landscapes. Any recovery program for big cats in Iranian mountains, and likely similar mountainous landscapes in west Asia, should take into account other sympatric carnivores and how they can affect adjacent human communities. For example, conflict mitigation and compensation efforts are required to include the guild of large carnivores, instead of solely targeting the charismatic big cats.

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Zaina, Federico, Paola Branduini y Fereshteh Zavvari. "Applying ICOMOS-IFLA Principles for the Conservation, Management and Reuse of a Historical Hydraulic System: The No-Ras Qanat in North-Western Iran". Heritage 5, n.º 4 (20 de octubre de 2022): 3165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040163.

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Historical hydraulic systems represent a significant part of landscapes and global heritage. However, from the second half of the 20th century onwards, substantial socio-economic as well as technological changes occurring worldwide have put them at risk of abandonment and, eventually, of disappearing. Recent studies and international conventions, including the ICOMOS-IFLA, framed historical hydraulic systems and water management techniques in a new dimension, not only as an element of the past to be preserved but an active element to achieve sustainable economic development and mitigate climate change. Those qanats or karez represented a major historical hydraulic sustainable solution for irrigation, providing a water supply, which during the last few decades, has been slowly replaced with modern, although polluting and unsustainable, technologies. Building on the recent ICOMOS-IFLA Principles Concerning Rural Landscape as Heritage and the recommendation provided by initial research, this paper aims to show how qanats can become: (1) an important local and regional cultural and natural heritage; (2) a valuable economic resource; (3) an environmentally friendly system that could at least partially replace the existing polluting solution (i.e., dams and other modern infrastructures). To achieve these goals, we propose a restoration or reuse approach for the qanat based on the necessity of multiple stakeholders at local and national levels using sustainable materials and respecting the different values as a heritage place. Our case study is the No-Ras qanat in North-western Iran. In the conclusion, we also illustrate the relevance of the aims and methods of this paper in the light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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Amiri, Elham, Hojat Emami, Mohammad R. Mosaddeghi y Ali R. Astaraei. "Investigating the effect of vetiver and polyacrylamide on runoff, sediment load and cumulative water infiltration". Soil Research 55, n.º 8 (2017): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17011.

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Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental problems currently facing Iran, and soil conservation is crucial for managing natural resources. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a vetiver cultivation system, known to be a valuable bioengineering technique, and polyacrylamide (PAM) addition on runoff, sediment load (SL) and cumulative water infiltration under field conditions in a loamy soil. The experimental treatments were vetiver cultivation, PAM (applied at 20 and 40kgha–1) and a mixture of vetiver and different PAM application rates. Three simulated rainfall intensities of 15, 30 and 45mmh–1 were applied on the treated soils. Runoff and SL were collected at different time steps. The results showed that vetiver significantly decreased runoff and SL and increased cumulative water infiltration at different rainfall intensities, whereas the effect of PAM on runoff, SL and cumulative water infiltration depended on the PAM level. At the 15mmh–1 rainfall intensity, PAM application increased the runoff, but decreased SL and cumulative water infiltration. At the 30mmh–1 rainfall intensity, the 20kgha–1 PAM level decreased the runoff and SL. At the 45mmh–1 rainfall intensity, the higher PAM level was more effective to enhance the cumulative water infiltration and to reduce the runoff and SL. In general, although simultaneous application of vetiver and PAM significantly decreased the runoff volume and SL and increased water infiltration compared with the control, vetiver considerably decreased the runoff and SL. This suggests that vetiver may sufficiently decrease soil erosion and PAM is therefore unnecessary in controlling runoff and soil erosion where vetiver is applied.

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Bastan, Mahdi, Reza Ramazani Khorshid-Doust, Saeid Delshad Sisi y Alimohammad Ahmadvand. "Sustainable development of agriculture: a system dynamics model". Kybernetes 47, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2018): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose Sustainable development is the management and conservation of the basic natural resources through which organizational and technological changes are lead to meet present and future needs of humans. In developing and analyzing the solutions based on sustainable development principles, an integrated and holistic approach needs to be pursued. Not only system dynamics has the essential tools for systemic analysis, but also it is an appropriate approach for perceiving problems and offering solutions. The aim of this study is to present an integrated and systemic model to analyze the existent dynamics in sustainable development of Iran’s farming industry. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the mathematical equations and values of model’s variables, a simulation is carried out using the data gathered from Damavand city, Tehran, Iran. The parameters of the model are selected and calculated considering the specifications of this case study. After modeling the system, Vensim simulation software has been employed, followed by identifying the leverage points of the model; then, a set of scenarios have been generated and tested through simulation to achieve a much improved understanding of the system’s dynamic behavior. Findings The results show that two factors are among the most important leverage points: “profit gained from agriculture” and “required water”. The authors could also observe that the main issue in Damavand is the lack of water for which saving policies would be a major step toward agriculture’s sustainable development in this area. Originality/value The paper shows how System Dynamics simulation approach can provide deep insights into the field of sustainable development and present efficient policies for agriculture sustainability.

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26

Musa, Abdulkadhim Jawad, Saddam Hussein Abbas y Khidhir Abbas Hameed. "Performance of Two Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotypes Under SRI and Conventional Farming Methods in Three Locations in Iraq". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012138.

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Abstract The conservation of natural resources like soil and water and reduces chemical pollution in the environment is the desired goal of the directions of improving the performance of important crops that to meet the global food demand. However System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a rice cropping system that is consistent with Conservation Agricultural (CA) and Sustainable Agriculture (SA). The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of SRI method on grain yield and its components in two rice varieties compared with conventional practice in farmers' fields (CFM) in different environmental conditions in Iraq. Study was conducted in the fields during the rice season 2019 in three provinces in south of Iraq (Najaf, Diwaniya and Muthanna ). Anber33 and Jasmine rice varieties were grown in each location and the traits were conducted at sites having two donum of land (5,000 m2). The trial was performed as factorial expriments based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) having three blocks. The results showed superior significant of SRI method compared to CFM method in traits (plant height and panicle length, number per panicle and percentage of unfilled grains). Furthermore, SRI method gave higher grain yield as percentage with both varieties in each province (25.6% in at Muthanna, 24.5% in Najaf and 13.2% in Diwaniya province) compared to CFM. However, grain yield in Jasmine variety was higher than on Anber33 approximately 50% in three locations in this study. Overall, our results suggest that SRI method is the most convenient method in Iraq conditions due to the increased grain yield in rice compared to the CFM method.

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Musa, Abdulkadhim Jawad, Saddam Hussein Abbas y Khidhir Abbas Hameed. "Performance of Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes Under Modern and Conventional Farming Methods in Three Locations in Iraq". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012067.

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Abstract The conservation of natural resources like soil and water and reduces chemical pollution in the environment is the desired goal of the directions of improving the performance of important crops for meeting the global food demand. However,System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a rice cropping system that is consistent with Conservation Agricultural (CA) and Sustainable Agriculture (SA). The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of SRI method on grain yield and its components in two rice varieties compared with conventional practice in farmers' fields (CFM) in different environmental conditions in Iraq. The study was conducted in the fields during the rice season 2019 in three provinces in the south of Iraq (Najaf, Diwaniya and Muthanna). Anber33 and Jasmine rice varieties were grown in each location and the traits were conducted at sites having 2 donum of land (5,000 m2).The trial was performed as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) having three blocks. The results showed superior significant of SRI method compared to CFM method in traits (plant height and panicle length, number per panicle, and percentage of unfilled grains). Furthermore, SRI method gave higher grain yield as a percentage with both varieties in each province (25.6% in Muthanna, 24.5% in Najaf, and 13.2% in Diwaniya province) compared to CFM. However, grain yield in Jasmine variety was higher than on Anber33 approximately 50% in three locations in this study. Overall, our results suggest that SRI method is the most convenient method in Iraq conditions due to the increased grain yield in rice compared to the CFM method.

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Yousefi, Saleh, Somayeh Mirzaee, Hussein Almohamad, Ahmed Abdullah Al Dughairi, Christopher Gomez, Narges Siamian, Mona Alrasheedi y Hazem Ghassan Abdo. "Image Classification and Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel-2 Imagery: Optimization of SVM Parameters". Land 11, n.º 7 (29 de junio de 2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11070993.

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Land use/cover (LU/LC) classification provides proxies of the natural and social processes related to urban development, providing stakeholders with crucial information. Remotely sensed images combined with supervised classification are common to define land use, but high-performance classifiers remain difficult to achieve, due to the presence of model hyperparameters. Conventional approaches rely on manual adjustment, which is time consuming and often unsatisfying. Therefore, the goal of this study has been to optimize the parameters of the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for the generation of land use/cover maps from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery in selected humid and arid (three study sites each) climatic regions of Iran. For supervised SVM classification, we optimized two important parameters (gamma in kernel function and penalty parameter) of the LU/LC classification. Using the radial basis function (RBF) of the SVM classification method, we examined seven values for both parameters ranging from 0.001 to 1000. For both climate types, the penalty parameters (PP) showed a direct relationship with overall accuracy (OA). Statistical results confirmed that in humid study regions, LU/LC maps produced with a penalty parameter >100 were more accurate. However, for regions with arid climates, LU/LC maps with a penalty parameter >0.1 were more accurate. Mapping accuracy for both climate types was sensitive to the penalty parameter. In contrast, variations of the gamma values in the kernel function had no effect on the accuracy of the LU/LC maps in either of the climate zones. These new findings on SVM image classification are directly applicable to LU/LC for planning and environmental and natural resource management.

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Angelakis, Andreas N., Mohammad Valipour, Jörg Dietrich, Konstantinos Voudouris, Rohitashw Kumar, Miquel Salgot, Seyed Ali Mahmoudian, Anatoli Rontogianni y Tsoutsos Theocharis. "Sustainable and Regenerative Development of Water Mills as an Example of Agricultural Technologies for Small Farms". Water 14, n.º 10 (18 de mayo de 2022): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101621.

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Nowadays, the reuse of built agricultural/industrial heritage has been a common practice worldwide. These structures represent excellent symbols of the great agricultural/industrial past. These agricultural/hydro-technologies also serve as monuments of socio-cultural identities, especially in rural areas and on small farms. One example of a successful application of agricultural technologies for small farms is the water mill. By harnessing the water energy, they were used for traditional flour and other goods production (e.g., olive oil) and works requiring energy, with the main role in the evolution of the traditional/cultural landscape. Water mills have been used to drive a mechanical process of milling, hammering, and rolling and are a portion of the agricultural, cultural, and industrial heritage. For approximately two millennia, the vertical mill water wheel prepared the initial source of mechanical power in many regions of the world. Water mills were the first device that converted natural resources of energy into mechanical energy in order to operate some form of machinery. The preservation/management of water mills is challenging due to their long-term abandonment and the lack of information/knowledge about their value. The other obstacles that are faced in their retrofitting and/or preservation are the lack of sufficient economic incentives and complex authorizations/legislations. Sustainability and regeneration of water mills through the centuries are then reviewed for history and agricultural/industrial “archaeology”. The history of water-powered mills in prehistoric and historic times, including ancient Persia/Iran, ancient China, ancient India, the Islamic world, Venetian Crete, medieval Europe, America, and finally present times, is discussed. The outcome of this review allows the understanding of the importance of conservation, optimization, and development of water mills. It will help to know more and achieve sustainable/regenerative development for small farms with respect to water and energy crises at present and in the future.

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Rahimian Boogar, Abdolrahman, Hassan Salehi, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi y Thomas Blaschke. "Predicting Habitat Suitability and Conserving Juniperus spp. Habitat Using SVM and Maximum Entropy Machine Learning Techniques". Water 11, n.º 10 (30 de septiembre de 2019): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102049.

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Support vector machine (SVM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) machine learning techniques are well suited to model the habitat suitability of species. In this study, SVM and MaxEnt models were developed to predict the habitat suitability of Juniperus spp. in the Southern Zagros Mountains of Iran. In recent decades, drought extension and climate alteration have led to extensive changes in the geographical occurrence of this species and its growth and regeneration are extremely limited in this area. This study evaluated the habitat suitability of Juniperus through spatial modeling and predicts appropriate regions for future cultivation and resource conservation. We modeled the natural habitat of Juniperus for an area of 700 ha in Sepidan Area in the Fars province using (1) data regarding the presence of the species (295 samples) collected through field surveys and GPS, (2) habitat soil information and indices derived from 60 soil samples collected in the study area, and (3) climatic and topographic datasets collected from various sources. In total, 15 conditioning factors were used for this spatial modeling approach. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to estimate the accuracy of the habitat suitability models produced by the SVM and MaxEnt techniques. Results indicated logical and similar area under the curve (AUC)-ROC values for the SVM (0.735) and MaxEnt (0.728) models. Both the SVM and MaxEnt methods revealed a significant relationship between the Juniperus spp. distribution and conditioning factors. Environmental factors played a vital role in evaluating the presence of Juniperus sp. as Max and Min temperatures and annual mean rainfall were the three most important factors for habitat suitability in the study area. Finally, an area with high and very high suitability for the future cultivation of Juniperus sp. and for landscape conservation was suggested based on the SVM model.

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Abdulwahid-Kurdi, Samiaa J., Muhsin J. Abdulwahid, Usman Magaji, Zeiad A. Aghwan, Rodziah Atan y Kasrin A. Hamadamin. "Medicinal plants used in Soran district Kurdistan region of Iraq, an ethnobotanicals study". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1484_11.1.1.

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Context: The current study, the first of its type, focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of 97 medicinal plant species by the inhabitants in the Soran area, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Aims: To evaluate local knowledge of medicinal plants and provision of preliminary data on the user-benefit of the accessible plant species in the area. Methods: Between October 2021 and May 2022, key informant interviews were conducted as part of an ethnobotanical survey. Information about a particular study through face-to-face interviews with 171 participants (98 males and 73 females) were collected. For the therapeutic plants considered in the study, quantitative indices such as use value (UV), family use value (FUV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were applied in addition to detailed notes on each plant species. Results: The survey discovered 97 plant species and 41 plant families. Leaves were the plant portion that was used the most (44%) while seeds were the least (12%). The most popular three methods of preparation were decoction (52%), row (36%), and crushed (6%). The Olea europaea species had the highest use values (0.82), while Vitex agnus-castus had (0.005). Amaryllidaceae had the highest family use value (1.218), while Asteraceae had (0.005). According to the consensus index, Ficus carica and Datura stramonium had (140.84%) and (1.011%). The digestive tract disease category was shown to have the highest informant consensus factor value out of all disease categories (0.57), while the lowest value ICF was (0.0) for tooth pain. Conclusions: As a result of the development of natural medicines, this study gives information on the indigenous medicinal plants utilized in the Soran district to treat common illnesses that are ready for additional pharmacological and phytochemical examination. For better use of natural resources, the traditional use of plants requires conservation methods and additional research.

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Christensen, Steen, Raquibul Amin y Ghulam Qadir Shah. "Regional Collaboration Among Countries in the Indian Ocean for Better Coastal and Ocean Governance". Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 1, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2019.003.1.

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The Mangroves for the Future initiative (MFF) has operated since 2006 as a strategic regional and partnership-led programmeworking in response to the continued degradation of coastal ecosystems, which threatens the livelihoods and security of coastal communities and makes them more vulnerable to impacts from climate change. MFF follows the principle that healthy coastal ecosystems (principally mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds) can contribute significantly to human well-being and the resilience of man and nature to climate change. In its initial phase to 2010, MFF supported India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Thailand to deliver a targeted response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Since then, country membership has expanded to include Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Viet Nam and the initiative has grown towards a wider response to the current and emerging challenges for coastal management in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions. MFF is also engaged with Malaysia on an outreach basis; and with the Philippines as a dialogue country. Co-chaired by International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCN) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and with ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), and Wetland International (WI) as institutional partners, MFF provides a unique platform for representatives from governments, civil society and private sectors to meet, discuss and take actions together at both regional and national scales. At the regional level, MFF is governed by a Regional Steering Committee that provides strategic leadership for policy change and advocacy and also serves as a forum for country to country information exchange and discussions on emerging issues of regional importance. Within each MFF member country, a National Coordination body has oversight on the programme implementation as guided by its National Strategy and Action Plan and delivery of the small, medium and regional grant facilities1. Through its inclusive partnership approach, MFF has significantly strengthened the collaboration between the key stakeholders from governments, civil society, and private sectors addressing national and regional coastal zone management issues. In particular, the MFF initiative has supported national and local governments in developing and implementing participatory and sustainable resource management strategies, and, through awareness and capacity building activities, empowered coastal communities to participate in the decision making processes relating to the management of the natural resources on which they depend for their livelihoods. The present paper elaborates successful examples of regional collaboration initiated through MFF that have contributed to better coastal governance in India Ocean region. The examples include the transboundary cooperation between Pakistan and Iran in Gawatar Bay, between India and Sri Lanka for in the Gulf of Mannar, and between Guangxi and Quang Ninh Provinces in China and Viet Nam. The paper also highlights the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially the Goal 14 and concepts like Blue Economy for sustainable ocean and coastal management in the light of the rapid development in maritime trade, race for exploration of the ocean bed for mineral resources, unsustainable exploitation of fish resources, and increasing pollution load to ocean waters from rapidly developing coastal urban growth in the Indian Ocean region.

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Zolfaghari Nia, Masoud, Mostafa Moradi, Gholamhosein Moradi y Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi. "Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Soil Properties in the Riparian Forests". Land 12, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010032.

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Spatial variability of soil properties is a critical factor for the planning, management, and exploitation of soil resources. Thus, the use of different digital soil mapping models to provide accuracy plays a crucial role in providing soil physicochemical properties maps. Soil spatial variability in forest stands is not well-known in Iran. Meanwhile, riparian buffers are important for several services such as providing high water quality, nutrient recycling, and buffering agricultural production. Accordingly, in this research, 103 soil samples were taken using the Latin hypercubic method in the Maroon riparian forest of Behbahan and agricultural lands in the vicinity of the forest to evaluate the spatial variability of soil nitrogen, potassium, organic carbon, C:N ratio, pH, calcium carbonate, sand, silt, clay, and bulk density. Different machine learning models, including artificial neural networks, random forest, cubist regression tree, and k-nearest neighbor were used to compare the estimation of soil properties. Moreover, three main sources of spatial information including remote sensing images, digital elevation model, and climate parameters were used as ancillary data. Our results indicated that the random forest model has the best results in estimating soil pH, nitrogen, potassium, and bulk density. In contrast, the cubist regression tree indicated the best estimation for organic carbon, C:N ratio, phosphorous, and clay. Further, artificial neural networks showed the best estimation for calcium carbonate, sand, and silt contents. Our results revealed that geospatial information such as terrain parameters, climate parameters, and satellite images could be well used as ancillary data for the spatial mapping of soil physiochemical properties in riparian forests and agricultural lands. In conclusion, a specific machine learning model needs to be used for each soil property to provide highly accurate maps with less error.

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Sharma, Seema. "CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, n.º 9SE (30 de septiembre de 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3174.

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The importance of natural resources in sustaining productivity and environmental protection is now relatively more realized than the past. Over the past few decades or so, more and more attention is being paid all over the world to conserve the Natural Resources. Natural resources are important material basis for a stable economy and social development too With Industrialization and Urbanization, mankind’s great demand for natural resources and their large scale exploitation and consumption has resulted in the weakening, deterioration and exhaustion of these resources. Human existence depends on the natural resources and the environment and the maintenance of which is now increasingly being considered as essential for mankind. As human populations increase and natural resources become more limited, there is a critical need for trained conservation professionals in natural resources conservation. Natural Resources are those environmental gifts which satisfy the human wants. They are the means of attaining social objectives. Conservation of natural resources is the wise use of the earth's resources by humanity to achieve its benefits for the longest possible period of time and ensure availability of these resources for the further generation. One difficult task faced by all countries is to guarantee the lasting utilization of natural resources at the lowest possible environmental cost while still assuring economical and social development.

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Verma, Pragati. "CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, n.º 9SE (30 de septiembre de 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3244.

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The survival and progress of human life depends on developmental resources. Since ancient times human beings get various types of things from nature and fulfill their needs. In fact, resources are those which are useful to human beings, human beings are a part of the environment just like other organisms but a variation which is easily reflected. That is, human beings have sufficient ability to affect the environment around them and control them in some sense as compared to other organisms. That is why human relations with environment are given so much importance.In modern life, there is nothing more curious than the problem of human and environmental relations. The pace of this awareness has been slow in the developing countries and its solution has just started to be fully realized.The global dimension of environmental awareness is beginning to appear in some decades. It has been felt that the unpredictable loss of land, air, water etc. is being done by the nature system of the earth, the future survival of the organisms on earth is starting to be threatened, now there is a need to think holistically. It is known that the object of the world is in our hands.Man has also had to bear the consequences of contempt for nature. Due to all this, a strong need is being felt today that how the above balance of nature can be regained, now we have to use our technical skills in ways to reclaim our lost environment. मानव जीवन का अस्तित्व, प्रगति विकास संसाधनों पर निभ्रर करता है । आदिकाल से मनुष्य प्रकृति से विभिन्न प्रकार की वस्तुएँ प्राप्त कर अपनी आवष्यकताओं को पूरा करता है वास्तव में संसाधन वे है जिनकी उपयोगिता मानव के लिए हो, अन्य जीवों के समान ही मानव भी पर्यावरण का ही एक अंग है परन्तु एक विभिन्नता जो सहज ही परिलक्षित होती है वह यह है कि अन्य जीवों की तुलना में मानव अपने चारों ओर के पर्यावरण को प्रभावित तथा कुछ अर्थो में उसे नियंत्रित कर पाने की पर्याप्त क्षमता है यही कारण है कि मानव का पर्यावरण के साथ संबंधों को इतना महत्व दिया जाता है ।आधुनिक जीवन में मानव तथा पर्यावरण के संबंधों की समस्या से अधिक उत्सुकता का अन्य कोई विषय नहीं है । इस जागरूकता की गति विकासषील देषों में मंद रही है तथा इसका समाधान संपूर्णता से अभी-अभी ही अनुभव किया जाने लगा है । विगत् कुछ दषकों में पर्यावरणीय सजगता का वैष्विक आयाम प्रकट होने लगा है । यह महसूस किया गया है कि पृथ्वी की प्रकृति व्यवस्था से भूमि, वायु, जल आदि का अप्रत्याषित नुकसान किया जा रहा है पृथ्वी पर जीवों की भावी उत्तरजीविता को खतरा उत्पन्न होने लगा है अब समग्र रूप से सोचने की आवष्यकता पड़ रही है अब यह महसूस किया जाने लगा है कि विष्व का शग्य हमारे हाथो में है ।मनुष्य को प्रकृति के प्रति तिरस्कार का परिणाम भी सहना पड़ा है । इस सबके कारण ही आज इस बात की प्रबल आवष्यकता अनुभव की जाने लगी है कि किस प्रकार प्रकृति का उपर्युक्त संतुलन पुनः प्राप्त किया जा सकता है अब हमें अपने तकनीकी कौषल का उपयोग अपने खोये हुए पर्यावरण को पुनः प्राप्त करने के तरीकों में करना होगा ।

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36

Kerr, A. J. "Conservation of natural resources". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 90 (1986): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005169.

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SynopsisAn indication is given of the importance of the Clyde Estuary for economic, scientific and aesthetic purposes. The main thrust of the World Conservation Strategy and the Conservation and Development Programme for the U.K. is explained. In the light of this the attitudes and actions of a range of agencies operating in the estuary are examined.

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37

Wood, Thomas James y Romain Le Divelec. "Cryptic Diversity Revealed in A Revision of West Palaearctic Nomiapis and Systropha (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Diversity 14, n.º 11 (28 de octubre de 2022): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110920.

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Revisionary taxonomic studies of bees from the Old World Mediterranean basin are hindered both by the apparent absence of type material for many taxa and a lack of genetic resources. The discovery of important type materials in combination with the generation of novel DNA barcodes (Cytochrome Oxidase I) has allowed cryptic diversity within the widespread taxa Nomiapis bispinosa (Brullé, 1832) and Systropha planidens Giraud, 1861 to be clarified. Nomiapis bispinosa actually consists of three distinct taxa: Nomiapis bispinosa s. str. from Morocco and Iberia to Central Asia, Nomiapis rufiventris (Spinola, 1838) spec. resurr. from Morocco to Egypt, including Sicily and Nomiapis paulyispec. nov. from Portugal and Spain. A lectotype is designated for Nomia rufiventris Spinola, 1838. Lectotypes are designated for Nomia bispinosa Brullé, 1832 and Nomia albocincta Lucas, 1849, and type material for Nomia perforata Lucas, 1849 is clarified; both Nomiapis albocincta and Nomiapis perforata are synonymised syn. nov. with Nomiapis rufiventris. A lectotype is designated for Nomia ruficornis Spinola, 1838, and this taxon is confirmed as a synonym of Nomiapis bispinosa. Systropha planidens also consists of three distinct taxa: S. planidens from Central Europe to Iran and the European part of Russia, S. grandimargo Pérez, 1905 spec. resurr. from Portugal, Spain, and France, and S. anatolica Warncke, 1977 stat. nov. from Turkey, Syria, and northern Israel. A lectotype is designated for Systropha planidens Giraud, 1861. Systropha chrysura Pérez, 1905 is synonymised syn. nov. with S. grandimargo. These findings illustrate the extent to which our understanding of the taxonomy of Mediterranean bees remains incomplete.

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38

Singh, Anita y Ragini Singh. "NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CONSERVATION". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, n.º 9SE (30 de septiembre de 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3210.

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Nature has provided all the useful resources to man with free hand. Adivana relied entirely on nature to fulfill all its needs, but in the development of Adivasi from human to modern man, man exploited the natural resources in full and consequently the abundant wealth of nature gradually started to end. In this sequence, various species have reached the category of extinct species, conservation of natural resources has become imperative to preserve the remaining species and the human species itself. Along with taking various protective measures for this, the need is for the youth who are sensitive to nature and able to bear the responsibility of conservation of natural resources by staying in the nature of nature even in odd circumstances. प्रकृति ने मनुष्य को सभी जीवनोपयोगी संसाधन मुक्त हस्त से प्रदान किये हैं। आदिमानव अपनी समस्त आवष्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिये पूरी तरह प्रकृति पर निर्भर करता था, किंतु आदि मानव से आधुनिक मनुष्य बनने की विकासयात्रा में मनुष्य ने प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का भरपूर दोहन किया फलस्वरूप प्रकृति की अकूत संपदा धीरे-धीरे समाप्त होने लगी। इस क्रम में विभिन्न प्रजातियाँ विलुप्त प्रजातियों की श्रेणी में पहुँच गयीं, शेष बची हुई प्रजातियों और स्वयं मनुष्य प्रजाति को बचाये रखने के लिये भी प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का संरक्षण अत्यावष्यक हो गया है। इस हेतु विभिन्न सुरक्षात्मक कदम उठाने के साथ-साथ आवष्यकता ऐसे युवाओं की है जो प्रकृति के प्रति संवेदनषील हों तथा विषम परिस्थितियों में भी प्रकृति के सानिध्य में रहकर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के संरक्षण का उत्तरदायित्व निभाने में सक्षम हों।

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39

Hedrick, Philip. "Conservation Genetics for Natural Resources". BioScience 61, n.º 4 (abril de 2011): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.4.19.

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40

Gunawan, Gusta, Dwita Sutjiningsih, Herr Soeryantono y Soelistiyoweni Widjanarko. "Soil Erosion Prediction Using GIS and Remote Sensing on Manjunto Watershed Bengkulu, Indonesia". JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2013): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.141-148.

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The study aims to assess the rate of erosion that occurred in Manjunto Watershed and financial loss using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Model used to determine the erosion is E30 models. The basis for the development of this model is to integrate with the slope of the slope between NDVI. The value of NDVI obtained from satellite imagery. Slope factor obtained through the DEM processing. To determine the amount of economic losses caused by erosion used the shadow prices. The amount of nutrients lost converted to fertilizer price. The results showed that the eroded catchment area has increased significantly. The rate of average annual erosion in the watershed Manjunto in 2000 amounted to 3 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The average erosion rate in the watershed Manjunto annual increase to 27 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in the year 2009. Economic losses due to erosion in 2009 was Rp200,000,- for one hectare. Total losses due to erosion for the total watershed area is Rp15,918,213,133, -. The main factor causing the high rate of erosion is high rainfall, slope and how to grow crops that do not pay attention to the rules of conservation.Keywords: Soil erosion, digital elevation model, GIS, remote sensing, valuation erosion[How to Cite: Gunawan G, D Sutjiningsih, H Soeryantono and S Widjanarko. 2013.Soil Erosion Prediction Using GIS and Remote Sensing on Manjunto Watershed Bengkulu-Indonesia. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 141-148. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141]REFERENCESAksoy E, G Ozsoy and MS Dirim. 2009. Soil mapping approach in GIS using Landsat satellite imagery and DEM data. Afr J Agric Res 4: 1295-1302.Ananda J and G Herath. 2003. Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal. J Environ Manage 68: 343-353.Ananda J, G Herath and A Chisholm. 2001. Determination of yield and Erosion Damage Functions Using Subjectivly Elicited Data: application to Smallholder Tea in Sri Lanka. Aust J Agric Resour Ec 45: 275-289.Ande OT, Y Alaga and GA Oluwatosin. 2009. Soil erosion prediction using MMF model on highly dissected hilly terrain of Ekiti environs in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Phys Sci 4: 053-057.Arnold JG, BA Engel and R Srinivasan. 1998. A continuous time grid cell watershed model. Proc. of application of Advanced Technology for management of Natural Resources.Arsyad S. 2010. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB Press. Bogor-Indonesia (in Indonesian).Asdak C.1995. Hydrology and Watershed Management. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.Barlin RD and ID Moore. 1994. Role of buffer strips in management of waterway pollution: a review. Environ Manage 18: 543-58.Brough PA.1986. Principle of Geographical Information Systems For Land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, 194p.Clark B and J Wallace. 2003. Global connections: Canadian and world issues. Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education Canada, Inc.Cochrane T A and DC Flanagan. 1999. Assessing water erosion in small watershed using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models. J Soil Water Conserv 54: 678 685.Dames TWg. 1955. The Soils of East Central Java; with a Soil Map 1:250,000. Balai Besar Penjelidikan Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia.Dixon JA, LF Scura, RA Carpenter and PB Sherman. 2004. Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts 2nd ed. Eartscans Publication Ltd., London.Fistikoglu O and NB Harmancioglu. 2002. Integration of GIS with USLE in Assessment of Soil Erosion. Water Resour Manage 16: 447-467.Green K. 1992. Spatial imagery and GIS: integrated data for natural resource management. J Forest 90: 32-36.Hazarika MK and H Honda. 2001. Estimation of Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Its Valuation & Economic Implications on Agricultural Productions. The 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting at Purdue University and the USDA-ARS Soil Erosion Research Laboratory.Hazarika S, R Parkinson, R Bol, L Dixon, P Russell, S Donovan and D Allen. 2009. Effect of tillage system and straw management on organic matter dynamics. Agron Sustain Develop 29: 525-533. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009024. Honda KL, A Samarakoon, Y Ishibashi, Mabuchi and S Miyajima.1996. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for denudation estimation in Siwalik watershed of Nepal,p. B21-B26. Proc. 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Colombo, Sri lanka.Kefi M and K Yoshino. 2010. Evaluation of The Economic Effects of Soil Erosion Risk on Agricultural Productivity Using Remote Sensing: Case of Watershed in Tunisia. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan.Kefi M, K Yoshino, K Zayani and H Isoda. 2009. Estimation of soil loss by using combination of Erosion Model and GIS: case of study watersheds in Tunisia. J Arid Land Stud 19: 287-290.Lal R. 1998. Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality: Critical Review. Plant Sci 17: 319-464.Lal. 2001. Soil Degradation by Erosion. Land Degrad Develop12: 519-539.Lanya I. 1996. Evaluasi Kualitas lahan dan Produktivitas Lahan Kering Terdegradasi di Daerah Transmigrasi WPP VII Rengat Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu, Riau. [Disertasi Doktor]. Program Pasca Sarjana IPB, Bogor (in Indonesian).Mermut AR and H Eswaran. 2001. Some major developments in soil science since the mid 1960s. Geoderma 100: 403-426.Mongkolsawat C, P Thurangoon and Sriwongsa.1994. Soil erosion mapping with USLE and GIS. Proc. Asian Conf. Rem. Sens., C-1-1 to C-1-6.Morgan RPC, Morgan DDV and Finney HJ. 1984. A predictive model for the assessment of erosion risk. J Agric Eng Res 30: 245-253.Morgan RPC. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co.Panuju DR, F Heidina, BH Trisasongko, B Tjahjono, A Kasno, AHA Syafril. 2009. Variasi nilai indeks vegetasi MODIS pada siklus pertumbuhan padi. J.Ilmiah Geomat. 15, 9-16 (in Indonesian).Pimentel D, C Harvey, P Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D Kurz, M Mc Nair, S Christ, L Shpritz, L Fitton, R Saffouri and R Balir. 1995. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits. Science 267: 1117-1123.Saha SK and LM Pande. 1993. Integrated approach towards soil erosion inventory for environmental conservation using satellite and agrometeorological data. Asia Pac Rem Sens J 5: 21-28.Saha SK, Kudrat M and Bhan SK.1991. Erosional soil loss prediction using digital satellitee data and USLE. In: S Murai (ed). Applications of Remote Sensing in Asia and Oceania – Environmental Change Monitoring. Asian Association of Remote Sensing, pp. 369-372.Salehi MH, Eghbal MK and Khademi H. 2003. Comparison of soil variability in a detailed and a reconnaissance soil map in central Iran. Geoderma 111: 45-56.Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Eighth Edition. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, D.C.

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41

Ottow, Carolyn. "Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Site". Journal of Government Information 27, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(99)00139-2.

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42

Timah, Emmanuel Ambe, Nji Ajaga, Divine F. Tita, Leonard M. Ntonga y Irene B. Bongsiysi. "Demographic pressure and natural resources conservation". Ecological Economics 64, n.º 3 (enero de 2008): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.08.024.

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Sobhani, Parvaneh, Hassan Esmaeilzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Isabelle D. Wolf y Azade Deljouei. "Prioritizing Water Resources for Conservation in a Land of Water Crisis: The Case of Protected Areas of Iran". Water 14, n.º 24 (17 de diciembre de 2022): 4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244121.

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This study examines the distribution of water resources in Protected Areas in Iran and their priority for conservation. The results show that most of the water resources are located in the north and northwest of Iran due to favorable climatic conditions, topography, ambient temperature, and annual rainfall levels. Conversely, the lowest amount of water resources are located in the center and southeast of the country. Water resources were prioritized based on expert ratings of indicators to determine their value for conservation. The wetland with the highest priority for conservation is the Anzali Wetland (Gilan province), which is an international Ramsar Wetland. Conversely, Namak Lake (Qom province) was deemed the least important due to its geographical location, biological sensitivity, and conservation status. Protected Areas were found to support more surface water resources and provide space for the largest percentage of water resources, demonstrating their great value for protecting water resources in Iran. However, the level of protection of these critical resources, although located in Protected Areas, was shown to be insufficient. Therefore, appropriate planning and integrated management approaches are urgently needed to protect water resources and aquatic habitats in Protected Areas in Iran to address the current water crisis.

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44

McReynolds, Kim. "Natural Resources Conservation Workshop for Arizona Youth". Rangelands 27, n.º 4 (agosto de 2005): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x(2005)27[10:nrcwfa]2.0.co;2.

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45

Rissman, Adena R., Richard Reiner y Adina M. Merenlender. "Monitoring Natural Resources on Rangeland Conservation Easements". Rangelands 29, n.º 3 (junio de 2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x(2007)29[21:mnrorc]2.0.co;2.

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46

Clark, Timothy W., Mark Wishnie y George Gorman. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Natural Resources Conservation". Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16, n.º 1-2 (enero de 2003): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v16n01_08.

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47

Laley, Mehrdad Foj, Adel Ranji, Alireza Tavakoli Polorom y Morteza Safir. "Remote Sensing and Evaluation of Natural Resources in Iran". Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 3, n.º 10 (junio de 2014): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0018413.

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48

Deo, Sandhya. "ROLE OF SOCIETY IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, n.º 9SE (30 de septiembre de 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3169.

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Anything in the environment which can be used is called a ‘natural resource’. Protecting the environment from destruction is called conservation of environment. Some of our important natural resources are forest, wildlife, water, coal & petroleum. The resources of the earth are limited because of the rapid increase in population. The demand for resources is increasing day by day. The proper management can ensure that the natural resources are used judiciously so that they fulfill the needs of present generation and also last for the generations to come. Water is the basic necessity for all forms of life, human beings other animals as well as plants. The various sources of water are: Rain, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Wells, Oceans and Glaciers. Rain is a very important source of water. Rains in India are largely due to monsoon which, lasts for a few months. High yielding Varieties of crops require more water for irrigation. The changing life style of people is consuming more water so we are not able to fulfill the demand of water for all people. Rivers are another important source of water. The management of river water is done by constructing dams on rivers. Dams are useful for the society because of irrigation, water supply in towns and cities, generating electricity. The public opposition on the construction of large dams on rivers is mainly due to some problems. Due to construction of dams a large number of human settlements are submerged in the water of large reservoir formed by the dam and many people are rendered homeless. It also contributes to deforestation and lose of biodiversity. The water of most of rivers is highly polluted. The pollution of river water is caused by the dumping of untreated sewage and industrial water into it. Wells and tube wells are other sources of water. This water is used for the irrigation of crops and for drinking purpose.

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49

Prakash Kala, Chandra. "Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources through Spirituality". Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences 5, n.º 2 (26 de agosto de 2017): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/aees-5-2-1.

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Vaidya, Chetan y Satmohini Srivastava Ray. "Sairam Bhat, Natural Resources Conservation Law (SAGE), 2010". Environment and Urbanization ASIA 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2011): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097542531000200115.

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