Literatura académica sobre el tema "Consensus guidance"

In the early 2000s, the US monetary policy committee, as well as other central banks around the world, began using “forward guidance,” or changes in their statement language, to signal policy changes. Underlying this shift toward clearer communication was the idea that more comprehensible monetary policy would lead to better economic performance and lower inflation. The first three chapters of this book argue that, rather than being a lofty goal set by altruistically motivated policy makers, transparency depends on the configuration of committee members’ preferences. Monetary policy committees that have central bankers with opposing preferences are argued to communicate more precisely compared to either a single decision maker or central bankers with more similar preferences. Precise communication is then shown to have positive effects by lowering inflation. Shifting focus and using data from the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), chapter 4 presents evidence that committees with opposing preferences use a lower share of uncertainty words in policy statements and make more numerous changes to public announcements. Chapter 5 shows that households in Germany change their inflation expectations when given more precise central bank information. And chapter 6 shows that the level of precision in inflation-related news articles is negatively related to inflation in a sample of countries from Latin America. In conclusion, this book offers a new way of thinking about central bank committees and transparency. It finds that appointing a more policy-diverse central bank committee can encourage intercommittee governance and accountability as well as better economic performance.

This chapter covers the full spectrum of systemic diseases in paediatric rheumatology including: the systemic vasculitides (HSP, Kawasaki disease, PAN, ANCA-associated vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Behçet's disease, cerebral vasculitis, and many others); juvenile SLE; scleroderma; JDM; overlap syndromes; antiphospholipid syndrome; sarcoid; and paediatric uveitis. In addition, it provides updated descriptions and treatment approaches for autoinflammatory diseases, including recently described diseases such as DADA, SAVI, CANDLE, and many others. Other systemic diseases described in detail include mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses; musculoskeletal features of chromosomal abnormalities; cystic fibrosis; and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment guidelines for all these systemic diseases have been fully updated, and aligned with recent evidence-based/consensus European guidance.

Because of their awesome destructive capability, nuclear weapons require national security policymakers to carefully evaluate how they fit within a country’s national security posture. No consensus exists as to whether the use of such weapons is in fact an option for decision makers to consider or whether the goal is to ensure that they can never be used. The different strategies that have been developed since 1945 for U.S. nuclear strategy—massive retaliation, flexible response, a fatalistic acceptance of the logic of mutually assured destruction, and the search for the most effective ways of stemming nuclear proliferation in unstable or unpredictable actors—all reflect attempts to provide guidance for policymakers as to the strategic purpose of these weapons.