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1
A, Drossman Douglas, ed. Rome II: The functional gastrointestinal disorders : diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment : a multinational consensus. 2a ed. McLean, VA: Degnon Associates, 2000.
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A, Drossman Douglas, ed. The Functional gastrointestinal disorders: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment : a multinational consenus. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
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1942-, Weinreb Robert N., Greve Erik L, Greenfield David S, Anderson Douglas R. 1938- y Association of International Glaucoma Societies., eds. Glaucoma diagnosis structure and function: Reports and consensus statements of the 1st global AIGS meeting on 'structure and function in the management of glaucoma'. The Hague, Netherlands: Kugler Publications, 2004.
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London College of Printing and Distributive Trades. BA MPD Art and Design History dissertation 1991: The development of streamlining in the nineteen thirties: a consensus of taste and function. London: LCPDT, 1991.
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The Essential Public Health Functions in the Americas: A Renewal for the 21st Century. Conceptual Framework and Description. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122648.
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The essential public health functions (EPHFs) have constituted the core of the agenda for strengthening the health sector in the Region of the Americas since the 1980s. Their conceptual development and measurement in the Region came in response to sectoral reforms that threatened to reduce the role of the State and public health, particularly the stewardship function of the health authorities. In that context, in 2000, the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) proposed to promote a conceptual and methodological framework for public health and its essential functions, giving rise to the regional initiative called "public health in the Americas". As part of this initiative, the essential functions of public health authorities were identified, their relevance was discussed, and a broad regional consensus was reached, as explained below. More than 15 years have passed. In response to current needs, this document reviews and updates the EPHF conceptual framework for the Region of the Americas. This new version is based on the experiences and lessons learned from the implementation and regional measurement of the EPHFs, new and persistent challenges for the health of the population and its social determinants, and new institutional, economic, social, and political conditions which affect the Region of the Americas. The document is structured into five sections. The first presents the key experiences and challenges that justify a renewal of the EPHFs. The second section updates the groundwork for the exercise of public health and provides a framework to inform the exercise of the new essential functions. The third section proposes a new integrated approach for implementing the EPHFs. The fourth section presents a new list of 11 EPHFs related to each stage of this integrated approach. Finally, in the last section, considerations are put forth to guide EPHF implementation as a means of strengthening the health sector.
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Lewens, Tim. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823650.003.0001.
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Many evolutionary theorists have enthusiastically embraced human nature, but large numbers of evolutionists have also rejected it. It is also important to recognize the nuanced views on human nature that come from the side of the social sciences. This introduction provides an overview of the current state of the human nature debate, from the anti-essentialist consensus to the possibility of a Gray’s Anatomy of human psychology. Three potential functions for the notion of species nature are identified. The first is diagnostic, assigning an organism to the correct species. The second is species-comparative, allowing us to compare and contrast different species. The third function is contrastive, establishing human nature as a foil for human culture. The Introduction concludes with a brief synopsis of each chapter.
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Glaucoma diagnosis structure and function: Reports and consensus statements of the 1st global AIGS consensus meeting on 'Structure and function in the management of glaucoma'. The Hague: Kugler, 2004.
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8
(Editor), Douglas A. Drossman, Joel E. Richer (Editor) y Nicholas Talley (Editor), eds. The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophsiology, and Treatment: A Multinational Consensus. 3a ed. Degnon and Associates, 1997.
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Drossman, Douglas A. y Joel E. Richer. The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment : A Multinational Consensus. Little Brown & Co, 1994.
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10
Bonotti, Matteo. Political Parties and the Overlapping Consensus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739500.003.0006.
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This chapter rejects the ‘extrinsic’ view of public reason examined in Chapter 4, and argues that political parties can play an important role in helping citizens to relate their comprehensive doctrines to political liberal values and institutions. Once we understand the distinctive normative demands of partisanship, this chapter claims, we can see that there is no inherent tension between them and the demands of the Rawlsian overlapping consensus. This is because partisanship (unlike factionalism) involves a commitment to the common good rather than the sole advancement of merely partial interests, and this implies a commitment to public reasoning. The chapter further examines three distinctive empirical features of parties that particularly enable them to contribute to an overlapping consensus. These are their linkage function, their advancement of broad multi-issue political platforms, and their creative agency.
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Sheahan, Linda y David W. Kissane. Denial and communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0016.
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Patients who appear not to acknowledge the diagnosis or severity of an illness may be ‘in denial’. Denial will be examined on a spectrum from maladaptive to beneficial outcomes, exploring how it functions within the palliative care setting. We consider when intervention is appropriate and how that intervention is best undertaken. Specific attention is given to the communication skills required for an effective clinical response to denial. Although the term ‘denial’ is an accepted part of the medical vernacular, it is used in a variety of clinical circumstances, with varying definitions and little consensus. This chapter establishes a pragmatic view of denial, explores how it functions within the clinician-patient relationship, and then demonstrates when intervention is appropriate and how that intervention is best undertaken. Specific attention will be given to the communication skills required for an effective clinical response to denial.
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Griffith-Jones, Stephany, José Antonio Ocampo, Felipe Rezende, Alfredo Schclarek y Michael Brei. The Future of National Development Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0001.
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In the wake of the global financial crisis, there is growing consensus that national development banks play a valuable role in development finance. This chapter looks first at the theoretical background justifying the need for development banks. The chapter then describes empirically some of the key features of national development banks, including their lending and funding structure. Finally, it analyses in depth five main functions which national development banks perform: (i) providing countercyclical lending; (ii) promoting innovation and structural transformation; (iii) enhancing financial inclusion; (iv) supporting infrastructure investment; and (v) supporting the provision of public goods, and particularly combatting climate change.
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Ferdinand, Peter. 10. Political Parties. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0011.
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This chapter deals with political parties: why they emerged, how they can be classified, what functions they perform, how they interact, and what challenges they are facing today. One of the paradoxes about democracies is that there is almost a unanimous consensus about the indispensability of political parties. On the other hand, the benefits of being a member of a political party are bound to be minuscule compared to the costs of membership. Thus it is irrational for people to join parties. They should only form (small) interest groups. The chapter first provides a historical background on the development of political parties before discussing their functions, such as legitimation of the political system, structuring the popular vote, and formulation of public policy. It then considers different types of political parties as well as the characteristics of party systems and concludes with an analysis of the problems facing political parties today.
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Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos, Esteban Pérez Caldentey y Laura Valdez. Changing Challenges in the Modernization of Nacional Financiera. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0005.
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NAFINSA was essential to Mexico’s development process. It served as the financial agent of the Federal Government and provided preferential access to long-term finance favouring selected business interests and groups. With the Washington Consensus, its tasks were reduced to correcting for market failures, becoming a complement to commercial banks, and focusing on attending the market segments falling outside the scope of commercial bank activity (notably SMEs). Although it appears as a successful story of institutional transformation, on closer inspection, NAFINSA has not been able to overcome key obstacles and its success in alleviating credit restrictions is very limited. NAFINSA must recover some of its functions, prerogatives, and responsibilities as a policy bank to become relevant in strengthening financial intermediation for capital formation.
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Bainbridge, Stephen M. The Board of Directors. Editado por Jeffrey N. Gordon y Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.20.
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This chapter explores issues relating to the board of directors. Focusing on the formal model of corporate governance, it considers why corporate decisions are made through the exercise of hierarchical corporate authority instead of consensus. Specifically, it examines the survival advantage that a bureaucratic hierarchy confers on a large corporation and which of its constituencies should elect the board. It first outlines the key functions of the board of directors drawing on the unitary and dual board models. It then asks why corporations are run by boards of directors rather than by shareholders or the chief executive officer. It discusses why ownership and control are separated in the corporate form, with special emphasis on the US experience, along with the economic rationale for vesting control in a group rather than in an individual. Finally, it analyses how boards fail and looks at the reforms that have been implemented to improve their performance.
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Idris, Murad. War for Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658014.001.0001.
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Peace is the elimination of war, but peace also authorizes war. We are informed today that this universal ideal can only be secured by the wars that it eliminates. The paradoxical position of peace—opposed to war, authorizing war—is encapsulated by the claim that “war is for the sake of peace.” War for Peace is a genealogy of the political theoretic logics and morals of “peace.” It examines peace in political theory, as an ideal that authorizes war, in the writings of ten thinkers, from ancient to contemporary thought: Plato, Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, Thomas Aquinas, Desiderius Erasmus, Alberico Gentili, Hugo Grotius, Ibn Khaldūn, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, and Sayyid Quṭb. It argues that the ideal of peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. In its parasitical structure, peace is accompanied by other ideals, such as friendship, security, concord, and law, which reduces it to a politics of consensus. In its provincial structure, the universalized content of peace reflects its idealizers’ desires, fears, interests, and constructions of the globe. In its polemical structure, the idealization of peace is the product of antagonisms and it then enables hostility. As idealizations of peace are disseminated across political thought, a core that valorizes peace and necessitates war insistently remains. War for Peace uncovers the genealogical basis of peace’s moralities and the political functions of its idealizations, historically and into the present.
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O’Collins, SJ, Gerald. Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830306.001.0001.
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This book opens by establishing the substantial convergence in reflection on Christian tradition proposed by a 1963 report of the Faith and Order Commission (of the World Council of Churches) and the teaching of Vatican II (1962–5). Despite this ecumenical consensus, in recent years few theologians have written about tradition, and none has looked to the social sciences for insights into the nature and functions of tradition. Drawing above all on sociologists, this work shows the difference that tradition makes in human and religious life. In the light of the divine self-revelation that climaxed with Jesus Christ, the central characteristics of tradition are set out: in particular, its relationship to and distinction from culture. The risen Christ himself is the central Tradition (upper case) at the heart of Christian life. All the baptized faithful, and not merely their ordained leaders, play a role in transmitting tradition. The ‘sense of the faithful’ amounts to a ‘sense of the tradition’. The essential, if invisible, agent of tradition remains always the Holy Spirit. Scripture and tradition function in mutual dependence, as shown by the emergence of the creeds, the image of Christ as the New Adam, and the doctrine of justification (on which a 1999 joint declaration shows substantial agreement now reached by Lutherans, Roman Catholics, and others). The full context of Christian life and history focuses the relationship between Scripture and tradition. The book deals with the challenge of discerning and reforming particular traditions. A closing appendix shows how modern studies of memory—above all, collective memory—can illuminate ways in which tradition works to maintain Christian identity and continuity.
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The Control of Pollution (Consents for Discharges Etc.) (Secretary of State Functions) Regulations 1989 (Statutory Instrument: 1989: 1151). Stationery Office Books, 1989.
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Ataria, Yochai, Shogo Tanaka y Shaun Gallagher, eds. Body Schema and Body Image. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.001.0001.
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Body schema refers to the system of sensory-motor functions that enables control of the position of body parts in space, without conscious awareness of those parts. Body image refers to a conscious representation of the way the body appears—a set of conscious perceptions, affective attitudes, and beliefs pertaining to one’s own bodily image. In 2005, Shaun Gallagher published an influential book entitled ‘How the Body Shapes the Mind’. This book not only defined both body schema (BS) and body image (BI), but also explored the complicated relationship between the two. The book also established the idea that there is a double dissociation, whereby body schema and body image refer to two different, but closely related, systems. Given that many kinds of pathological cases can be described in terms of body schema and body image (phantom limbs, asomatognosia, apraxia, schizophrenia, anorexia, depersonalization, and body dysmorphic disorder, among others), we might expect to find a growing consensus about these concepts and the relevant neural activities connected to these systems. Instead, an examination of the scientific literature reveals continued ambiguity and disagreement. This volume brings together leading experts from the fields of philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry in a lively and productive dialogue. It explores fundamental questions about the relationship between body schema and body image, and addresses ongoing debates about the role of the brain and the role of social and cultural factors in our understanding of embodiment.
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Charles T, Kotuby y Sobota Luke A. Epilogue: General Principles of Law and International Due Process as a Function of Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0004.
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Private international law usually does its part to resolve transnational disputes by pointing parties to the proper forum and the proper law. Its rules are adjectival and rarely provide the ultimate solution to a dispute. But in order to play a more meaningful role in aiding the resolution of modern transnational disputes, the authorities that encompass the rules of private international law might also play a role in determining the substance of the applicable municipal law. In this vein, the “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” may provide a rich reserve of normative principles on which private international law may draw to interpret, define, and even correct the governing municipal law. These principles are, after all, borne from a distillation and consensus of municipal laws, and they have been fashioned as positive law to function on the international plane. In a transnational case, involving litigants from differing legal traditions, a solution premised on international rather than municipal principles should be preferred given the competing interests of the two foreign parties to the dispute. Private international law scholars and municipal judges might be best suited to explicate and elevate this source of law with the rigor that is needed to ensure its vitality and applicability to modern transnational disputes.
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Waldron, Janice L. Online Music Communities and Social Media. Editado por Brydie-Leigh Bartleet y Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.34.
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Academic debate has long surrounded the term 'community,' first defined as a sociological construct in the late nineteenth century. In the 1990s, widespread Internet use disrupted earlier ideas of what defines and bounds community, but there is now general scholarly consensus that online affinity groups can also function as communities, including those focused on any number of different music genres. In this chapter, I posit that online music communities can function as significant spaces of community music activity. This discussion includes contextualizing the online community by drawing on New Media literature on the evolution of online groups, theories, research, and frameworks of online community; illustrations of practice from current online and convergent music communities; the role of social media in online music communities; online music community as community music outreach; and implications for current and future implications for practice.
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Kellum, John A. Diagnosis of oliguria and acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0212.
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Diagnosis and classification of acute pathology in the kidney is major clinical problem. Azotemia and oliguria represent not only disease, but also normal responses of the kidney to extracellular volume depletion or a decreased renal blood flow. Clinicians routinely make inferences about both the presence of renal dysfunction and its cause. Pure prerenal physiology is unusual in hospitalized patients and its effects are not necessary benign. Sepsismay alter renal function without the characteristic changes in urine indices. The clinical syndrome known as acute tubular necrosis does not actually manifest the histological changes that the name implies. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a term proposed to encompass the entire spectrum of the syndrome from minor changes in renal function to a requirement for renal replacement therapy. Criteria based on both changes in serum creatinine and urine output represent a broad international consensus for diagnosing and staging AKI.
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Rahimi, Kazem. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0106.
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Cardiomyopathy is defined as disease of heart muscle, and typically refers to diseases of ventricular myocardium. A consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases, published in 2007, abandoned the inconsistent and rather arbitrary classification into primary and secondary causes and based its classification on ventricular morphology and function only. This classification distinguishes five types of cardiomyopathy: dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and unclassified cardiomyopathies (such as takotsubo cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction). Each category is further subdivided into familial and non-familial causes. In a departure from the 1995 WHO classification, the ESC consensus statement excludes myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease from the definition of cardiomyopathy. The rationale for this was to highlight the differences in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of these common diseases, and to make the new classification system more acceptable for the routine clinical use. In contrast to the American Heart Association scientific statement, the ESC definition does not consider channelopathies as cardiomyopathies. The sections on cardiomyopathy in this chapter are based on the ESC definition, with a brief reference to channelopathies.
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Chiarandini, Paolo y Giorgio Della Rocca. Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0362.
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Alterations in respiratory function and gas exchanges are frequently seen in patients during anaesthesia and in the post-operative period. Mechanical ventilation and drugs such as neuromuscular blocking agents can alter normal function of the respiratory system and cause damage to lungs. Protective ventilation strategies should always be adopted intra-operatively in mechanically-ventilated patients. A neuromuscular monitoring-guided use of decurarizating agents and post-operative adequate analgesia techniques are recommended to avoid post-operative residual curarization and pain. Pneumonia is the most frequent infective complication, but at the moment there are no recommended clinical tools (scoring systems) to identify patients at high. A fast-track surgical approach and early can decrease the risk. Early mobilization and prophylactic low molecular weight heparins use have a well-documented efficacy on prevention of pulmonary embolism. There is still no general consensus on the widespread use of early NIV in post-operative patients, although in selected high-risk patients it could help respiratory recovery and reduce complications.
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Archer, Nick y Nicky Manning. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0025.
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Conclusion 330Fetal cardiology is progressing extremely rapidly. It is certain that by the time this book is published some new information will be threatening to alter some aspects of diagnosis or management. We have deliberately not speculated about details of possible new approaches. The clinical role of 3D and 4D scanning, of some of the newer Doppler techniques, and of fetal ECG for example, will become clearer in time, particularly with respect to assessing fetal cardiac function. Indications for and value of fetal cardiac interventions are being actively evaluated. Drug therapy for fetal conditions in addition to arrhythmias is only in its infancy with no clear consensus at present—this will change....
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Nezu, Christine Maguth, Christopher R. Martell y Arthur M. Nezu. Specialty Competencies in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195382327.001.0001.
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Influenced by a profession-wide recognition of the unique and distinct nature among psychological specialty practice as well as efforts to define professional competence, this online resource illustrates how cognitive and behavioural psychologists actualize each area of professional activity associated with the areas of competence currently delineated by professional psychology through national consensus working groups and conferences. It provides information for best practices designated under the main areas of foundational and functional competencies, with each chapter focused on a specific area of competence, including information on foundational knowledge that informs competent cognitive and behavioural specialists, with regard to theory and scientific research, ethical practice, and competence in individual and multicultural diversity. Delineated functional areas of competence include assessment methods, case formulation, interventions, consultation, supervision, and teaching. Professional competencies with regard to therapeutic and collegial interpersonal interactions and identity as well as continuing professional development are also addressed.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0008.
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Multilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.
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O’Neal, M. Angela. Multiple Ovarian Cysts in a Woman with Epilepsy. Editado por Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how epilepsy can affect reproductive function. The National Institute of Health consensus definition of PCOS includes the presence of menstrual dysfunction, clinical evidence of hyperandrogenism, and exclusion of other endocrinopathies, such as Cushing’s syndrome and hypothyroidism. The etiology of PCOS is felt to be heterogenous, related to a complex interaction between both genetic and environmental factors. PCOS develops when the ovaries are stimulated to produce excessive testosterone. The diagnosis and pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome is explored; in particular, how valproate contributes to the condition in women with epilepsy. Valproate is the AED most associated with PCOS, as it can directly increase ovarian testosterone production. It can also cause weight gain leading to insulin resistance, another mechanism contributing to PCOS.
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Davis, Mary C., Chung Jung Mun, Dhwani Kothari, Shannon Moore, Crys Rivers, Kirti Thummala y Giulia Weyrich. The Nature and Adaptive Implications of Pain-Affect Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0013.
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Because pain is in part an affective experience, investigators over the past several decades have sought to elaborate the nature of pain-affect connections. Our evolving understanding of the intersection of pain and affect is especially relevant to intervention efforts designed to enhance the quality of life and functional health of individuals managing chronic pain. This chapter describes how pain influences arousal of the vigilance/defensive and appetitive/approach motivational systems and thus the affective health of chronic pain patients. The focus then moves to the dynamic relations between changes in pain and other stressors and changes in positive and negative affect as observed in daily life and laboratory-based experiments. A consensus emerges that sustaining positive affect during pain and stress flares may limit their detrimental effects and promote better functional health. The authors consider the implications of increased understanding of the dynamic interplay between pain and affective experience for enhancing existing interventions.
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De laet, Inneke E. y Manu L. N. G. Malbrain. Pathophysiology and management of raised intra-abdominal pressure in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0184.
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The deleterious effects of raised intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on organ function and mortality have been known for decades, even centuries. Interest in this phenomenon has revived since the 1980s and, recently, the World Society for the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome has published new consensus definitions and guidelines. This chapter will focus on the new definitions for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), identify risk factors for the development of IAH/ACS, provide guidelines for IAP monitoring (including when to start, how to measure, and when to stop), and discuss both surgical and medical treatment options for both IAH and ACS. The effect of increased IAP on different organ systems is explained and suggestions on how to adjust ICU management of the patient with IAH are offered.
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Doran, Evan, Ian Kerridge, Christopher Jordens y Ainsley J. Newson. Clinical Ethics Support in Contemporary Health Care. Editado por Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery y Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.13.
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This chapter discusses clinical ethics support services (CES Services), the development of which has arisen to help respond to ethical issues arising in health care settings. CES services are comprised of an individual or group, usually in an organization, who can provide a suite of services to support all stakeholders in identifying and managing ethical issues they face. While there is a degree of consensus about the potential value of such services, they are also the focus of ongoing theoretical, methodological and political debates. The aim of this chapter is to provide health care managers with an account of how and why CES services are becoming a part of the contemporary organizational landscape of health care, and describe the concerns that bioethicists and others have raised regarding their role, function and dissemination.
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Tyler, Tom R. Justice and Human Essence. Editado por Martijn van Zomeren y John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.6.
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This chapter argues that the human essence involves not only the desire to achieve justice but also the capacity to develop a consensus about what is just. It shows how justice provides the building blocks for cooperation and enhances people’s capacity to cooperate successfully. The chapter examines the role of justice in facilitating conflict management; in legitimating authorities as conflict managers, focusing on how a neutral authority can define the meaning of a fair outcome; and in helping social institutions to function as organizers of human activity. It also considers social identity, rule breaking, the notion of fairness, and the idea that people’s motivation to protect the group is part of core “human essence.” Finally, it explores the argument that justice is useful when it enables authorities to make and gain acceptance for agreements that resolve conflicts and enable cooperative relationships.
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Gupta, Joyeeta. Climate Change and the Future of International Order. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0003.
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On the basis of the scientific consensus on the dangers of climate change, this issue emerged as a partial order in the 1990s and was developed as an international regime in five phases. This chapter analyzes how the functional order evolved throughout the phases, and assesses the respective approaches, actors, and implications. Major steps for the development of the regime were the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the Paris Agreement (PA) though the international agreements at times and the fight against climate change in general lack the full support from several key states like the USA, China, Japan, and Russia. The order lost its predictability but retains its legitimacy, leading, however, to questionable prospects on its effectiveness. Therefore, its greatest challenge may be to change the approach from international legal action to the restructuring of societies.
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Buchanan, Allen. Institutional Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0003.
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This chapter offers a general theory of institutional legitimacy, the Metacoordination view, according to which legitimacy assessments are best understood as being part of a social practice aimed at achieving consensus on whether an institution is worthy of our moral reason-based support—support not dependent solely on the fear of coercion or on a perfect fit between our own interests and what the institution demands of us. The Metacoordination view’s account of the practical function of legitimacy assessments is used to identify criteria of legitimacy that apply to a wide range of institutions and to show that, for institutions that back their rules with coercion, conformity to the requirements of the rule of law is a presumptive necessary condition of legitimacy. The Metacoordination view is shown to be superior to consent theories of legitimacy and attempts to use Raz’s “service” conception of authority as an account of institutional legitimacy.
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Solga, Kim. Shakespeare’s Property Ladder. Editado por James C. Bulman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.013.42.
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Shakespeare ‘owners’ in the British cultural marketplace have long been the powerful male actors, artistic directors, and theatre reviewers who function as arbiters of ‘good’ acting, directing, and interpretation of Shakespeare. This chapter excavates the conservative political framework that has historically limited the experiences of women directing Shakespeare in the UK. How does an unspoken but deeply entrenched and gendered sense of who knows Shakespeare well enough to advocate on ‘His’ behalf determine what opportunities do, or do not, come women’s way? What does that powerful sense of knowledge and ownership reveal about the gendered expectations that still accrue to the work of women directors of Shakespeare? Is the landscape shifting, and if so how? What strategies might feminist directors such as Katie Mitchell use to make way for women’s engagement with Shakespeare on feminism’s own terms, and to build a critical consensus around the legitimacy of their work?
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Cohen, Richard I., ed. Liora R. Halperin, Babel in Zion: Jews, Nationalism, and Language Diversity in Palestine, 1920–1948. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. 313 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0057.
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This chapter reviews the book Babel in Zion: Jews, Nationalism, and Language Diversity in Palestine, 1920–1948 (2015), by Liora R. Halperin. In Babel in Zion, Halperin explores the multilingual scene in the Jewish settlement in Palestine (the Yishuv) during the Mandate period. Halperin’s book aims to elucidate “the dynamics of linguistic diversity in a society officially committed to the promotion of a single tongue,” taking into account the fact that Hebrew, despite the proclaimed pro-Hebrew consensus, actually functioned within a complex setting of relationships—not only with a variety of immigrant languages among the Jewish population but also with Arabic and English. Babel in Zion does not assume a dichotomy between ideology and practice, nor does it deal with the attempts to eradicate other languages in order to promote Hebrew. Instead, its focus is on the social reality of multilingualism.
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Miskowiak, Kamilla W. y Lars V. Kessing. Cognitive enhancement in bipolar disorder: current evidence and methodological considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0026.
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Cognitive dysfunction is an emerging treatment target in bipolar disorder (BD). Numerous trials have assessed the efficacy of novel pharmacological and psychological treatments on cognition. Overall, the results are disappointing, possibly due to methodological challenges. A key issue is the lack of consensus on whether and how to screen for cognitive impairment and on how to assess efficacy. We suggest that screening for cognitive impairment is critical and should involve objective neuropsychological tests. We also recommend that the primary outcome is a composite of neuropsychological tests with socio-occupational function as co-primary or secondary outcome. Trials should include fully or partially remitted patients, ensure that concomitant medication is kept stable and that statistical methods include mixed models or similar ways to take account of missing values. Future treatment development should implement a ‘circuit-based’ neuroimaging biomarker model to examine neural target engagement. Interventions targeting multiple treatment modalities may also be beneficial.
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Bonner, Bryan, Nathan L. Meikle, Kristin Bain y Daniel Shannahan. Business Advice. Editado por Erina L. MacGeorge y Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.24.
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This chapter frames the transfer of advice as a special case of traditional cooperative decision making, in which group members proffer preferences (advice) to one another as a means of reaching consensus. Although the transfer of advice differs from group decision making on a number of acknowledged factors, the underlying processes of the two are analogous, such that the group decision-making literature can usefully inform the study of advice. Using this theoretical perspective, the chapter examines how advice is offered and accepted as a function of demonstrability—that is, the degree to which a decision environment facilitates shared conceptual systems, the willingness and ability to include the input of others in one’s decision making, and the willingness and ability of those with expertise to attempt to transfer their knowledge to others. This understanding is then applied to two cases: the craft beer industry and travel hacking. Best practices in business are discussed.
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Galderisi, Maurizio, Juan Carlos Plana, Thor Edvardsen, Vitantonio Di Bello y Patrizio Lancellotti. Cardiac oncology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0064.
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Cancer therapeutics may induce cardiac damage in the left and the right ventricle. Radiotherapy most frequently induces valvular damage, carotid stenosis, and coronary artery disease. Pericardial disease may be due to both chemo- and radiotherapy. The manifestations of both chemo- and radiotherapy can develop acutely but also become overt years after their performance, in particular after radiotherapy. The main cardiac damage of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) corresponds to the reduction of left ventricular (LV) systolic function. The Expert Consensus document from ASE and EACVI has defined CTRCD as a decrease in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of greater than 10 percentage points, to a value less than 53%. The accurate calculation of LVEF at baseline and during follow-up is extremely important. The assessment of LV longitudinal function, in particular of speckle tracking-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS), can provide additional information, allowing early, subclinical detection of CTRCD. The ideal strategy could be to compare the measurements of GLS obtained during chemotherapy, with the one obtained at baseline. An integrated approach with the use of echocardiography at standardized, clinical preselected intervals with biomarker (ultrasensitive troponin) assessment prior to each chemotherapy cycle could be suggested in patients at high risk of CTRCD. Follow-up after therapy should depend on the type of chemotherapy/radiotherapy and the presence/absence of on-therapy CTRCD. Long-term follow-up should be planned after radiotherapy.
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Cruz, Dinna N., Anna Giuliani y Claudio Ronco. Acute kidney injury in heart failure. Editado por Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0248.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring during heart failure (HF) has been labelled cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1. CRS is defined as a group of ‘disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other’. This consensus definition was proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, with the aim to standardize those disorders where cardiac and renal diseases coexist. Five subtypes have been proposed, according to which organ is affected first (cardiac vs renal) and whether the dysfunction is acute or chronic. Another subtype which includes systemic conditions leading to both heart and kidney dysfunction is also described.The term ‘worsening renal function’ has been regularly used to describe the acute and/or subacute changes that occur in the kidneys following HF. However, the AKI classification according to the current consensus definition better represents the entire spectrum of AKI in the setting of HF.The pathophysiology of heart–kidney interaction is complex and still poorly understood. Factors beyond the classic haemodynamic mechanisms appear to be involved: neurohormonal activation, venous congestion, and inflammation have all been implicated.Diuretics are still a cornerstone in the management of HF. Intravenous administration by bolus or continuous infusion appears to be equally efficacious. Biomarkers and bioelectrical impedance analysis can be helpful in estimating the real volume overload and may be useful to predict and avoid AKI. The role of ultrafiltration remains controversial, and it is currently recommended only for diuretic-resistant patients as it has not been associated with better outcomes. The occurrence of AKI during HF is associated with substantially greater short- and long-term mortality.
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Lowe, Hannah, Shuying Huang y Nuran Urkmezturk. A UK ANALYSIS: Empowering Women of Faith in the Community, Public Service, and Media. Dialogue Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/zhqg9062.
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In the UK, belief, and faith are protected under the legal frame of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and the Equality Act 2010 (Perfect 2016, 11), in which a person is given the right to hold a religion or belief and the right to change their religion or belief. It also gives them a right to show that belief as long as the display or expression does not interfere with public safety, public order, health or morals, or the rights and freedoms of others (Equality Act 2010). The Equality Act 2010 protects employees from discrimination, harassment and victimisation because of religion or belief. Religion or belief are mainly divided into religion and religious belief, and philosophical belief (Equality Act 2010, chap. 1). The Dialogue Society supports the Equality Act 2010 (Perfect 2016, 11). Consequently, The Dialogue Society believes we have a duty to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations within our organisation and society. The Dialogue Society aims to promote equality and human rights by empowering people and bringing social issues to light. To this end, we have organised many projects, research, courses, scriptural reasoning readings/gatherings, and panel discussions specifically on interfaith dialogue, having open conversations around belief and religion. To encourage dialogue, interaction and cooperation between people working on interreligious dialogue and to demonstrate good interfaith relations and dialogue are integral and essential for peace and social cohesion in our society, the Dialogue Society has been a medium, facilitating a platform to all from faith and non-faith backgrounds. The Dialogue Society thrives on being more inclusive to those who might be overlooked in society as a group. Although women seem to be in the core of society as an essential element, the women who contravene the monotype identity tend to remain in the shadows. The media is not just used to get information but also used as a way of having a sense of belonging by the audience. The media creates collective imaginary identities for public opinion. It gathers the audience under one consensus and creates an identity for the people who share this consensus. Hence, a form of media functions as a medium for identity creation and representation. Therefore, the production and reproduction of stereotypes and a monotype representation of women and women of faith in media content are the primary sources of the public's general attitudes towards women of faith. In the context of this report, the media limits not only women's gender but also their religious identity. The monotype identity of women opposes the plurality of the concept of women. Notably, media outlets are criticised for not recognising the differences in women's identities. Women of faith are susceptible to the lack of representation or misrepresentation and get stuck between the roles constructed for their gender and religion. Women who do not fit in these policies' stereotypes get misrepresented or disregarded by the media. Moreover, policymakers also limit their scope to a single monotype of women's identity when policies are made, creating a public consensus around women of faith. As both these mediums lack representation or have very symbolic and distorted representations of women of faith, we strive to provide a platform for all women from faith and non-faith backgrounds. The Dialogue Society has organised women-only community events for women of faith to have a bottom-up approach, including interfaith knitting, reading, and cooking clubs. Several women-only courses have informed women of the importance of interfaith dialogue, promoting current best practices, and identifying and promoting promising future possibilities. We have hosted panel discussions and held women-only interfaith circles where women from different faith backgrounds came together to discuss boundaries within religion and what they believed to transgress their boundaries. Consequently, we organised a panel series to focus on the roles of women of faith within different areas of society, aiming to highlight their unique individual and shared experiences and bring to light issues of inequality that impact women of faith. Although women of faith exist within all areas of society, we chose to explore women's experiences within three different settings to give a breadth of understanding about women of faith's interactions within society. Therefore, we held a panel series titled 'Women of Faith', including three panels, each focusing on a particular area: Women of Faith in Community, Women of Faith in Public Service, and Women of Faith in Media. In this report, following the content analysis method to systematically sort the information gathered by the panel series, we have written a series of recommendations to address these issues in media and policymaking. This paper has a section on specific policy recommendations for those in decision-making positions in the community, public service, and media, according to the content and findings gathered. This report aims to initiate and provide interactive and transferable advice and guidance to those in a position. The policy paper gives insight to social workers, teachers, council members, liaison officers, academics and relevant stakeholders, policymakers, and people who wish to understand more about empowering women of faith and hearing their experiences. It also aims to inspire ongoing efforts and further action to accelerate the achievement of complete freedom of faith, gender equality in promoting, recommending, and implementing direct top-level policies for faith and gender equality, and ensuring that existing policies are gender-sensitive and practices are safe from gender-based and faith-based discrimination for women of faith. Finally, this report is to engage and illustrate the importance of allyship, the outstanding achievement through dialogue based on real-life experience, and facilitate resilient relationships among people of different religious positions. We call upon every reader of this report to join the efforts of the Dialogue Society in promoting an equal society for women of faith.
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Al-Rasheed, Madawi. The Son King. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558140.001.0001.
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The murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul by regime operatives shocked the international community and tarnished the reputation of the young, reformist Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman. This book situates the murder in the context of the duality of reform and repression and challenges common wisdom about the inevitability of the latter. The author dismisses defunct views about the inescapable ‘Oriental Despotism’ as the only pathway to genuine reform in the country. Focusing on the prince’s divisive domestic, social and economic reforms, the author argues that the current wave of unprecedented repression is a function of the prince consolidating his power outside of the traditional consensus of royal family members and influential Saudi groups. But the divisive populist nationalism bin Salman has adopted, together with repressing the diverse critical voices of religious scholars, feminists and professionals, has failed to silence a vibrant young Saudi society and an articulate and connected youth cohort. Due to its repression, Saudi Arabia is now producing asylum seekers and refugees who seek safe havens abroad to pursue their quest for freedom, equality and dignity. While the regime continues to pursue them abroad and punish their families at home, exiled activists are determined to continue the struggle against one of the most repressive monarchies in the Arab world.
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Dietz, Volker y Nick S. Ward, eds. Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198824954.001.0001.
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In the new edition of the Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation all chapters have been updated to reflect advances in knowledge in the field of neurorehabilitation. It will be supplemented by additional chapters that reflect novel developments in the field of neurorehabilitation. During recent years there has been a strong evolution in the field of vocational rehabilitation with the aim of helping people after an injury of the nervous system to overcome the barriers and return to employment. A new chapter on self-management strategies deals with building confidence in individuals to manage the medical and emotional aspects of their condition. Furthermore, today the scientific basis for music supported therapy is a much broader to introduce it in this edition. New guidelines and consensus statements became established concerning preclinical research, biomarkers, and outcome measures, in both animal models and human beings. There are new data on attempts (e.g. using stem cells or Nogo antibodies) to restore function after spinal cord injury and stroke. Not all of these therapies and clinical trials have had positive outcomes. One particular area of rapid expansion reflects the use of technology in neurorehabilitation and several chapters remain devoted to this topic in various forms. Still a better understanding of the interactions of technology led therapies and conventional approaches in patients with neurodisability is required. There is still work to be done in defining key components of all neurorehabilitation interventions in order to understand how they might best be delivered for maximum benefit.
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Lake, Peter y Michael Questier. All Hail to the Archpriest. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840343.001.0001.
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This volume revisits the debates and disputes known collectively in the literature on late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England as the ‘Archpriest Controversy’. We argue that this was an extraordinary instance of the conduct of contemporary public politics and that, in its apparent strangeness, it is in fact a guide to the ways in which contemporaries negotiated the unstable later Reformation settlement in England. The published texts which form the core of the arguments involved in this debate survive, as do several caches of manuscript material generated by the dispute. Together they tell us a good deal about the aspirations of the writers and the networks that they inhabited. They also allow us to retell the progress of the dispute both as a narrative and as an instance of contemporary public argument about topics such as the increasingly imminent royal succession, late Elizabethan puritanism, and the function of episcopacy. Our contention is that, if one takes this material seriously, it is very hard to sustain standard accounts of the accession of James VI in England as part of an almost seamless continuity of royal government, contextualized by a virtually untroubled and consensus-based Protestant account of the relationship between Church and State. Nor is it possible to maintain that by the end of Elizabeth’s reign the fraction of the national Church, separatist and otherwise, which regarded itself or was regarded by others as Catholic had been driven into irrelevance.
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Mutsaers, Paul. Police Unlimited. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788508.001.0001.
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Police Unlimited is centred on a controversial idea that it supports with detailed ethnographic materials: police forces are a focal point of conflict in modern societies. Instead of a consensus model of law enforcement that understands the function of policing as socially integrative, it links to a conflict model concerned with the socially divisive effects of policing. Throughout the book, these effects and their causes are discussed on a national and global level. An ethnographic study was carried out at the Dutch police to enhance our understanding of police discrimination. Concerned with both internal and external affairs, the book addresses conflict cases within and outside the police station, covering both inter-ethnic tensions at work and the migrant hostility observed while joining officers on patrol. The cases are discussed in light of the corroding public character of Dutch policing and the risks involved in terms of discrimination and the arbitrary, or even privatized use of power. Signalling an increased blur of the private and public spheres in policing, the book warns about an ‘unlimited’ police force that is no longer constrained by the public contours that delineate a legal bureaucracy. For the sake of ethnological knowledge production that ultimately serves to develop a police anthropology, the ethnographic materials are consistently compared with other police ethnographies in the ‘global north’ and ‘global south’. This comparative analysis points out that the demise of bureaucracy makes it increasingly difficult for police organizations across the globe to exclude politics, particularism, and populism from their operations.
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Celati, Marta. Conspiracy Literature in Early Renaissance Italy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863625.001.0001.
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The present work represents the first full-length investigation of Italian Renaissance literature on the topic of conspiracy. This literary output consists of texts belonging to different genres that enjoyed widespread diffusion in the second half of the fifteenth century, when the development of these literary writings proves to be closely connected with the affirmation of a centralized political thought and princely ideology in Italian states. The centrality of the issue of conspiracies in the political and cultural context of the Italian Renaissance emerges clearly also in the sixteenth century in Machiavelli’s work, where the topic is closely interlaced with the problems of building political consensus and the management of power. This monograph focuses on the most significant Quattrocento texts examined as case studies (representative of different states, literary genres, and of both prominent authors—Alberti, Poliziano, Pontano—and minor but important literati) and on Machiavelli’s works where this political theme is particularly pivotal, marking a continuity, but also a turning point, with respect to the preceding authors. Through an interdisciplinary analysis across literature, history, philology and political philosophy, this study traces the evolution of literature on plots in early Renaissance Italy, pointing out the key function of the classical tradition in it, and the recurring narrative approaches, historiographical techniques, and ideological angles that characterize the literary transfiguration of the topic. This investigation also offers a reconsideration and re-definition of the complex facets of fifteenth-century political literature, which played a crucial role in the development of a new theory of statecraft.
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Cairney, Paul, Michael Keating, Sean Kippin y Emily St Denny. Public Policy to Reduce Inequalities across Europe. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898586.001.0001.
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Abstract There is a broad consensus across European states and the EU that social and economic inequality is a problem that needs to be addressed. Yet inequality policy is notoriously complex and contested. This book approaches the issue from two linked perspectives. First, a focus on functional requirements highlights what policymakers think they need to deliver policy successfully, and the gap between their requirements and reality. We identify this gap in relation to the theory and practice of policy learning, and to multiple sectors, to show how it manifests in health, education, and gender equity policies. Second, a focus on territorial politics highlights how the problem is interpreted at different scales, subject to competing demands to take responsibility. This contestation and spread of responsibilities contributes to different policy approaches across spatial scales. We conclude that governments promote many separate equity initiatives, across territories and sectors, without knowing if they are complementary or contradictory. This outcome could reflect the fact that ambiguous policy problems and complex policymaking processes are beyond the full knowledge or control of governments. It could also be part of a strategy to make a rhetorically radical case while knowing that they will translate into safer policies. It allows them to replace debates on values, regarding whose definition of equity matters and which inequalities to tolerate, with more technical discussions of policy processes. Governments may be offering new perspectives on spatial justice or new ways to reduce political attention to inequalities.
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Arthurson, Kathy. Social Mix and the City. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104440.
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Concern about rising crime rates, high levels of unemployment and anti-social behaviour of youth gangs within particular urban neighbourhoods has reinvigorated public and community debate into just what makes a functional neighbourhood. The nub of the debate is whether concentrating disadvantaged people together doubly compounds their disadvantage and leads to 'problem neighbourhoods'. This debate has prompted interest by governments in Australia and internationally in 'social mix policies', to disperse the most disadvantaged members of neighbourhoods and create new communities with a blend of residents with a variety of income levels across different housing tenures (public and private rental, home ownership). What is less well acknowledged is that interest in social mix is by no means new, as the concept has informed new town planning policy in Australia, Britain and the US since the post Second World War years.
Social Mix and the City offers a critical appraisal of different ways that the concept of ‘social mix’ has been constructed historically in urban planning and housing policy, including linking to 'social inclusion'. It investigates why social mix policies re-emerge as a popular policy tool at certain times. It also challenges the contemporary consensus in housing and urban planning policies that social mix is an optimum planning tool – in particular notions about middle class role modelling to integrate problematic residents into more 'acceptable' social behaviours. Importantly, it identifies whether social mix matters or has any real effect from the viewpoint of those affected by the policies – residents where policies have been implemented.
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Hoste, Eric A. J., John A. Kellum y Norbert Lameire. Definitions, classification, epidemiology, and risk factors of acute kidney injury. Editado por Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0220_update_001.
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The lack of a precise biochemical definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulted in at least 35 definitions in the medical literature, which gave rise to a wide variation in reported incidence and clinical significance of AKI, impeded a meaningful comparison of studies.The first part of this chapter describes and discusses different definitions and classification systems of AKI. Patient outcome and the need for renal replacement therapy are directly related to the severity of AKI, an observation that supports the use of a categorical staging system rather than a simple binary descriptor. The severity of AKI is commonly characterized using the relative changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Recently introduced staging systems including the RIFLE classification and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) use these relatively simple and readily available parameters allowing the assignment of individual patients to different AKI stages. More recently, a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup developed a consensus-based AKI staging system drawing elements of both RIFLE and AKIN. The potential pitfalls and limitations of the proposed definitions and classifications are briefly described.The second part of the chapter describes the epidemiology of AKI in different clinical settings; the intensive care unit (ICU), the hospitalized population, and the community. The different spectrum of AKI in the emerging countries is discussed and the most important causes and aetiologies of the major clinical types of AKI, prerenal, renal, and post-renal are summarized in table form. Finally the patient survival and renal functional outcome of AKI are briefly discussed
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Bornstein, David y Susan Davis. Social Entrepreneurship. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780195396348.001.0001.
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In development circles, there is now widespread consensus that social entrepreneurs represent a far better mechanism to respond to needs than we have ever had before--a decentralized and emergent force that remains our best hope for solutions that can keep pace with our problems and create a more peaceful world. David Bornstein’s previous book on social entrepreneurship, How to Change the World, was hailed by Nicholas Kristof in The New York Times as “a bible in the field” and published in more than twenty countries. Now, Bornstein shifts the focus from the profiles of successful social innovators in that book--and teams with Susan Davis, a founding board member of the Grameen Foundation--to offer the first general overview of social entrepreneurship. In a Q & A format allowing readers to go directly to the information they need, the authors map out social entrepreneurship in its broadest terms as well as in its particulars. Bornstein and Davis explain what social entrepreneurs are, how their organizations function, and what challenges they face. The book will give readers an understanding of what differentiates social entrepreneurship from standard business ventures and how it differs from traditional grant-based non-profit work. Unlike the typical top-down, model-based approach to solving problems employed by the World Bank and other large institutions, social entrepreneurs work through a process of iterative learning--learning by doing--working with communities to find unique, local solutions to unique, local problems. Most importantly, the book shows readers exactly how they can get involved. Anyone inspired by Barack Obama’s call to service and who wants to learn more about the essential features and enormous promise of this new method of social change, Social Entrepreneurship is the ideal first place to look.