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Sherwood, William C. "Consensus development conferences". Transfusion 27, n.º 3 (20 de octubre de 2009): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.1987.tb01472.x.
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McGlynn, Elizabeth A., Jacqueline Kosecoff y Robert H. Brook. "Format and Conduct of Consensus Development Conferences". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, n.º 3 (abril de 1990): 450–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300001045.
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AbstractThe consensus development conference method developed by the National Institutes of Health in the United States has been adopted and modified by a number of countries. Based on published articles and communication with representatives from each country, we examined whether the organization and conduct of these conferences in nine countries (United States, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) enhanced or detracted from achieving the stated conference goals and objectives. We conclude that improvements in the process by which consensus conferences are conducted may be warranted. More scientific methods for synthesizing literature, such as meta-analysis, should be used in developing inputs for the conference panel. Formalizing the decision-making processes through polling or other methods that allow for structured disagreement with parts of a consensus statement would potentially expand the range and type of issues that can be addressed in such conferences. Finally, countries should consider having the consensus statement written over a longer period of time than the traditional overnight session, which seems unlikely to promote clear thinking.
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van Everdingen, J. J. E. y A. F. Casparie. "Consensus development conferences on osteoporosis". BMJ 296, n.º 6614 (2 de enero de 1988): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.296.6614.61.
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Jennett, B., J. Spiby y B. Stocking. "Consensus development conferences on osteoporosis". BMJ 296, n.º 6614 (2 de enero de 1988): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.296.6614.62.
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Casparie, A. F. y J. J. E. van Everdingen. "Consensus Development Conferences in the Netherlands". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1, n.º 4 (octubre de 1985): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300001884.
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Calltorp, Johan. "Consensus Development Conferences in Sweden: Effects on Health Policy and Administration". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, n.º 1 (enero de 1988): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003287.
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AbstractSeven consensus development conferences have been held in Sweden since 1982. The conferences, sponsored by the Swedish Medical Research Council and Spri, typically examine social, organizational, and economic aspects of technology, and therefore, generate consensus statements of interest not only to physicians but also to politicians and health administrators.The study presented here examines the influence of the first five consensus development conferences on politicians and health administrators. Data was obtained via a mail questionnaire and personal interviews with leading individuals in these groups. More than half of the respondents indicated that they had found the statements from one or more conferences to be of practical value as a basis for discussing specific technologies with medical staffs. In some cases the statements directly influenced political decisions.
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Andreasen, Buch. "Consensus Conferences in Different Countries". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, n.º 2 (abril de 1988): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300004104.
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AbstractThe different models of consensus development conferences (CDC5) are analyzed in relation to democratic technology assessment. In some countries CDCs are mainly concerned with influencing the quality of clinical practice and thus are dominated by medical experts. In other countries, CDCs are directed towards the public and the decision makers on the political and administrative level. The Danish experience demonstrates that CDCs may be a forceful social technology with a strong potential to influence decisions about medical as well as non-medical technology
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Jacoby, Itzhak y Martin Rose. "Transfer of Information and Its Impact on Medical Practice: The U.S. Experience". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002828.
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Since 1977, the Consensus Development Program of the Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has sponsored more than 50 consensus development conferences (CDCs) on the safety and efficacy of important biomedical technologies. The aim of these conferences, described fully elsewhere (4), is to inform the health care community, and to some extent the public, of the status of emerging biomedical technologies and the need for change in the use of existing health-related technologies. OMAR has therefore, worked diligently to publicize conference findings among these audiences. Further, OMAR has sought to improve the effectiveness of these transfer activities by conducting assessments of the impact of CDCs on their primary audience, U.S. physicians.
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Joss, Simon y John Durant. "The UK National Consensus Conference on Plant Biotechnology". Public Understanding of Science 4, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/4/2/006.
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We consider the consensus conference as a model for the incorporation of lay perspectives within the assessment of new sciences and technologies. A consensus is a forum in which a group of laypeople questions experts about a controversial scientific or technological subject, assesses the experts' responses, reaches a consensus about the subject, and reports its conclusions at a press conference. Following a brief description of the development of consensus conferences in Denmark, we review the organization and the outcome of the first UK National Consensus Conference on Plant Biotechnology (UKNCC). The UKNCC is currently the subject of a detailed evaluation. At this stage, we are principally concerned to provide practical information about the organization of the conference. However, we also offer a preliminary assessment of the potential significance of this novel approach for the public understanding of science.
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Gold, Benjamin D. "Current Therapy forHelicobacter pyloriInfection in Children and Adolescents". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, n.º 7 (1999): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/634645.
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Helicobacter pyloriinfects approximately 50% of the world’s population and is a definitive cause of gastroduodenal disease (ie, gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers) in children and adults. Four consensus conferences held around the globe have brought together clinicians, scientists, epidemiologists and health care economists to discuss the role of the gastric pathogenH pyloriin human gastroduodenal disease. At each of these conferences, the overriding objective was to reach a consensus on the development of practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment ofH pylori-infected individuals. However, it was not until the CanadianH pyloriConsensus Conference, held in November 1997, that the issues ofH pyloriinfection in children were addressed. Therapies forH pyloriinfection in children, presented in part at the First Canadian PaediatricH pyloriConsensus Conference, held in Victoria, British Columbia, November 1998, are reviewed in this paper.
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Klazinga, N. S., A. F. Casparie y J. J. E. van Everdingen. "Contribution of medical decision-making to consensus development conferences". Health Policy 8, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1987): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(87)90009-1.
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Wortman, Paul M., Amiram Vinokur y Lee Sechrest. "Do Consensus Conferences Work? A Process Evaluation of the NIH Consensus Development Program". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13, n.º 3 (1988): 469–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-13-3-469.
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Steeb, Theresa, Markus Follmann, Ralf Matthias Hagen, Carola Berking y Markus Vincent Heppt. "Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic for the Development and Update of Clinical Practice Guidelines: Viewpoint". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n.º 12 (29 de diciembre de 2020): e20064. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20064.
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Following the rapid spread of a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), nearly all countries have introduced temporary restrictions affecting daily life, with “social distancing” as a key intervention for slowing the spread of the virus. Despite the pandemic, the development or actualization of medical guidelines, especially in the rapidly changing field of oncology, needs to be continued to provide up-to-date evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for shared decision making and maintaining the treatment quality for patients. In this viewpoint, we describe the potential strengths and limitations of online conferences for medical guideline development. This viewpoint will assist guideline developers in evaluating whether online conferences are an appropriate tool for their guideline conference and audience.
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Pauker, Stephen G. "Decision Analysis as a Synthetic Tool for Achieving Consensus in Technology Assessment". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002804.
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Over the past decade the Office of Medical Application of Research (OMAR) of the National Institutes of Health has developed the consensus development conference (18) to assess technologies in cases where the scientific community has been unable, or unwilling, to reach a firm position as to efficacy but which require some better form of assessment than expert opinion (8). Another paper in this issue describes the principles that underlie such conferences (9).
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Ferguson, John H. y Charles R. Sherman. "PANELISTS' VIEWS OF 68 NIH CONSENSUS CONFERENCE". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 17, n.º 4 (octubre de 2001): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462301107099.
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Objectives: To analyze the response patterns and trends of 68 surveys of successive NIH consensus panels' views on the NIH consensus process.Methods: Each panel's responses were compared to an “average” panel's responses calculated by determining the mean response for each survey question across panels.Results: The results show a stable pattern of panelists' generally positive views. However, several conferences were judged very positively and some very negatively compared to the norm. Most negatively viewed conferences occurred early in the consensus program's history.Conclusions: The disparate perceptions are discussed and interpreted as reflecting favorable panels' views of recent changes in the NIH Consensus Development Program.
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Ellison, Norig y Leslie E. Silberstein. "A Commentary on Three Consensus Development Conferences on Transfusion Medicine". Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 8, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(21)00439-9.
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Sung, Woong Kyu. "The Pillars of Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis of their Status in Vicennial Environmental Conferences". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 22, Issue 5 (1 de octubre de 2013): 200–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2013016.
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Copyright of this article is owned by the Environmental Law Reporter, but is published with their permission. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio 20, came to an end a year ago. For more than 40 years, ever since the United Nations convened the first environmental conference in Stockholm in 1972, the international community has raised its collective voice for conservation, protection, and promotion of the environment. This article examines the text of the declaratory outcomes produced by three monumental international conferences in the field, and identifies the progression and regression of the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainable development. The transition of focus from environmental protection to sustainable development and to a green economy in these conferences accompanied the substantive and quantitative changes in the balance between the three pillars, which have transformed the theory of sustainable development and the impetus to realize it in practice. The author presents a host of questions on the meaning of this transformation and responds as to whether it satisfies the international community's original consensus on the concept of sustainable development.
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Lehtien, Ville, Martin Panelius y Pekka Tienari. "Finnish Consequensus Development Conference on the Teratment of Schizophrenia". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 5, n.º 2 (abril de 1989): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300006486.
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Since 1982, the Medical Research Council of the Academy of Finland, together with other interested parties, has tried to develop systematically the evaluation research of medical technology. The broadly based working group set up by the Council is preparing a program dealing with this issue to promote research work and the training of researchers. The arrangement of consensus development conferences, held on various topics in many countries, is another means of reaching these goals. In Finland, the arrangement of such conferences has been the responsibility of the Medical Research Council.
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Kendler, K. S. y M. Solomon. "Expert consensus v. evidence-based approaches in the revision of the DSM". Psychological Medicine 46, n.º 11 (13 de abril de 2016): 2255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171600074x.
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The development of DSM-III through DSM-5 has relied heavily on expert consensus. In this essay, we provide an historical and critical perspective on this process. Over the last 40 years, medicine has struggled to find appropriate methods for summarizing research results and making clinical recommendations. When such recommendations are issued by authorized organizations, they can have widespread influence (i.e. DSM-III and its successors). In the 1970s, expert consensus conferences, led by the NIH, reviewed research about controversial medical issues and successfully disseminated results. However, these consensus conferences struggled with aggregating the complex available evidence. In the 1990s, the rise of evidence-based medicine cast doubt on the reliability of expert consensus. Since then, medicine has increasingly relied on systematic reviews, as developed by the evidence-based medicine movement, and advocated for their early incorporation in expert consensus efforts. With the partial exception of DSM-IV, such systematic evidence-based reviews have not been consistently integrated into the development of the DSMs, leaving their development out of step with the larger medical field. Like the recommendations made for the NIH consensus conferences, we argue that the DSM process should be modified to require systematic evidence-based reviews before Work Groups make their assessments. Our suggestions – which would require leadership and additional resources to set standards for appropriate evidence hierarchies, carry out systematic reviews, and upgrade the group process – should improve the objectivity of the DSM, increase the validity of its results, and improve the reception of any changes in nosology.
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Dingemann, Carmen, Simon Eaton, Gunnar Aksnes, Pietro Bagolan, Kate M. Cross, Paolo De Coppi, JoAnne Fruithof et al. "ERNICA Consensus Conference on the Management of Patients with Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Diagnostics, Preoperative, Operative, and Postoperative Management". European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30, n.º 04 (2 de julio de 2019): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693116.
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Introduction Many aspects of the management of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are controversial and the evidence for decision making is limited. Members of the European Reference Network for Rare Inherited Congenital Anomalies (ERNICA) conducted a consensus conference on the surgical management of EA/TEF based on expert opinions referring to the latest literature. Materials and Methods Nineteen ERNICA representatives from nine European countries participated in the conference. The conference was prepared by item generation, item prioritization by online survey, formulation of a final list containing the domains diagnostics, preoperative, operative, and postoperative management, and literature review. The 2-day conference was held in Berlin in October 2018. Anonymous voting was conducted via an internet-based system. Consensus was defined when 75% of the votes scored 6 to 9. Results Fifty-two items were generated with 116 relevant articles of which five studies (4.3%) were assigned as level-1evidence. Complete consensus (100%) was achieved on 20 items (38%), such as TEF closure by transfixing suture, esophageal anastomosis by interrupted sutures, and initiation of feeding 24 hours postoperatively. Consensus ≥75% was achieved on 37 items (71%), such as routine insertion of transanastomotic tube or maximum duration of thoracoscopy of 3 hours. Thirteen items (25%) were controversial (range of scores, 1–9). Eight of these (62%) did not reach consensus. Conclusion Participants of the conference reached significant consensus on the management of patients with EA/TEF. The consensus may facilitate standardization and development of generally accepted guidelines. The conference methodology may serve as a blueprint for further conferences on the management of congenital malformations in pediatric surgery.
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Kahan, James P., David E. Kanouse y John D. Winkler. "Stylistic Variations In National Institutes Of Health Consensus Statements, 1979–1983". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, n.º 2 (abril de 1988): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300004098.
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This paper describes a content analysis of the statements of 24 Consensus Development Conferences conducted by the Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR) of the National Institutes of Health in the years 1979–1983. The goal was to understand the potential influence of the consensus statements by identifying characteristics that might determine whether and how physicians become aware of their findings and adopt their recommendations. Three characteristics emerged, each suggestive of a different style of consensus statement: discursiveness, didacticism, and scholarliness. Variations in style among consensus statements may affect their acceptance by the medical profession
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Raveenthiran, V. "Neonatal Sex Assignment in Disorders of Sex Development: A Philosophical Introspection". Journal of Neonatal Surgery 6, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21699/jns.v6i3.604.
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Management of ambiguous genitalia is highly controversial. This condition was known previously as intersex and presently as disorders of sex development (DSD). There is no consensus regarding the choice, timing and method of sex assignment in neonates with DSD. Consensus conferences could not unify the views of various stakeholders and third parties. This article philosophically examines the nature and origin of such controversies. Misconception, bias and conflicting priorities are identified as the three cardinal sources of controversies. Conceptual duality of sexes, confused notion of sex and gender, bias towards penetrative intercourse, conflict between utopian ideals and reality, unwillingness to compromise are identified as perpetuators of controversies. Suggestions are made regarding sex assignment in various types of DSD based on the understanding of published literature and the author’s personal experience.
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Swiss, Liam. "The adoption of women and gender as development assistance priorities: An event history analysis of world polity effects". International Sociology 27, n.º 1 (18 de noviembre de 2011): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580911423047.
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Growing similarity of development assistance policy and reference to emerging global consensus on development issues has been a striking trend in the foreign aid community in recent years. This article uses event history techniques to undertake an exploratory analysis and test world polity effects on the spread of gender and development policies and institutional structures among 22 aid donors of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee from 1968 through 2003. Findings point to the influence of other donors, international civil society, international treaties and conferences as strong determinants of the homogenization of development assistance policy and the adoption of gender policies by donor organizations.
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Portnoy, Barry, Jennifer Miller, Kathryn Brown-Huamani y Emily DeVoto. "Impact of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Program on stimulating National Institutes of Health–funded research, 1998 to 2001". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 23, n.º 3 (19 de junio de 2007): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462307070511.
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Objectives:The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference (CDC) was instituted to provide evidence-based guidance on controversial medical issues to researchers, health practitioners, and the public; however, the degree of impact this activity has on stimulating relevant research is unclear. This study examines the impact of CDC statements on the initiation of related NIH-funded research projects.Methods:Six CDCs from 1998 to 2001 were examined. Research initiatives related to the Conferences' topics were collected through two discrete methods: (i) the overall number of relevant pre- and postconference research activities was compiled using NIH's Information for Management, Planning, Analysis, and Coordination II (IMPAC II) and the Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS) Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP) grant application and award databases; (ii) for each CDC, the sponsoring institute's conference coordinator and other identified Program Directors were queried for their knowledge of new conference-specific research initiatives sponsored by their institute. The main outcome measure was the total number of requests for applications, requests for proposals, program announcements, broad agency announcements, notices, and funded investigator-initiated research program grants (RO1s) for a given Consensus topic in the 3 years before (baseline measure) and following (measure of impact) a CDC.Results:As identified through NIH's IMPAC II and DHHS' CRISP grants and announcements databases, the total number of relevant postconference research initiatives increased for five of six CDCs when compared with baseline activity levels; research activities remained constant for the sixth. When inclusion criteria were restricted to institute-identified research initiatives, two of six CDC topics had overall increases in relevant research activity in the postconference period.Conclusions:CDCs appear to have a positive impact on the stimulation of related NIH-funded research initiatives. Future outcomes evaluations using prospective data collection methods and more robust participation by sponsoring and cosponsoring institutes should strengthen the reliability of the association between new research initiatives on a given topic and their causal relationship to a given CDC.
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Boonstra, Jaap y Henk van de Graaf. "Multiple Voices of Democracy in a Cosmopolis". Concepts and Transformation 4, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 1999): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cat.4.2.04boo.
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This article describes an action research process to solve problems of democracy in neighborhoods in a modern European city. A relational constructionist approach has been used as the theoretical basis for this work. The methodological framework is based on action research, survey feedback and search conferences. The article begins by describing the historical and cultural context of democracy in the city. Special attention is paid to the development of the relationship between researchers and members of neighborhood associations on the one hand, and to the building of a mutual consensus on the problems, focus and methodology of action research on the other. Multiple voices of democracy start to make themselves heard in a process of data gathering and feedback. New futures and strategies for the associations were developed at a search conference. After the search conference had taken place new relationships were established in a communal dialogue with neighborhood councils. An evaluation of the process focuses on lessons learned by members of the associations in terms of strategy formulation; the establishment of relationships during the process; the multiple voices of democracy in a modern city; the effectiveness of the combination of a start up conference, survey feedback and search conference; and the way representative democracy can be improved in a relational process of social construction.
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THOMAS, CAROLINE. "Where is the Third World now?" Review of International Studies 25, n.º 5 (diciembre de 1999): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599002259.
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As we enter the new millennium, the Third World, far from disappearing, is becoming global. The dynamic of economic driven globalization is resulting in the global reproduction of Third World problems. Growing inequality, risk and vulnerability characterize not simply the state system, but an emerging global social order. This is part of an historical process underway for five centuries: the expansion of capitalism across the globe. Technological developments speed up the process. The demise of the communist bloc and the associated rejection of ‘real existing socialism’ as a mode of economic organization have provided a specific additional fillip to the reconfiguration of the ‘Third World’. The 1980s, and more particularly the 1990s, have witnessed the mainstreaming of liberal economic ideology via the Washington consensus. This approach to development has been legitimated in several global conferences such as United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and the Copenhagen Social Summit. It has been applied practically through institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO). In its wake we have seen a deepening of existing inequalities between and within states, with a resulting tension—contradiction even—between the development targets agreed by the United Nations (UN), and the policies pursued by international organizations and governments to facilitate such results.
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Lunt, Peter. "The Histories of Social Psychology". Social Psychological Review 5, n.º 2 (agosto de 2003): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsspr.2003.5.2.3.
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At this year’s BPS Social Psychology Section Conference we mark 50 years of conferences. These 50 years have seen the emergence, growth and diversification of social psychology as an area of study in the UK, Europe, the US and around the world. A number of institutional milestones reflect the establishment of social psychology as a field of study in the UK: the establishment of the British Journal of Social Psychology, the foundation of the Social Section of the BPS, the Annual Conference and the development of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in social psychology at a number of universities. This institutional framework, which we often take for granted, was set up and maintained by previous generations of social psychologists. The past 50 years has also been a period of controversy and debate within and outside social psychology and while the level of activity associated with social psychology has increased there is little consensus about the disciplinary formation; indeed the area of study appears to be highly fragmented in theory, methods and normative commitments. The history of social psychology is no exception and there are various ‘histories’ on offer. In this paper, I take the occasion of the 50th conference to review recent writing on the history of social psychology.
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Lawson, Daeria O., Livia Puljak, Dawid Pieper, Stefan Schandelmaier, Gary S. Collins, Romina Brignardello-Petersen, David Moher et al. "Reporting of methodological studies in health research: a protocol for the development of the MethodologIcal STudy reportIng Checklist (MISTIC)". BMJ Open 10, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): e040478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040478.
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IntroductionMethodological studies (ie, studies that evaluate the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of other studies in health research) address various facets of health research including, for instance, data collection techniques, differences in approaches to analyses, reporting quality, adherence to guidelines or publication bias. As a result, methodological studies can help to identify knowledge gaps in the methodology of health research and strategies for improvement in research practices. Differences in methodological study names and a lack of reporting guidance contribute to lack of comparability across studies and difficulties in identifying relevant previous methodological studies. This paper outlines the methods we will use to develop an evidence-based tool—the MethodologIcal STudy reportIng Checklist—to harmonise naming conventions and improve the reporting of methodological studies.Methods and analysisWe will search for methodological studies in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, check reference lists and contact experts in the field. We will extract and summarise data on the study names, design and reporting features of the included methodological studies. Consensus on study terms and recommended reporting items will be achieved via video conference meetings with a panel of experts including researchers who have published methodological studies.Ethics and disseminationThe consensus study has been exempt from ethics review by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. The results of the review and the reporting guideline will be disseminated in stakeholder meetings, conferences, peer-reviewed publications, in requests to journal editors (to endorse or make the guideline a requirement for authors), and on the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) Network and reporting guideline websites.RegistrationWe have registered the development of the reporting guideline with the EQUATOR Network and publicly posted this project on the Open Science Framework (www.osf.io/9hgbq).
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Spijkers, Otto. "Intergenerational Equity and the Sustainable Development Goals". Sustainability 10, n.º 11 (23 de octubre de 2018): 3836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113836.
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The contribution of the present research is to link the global consensus in international legal scholarship on the principle of intergenerational equity to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The methodology used is, first, to provide a literature review of theories of intergenerational equity developed in international law scholarship, followed by a textual analysis of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution that contains the SDGs. To place the SDGs in their proper context, an overview is provided of the most important declarations on sustainable development of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and outcome documents of the most important World Conferences on sustainable development organized under the auspices of the United Nations. Two general conclusions can be drawn from the present research: in international law scholarship and in the SDGs and previous declarations, the earth is generally seen as a resource, to be used by present and future people, and not as something warranting respect regardless of its worth to human beings. Second, the main challenge is to find a proper balance between intergenerational equity—present and future people—and intragenerational equity—the rich and the poor of the present generation.
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Rose, Louise, Meera Agar, Lisa D. Burry, Noll Campbell, Mike Clarke, Jacques Lee, Najma Siddiqi y Valerie J. Page. "Development of core outcome sets for effectiveness trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium (Del-COrS): study protocol". BMJ Open 7, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2017): e016371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016371.
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IntroductionDelirium is a common, serious and potentially preventable condition with devastating impact on the quality of life prompting a proliferation of interventional trials. Core outcome sets aim to standardise outcome reporting by identifying outcomes perceived fundamental for measurement in trials of a specific interest area. Our aim is to develop international consensus on two core outcome sets for trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium, irrespective of study population. We aim to identify additional core outcomes specific to the critically ill, acutely hospitalised patients, palliative care and older adults.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of published and ongoing delirium trials (1980 onwards) and one-on-one interviews of patients who have experienced delirium and family members. These data will inform Delphi round 1 of a two-stage consensus process. In round 2, we will provide participants their own response, summarised group responses and those of patient/family participants for rescoring. We will randomise participants to receive feedback as proportion scoring the outcome as critical or as group mean responses. We will hold a consensus meeting using nominal group technique to finalise outcomes for inclusion. We will repeat the Delphi process and consensus meeting to select measures for each core outcome. We will recruit 240 Delphi participants giving us 80% power to detect a 1.0–1.5 point (9-point scale) difference by feedback method between rounds. We will analyse differences for subsequent scores, magnitude of opinion change, items retained and level of agreement.Ethics and disseminationWe are obtaining research ethics approvals according to local governance. Participation will be voluntary and data deidentified. Support from three international delirium organisations will be instrumental in dissemination and core outcome set uptake. We will disseminate through peer-reviewed open access publications and present at conferences selected to reach a wide range of knowledge users.
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Bakhbakhi, Danya, Abigail Fraser, Dimitris Siasakos, Lisa Hinton, Anna Davies, Abi Merriel, James M. N. Duffy et al. "Protocol for the development of a core outcome set for stillbirth care research (iCHOOSE Study)". BMJ Open 12, n.º 2 (febrero de 2022): e056629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056629.
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IntroductionStillbirth is associated with significant physical, psychosocial and economic consequences for parents, families, wider society and the healthcare system. There is emerging momentum to design and evaluate interventions for care after stillbirth and in subsequent pregnancies. However, there is insufficient evidence to inform clinical practice compounded by inconsistent outcome reporting in research studies. To address this paucity of evidence, we plan to develop a core outcome set for stillbirth care research, through an international consensus process with key stakeholders including parents, healthcare professionals and researchers.Methods and analysisThe development of this core outcome set will be divided into five distinct phases: (1) Identifying potential outcomes from a mixed-methods systematic review and analysis of interviews with parents who have experienced stillbirth; (2) Creating a comprehensive outcome long-list and piloting of a Delphi questionnaire using think-aloud interviews; (3) Choosing the most important outcomes by conducting an international two-round Delphi survey including high-income, middle-income and low-income countries; (4) Deciding the core outcome set by consensus meetings with key stakeholders and (5) Dissemination and promotion of the core outcome set. A parent and public involvement panel and international steering committee has been convened to coproduce every stage of the development of this core outcome set.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the qualitative interviews has been approved by Berkshire Ethics Committee REC Reference 12/SC/0495. Ethical approval for the think-aloud interviews, Delphi survey and consensus meetings has been awarded from the University of Bristol Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Reference number: 116535). The dissemination strategy is being developed with the parent and public involvement panel and steering committee. Results will be published in peer-reviewed specialty journals, shared at national and international conferences and promoted through parent organisations and charities.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018087748.
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Montenegro, Aida. "Analyzing EFL University Learners’ Positionings and Participation Structures in a Collaborative Learning Environment". Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 14, n.º 1 (14 de junio de 2012): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.3825.
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A preliminary analysis about the way a group of university students behaved in group activities that promoted interaction and negotiationrevealed that some students were positioned negatively while learning English. This qualitative study analyzed the learners’ positionings asgroup members and the participation structures under a specific pedagogical intervention focused on peer collaboration. The data collectioninstruments were audio recordings, field notes and individual conferences. The conclusions show that the rights and responsibilities duringgroup work were given according to the way the learners mutually acknowledged their skills. The school and social skills recognized by thepeers were related to checking each others’ work, building consensus, and guiding the development of the task.
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Ganesh, Manoj Kumar y Bangaru Venugopal. "Challenges, Practice and Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Sustainable Development of Environment and Society". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, n.º 11 (13 de noviembre de 2023): e1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1486.
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Objective: This research aims to identify the Corporate Social Responsibility challenges and their effects on business, the environment, and society. Methods: Exploratory research is employed in this work using primarysecondary data from journals, magazines, articles, and media reports. Result: The survey indicated that many CSRs struggle with transparency, inequity, consensus, financial resources, community engagement, strategic planning, and bias in their policies, practices, and cultures. Public awareness of corporations and a network of activities were very limited. Conclusion: Corporate social responsibility refers to a company's efforts to evaluate and address the impacts it has on society and the environment. CSR may demonstrate commitment to care for the community by taking steps to reduce waste and pollution and by funding educational and social welfare initiatives. The corporates should understand their role in promoting CSR. The corporates should also organize training, conferences, and seminars to share and produce new knowledge in this field. Substantial financial support and industry-specific research can boost and strengthen the CSR contribution.
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Boehnke, Jan R., Rusham Zahra Rana, Jamie J. Kirkham, Louise Rose, Gina Agarwal, Corrado Barbui, Alyssa Chase-Vilchez et al. "Development of a core outcome set for multimorbidity trials in low/middle-income countries (COSMOS): study protocol". BMJ Open 12, n.º 2 (febrero de 2022): e051810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051810.
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Introduction‘Multimorbidity’ describes the presence of two or more long-term conditions, which can include communicable, non-communicable diseases, and mental disorders. The rising global burden from multimorbidity is well documented, but trial evidence for effective interventions in low-/middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. Selection of appropriate outcomes is fundamental to trial design to ensure cross-study comparability, but there is currently no agreement on a core outcome set (COS) to include in trials investigating multimorbidity specifically in LMICs. Our aim is to develop international consensus on two COSs for trials of interventions to prevent and treat multimorbidity in LMIC settings.Methods and analysisFollowing methods recommended by the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials initiative, the development of these two COSs will occur in parallel in three stages: (1) generation of a long list of potential outcomes for inclusion; (2) two-round online Delphi surveys and (3) consensus meetings. First, to generate an initial list of outcomes, we will conduct a systematic review of multimorbidity intervention and prevention trials and interviews with people living with multimorbidity and their caregivers in LMICs. Outcomes will be classified using an outcome taxonomy. Two-round Delphi surveys will be used to elicit importance scores for these outcomes from people living with multimorbidity, caregivers, healthcare professionals, policy makers and researchers in LMICs. Finally, consensus meetings including all of these stakeholders will be held to agree outcomes for inclusion in the two COSs.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Research Governance Committee of the Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK (HSRGC/2020/409/D:COSMOS). Each participating country/research group will obtain local ethics board approval. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. We will disseminate findings through peer-reviewed open access publications, and presentations at global conferences selected to reach a wide range of LMIC stakeholders.PROSPERO registation numberCRD42020197293.
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Kobayashi, Teppei, Yasuaki Onoda, Katsuya Hirano y Michio Ubaura. "Practical Efforts for Post-Disaster Reconstruction in the City of Ishinomaki, Miyagi". Journal of Disaster Research 11, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2016): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0476.
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During the UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR), discussions on “designing for a safe and secure home and community” referenced various case studies and challenges from the “Build Back Better” (hereafter “BBB”) project. This paper introduces the following achievements of the BBB projects carried out by the authors: 1) leadership from academia that established a framework of practical dialogue (conferences) – more than mere information sharing – for maturing plans, 2) creation of the master plan concepts for each project based on expert perspectives in urban planning, landscape, and architecture, 3) development of an interrelationship between local tsunami defenses, such as river and coastal levees, and community-specific contexts and damaged facilities within the framework of civic design and community-building in the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake, 4) designing of reconstruction plans achievable through coordination with relevant institutions and through consensus-building with residents amid a high number of reconstruction projects, 5) advanced level of maturation of plans gained through continuous collaboration, and 6) creation of a place for community interaction as one step in recovery process and as a venue to realize the importance of public information disclosure
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Lee, Christina W., J. Gregory McKinnon y Noelle Davis. "Canadian Melanoma Conference Recommendations on High-Risk Melanoma Surveillance: A Report from the 14th Annual Canadian Melanoma Conference; Banff, Alberta; 20–22 February 2020". Current Oncology 28, n.º 3 (27 de mayo de 2021): 2040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28030189.
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Introduction: There are a lack of established guidelines for the surveillance of high-risk cutaneous melanoma patients following initial therapy. We describe a novel approach to the development of a national expert recommendation statement on high-risk melanoma surveillance (HRS). Methods: A consensus-based, live, online voting process was undertaken at the 13th and 14th annual Canadian Melanoma Conferences (CMC) to collect expert opinions relating to “who, what, where, and when” HRS should be conducted. Initial opinions were gathered via audience participation software and used as the basis for a second iterative questionnaire distributed online to attendees from the 13th CMC and to identified melanoma specialists from across Canada. A third questionnaire was disseminated in a similar fashion to conduct a final vote on HRS that could be implemented. Results: The majority of respondents from the first two iterative surveys agreed on stages IIB to IV as high risk. Surveillance should be conducted by an appropriate specialist, irrespective of association to a cancer centre. Frequency and modality of surveillance favoured biannual visits and Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography (PET/CT) with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among the systemic imaging modalities available. No consensus was initially reached regarding the frequency of systemic imaging and ultrasound of nodal basins (US). The third iterative survey resolved major areas of disagreement. A 5-year surveillance schedule was voted on with 92% of conference members in agreement. Conclusion: This final recommendation was established following 92% overall agreement among the 2020 CMC attendees.
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Lee, Siang Ing, Kelly-Ann Eastwood, Ngawai Moss, Amaya Azcoaga-Lorenzo, Anuradhaa Subramanian, Astha Anand, Beck Taylor et al. "Protocol for the development of a core outcome set for studies of pregnant women with pre-existing multimorbidity". BMJ Open 11, n.º 10 (octubre de 2021): e044919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044919.
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IntroductionIncreasingly more pregnant women are living with pre-existing multimorbidity (≥two long-term physical or mental health conditions). This may adversely affect maternal and offspring outcomes. This study aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) for maternal and offspring outcomes in pregnant women with pre-existing multimorbidity. It is intended for use in observational and interventional studies in all pregnancy settings.Methods and analysisWe propose a four stage study design: (1) systematic literature search, (2) focus groups, (3) Delphi surveys and (4) consensus group meeting. The study will be conducted from June 2021 to August 2022. First, an initial list of outcomes will be identified through a systematic literature search of reported outcomes in studies of pregnant women with multimorbidity. We will search the Cochrane library, Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL. This will be supplemented with relevant outcomes from published COS for pregnancies and childbirth in general, and multimorbidity. Second, focus groups will be conducted among (1) women with lived experience of managing pre-existing multimorbidity in pregnancy (and/or their partners) and (2) their healthcare/social care professionals to identify outcomes important to them. Third, these initial lists of outcomes will be prioritised through a three-round online Delphi survey using predefined score criteria for consensus. Participants will be invited to suggest additional outcomes that were not included in the initial list. Finally, a consensus meeting using the nominal group technique will be held to agree on the final COS. The stakeholders will include (1) women (and/or their partners) with lived experience of managing multimorbidity in pregnancy, (2) healthcare/social care professionals involved in their care and (3) researchers in this field.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the University of Birmingham’s ethical review committee. The final COS will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conferences and to all stakeholders.
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Сокирська, Владилена. ""THE BRITISH CONSENSUS": WAYS AND METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE". КОНСЕНСУС, n.º 4 (2022): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-04/049-064.
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The article analyzes the main stages of the transformation of the British colonial administration, the process of transforming the system of relations between Great Britain and dependent countries that were part of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. The purpose of the research is to study the process of transformation of the British Empire, the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations and the role of official London in its formation and development. The methodological basis of the research are the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity with the application of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization of logical and historical aspects, the study of phenomena in concrete-historical conditions, the transition from the concrete to the abstract and from the abstract to the concrete with the use of general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the publication consists in a comprehensive analysis of the process of transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, which convinces of the advantages of the peaceful transformation of multinational state entities over their spontaneous disintegration. Conclusions. A balanced and reasoned approach to the peculiarities of the state-territorial system in combination with stable traditions of democracy in the metropolis contributed to ensuring the asymmetry of the British imperial political body. Even at the end of the 19th century. at the first colonial and imperial conferences, the concept of the formation of all-imperial management structures - a common parliament, a common government, a common army, etc. was rejected. It was the lack of unification and asymmetry that formed the basis of the evolutionary processes that contributed to Great Britain in the 20th century to carry out the gradual formation of the "British Consensus" or "soft association" model.
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Strum, Ryan P., Walter Tavares, Andrew Worster, Lauren E. Griffith, Ahmad Rahim y Andrew P. Costa. "Development of the PriCARE classification for potentially preventable emergency department visits by ambulance: a RAND/UCLA modified Delphi study protocol". BMJ Open 11, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): e045351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045351.
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IntroductionOntario ambulances are restricted from patient transportation to sub-acute levels of care when these facilities may be more suitable than emergency departments for non-emergent conditions. There is no known patient classification specifically constructed to inform ED diversion protocols and guidance for sub-acute centre transportation for primary care–like patient conditions.ObjectiveTo construct a novel patient classification of potentially preventable emergency department visits following transport by ambulance, and analyse patient-level characteristic associations with this classification based in Ontario secondary data.Methods and analysisThe Primary Care–like Ambulance transports following Response for 911-Emergencies (PriCARE) patient classification will be constructed using a two-phase RAND/UCLA modified Delphi design. All experts included are physicians with relevant experience in emergency and/or primary care in Ontario. The first phase of the study will determine consensus of the expert committee on which ED interventions performed on patients with non-emergent acuities could be conducted in sub-acute healthcare centres. The second phase will assess consensus of which patient, hospital and acuity factors are most appropriate to be incorporated into a PriCARE classification. We will also investigate secondary outcomes on consensus of which ED interventions could be transferred to a paramedic context given an expanded scope of practice and patient-level characteristics of PriCARE classified individuals.Ethics and disseminationThis study received a research ethics board exemption waiver from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board; review reference 2020-11451-GRA. Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. The results will be shared with Ontario paramedic services and governing institutions. This study will be used to inform patient classification protocols and clinical decision tools for ambulances to transport to sub-acute healthcare centres.Trial registration numberISRCTN22901977.
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Ganesh, Manoj Kumar y Bangaru Venugopal. "Challenges, Practice and Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Sustainable Development of Environment and Society". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2024): e4885. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-067.
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Objective: This research aims to identify the Corporate Social Responsibility challenges and their effects on business, the environment, and society.
Methods: Exploratory research is employed in this work using primarysecondary data from journals, magazines, articles, and media reports.
Result: The survey indicated that many CSRs struggle with transparency, inequity, consensus, financial resources, community engagement, strategic planning, and bias in their policies, practices, and cultures. Public awareness of corporations and a network of activities were very limited.
Conclusion: Corporate social responsibility refers to a company's efforts to evaluate and address the impacts it has on society and the environment. CSR may demonstrate commitment to care for the community by taking steps to reduce waste and pollution and by funding educational and social welfare initiatives. The corporates should understand their role in promoting CSR. The corporates should also organize training, conferences, and seminars to share and produce new knowledge in this field. Substantial financial support and industry-specific research can boost and strengthen the CSR contribution.
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Mattson, Ingrid. "United Nations Commission on the Status of Women". American Journal of Islam and Society 12, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 1995): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i4.2365.
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Preparations for the FourthWorld Conference on WomenThe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations has beenvery active during the past year convening world conferences in order toredefm e its goals and strategies for international cooperation on majorissues. In September 1994, delegations from many nations met in Cairofor the International Conference on Population and Development. InMarch 1995, Copenhagen was the venue for the World Summit for SocialDevelopment. In September 1995, Beijing will be the setting for theFourth World Conference on the Status of Women. In preparation for thelatter conference, international delegations met in New York duringMarch and April to prepare the Platform for Action, which is to be ratifiedin Beijing. The draft document was prepared by the Secretariat of theCommission on the Status of Women after consultation with regionalgroups of the United Nations. In New York, delegations were to proposeamendments to the Platform for Action so that it would be ready for ratificationin Beijing. At least that was the plan. The following report willdescribe how political agendas, arrogance, and bickering prevented thetask from being completed. Perhaps the greatest obstacle, however, wasthe belief that every country in the world could reach consensus on somany contentious issues-there is a better chance of the holy grail beingfound this year.First, for those who are not familiar with the dynamics of the UnitedNations, I need to sketch out the role of the major players. On one side ofthe floor of the UN, members of the European Union (EU) huddle together;the representative from France is their spokesperson. On the other sideof the floor sits the representative from the Philippines, who is thespokesperson for the Group of 77 (077). The 077, which now actuallycomprises 132 members, includes almost all nations from Latin and SouthAmerica, Africa, and Asia. Members of the EU and the 077 meet in theirrespective groups before the main assembly convenes in order to formulatea group position. On the floor of the UN, it is therefore the spokespersonsof these two groups who are the most active.It is significant that while 132 diverse nations were able to meet and,in most cases, bring about a consensus on difficult issues, the United ...
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Werner, Ricardo N., Anja Jacobs, Stefanie Rosumeck y Alexander Nast. "Online consensus conferences for clinical guidelines development - a survey among participants from the International Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 20, n.º 6 (5 de mayo de 2014): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.12159.
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Giacomini, Lorenzo. "The Room: la meraviglia dell'inizio. Architettura e archetipo in Louis I. Kahn". TERRITORIO, n.º 60 (marzo de 2012): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-060023.
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Like a shining shadow, Louis Kahn's poetry is found in all his works, both built or just designed. In his conferences, Kahn formulates thoughts that often touch on notes of poetry, the sacred, or a mystic science of cosmos where the architect becomes a narrator of our origins. It is not, however, a question of simple cultural ornament, or a search for consensus, but a free inner necessity which produces expression, creation and design, and which translates into categories that literally materialise as architectural forms. ‘The Room', a 1971 sketch which shows the mind of this great ‘Philosopher by nature' like a stage, is an emblem of the original node that joins matter and spirit, which binds architecture and thought, architecture and archetype, well beyond the limits of Louis Kahn's personal experience.
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Mazzotta, Mizuki y Diane Belcher. "Social-Emotional Outcomes of Corrective Feedback as Mediation on Second Language Japanese Writing". Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 17, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2018): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.17.1.47.
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Despite the growing consensus on the potential of dynamic assessment (DA) in second language (L2) development, application of DA procedures to corrective feedback (CF) on L2 writing has received relatively little attention. Still more neglected has been the social-emotional outcomes of CF operationalized as DA procedures. The present study addressed this research gap by investigating two college-level Japanese-language learners’ social-emotional responses to CF as mediation on L2 writing utilizing a case study approach. The learners participated in writing conferences in which they received CF as mediation. The data sources include semistructured interviews, stimulated recall interviews, and a focus group interview. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively using NVivo for emerging themes. Findings suggest that CF as mediation engendered positive emotions intertwined with interpersonal factors, confidence, and motivation. Furthermore, the findings from the narrative analysis provide concrete examples of how positive emotions can expand the learner’s zone of proximal development.
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Danilina, Nina y Zinaida Ivanova. "Perfection of the public hearings procedure in Russia: two-stage model". E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913504014.
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The article deals with the relevant problems of public hearings procedure on urban development projects. The authors examined the existing European practice of self-government of citizens’ their participation and role in public hearings’ identified the positive aspects of the organization of consensus conferences in Denmark. There are the results of conducted sociological studies using questionnaires’ focus groups (group discussions)’ expert survey and content analysis addressed to identify the attitude of residents of different cities of the Russian Federation to public hearings’. A significant amount of primary and secondary data was collected’ which allowed to establish a real picture of violations during public hearings procedure’ as well as to collect critical comments and suggestions of citizens. Having carefully analyzed the existing legislative documents’ the Urban development code of the Russian Federation in the new edition (2019)’ the authors developed a two-stage model of public hearings procedure’ offering a new methodological approach to the organization and conduct of public hearings and public discussions.
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Okogbule, Innocent C. S., Desmond O. N. Agwor y Empire Hechime Nyekwere. "The Historical Development of International Environmental Law: A Legal Appraisal". Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 10, n.º 8 (15 de agosto de 2022): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjplr.2013/vol10n83354.
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International environmental law, which developed as a subset of international law in the mid-twentieth century is a body of international law concerned with protecting the environment, principally through multilateral and bilateral international treaties. International environmental law evolved as a result of widespread global concern about the ever increasing environmental challenges and the need for international action for the protection of the natural environment. While environmental protection activities started in several nations in the nineteenth century, these activities in general only dealt with environmental challenges within a particular nation. Likewise, there were conventions which tackled only a particular environmental problem and therefore, had inadequate global effects. An increasing body of reports shows the general scientific consensus of the reality of environmental degradation caused primarily by human activity and the need for an international solution to environmental problems. Scientific reports from around the world have established that environmental problems such as air and water pollution, natural resource depletion, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, climate change, etc, often have impacts that goes far beyond the boundaries of any specific nation. This paper assesses the historical development of international environmental law, particularly, as it relates to the early and modern development of international environmental law through treaties (conventions), international environmental conferences and non-binding soft law instruments. The paper further discusses the sources of international environmental law.
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Okano, Hiroki, Ryotaro Kubota, Ryo Okubo, Naoki Hashimoto, Satoru Ikezawa, Atsuhito Toyomaki, Akane Miyazaki et al. "Evaluation of Social Cognition Measures for Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia Using an Expert Panel and Modified Delphi Method". Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11040275.
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Social cognition is strongly linked to social functioning outcomes, making it a promising treatment target. Because social cognition measures tend to be sensitive to linguistic and cultural differences, existing measures should be evaluated based on their relevance for Japanese populations. We aimed to establish an expert consensus on the use of social cognition measures in Japanese populations to provide grounds for clinical use and future treatment development. We assembled a panel of experts in the fields of schizophrenia, social psychology, social neuroscience, and developmental disorders. The panel engaged in a modified Delphi process to (1) affirm expert consensus on the definition of social cognition and its constituent domains, (2) determine criteria to evaluate measures, and (3) identify measures appropriate for Japanese patients with a view toward future quantitative research. Through two online voting rounds and two online video conferences, the panel agreed upon a definition and four-domain framework for social cognition consistent with recent literature. Evaluation criteria for measures included feasibility and tolerability, reliability, clinical effectiveness, validity, and international comparability. The panel finally identified nine promising measures, including one task originally developed in Japan. In conclusion, we established an expert consensus on key discussion points in social cognition and arrived at an expert-selected set of measures. We hope that this work facilitates the use of these measures in Japanese clinical scenarios. We plan to further examine these measures in a psychometric evaluation study.
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Hussain, Nasir, Christopher Ma, Gideon Hirschfield, Martine Walmsley, Paula Hanford, Mette Vesterhus, Kris Kowdley et al. "Protocol for the development of a core outcome set for clinical trials in primary sclerosing cholangitis". BMJ Open 14, n.º 6 (junio de 2024): e080143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080143.
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BackgroundPrimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive immune-mediated liver disease, for which no medical therapy has been shown to slow disease progression. However, the horizon for new therapies is encouraging, with several innovative clinical trials in progress. Despite these advancements, there is considerable heterogeneity in the outcomes studied, with lack of consensus as to what outcomes to measure, when to measure and how to measure. Furthermore, there has been a paradigm shift in PSC treatment targets over recent years, moving from biochemistry-based endpoints to histological assessment of liver fibrosis, imaging-based biomarkers and patient-reported outcome measures. The abundance of new interventional trials and evolving endpoints pose opportunities for all stakeholders involved in evaluating novel therapies. To this effect, there is a need to harmonise measures used in clinical trials through the development of a core outcome set (COS).Methods and analysisSynthesis of a PSC-specific COS will be conducted in four stages. Initially, a systematic literature review will be performed to identify outcomes previously used in PSC trials, followed by semistructured qualitative interviews conducted with key stakeholders. The latter may include patients, clinicians, researchers, pharmaceutical industry representatives and healthcare payers and regulatory agencies, to identify additional outcomes of importance. Using the outcomes generated from the literature review and stakeholder interviews, an international two-round Delphi survey will be conducted to prioritise outcomes for inclusion in the COS. Finally, a consensus meeting will be convened to ratify the COS and disseminate findings for application in future PSC trials.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by the East Midlands—Leicester Central Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 24/EM/0126) for this study. The COS from this study will be widely disseminated including publication in peer-reviewed journals, international conferences, promotion through patient-support groups and made available on the Core Outcomes Measurement in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database.Trial registration number1239.
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Baddeley, Elin, Alison Bravington, Miriam Johnson, David C. Currow, Fliss EM Murtagh, Elaine Boland, George Obita et al. "Development of a core outcome set to use in the research and assessment of malignant bowel obstruction: protocol for the RAMBO study". BMJ Open 10, n.º 6 (junio de 2020): e039154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039154.
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IntroductionStudies regarding the management of malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) report conflicting findings. This is partly due to different outcome measures being used to evaluate severity of MBO and the response to treatments. Furthermore, current outcome measures focus mainly on measurable physiological parameters which may not correlate strongly with patient-defined quality of life. The development of core outcome sets allows a consistent approach to evaluating clinical conditions taking into consideration patient, healthcare professional and researcher viewpoints. It follows an internationally recognised standard methodology. We present a protocol for the development of a core outcome set for Research and Assessment of MBO (RAMBO).MethodsRAMBO is a multicentre study, comprising of four phases: a systematic review to examine current scope of outcome measures associated with MBO (phase I). Interviews with patients, companions and healthcare professionals will explore priorities and preferences for care and outcomes (phase II). An expert panel meeting will collate the findings into a set of outcomes (phase III), refined by consensus through a Delphi survey with key stakeholders (phase IV). The final set of outcomes will be ratified at a consensus meeting. Each step will actively include patient partners. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics will be used to analyse qualitative and quantitative data, respectively.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained (Wales REC 5, REF: 19/LO/1876). Study participants and relevant stakeholders will be updated with newsletters and a lay summary at the end of the study. Abstracts will be submitted to national and international conferences, result papers will be submitted to peer-reviewed, open access journals.Trial and PROSPERO registration numbersCore Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (1402); Systematic Literature Review (CRD42019150648); Rapid Review (CRD42020176393).
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Weill, Caroline y David Banta. "Development of health technology assessment in France". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (julio de 2009): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090503.
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Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the history of health technology assessment (HTA) in France.Methods:The approach was a descriptive review done by people who have been very much involved in this history.Results:The interest in HTA and evaluation as a tool for health decision making goes back to the 1970s in France. During the 1980s, there were several attempts to develop a national HTA agency, which finally came to fruition with the development of the Agence Nationale de l'Evaluation Medicale (ANDEM) in 1989. ANDEM's main success, perhaps, was in making HTA known in France by developing its own assessments, writing and validating appropriate methodologies for assessing medical technology and medical practices, and by organizing in France the development of programs of consensus development conferences, which the ANDEM either organized itself or supported and validated. In the mid-1990s, the mandate of ANDEM was extended to hospital accreditation and the agency's name was changed to Agence Nationale d'Accreditation et d'Evaluation en Sante (ANAES). Finally, in 2005, the National Authority for Health (HAS) was formed to consolidate efforts to centralize the programs of HTA, aiming at helping decision making regarding reimbursement and pricing, in one agency and to define the optimal use of health technology in France.Conclusions:HTA has become a strong influence in the healthcare system in France. These developments may be considered rather typical of the approach to public policy questions in France, where regulation is more in use than in other countries (at least in the healthcare field). At the same time, this approach has made lobbying and other attempts to influence decisions common as well, so one might say that HTA is more politicized than in some other countries in Europe.