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Publicado: 26 de julio de 2024

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1

Oniang'o, Ruth. "The 19th International Congress on Nutrition (ICN)". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 9, n.º 6 (7 de octubre de 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.27.ed020.

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The 19th International Congress of Nutrition (ICN) will be held in Bangkok from 4th to 9th 2009 for the first time on the Asian continent. Four years ago it was held in Durban, South Africa for the first time on the African continent. The ICN has broken records since its inaugural meeting in Basel in 1952 with only 18 countries attending. Vienna in 2001 broke the record of number of countries attending (113). Vienna also brought the largest number of African participants and in fact had special focus on Africa. Again Vienna broke the record in terms of number of scientists attending (3550). My first attendance was San Diego USA in 1981, when I got a partial scholarship as a PhD student for a poster presentation. Since then, I missed two in a row: Seoul and Adelaide, for personal reasons.

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2

Aaslestad, Katherine B. "Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna after Two Hundred Years". Central European History 48, n.º 2 (junio de 2015): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000357.

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Given the current challenges to European unity, in particular Russian aggression in Ukraine and dissent in the European Union over economic policy toward Greece, Europeans should remember that, two hundred years ago, they celebrated together a long-awaited peace, as their statesmen collaborated on a lasting settlement to solve territorial questions and ensure international stability. Revisiting the Congress of Vienna, however, is not an exercise in nostalgia. New works on the Congress underscore the critical international stakes in 1814 and 1815, following two decades of war and revolution, and reveal the complexity of the negotiations, political goals, and the unsettled nature of postwar Europe. The Congress was so successful in solving the existential problems of Europe that Europeans would not fight a comparable war against each other for another century—until the Great War in 1914. The challenges that Europe faced in the twentieth century suggest, in fact, that the type of collaborative diplomacy developed at the Vienna Congress remains essential to limit conflict.

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3

Ostashova, Valeriia y Yevheniia Lypii. "Holy Alliance Congresses as instruments of establishing international law and order". Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, n.º 2 (10 de agosto de 2020): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.88.

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The article describes the progress of the activities of the congresses of the Holy Alliance as a tool for establishing internationallaw and order, their results and significance for the development of international law. The tasks of the Holy Alliance were fulfilledthrough a system of international legal norms adopted at three diplomatic congresses. The first of them took place in the German cityof Aachen. During the congress, a number of regulations were signed, two of which are in the spotlight, because they enshrined theimplementation of the new international law – the protocol and declaration of November 15, 1818. The preamble to the Aachen Protocolidentifies France’s place in the system of international relations and European policy on the basis of the Paris Peace Treaty. Francebecame a full ally of Austria, England, Prussia and Russia. The second task solved at the congress was the fixation of the universal ruleof law, initiated by the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815. Thus, there was an informal division of states into two groups: the first gua -ranteed the international rule of law, the second – pledged to comply with imperative norms. The significance of the Aachen Congressfor the development of international law lies in the introduction of the practice of adopting special regulations on diplomatic relations.The Second Congress of the Holy Alliance was regarded as two separate ones sometimes, since it was started at Opava, October23, 1820, and continued with a short break in Laibach until the end of April 1822. At that congress, a protocol was signed on the rightof armed intervention in the affairs of other states and the introduction of Austrian occupation troops into the Kingdom of Both Sicilieswas authorized. The Verona Congress discussed the issues of armed intervention in Spain, the recognition of Latin American countries,the fight against slave trade, the freedom of navigation on the Rhine and more.Despite the shakiness of the Alliance, its rather short lifecycle, the form of international communication itself has proved to beeffective and, at times, effective, and has, in fact, been reproduced in the form of the League of Nations and the United Nations. Theexisting provisions have created the basis for further interstate dialogue, expanding the range of international imperative norms andimproving the tools for their elaboration.

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4

Davis, John A. "Opera and Absolutism in Restoration Italy, 1815–1860". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 36, n.º 4 (abril de 2006): 569–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2006.36.4.569.

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Opera played an important part in the lives of urban Italians during the decades that followed the fall of Napoleon's European empire and the restoration of the Italian legitimist rulers by the Congress of Vienna. To argue, however, that opera mattered because of its association with nationalism is to get the formula the wrong way around. Nationalists, as well as political authorities, wanted to harness opera to their cause because of its inherent social significance. The theater offered urban, educated Italians the opportunity to be entertained and to congregate lawfully in a public place. The fact that the theaters continued to draw regular audiences, regardless of censorship, would seem a sure indication that politics—at least not in the narrow, nationalist sense—was not the primary reason why opera mattered.

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5

Paska, Hanna. "Participation of Lev Bachynsky in the Activities of the Interparty Council (1921–1923)". Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, n.º 48 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2018.48.82-87.

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The article analyzes the main directions of activity of L. Bachynsky in the Interparty Council, his participation in its conferences and interparty congresses. The author focuses on the fact that during the meetings of the Interparty Council, L. Bachynsky expressed dissatisfaction with the policy of the government of E. Petrushevych in Vienna because of the loss of his ties with the Galician political forces. The role of politician in the preparation of appeals to the Council of Ambassadors of the Entente countries with the requirements of the immediate recognition of the independence of Eastern Galicia is described. His contribution to the preparation of the manifesto «To the Entire Cultural World», which condemned the actions of the occupation authorities on the Ukrainian lands, is reviewed. The article deals with the attitude of L. Bachynsky to the policy of the Polish state in the national question and the decision to join the Eastern Galicia to the Second Polish Republic in March 14, 1923. The author argues that after the decision of the Council of Ambassadors of the countries of the Entente, L. Bachynsky proclaimed a policy of orientation towards «own forces» in the struggle against the occupation regime. Keywords: Lev Bachynsky, Interparty Council, interparty congress, Polish elections, Ukrainian Radical Party, Second Polish Republic

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6

Stykalin, Alexander. "The Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849 in the historical retrospective after 170 years". Slavic Almanac, n.º 1-2 (2019): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2019.1-2.1.02.

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The Revolution of 1848-1849 in Hungary was a serious challenge to the entire European order established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as the result of the Napoleon wars. The unfavorable outcome of the revolution was first of all a result of the lack of interest of the major European powers (Russia including) in destroying the Habsburg monarchy, which was a guarantor of stability on the continent due to its middle position in Europe. The main lesson of the events in the Habsburgs monarchy (including Hungary) in 1848-1849 is seen in the fact that for the first time in the European history, they showed so clearly the destructive power of nationalism. The mismatch of the goals of the national movements with their specific programs led to the sharp collisions. Later this experience was taken into consideration by the ideologues of the national movements of various peoples of the Danube region. This report not only evaluates the international significance of the Hungarian revolution of 1848-1849 in a retrospective after 170 years and assesses its place in the Hungarian historical memory. An attempt is made to dispel some stereotypes concerning the policy of the Russian Empire in the region. It is established that its non-interference in the internal affairs of the neighboring empire was of a fundamental nature due to the fear of creating a new “European question”. The choice in favor of the military action was made only after long hesitations for the fear of the collapse of the Habsburg Empire.

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7

Manzhalii, E. G. "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. New nomenclature. Review". Modern Gastroenterology, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/mg-2023-4-91.

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At the international hepatological congress of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), which took place in Vienna on June 21 — 24, 2023, a new classification and nomenclature of fatty liver disease was adopted. Leading scientists‑hepatologists proposed to replace the term «non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease» to the term «metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease» (MASLD). This diagnosis is established in patients with confirmed hepatic steatosis and one of the five cardiometabolic risk factors. MetALD is a new category of steatosis defined in patients with MASLD who consume excessive amounts of alcohol per week (140 and 210 g/ week for women and men, respectively). Cryptogenic steatohepatitis is present in patients with an undetermined disease etiology of the disease or without any metabolic risk factors. The concept of «non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis» (NASH) has been changed to the concept of «metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatohepatitis» (MASH). In the 21st century the problem of diagnosis and treatment of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease has become especially urgent since it occurs in almost 35% of the population of the planet Earth. In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population affected with this disease is 20 to 40%. Approximately 10 — 20% of patients have associated symptoms of NASH. In Western European countries, the prevalence of NASH is 2 — 6%, and in the USA it is as much as 5 — 6% of the total population. MASH is the most common chronic liver disease that does not depend on age or race. This pathology is directly related to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. NAFLD is diagnosed 3 — 5 times more often in men than in women. Gender differences are related to the fact that body mass index of men is slightly higher than that in women. The fact that men with this disease often consume more alcohol than women, plays a certain role, too.

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8

Arzhakova, Larisa M. "The Congress Kingdom of Poland or the Vistula Land? Review of Rolf, M. Pol'skie zemli pod vlast'yu Peterburga. Ot Venskogo kongressa do Pervoi mirovoi [Polish Lands under the rule of St Petersburg. From the Congress of Vienna to the First World War], translated from German into Russian by K. Levinson. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2020. 576 p. ISBN 978-5-4448-1199-3". Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 6, n.º 1 (2022): 241–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2022-6-1-6.

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The monograph under review written by German historian Malte Rolf, published in Russian, offers a detailed description of the imperial administrative apparatus that was formed after the defeat of the January Uprising of 1863 and existed until the end of Russian rule in the Polish lands (1915). The collective portrait of Warsaw governors general, which was created by the author of the monograph, deserves special attention, given that the imperial elites of the Vistula Land have not previously been the subject of special research. Of no small importance is the fact that the observation over the complex process of transformation of the Congress Kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Land allows the author to comprehensively consider, as he puts it, the “contact zones and conflict nodes” that stood out most clearly against the background of the existing administrative structures.

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9

Breitbart, William. "The Congress of Vienna". Palliative and Supportive Care 7, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2009): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951509990381.

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10

Fastyn, Arkadiusz. "Problem powstania i charakteru prawa małżeńskiego z 1836 roku". Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 64, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2018): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2012.64.2.08.

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The paper presents events that had preceded the work on the drafting of matrimonial law for the territory of Poland established at the Vienna Congress (1815) as an autonomous unit under the name the Kingdom of Poland, formerly under the occupation of the Russian Empire. The existing Napoleon Code that applied to that territory provided for a lay character of matrimony and as such was opposed by the Roman Catholic church. As a result, the dispute concerning the nature of the state matrimonial law that continued between 1818 and 1830 ended in the implementation in 1836 of a law of a mixed character that combined elements of the lay and well as religious approaches. That law had remained in force until 1945. The complexity of matrimonial law of 1836 was a consequence of its provisions based of religious principles of individual religious denominations. Hence, interpretation and application of that law, already difficult because of its dual character, was further hindered by the unclear relation of that law to the underlying it religious laws, and particularly, the importance of the Catholic canon law provisions in civil law relationships. The judicial decisions of the interwar period (1918-1945) did not provide any uniform interpretation of that issue. However, two basic views regarding the reception of religious law in the state’s matrimonial law were formulated. In one, pursuant to the adopted formula of incorporation of religious law in the matrimonial law enacted by the state, only those religious norms that were included in the state law constituted the basis for effective solutions and decisions. According to the other view, religious law attained a state law value by the very fact that the matrimonial law of 1836 had referred to religious laws and regulations. After the end of World War II, matrimonial law in its previous shape was practically neglected. Since 1989, following the change in the political regime, a religious concept of matrimony has been promoted, but nothing than mere postulates in that matter have been so far proposed.

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11

World Dental Federation, FDI. "Vienna 2002—Post Congress Excursions". International Dental Journal 52, n.º 3 (junio de 2002): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00623.x.

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12

Latisheva, E. A. y M. R. Khaitov. "XXXV EAACI congress, 2016, Vienna, Austria". Russian Journal of Allergy 13, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2016): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja425.

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13

Strong, George V. "The congress dances: Vienna 1814–1815". History of European Ideas 8, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(87)90088-x.

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14

Scheichl, Sigurd Paul. "„Sind Könige je zusammen gekommen, So hat man immer nur Unheil vernommen“. Politische Gedichte über den Wiener Kongress". Austriaca 79, n.º 1 (2014): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2014.5031.

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“Every time kings assembled, Misfortune happened.” Political poems on the Congress of Vienna If the wars against Napoleon can be considered as the acme of political and patriotic poetry and the Vormärz on the other hand gave birth to mostly democratically inspired poems, the Congress of Vienna seems to have induced only a few “poetic” reactions, which remain quite vague

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15

Gac, A. "On the subject of the Vienna congress". International Journal of Refrigeration 10, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1987): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(87)90116-2.

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16

Kotova, Elena. "Vienna Regulations on the Ranks of Diplomatic Representatives of 1815: Reasons for Adoption and Its Significance". ISTORIYA 14, n.º 9 (131) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028130-2.

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Congress of Vienna 1814—1815 entered the history of international relations as the first experience of multilateral diplomacy of modern times. Along with the global problems of the reorganization of Europe, the congress participants also discussed the organization of the diplomatic service. An important achievement of the congress was the adoption of the Vienna Regulations, which unified the ranks of diplomatic representatives and established a simple and understandable principle of their seniority depending on the rank and time of arrival in the country. This put an end to centuries of disputes over seniority, which seriously complicated relations between states. The decisions of the congress played an important role in the process of professionalization of diplomatic activity.

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17

Bretones Lane, Fernanda, Guilherme de Paula Costa Santos y Alain El Youssef. "The Congress of Vienna and the Making of Second Slavery". Journal of Global Slavery 4, n.º 2 (6 de junio de 2019): 162–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00402001.

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Abstract This article analyzes the ways that discussions regarding the abolition of the slave trade held at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) affected slavery in the Iberian empires. Drawing from newspaper coverage, diplomatic correspondence, and conference minutes, we reassess the conditions under which Portuguese and Spanish agents negotiated with their British counterparts; highlight the Iberian political dilemmas that surfaced at the Congress; and elucidate the plenipotentiaries’ subsequent resolutions addressing the transatlantic slave trade. As a result of the talks held in Vienna, Spanish subjects in Cuba and Portuguese subjects in Brazil established political and diplomatic strategies to support slavery in order to maintain their positions in the world market of tropical goods. In other words, while slavery was undergoing reconfiguration in Brazil and Cuba, slave-owners and their political representatives were forced to engage with the hegemonic, abolitionist discourse systematically established by the British at the Congress in order to formulate their proslavery response. The article thus demonstrates that the Congress of Vienna was integral to the international consolidation of the politics of “second slavery” in the Americas. In other words, Brazil and Cuba were forced to engage with the hegemonic discourse systematically established by the British at the Congress in reconfiguring slavery and formulating their proslavery defense.

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18

Tsivatyi, V. "European Political and Diplomatic Dialogue in the Institutional Space of International Relations of Early New Age (XVI-XVIII centuries)". Problems of World History, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-2-4.

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The article deals with the analysis of the foreign policy and diplomacy of the European states of the early Modern period (XVI-XVIII centuries). Particular attention is given to the institutional development of public and political opinion as well as to the institutional and diplomatic practices in Western and Central Europe. The author defines the directions of the theoretical and practical development of diplomacy and foreign policy in Europe of the early Modern period (XVI-XVIII centuries) as well as their formation peculiarities in the leading countries of Europe. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) as an important historical event for political, diplomatic and institutional development of Europe is analyzed. The attention is paid to the diplomatic tools, national peculiarities of negotiations at the Congress. The results of the Congress of Vienna served as an important stimulus for the further socio-economic, political and diplomatic development of Europe. Practical achievements of the Congress of Vienna and the experience gained by the European diplomacy of the late XVIII – early XIX century determined the future institutional development of world diplomacy and international law, having its relevance for today.

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19

World Dental Federation, FDI. "The FDI Annual World Dental Congress—Vienna 2002". International Dental Journal 52, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2002): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00646.x.

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20

Ahrens, Donna. "Vienna Congress to focus on “tunnels for people”". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 12, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-7798(97)85297-2.

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21

Dupont, Christophe. "History and Coalitions: The Vienna Congress (1814–1815)". International Negotiation 8, n.º 1 (2003): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234003769590703.

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AbstractThis note describes and analyzes the coalition patterns that developed during the 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna negotiations. Useful insights for theory and practice are derived from this historical case, including the dynamics of stability, complexity and ambiguity on the value and effectiveness of coalitions.

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22

Uebel, Thomas. "'Epistemology Naturalized' and the Vienna Circle". Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea 8, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/rfmc.v8i2.35867.

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This paper considers W.V.O. Quine's inauguration of naturalistic epistemology at the 14th International Congress of Philosophy in Vienna in 1969 and argues that, contrary to his suggestions, naturalistic epistemology was practiced in the Vienna Circle already back in the days when he visited them fresh out of graduate school.

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23

Urrestarazu, Ursula Stark. "‘Vienna Calling’: Diplomacy and the Ordering of Intercommunal Relations at the Congress of Vienna". Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10, n.º 3 (24 de julio de 2015): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341316.

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This article contends that diplomacy is an essential factor in the (trans)formation of ‘intercommunal relations’ — that is, international relations understood as social order(s) constituted by the practices of different sorts of actors. This relationship is illustrated by the regulation of ranks of diplomatic agents at the Congresses of Vienna (1815) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and its effects on international order. This regulation was supposed to — and indeed did — offer a solution to some typical ‘foreign policy problems’ of the early nineteenth century, whereas other equally typical problems remained unsolved. Yet the effects of this innovation resulted in a significant shift, both in diplomatic practice and in notions of international order, as it ‘ordered’ the relations between actors and constituted specific patterns of identity recognition.

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24

Bloch, Sidney. "Athens and beyond: Soviet psychiatric abuse and the World Psychiatric Association". Psychiatric Bulletin 14, n.º 3 (marzo de 1990): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.3.129.

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The recent Eighth World Congress of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), held between 12 and 19 October 1989 in Athens, was reminiscent of the previous World Congress in 1983 in Vienna, and the one before that in 1977 in Honolulu. Once again the issue of the Soviet political misuse of psychiatry reared its ugly head, and dominated the Association's proceedings. In 1977 the critical debate revolved around what position the WPA should adopt concerning the abuse. In a cliff-hanger vote, the WPA passed a resolution condemning the political misuse of psychiatry but explicitly citing the Soviet case (Bloch & Reddaway, 1984). In the absence of any improvement in the situation by the time of Vienna and in the virtual certainty that the Russians would have been expelled from the organisation, the Soviet Psychiatric Society resigned from its membership in January 1983. In order to forestall a precipitous and premature readmission, the Royal College of Psychiatrists proposed at the Vienna Congress that the Soviets would be welcomed back into the fold but only when they had demonstrated “sincere co-operation”, and when there had been concrete evidence of “amelioration” of the abuse.

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Langhorne, Richard. "Reflections on the significance of the Congress of Vienna". Review of International Studies 12, n.º 4 (octubre de 1986): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113877.

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The Final Act of Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. More accurately, because of Napoleon's escape and the consequent battle of Waterloo, the Vienna settlement was completed with the signature of the second Treaty of Paris on November 20s 1815. There is thus no doubt that last year marks the 170th anniversary of the settlement. There is equally no doubt that in many ways 1815 has come to seem very remote. There are no great historical arguments in progress about it, nor does it seem to attract any great interest from the students of international relations, unless their attention is actually drawn to it. So it may be as well to remember that the Vienna settlement has generated much more substantial debate at other times. Very soon after its making, it began to be said that the settlement represented a failed attempt to control, at worst, or suppress, at best, the two doctrines that were to be the political foundation of the 19th century: liberalism and nationalism. By the end of the century this attitude had intensified. In any case, the immense social and political changes which were moulding the modern state structure were beginning to create a new kind of international environment in which the ‘unspoken’ as well as deliberate assumptions of 1815 were less relevant. Approved or not, in practical terms, the settlement remained as a basis for the conduct of international politics until 1914, and thus was the obvious point of departure for discussion about the new settlement which would have to be made when the First World War ended. It is not surprising therefore to find that part of the British preparation for the Paris Peace Conference, which were made by the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office, was a study of the Congress of Vienna by C. K. Webster. It is a somewhat routine piece, and his treatment of the subject was much better based and wider ranging in his monumental study of British foreign policy under Lord Castlereagh. It contained, however, one conclusion which may have had an important effect on the way in which the 1919 settlement was arrived at. Webster said that it had been an error on the part of the allies to have permitted the French to be present at Vienna because of the successful attempt by Talleyrand to insert France into the discussions of the other great powers. It has of course been subsequently felt that one of the cardinal respects in which Vienna was more, sensible than Versailles was precisely in that the French were included and became in effect joint guarantors of the agreement. Whether anything fundamental would have been different had the same been done for the Weimar republic is open to question, but there can be no doubt that the circumstances at the time and afterwards would have been greatly easier had the agenda of post-war international politics not had to include the status of Germany as a first item.

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FORREST, A. "THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE". RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, n.º 4 (2017): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2017.04.08.

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27

Ashton, Bodie A. "The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon". German History 33, n.º 2 (3 de marzo de 2015): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghv021.

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Lustig, Joshua. "Leagues of Nations". Current History 112, n.º 750 (1 de enero de 2013): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2013.112.750.38.

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HANSON, DAVID. "CONGRESS ENACTS FAST-TRACK BILL". Chemical & Engineering News 80, n.º 31 (5 de agosto de 2002): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n031.p012.

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Kotova, Elena. "The last Congress of the Holy Alliance. Alexander I and K. L. Metternich in Verona in 1822". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022834-6.

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The last congress of the Holy Alliance was held 200 years ago. The era of congresses has played an important role in the history of Europe. During this period, the foundations of the Vienna system of international relations were laid, formulated at the Congress of 1814—1815. The concert of European powers that developed at that time — Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia — determined world politics. The revolutions of 1820—1821 in European countries became a serious challenge to the Vienna system. At the congresses of the Holy Alliance, measures were developed to combat the revolutionary and national liberation movement. Alexander I and Metternich were among the leading actors in international politics of that time. The article pays special attention to their relationship.

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31

Linden, Marcel van der. "Une logique de la non-décision : le congrès de Vienne et la traite des esclaves". Austriaca 79, n.º 1 (2014): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2014.5028.

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A logic of non-decision : the Congress of Vienna and the Slave Trade Concealed as supplement 15 to Article 118 of the Treaty of Vienna an Appendix on the “Slave Trade” was added. This short text was the first international political document in which, in the name of “all civilized countries”, the slave trade was condemned as “running contrary to all principles of humanity and universally valid morality”. This declaration referred to the future in at least two respects : not only did it cast a “humanitarian principle [...] in a form that was binding in international law”. Its reference to “all civilized countries” also basically contained the justification for later attempts to eradicate the slave trade in “uncivilized” countries through colonial projects. The present essay reconstructs the genesis of this document by situating it in the context of the British abolitionist campaign since 1807 ; analyses the diverging interests of the Great Powers in this respect ; describes the negotiations during the Vienna Congress ; and gives a brief outline of further developments in the nineteenth century.

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32

Shahzad, Aamir y Randall J. Cohrs. "Selected Congress Abstracts: 2019-European Clinical Congress (ECC-2019), 13–15 September 2019, Vienna, Austria". European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine 6, n.º 1 (2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ejmcm.263.

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Terada, Hiroshi. "Report on 60th Pharmacy World Congress of FIP at Vienna". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 6, n.º 6 (2001): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.6.6_84.

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34

Reinalda, Bob. "From the congress of Vienna to present-day international organizations". UN Chronicle 51, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1393c8b5-en.

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35

World Dental Federation, FDI. "FDI Annual World Dental Congress - Vienna 1–5 October 2002". International Dental Journal 52, n.º 1 (febrero de 2002): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00598.x.

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36

Russell, David. "The 6Th World Stroke Congress, Vienna, 24–27 September, 2008". International Journal of Stroke 4, n.º 1 (febrero de 2009): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00250.x.

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37

Kuhn, Felix. "The Development of Diplomatic Equality Since the Congress of Vienna". Diplomacy & Statecraft 34, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2023): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2023.2213074.

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38

Tsiambaos, Kostas. "Isotype diagrams from Neurath to Doxiadis". Architectural Research Quarterly 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2012): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135512000280.

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The Austrian philosopher Otto Neurath (Vienna 1882 - Oxford 1945) was the only non-architect who participated in the fourth CIAM conference (Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne) that took place in Athens in the summer of 1933. As we read in the minutes of the congress published in the journal of the Technical Chamber of Greece Technika Chronika (Technical Chronicles), it was at the meeting of 13 August 1933 that CIAM members decided to set up two categories of participants: a) partners (mainly young architects and students of architecture), and b) specific members (non-architects participating as full members). The one and only such member was Otto Neurath. Neurath was invited as a representative of the Mundaneum in Vienna in order to cooperate with the CIAM Committee of Statistics which had as its task to collect, review and process statistical data relating to some of the most important cities of the Western world. As noted in the minutes of the congress: ‘The Committee of Statistics in cooperation with the Vienna Mundaneum will collect, review and edit the necessary statistical material which will remain as the property of the Conference.’

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39

Flann, Christina, John McNeill, Fred R. Barrie, Dan H. Nicolson, David L. Hawksworth, Nicholas J. Turland y Anna M. Monro. "Report on botanical nomenclature—Vienna 2005. XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna: Nomenclature Section, 12–16 July 2005". PhytoKeys 45 (2 de febrero de 2015): 1–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.45.9138.

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40

Corbin-Schuffels, Anne-Marie. "Friedrich Torberg : exil et retour". Austriaca 56, n.º 1 (2003): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2003.4417.

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En janvier 1954, le premier numéro de la revue Forum de Friedrich Torberg paraissait à Vienne, un peu plus d'un an avant la signature du traité d'Etat par l'Autriche. Occupée par les Alliés et donc également par les Soviétiques, l'Autriche était considérée par les puissances occidentales comme un avant-poste exposé qu'il s'agissait de défendre contre l'emprise soviétique. Il n'était donc guère étonnant que le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture (Congress for Cultural Freedom, CCF) cherchât à s'implanter à Vienne, comme il l'avait fait dans plusieurs pays du "monde libre" en Europe. Après son premier congrès fondateur de Berlin en juin 1950, initiée depuis les Etats-Unis et financée par la CIA, s'était donné pour but de rassembler en Europe des intellectuels en un réseau destiné à contrer l'influence soviétique et sa propagande. Dans ce contexte, Friedrich Torberg était une personnalité que les services américains pouvaient considérer comme assez idéale pour créer à Vienne une revue du CCF. Il avait acquis à Vienne avant la guerre une certaine renommée littéraire et y conservait des relations. Ses origines juives l'avaient poussé à chercher refuge aux Etats-Unis depuis 1940 où -au plus tard en 1943 - il fut en contact avec l'OSS (Office of Strategie Services), l'ancêtre de la CIA, puis travailla pour l'OWI (Office of War Information). Il attendit 1951 pour rentrer en Autriche avec un passeport américain. Notre intérêt pour Friedrich Torberg et sa revue Forum s'inscrit donc tout d'abord dans la perspective du combat d'influence livré par les Occidentaux contre les Soviétiques dans le contexte de la Guerre froide en Europe.

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41

Horváth, Csaba. "The Captains of the Habsburg 11th Székely Border Guard Hussar Regiment". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 67, Special Issue (30 de diciembre de 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2022.spiss.04.

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"The following paper aims to present a prosopographical research about the captains of the Habsburg 11th Székely Border Guard Hussar regiment who served between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the 1848 revolutions. Keywords: captains, Habsburg, Székely, Border Guard, service "

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42

Shahzad, Aamir y Randall J. Cohrs. "Congress Abstracts: 2018-European Clinical Case Reports Congress (EUCCR-2018), 21–22 April 2018, Vienna, Austria". European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine 5, n.º 1 (2018): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ejmcm.258.

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43

Cole, P. "European Cancer Congress 2015 - The 18th ECCO/40th ESMO Congress. Vienna, Austria - September 25-29, 2015". Drugs of the Future 40, n.º 10 (2015): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2015.040.10.2400621.

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44

LONG, JANICE. "Congress moves fast on economic plan". Chemical & Engineering News 71, n.º 12 (22 de marzo de 1993): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n012.p016.

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FLECHTMANN, CARLOS H. W. "Summary of the history of the International Congresses of Acarology*". Zoosymposia 6, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.6.1.3.

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“The conception of the First International Congress of Acarology originated one evening during an informal discussion in the library of the Zoological Institute at the University of Vienna in August 1960. This simple beginning during the course of the convened XIth International Congress of Entomology initiated the general plans. Subsequent discussions among those acarologists present resulted in the establishment of an organizing committee which was charged to consider the feasibility of an international meeting and to make positive arrangements.

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46

Vick, Brian. "The Vienna Congress as an Event in Austrian History: Civil Society and Politics in the Habsburg Empire at the End of the Wars against Napoleon". Austrian History Yearbook 46 (abril de 2015): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237814000137.

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Historians usually portray theCongress ofViennain a European frame—and rightly so. The actors and the diplomatic flashpoints spanned the European continent, and the negotiations began before and continued after the Congress. The rulers and statesmen had already started parleying and planning the reconstruction of Europe as they followed behind the armies in the campaigns of 1813–1814, a process that continued while making peace with France in Paris in the spring of 1814, and amid the mixed celebrations and conversations during their visit to London that summer. Even the Congress, successful as it generally was, did not clear all the outstanding issues, which instead carried over into the discussions surrounding the Second Peace of Paris after Napoleon's renewed defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and into the ambassadors' conferences in Paris and London in succeeding years. Yet, there were good reasons why Vienna was selected as the venue for the main round of celebrations and negotiations in autumn 1814, and the location did help shape both the Congress and its diplomatic outcomes. Less often treated as a subject in its own right, however, is the question of what the Vienna Congress meant for and revealed about the history of the Habsburg monarchy, in European context to be sure, but with the focus on Austrian politics and society rather than on their contribution to the European narrative.

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47

Lützeler, Paul Michael. "Overcoming the crisis of disunity: Writers on a constitution for Europe". Journal of European Studies 49, n.º 3-4 (13 de agosto de 2019): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244119859174.

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The topic of this paper is a retrospective of the history of literary discourse on Europe, from the Vienna Congress to the present. The Congress of Vienna was seen as a step back for European cooperation by contemporary authors like Saint-Simon, Schmidt-Phiseldek, Goerres and Mazzini. They understood that a constitution was the precondition for the future unity of a European federation. Later, new voices were heard in which the debate about a common constitution for Europe played a dominating role, and writings on Europe were published by Richard Graf Couldenhove-Kalergi, Heinrich Mann and Jules Romains. After WWII writers like Ernst Jünger and Reinhold Schneider pleaded for a continental constitution. After the common constitution was rejected in 2005, the debate on Europe gave way to other topics. Today, Robert Menasse believes the European crisis can be overcome by using regions (instead of nations) as the building blocks of a united Europe.

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48

Muto, Terukazu. "Report from the World Congress of Gastroenterology in Vienna, Austria 1998". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 4, n.º 4 (1999): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.4.4_80.

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Eyck, Frank y Enno E. Kraehe. "Metternich's German Policy. Vol. II: The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815". German Studies Review 8, n.º 1 (febrero de 1985): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1429627.

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Agathonos-Mfhr, Bettina. "13th Federal Congress of the ÖGB, Vienna, 17-20 October 1995". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 2, n.º 1 (febrero de 1996): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899600200127.

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