Artículos de revistas: "Condensation (process)"

1

Seiki, Tatsuya y Teruyuki Nakajima. "Aerosol Effects of the Condensation Process on a Convective Cloud Simulation". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2014): 833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0195.1.

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Abstract Using a nonhydrostatic model with a double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme, the authors introduce an aerosol effect on a convective cloud system by accelerating the condensation and evaporation processes (the aerosol condensational effect). To evaluate this effect, the authors use an explicit condensation scheme rather than the saturation adjustment method and propose a method to isolate the aerosol condensational effect. This study shows that the aerosol condensational effect not only accelerates growth rates but also increases cloud water, even though the degree of the acceleration of evaporation exceeds that of condensation. In the early developing stage of the convective system, increased cloud water is, in turn, linked to ice-phase processes and modifies the ice water path of anvil clouds and the ice cloud fraction. In the mature stage, although the aerosol condensational effect has a secondary role in dynamical feedbacks when combined with other aerosol effects, the degree of modulation of the cloud microphysical parameters by the aerosol condensational effect continues to be nonnegligible. These findings indicate that feedback mechanisms, such as latent heat release and the interaction of various aerosol effects, are important in convective cloud systems that involve ice-phase processes.

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2

Chen, Sisi, Man-Kong Yau, Peter Bartello y Lulin Xue. "Bridging the condensation–collision size gap: a direct numerical simulation of continuous droplet growth in turbulent clouds". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n.º 10 (25 de mayo de 2018): 7251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7251-2018.

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Abstract. In most previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies on droplet growth in turbulence, condensational growth and collisional growth were treated separately. Studies in recent decades have postulated that small-scale turbulence may accelerate droplet collisions when droplets are still small when condensational growth is effective. This implies that both processes should be considered simultaneously to unveil the full history of droplet growth and rain formation. This paper introduces the first direct numerical simulation approach to explicitly study the continuous droplet growth by condensation and collisions inside an adiabatic ascending cloud parcel. Results from the condensation-only, collision-only, and condensation–collision experiments are compared to examine the contribution to the broadening of droplet size distribution (DSD) by the individual process and by the combined processes. Simulations of different turbulent intensities are conducted to investigate the impact of turbulence on each process and on the condensation-induced collisions. The results show that the condensational process promotes the collisions in a turbulent environment and reduces the collisions when in still air, indicating a positive impact of condensation on turbulent collisions. This work suggests the necessity of including both processes simultaneously when studying droplet–turbulence interaction to quantify the turbulence effect on the evolution of cloud droplet spectrum and rain formation.

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3

Huang, Wei Qiu, Li Shi, Qun Peng y Feng Li. "Simulation of Condensation Process for Gasoline Vapor Recovery". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (noviembre de 2011): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.582.

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A condensation separation model was designed to simulate and optimize the gasoline vapor condensation recovery systems in gas stations using Aspen Plus software. The relationship of either vapor recovery ratio or system energy consumption with condensation temperature was investigated. The results showed that the recovery system should be properly optimized into three-stage condensation processes. When the condensation temperatures at the three-stage were 2°C, -30°C and -80°C, respectively, the system recovery ratio would slightly exceed the national standard index of 95% of China and the system energy consumption could be almost controlled within the lowest level. Moreover, if the condensation temperature at the third stage was -120°C, the recovery ratio would be up to 99.62% and the energy consumption could be controlled in a little rising.

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4

Jensen, Jørgen B. y Alison D. Nugent. "Condensational Growth of Drops Formed on Giant Sea-Salt Aerosol Particles". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, n.º 3 (9 de febrero de 2017): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0370.1.

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Abstract The most basic aspect of cloud formation is condensational growth onto cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As such, condensational growth of cloud drops is often assumed to be a well-understood process described by the drop growth equation. When this process is represented in models, CCN activate into cloud drops at cloud base, and it is often assumed that drops consist of pure water or that the hygroscopic contribution after drop activation is small because of the inclusion of only small CCN. Drop growth rate in adiabatic ascent in such models is proportional to supersaturation and assumed to be inversely proportional to the drop radius, thereby making the drop spectrum narrow with altitude. However, the present study demonstrates that drop growth on giant sea-salt aerosol particles (GCCN; dry radius 0.5 m) behaves differently. For typical marine stratocumulus updrafts and for drops grown on GCCN with sizes m, these drops typically remain concentrated salt solutions. Because of this, their condensational growth is accelerated, and they rapidly attain precipitation drop sizes through condensation only. Additionally, drops formed on GCCN may also grow by condensation in cloudy downdrafts. The strong effect of condensation on GCCN is important when carried through to calculating rain-rate contribution as a function of aerosol size. GCCN larger than 2 m account for most of the rainfall rate in the modeled precipitating marine stratocumulus.

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5

Guo, Yali, Run Wang, Denghui Zhao, Luyuan Gong y Shengqiang Shen. "Numerical Simulation of Vapor Dropwise Condensation Process and Droplet Growth Mode". Energies 16, n.º 5 (3 de marzo de 2023): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052442.

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Compared with film condensation, dropwise condensation based on droplet growth can significantly improve the condensing equipment’s water collection and thermal efficiency in the vapor condensate system. Therefore, as a critical behavior affecting the evolution of dropwise condensation, research on droplet growth is of great significance to further understanding the evolutionary characteristics and heat transfer mechanism of dropwise condensation. In this paper, a model for simulating the entire evolution process of dropwise condensation is improved and constructed, and the evolution process of dropwise condensation with different condensation nucleus densities on the vertical wall is simulated based on certain assumptions. Moreover, parameters such as evolution rate and size contribution are proposed to measure droplet growth’s influence on the evolution process of dropwise condensation. In the simulation, the Cassie model was used to describe the condensation growth of droplets. The neighbor finding algorithm and conservation law are coupled to simulate the coalescence growth process of droplets. Through the comparison of the theoretical model and experimental results, it is indicated that the simulation method in this paper is highly reliable. The simulation results demonstrate that more than 95% of the maximum droplet size of dropwise condensation is derived from coalescence growth, and its growth rate can characterize the evolution rate of dropwise condensation. The evolution rate reveals a linear growth trend with the increase of condensate nucleus density, and the average heat flux shows an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, reaching the peak, qaverage = 30.5 kW·m−2, at the NS = 5 × 109 m−2. The surfaces with a high coalescence frequency can increase the contribution of the coalescence growth to the maximum droplet size more effectively and, conversely, the contribution of condensation growth is weakened, which is less than 1% at the NS = 7.5 × 109 m−2.

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6

Lee, Gyeong-Mo, Ji-Hun Yu, Dong-Won Lee, Byung-Kee Kim, Hyeok-Don Kim y Tae-Suk Jang. "Characteristics of L10Ordered Fe50Pt50Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 14, n.º 5 (28 de octubre de 2007): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2007.14.5.281.

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7

Zeitsch, K. J. "Extractive Condensation: A New Separation Process". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, n.º 10 (octubre de 1999): 4123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990232a.

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8

Klumpers, Darinka D., Angelo S. Mao, Theo H. Smit y David J. Mooney. "Linear patterning of mesenchymal condensations is modulated by geometric constraints". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, n.º 95 (6 de junio de 2014): 20140215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0215.

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The development of the vertebral column starts with the formation of a linear array of mesenchymal condensations, forming the blueprint for the eventual alternating pattern of bone and cartilage. Despite growing insight into the molecular mechanisms of morphogenesis, the impact of the physical aspects of the environment is not well understood. We hypothesized that geometric boundary conditions may play a pivotal role in the linear patterning of condensations, as neighbouring tissues provide physical constraints to the cell population. To study the process of condensation and the patterning thereof under tightly controlled geometric constraints, we developed a novel in vitro model that combines micropatterning with the established micromass assay. The spacing and alignment of condensations changed with the width of the cell adhesive patterns, a phenomenon that could not be explained by cell availability alone. Moreover, the extent of chondrogenic commitment was increased on substrates with tighter geometric constraints. When the in vivo pattern of condensations was investigated in the developing vertebral column of chicken embryos, the measurements closely fit into the quantitative relation between geometric constraints and inter-condensation distance found in vitro . Together, these findings suggest a potential role of geometric constraints in skeletal patterning in a cellular process of self-organization.

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9

Khurmamatov, Abdugoffor, Oybek Ismailov, Rustam Yusupov, Jamila Isamatova y Guljakhon Aminova. "Study of hydrodynamics of the condensation process in heat exchanger devices". E3S Web of Conferences 497 (2024): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449701022.

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This article provides insights into the outcomes of developing an experimental device tailored for the condensation of both water and hydrocarbon vapors in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The experimental phase involved conducting a series of experiments along the length of the condenser pipe to thoroughly investigate the condensation process. The experimental device facilitated the transition of gas condensate, with a volume of 15 liters, from a liquid state to vapor. Subsequently, the vapor was subjected to condensation within the shell-and-tube experimental heat exchanger. This rigorous experimentation allowed for a detailed examination of the condensation dynamics, providing valuable data on the performance and efficiency of the heat exchange process. The focus on both water and hydrocarbon vapors underscores the versatility of the experimental device, making it applicable to scenarios involving diverse condensable substances. The findings contribute to the understanding of condensation mechanisms in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, offering insights that can be valuable in various industrial applications, including energy production and environmental engineering.

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10

Xu, Jing. "Study of Three-Kettle Coagulating Process in Production of Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Rubber". Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (octubre de 2014): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1030.

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with the economic development, the three-kettle condensation process is more and more widely applied. This paper introduces three-kettle condensation and its features and advantages. Comparing the changes of steam consumption and solvent residue in rubber before and after the modification of the cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber condensation system, the obtained result shows that compared with the two-kettle condensation, the three-kettle condensation system can steam by 25%, and also can reduce 50% of the solvent residual liquid in rubber. The results after the process optimization on three-kettle condensation system show that the bottom temperature of No.1 kettle is 85 °C, and the top pressure is 48 kPa; the bottom temperature of No. 2 kettle is 102 °C, and the top pressure is 90 kPa; and the top pressure of No. 3 kettle is 10 kPa. In addition, here points out the differences in optimization, and gives suggestions to the optimization.

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11

Zhang, Bing y Zhong Qing Cheng. "Modeling of Reliability for Anti-Condensation Wall System in Underground Engineering Based on Markov Process". Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (junio de 2014): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.891.

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This paper introduces the basic principle and structure of the Anti-condensation wall system in underground engineering, sets up the modeling of reliability for Anti-condensation wall system based on Markov process, which contains models of reliability for 5 different series repairable Anti-condensation unit and Parallel Anti-condensation structure. By analyzing the availability of example, this paper can provide some references to rational repair plan.

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12

Sun, Dequn, Changyan Hu y Yue Yang. "Scaleup Condensation Process in Preparation of Flumorph". Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, n.º 15 (2014): 4919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16176.

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13

Wang, Kuo-Ting y M. Quinn Brewster. "Phase-transition radiation in vapor condensation process". International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37, n.º 8 (octubre de 2010): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2010.06.019.

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14

Havlík, Jan y Tomáš Dlouhý. "Effect of flow velocity on the process of air-steam condensation in a vertical tube condenser". EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002033.

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This article describes the influence of flow velocity on the condensation process in a vertical tube. For the case of condensation in a vertical tube condenser, both the pure steam condensation process and the air-steam mixture condensation process were theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The influence of steam flow velocity on the value of the heat transfer coefficient during the condensation process was evaluated. For the condensation of pure steam, the influence of flow velocity on the value of the heat transfer coefficient begins to be seen at higher speeds, conversely, this effect is negligible at low values of steam velocity. On the other hand, for the air-steam mixture condensation, the influence of flow velocity must always be taken into account. The flow velocity affects the water vapor diffusion process through non-condensing air. The presence of air significantly reduces the value of the heat transfer coefficient. This drop in the heat transfer coefficient is significant at low velocities; on the contrary, the decrease is relatively small at high values of the velocity.

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15

Hong, Jooyung, Daegil Kim, Myungdo Lee, Jinup Eom y Chang-Ho Choi. "An Advanced Process of Condensation Performance Evaluation by BIM Application". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1064064.

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There is increasing interest in sustainable design for saving energy and improving living conditions. In particular, condensation performance evaluation is a major part of the design phase in which condensation defects in apartment housing are considered. The aim of this work is to propose an advanced process for improving the efficiency and accuracy of evaluations of condensation performance. For this aim, an analysis of the traditional process was performed. The results support a proposed advanced evaluation process, which was then applied to develop a building information modeling (BIM) application. The proposed process can be an alternative to the current evaluation process through the use of a BIM application for the automatic process. A case study showed that the advanced process of condensation performance evaluation could save 75.8% of the time compared with the current process. Additionally, from interviews with professionals, it is expected that the proposed process offers a practical means of increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the whole evaluation process.

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16

Qiu, Yangjun, Liang Zhang, Jiyu Zheng y Zhongchao Yan. "Numerical Study on the Condensation Performance of Triethylene Glycol Regenerated Exhaust Gas in Elliptical Tube". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 9, n.º 3 (12 de marzo de 2024): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/4q54az23.

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Condensation technology has been widely applied in industries such as energy, metallurgy, refrigeration, petrochemicals, and chemical engineering. Steam condensation is a complex phase change process, and its heat transfer characteristics are significantly different from convective heat transfer without phase change. This article is based on the condensation treatment process of triethylene glycol dehydration regeneration tail gas, proposing the use of elliptical tubes instead of circular tubes for condensation of regeneration tail gas. The finite volume method was used to numerically study the condensation process of regenerated exhaust gas inside an elliptical tube, and compared with a circular tube. The effect of different structural parameters on condensation was also studied. The results show that the use of elliptical tubes can effectively improve condensation efficiency, with a maximum condensation effect of 2.04 times. The research results can provide guidance for enhancing condensation of triethylene glycol regeneration exhaust gas.

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17

Sikora, Małgorzata y Tadeusz Bohdal. "Modelling the Condensation Process of Low-Pressure Refrigerants in Mini-Channels". Materials 15, n.º 13 (1 de julio de 2022): 4646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134646.

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The measure of the energy efficiency of the non-adiabatic two-phase condensation process of refrigerants in mini-channels is both the value of the heat transfer coefficient α and the flow resistance expressing the external energy input required to realize the flow. The modelling of this very complex process is effective if the condensation mechanism in mini-channels is correctly identified. It has been proven that the effects of changes in the condensation mechanism are the different structures of the two-phase flow resulting from process interactions both in the channel cross-section and along the flow path. The research aimed to connect the value of the heat transfer coefficient with the flow structures occurring during condensation. Thermal and visualization studies of the condensation process of low-pressure refrigerants were carried out: Novec649, HFE7100 and HFE7000 in tubular mini-channels with diameters dh = 0.5; 0.8; 1.2; 2.0 mm. Based on visualization studies, flow structures were proposed to be divided into 3 main groups: dispersive, stratified and intermittent. Based on this, a computational correlation was derived for determining the heat transfer coefficient and frictional resistance depending on the type of flow structure. The research shows that the highest values of the heat transfer coefficient occur during the mist flow and the lowest during the bubble flow.

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18

Ha, Jong Keun, Kwon Koo Cho, Ki Won Kim, Tae Hyun Nam, Hyo Jun Ahn y Gyu Bong Cho. "Consideration of Fe Nanoparticles and Nanowires Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". Materials Science Forum 534-536 (enero de 2007): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.29.

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Various physical, chemical and mechanical methods, such as inert gas condensation, chemical vapor condensation, sol-gel, pulsed wire evaporation, evaporation technique, and mechanical alloying have been used to synthesize nanoparticles. Among them, chemical vapor condensation(CVC) represents the benefit for its applicability to almost materials because a wide range of precursors are available for large-scale production with a non-agglomerated state. In this work, iron nanoparticles and nanowires have synthesized by chemical vapor condensation(CVC) process, using iron pentacarbonyl(Fe(CO)5) as precursor. The effects of processing parameters on the morphology, microstructure and size of iron nanoparticles and nanowires were studied. Iron nanoparticles and nanowires having various diameters were obtained by controlling the inflow of metallic organic precursor. Both nanoparticles and nanowires were crystallized. Characterization of obtained nanoparticles and nanowires were investigated by using a field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

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19

Shen, Chaoqun, Lingbo Liu, Suchen Wu, Feng Yao y Chengbin Zhang. "Lattice Boltzmann simulation of droplet condensation on a surface with wettability gradient". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, n.º 7 (2 de enero de 2020): 1403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219898220.

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In this paper, a free energy lattice Boltzmann model of vapor condensation on a surface with a wettability gradient is developed and numerically analyzed to understand the microscopic behaviors of self-propelled droplet condensation. The effect of wettability gradient on droplet self-motion and coalescence as well as vapor condensation is examined and investigated. The condensation rate is presented during the whole droplet condensation process to analyze the role of wettability gradient on droplet condensation. The results indicate that the surface with wettability gradient is preferred for vapor condensation owing to the appearance of self-propelled droplet condensation. Condensate film is initially spread on the high surface energy region, and liquid nucleation sites form, grow and, subsequently, coalesce with other droplets on low surface energy regions. The condensation rate is higher on a surface with a larger wettability gradient due to the more effective removal of condensate. In addition, the condensation rate fluctuates with time at the quasi-steady-state stage. During the condensation process, the droplet coalescence triggers a sudden peak of condensation rate, and the generation of new nucleation results in a rapid increase in the condensation rate.

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20

Ghazwani, Hassan A., Afrasyab Khan, Pavel Alexanrovich Taranenko, Vladimir Vladimirovich Sinitsin, Mofareh H. H. Ghazwani, Ali H. Alnujaie, Khairuddin Sanaullah, Atta Ullah y Andrew R. H. Rigit. "Hydrodynamics of Direct Contact Condensation Process in Desuperheater". Fluids 7, n.º 9 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7090313.

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Due to global environmental conditions, the focus of household heating has shifted from fossil fuels towards environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. Desuperheaters have attracted attention as a domestic provision involving steam-induced direct contact condensation (DCC)to warm the water. The present study is an attempt to investigate the hydrodynamics in the desuperheater vessel experimentally, namely, when the pressurized pulsating steam is injected into the vessel, where the steam jet interacts co-currently with the slow-moving water. Flow visualization showed a circulation region when the pulsating steam was injected into the slow-moving water, and the peaked vorticity corresponded to the steam injection duration of 10–60 s. Sevenhot film anemometers (HFAs) were traversed axially and radially to determine the velocity fluctuations at 0–20 cm from the steam’s nozzle exit. Vortical structures indicated the entrainment of the steam with the surrounding moving water. The circulation regions were thus exhibited in relation to the steam’s injection durations as well as the downstream axial distances of 2 and 15 cm from the nozzle exit, which showed that the core local circulation at 2 cm downstream of the nozzle exit lost 75–79% of its circulation at 15 cm downstream of the nozzle exit.

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21

Boodhoo, K. V. K. y R. J. Jachuck. "Process intensification: spinning disc reactor for condensation polymerisation". Green Chemistry 2, n.º 5 (2000): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b002667k.

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22

Brenguier, J. L. "Parameterization of the Condensation Process: A Theoretical Approach". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 48, n.º 2 (enero de 1991): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0264:potcpa>2.0.co;2.

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23

Xue, Z. Y., Z. F. Di, L. Ye, Z. Q. Mu, D. Chen, X. Wei, M. Zhang y X. Wang. "Study of Ge loss during Ge condensation process". Thin Solid Films 557 (abril de 2014): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.08.122.

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24

Kryukov, A. P. y A. V. Mlynskii. "Nitrogen condensation process in the molecular viscosity mode". Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 29, n.º 4 (1989): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00852490.

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25

Grosskinsky, Stefan, Frank Redig y Kiamars Vafayi. "Condensation in the Inclusion Process and Related Models". Journal of Statistical Physics 142, n.º 5 (23 de febrero de 2011): 952–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-011-0151-9.

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26

Loimer, Thomas. "A Joule-Thomson process with condensation and evaporation". PAMM 3, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2003): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200310467.

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27

Tokarski, M., A. Ryfa, M. Rojczyk, Z. Ostrowski y A. J. Nowak. "Improvement of the condensation efficiency of the condensation hood". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012099.

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Abstract Condensation hoods are currently widely used in modern gastronomy. They condense the steam produced by the combi-steamer during the food preparation process. In this paper, some improvements implemented to the design of the hood heat exchanger are described. Experimental and computational analysis allow to determine the consequences of those modifications in terms of condensation efficiency as well as their impact on production cost. Results of the measurements are in good agreement with results of simulations carried out using in-house CFD model.

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Szulc, Piotr, Tomasz Tietze y Daniel Smykowski. "The impact of the condensation process on the degree of cleaning of flue gases from acidic compounds". E3S Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184600031.

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The paper presents studies on the impact of the process of condensation of water vapour on the process of cleaning of flue gases from acidic compounds. The measurements were carried out on a pilot-scale plant for waste heat recovery from flue gases, taking into account the process of condensation of the water vapour contained in them. The plant was connected to a lignite-fired power unit with a capacity of 360 MW located at PGE GiEK S.A., Bełchatów Power Plant Branch. The impact of the condensation of water vapour on the reduction of sulphur, chlorine and fluorine forming acidic compounds was examined. The studies show that the condensation process is conducive to removal of acidic compounds from flue gases.

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Ding, Zhongjian, Zhongqiang Ding, Tianlin Ma y Hua Zhang. "Condensation reaction and crystallization of urea-formaldehyde resin during the curing process". BioResources 15, n.º 2 (10 de marzo de 2020): 2924–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2924-2936.

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Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins were synthesized with different molar ratios and solid contents, and simultaneously they were cured under conditions of different pH values. The curing behaviors of cured UF resins were examined by synchronous thermal analysis (TG-DSC). The crystallinity of cured UF resin was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry. The gel time of cured UF resin was recorded by chemical methods. The results indicate that condensation reactivity leads condensation reaction and crystallization to play various roles during the curing process of UF resin. The condensation reaction and crystallization in the curing process interact to result in different structures of cured resin. A new mechanism for UF resin curing (reaction-crystallization) is thus proposed.

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30

CHENG, WAN, XISHENG LUO y M. E. H. van DONGEN. "On condensation-induced waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 651 (24 de marzo de 2010): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009993879.

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Complex wave patterns caused by unsteady heat release due to cloud formation in confined compressible flows are discussed. Two detailed numerical studies of condensation-induced waves are carried out. First, the response of a flow of nitrogen in a slender Laval nozzle to a sudden addition of water vapour at the nozzle entrance is considered. Condensation occurs just downstream of the nozzle throat, which initially leads to upstream- and downstream-moving shocks and an expansion fan downstream of the condensation front. Then, the flow becomes oscillatory and the expansion fan disappears, while upstream and much weaker downstream shocks are repeatedly generated. For a lower initial humidity, only a downstream starting shock is formed and a steady flow is established. Second, homogeneous condensation in an unsteady expansion fan in humid nitrogen is considered. In the initial phase, two condensation-induced shocks are found, moving upstream and downstream. The upstream-moving shock changes the shape of the expansion fan and has a strong influence on the condensation process itself. It is even quenching the nucleation process locally, which leads to a renewed condensation process more downstream. This process is repeated with asymptotically decreasing strength. The repeated interaction of the condensation-induced shocks with the main expansion wave leads to a distortion of the expansion wave towards its shape that can be expected on the basis of phase equilibrium, i.e. a self-similar wave structure consisting of dry part, a plateau of constant state and a wet part. The strengths of the condensation-induced waves, as well for the Laval nozzle flow as for the expansion fan, appear to be in qualitative agreement with the results from the analytical Rayleigh–Bartlmä model.

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31

Oh, Jung Min, Jeong Nam Han, Kun Tack Lee, Chang Ki Hong, Woo Sung Han, Joo Tae Moon y Jin Goo Park. "Prevention of Condensation Defects on Contact Patterns by Improving Rinse Process". Solid State Phenomena 145-146 (enero de 2009): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.145-146.151.

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The present work reports a method to prevent the condensation defects on contact hole patterns by improving the rinsing process after a dry etching. In general, residual gases on the surface after the dry etching can be easily removed by using a DI water rinse. However, the residual gas can not be completely removed in high aspect ratio contact holes, resulting in the condensation defect. In this work, in order to completely remove the residual gas inside the contact holes, several rinse processes were employed such as a megasonic rinse, a sequential rinse and a hot temperature rinse. These proposed rinse methods were effective in eliminating the residual dry etching gases in the high aspect ratio contact holes and thus were able to remove condensation defects on contact holes.

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32

He, Zhenhua, Shuxiang Wang, Hongjie Liu, Junjie Tong y Zuyang He. "Effects of tilt angle on droplets condensation on hydrophobic surface". E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 04029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123604029.

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Condensation surface modification was an important research direction to realize droprise condensation and erhance heat transfer. In order to explore the condensation process and mechanism of droplets on the hydrophobic surface, the condensation process of droplets on the natural Donghu lotus leaves with tilt angle of 30°,60° and 90° were studied. The results show that the tilt angle had a significant effect on the droplets condensation behavior on Donghu lotus leaves hydrophobic surface. Increasing the tilt angle would short the detachment time of condensate droplets. The growth rate of droplets increased with the increase of hydrophobic surface tilt angle. And the condensation droplets diameter also decreased with the increase of incl ination angle.

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33

Wu, Nae-Lih, Lih-Fu Wu, Ya-Chin Yang y Shu-Jiuan Huang. "Spontaneous solution-sol-gel process for preparing tin oxide monolith". Journal of Materials Research 11, n.º 4 (abril de 1996): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0098.

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A sol-gel process for preparing SnO2 monolith of high specific surface area and transparency from chloride solution is described. Without introducing any alkaline precipitating reagent to induce condensation, this new process employs tin chloride (or its hydrate), water, and, optionally, alcohols as the only process reagents. Spontaneous solution-to-sol and sol-to-gel transitions take place upon mixing these reagents under appropriate conditions, and the entire transition processes are carried out under acidic conditions (typically pH ≤ 4.0). The rate of condensation has been found to increase with decreasing SnCl4 concentration, which corresponds to decreasing solution acidity, and with increasing temperature. For fixed starting salt concentration and temperature, there exists an optimum amount of ethanol addition for the fastest condensation. Good performance of thus derived SnO2 monolith has been demonstrated in two applications, including catalytic oxidation and solid-state gas-sensing for carbon monoxide.

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34

Che, Qi, Fenghui Wang y Xiang Zhao. "Design of Nanostructured Surfaces for Efficient Condensation by Controlling Condensation Modes". Micromachines 14, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010050.

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To meet the different needs of various industrial fields, it is of great application value to find a feasible method for controlling the condensation mode on the surface. Inspired by biological surfaces, tuning the surface structure and wettability is considered as a potential way to control the surface condensation behavior. Herein, the coupling effect of the geometric parameters and wettability distribution of the surface on the condensation process has been investigated systematically at the nanoscale. The results illustrate that the condensation mode is primarily determined by the nanopillar wettability when the nanopillars are densely distributed, while the substrate wettability dominates the condensation mode when the nanopillars are sparsely distributed. Besides, the effective contact area fraction is proposed, which more accurately reflects the influence of geometric parameters on the condensation rate of the nanopillar surface at the nanoscale. The condensation rate of the nanopillar surface increases with the increase of the effective contact area fraction. Furthermore, three surface design methods are summarized, which can control the condensation mode of water vapor on the surface into the dropwise condensation mode that generates Cassie-Baxter droplets, and this condensation process is very attractive for many practical applications.

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35

Bohdal, Tadeusz, Małgorzata Sikora, Katarzyna Widomska y Andrii M. Radchenko. "Investigation of flow structures during HFE-7100 refrigerant condensation". Archives of Thermodynamics 36, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0030.

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Abstract The experimental research of environmentally friendly refrigerant HFE-7100 condensation in pipe minichannels was conducted. During the investigations of HFE-7100 condensation in a minichannel with internal diameter 2 mm together with visualization of flow patterns was made. Visualization results were compared with existing flow structure maps. The identification of the range of flow patterns occurrence during the condensation process of low-pressure refrigerant HFE-7100 was made. The tests were performed throughout the whole range of condensation process.

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36

Havlík, Jan, Tomáš Dlouhý y Jakub Krempaský. "THE CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOUR IN A MIXTURE CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF NON-CONDENSABLE GAS IN A VERTICAL TUBE". Acta Polytechnica 60, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2020): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0235.

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This paper deals with the condensation of water vapour possessing a content of noncondensable gas in vertical tubes. The condensation of pure steam on a vertical surface is introduced by the Nusselt condensation model. However, the condensation of water vapour in a mixture with non-condensable gas differs from pure vapour condensation and is a much more complex process. The differences for the condensation of water vapour in a mixture containing a high concentration were theoretically analysed and evaluated. In order to investigate these effects, an experimental stand was built. Experiments were carried out in regards to the case of pure steam condensation and the condensation of water vapour with a non-condensable gas mixture to evaluate the influence of the variable non-condensable gas content during the process. A non-condensable gas in a mixture with steam decreases the intensity of the condensation and the condensation heat transfer coefficient. A gradual reduction of the volume and partial pressure of steam in the mixture causes a decrease in the condensation temperature of steam, and the temperature difference between steam and cooling water. The increasing non-condensable gas concentration restrains the transportation of steam towards the tube wall and this has a significant effect on the decrease in the condensation rate.

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37

Qi, Meng Meng, Ran Guo, Meng Su, Xiao Xue Cheng y Ling Zhang. "The Discussion on Synthesis Process of Biurea by Hydrochloric Acid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (octubre de 2013): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.464.

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By Series of comparative experiments, Factors of influencing the yield of biurea which is prepared from the condensation reaction between hydrazine hydrate and urea are studied, such as pH value, ratio of urea to hydrazine hydrate, temperature of reaction solution, reaction time and acid addition order. Under the optimum process conditions, the yield of biurea can reach over 97%, the biurea produced by hydrochloric acid method avoids large amounts of complex salt wastewater in condensation reaction of sulfuric acid method, and make the production process of biurea tends to be more environmentally friendly.

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38

Huang, Chang Shan, Jin Ying Wu, Hui Wu Xu, Yu Shan Cheng y Min Zhang. "Research of Corrosion and Protection on Boiler and Pipelines by Condensing Water". Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (diciembre de 2012): 1589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1589.

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Boiler and pipeline that using steam condensation water will be eroded when the steam condensation water absorb dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the production and recycling process. In order to solve this problem, a preferably management flow and process were developed to slow down the Boiler and pipeline corrosion process by analyzing the microstructure of corrosive Boiler and pipeline with a Electrochemical method. Firstly, rinse the Boiler and pipeline with 5% citric acid at about 90 oC, after that process adding 4~6mg/L anti-filthy corrosion inhibitor to the steam condensation water and adjusting pH at 8.0~9.5 by 30% sodium hydroxide or 50% sulfuric acid. At the same time maintenance water conductivity below 1200μs/cm by discharging condensation water. This method will play an import part in managing Circulating cooling water.

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39

Mateo Moreno, Javier, Rodrigo Calvo Membibre, Sergio Pinilla Yanguas, Juan Rubio Zuazo y Miguel Manso Siván. "Montecarlo Simulation and HAXPES Analysis of Organosilane Segregation in Titania Xerogel Films; Towards a Generic Surface Chemofunctionalization Process". Surfaces 3, n.º 3 (28 de julio de 2020): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces3030026.

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The formation of xerogels implies a sequence of hydrolysis and condensation reactions, which are intricate to analyze in heteromolecular sols. We analyze by probabilistic Montecarlo methods the development of hybrid organosilane–titania xerogels and illustrate how partial charges of the reacting molecules can help estimating relative probabilities for the condensation of the molecules. Since the condensation rate of Ti alkoxides is much higher than the corresponding rate of Si alkoxides (especially if bearing a non-hydrolizable group), by imposing a fast condensation process in agreement with low pH kinetics, the process leads to a surface segregation of the organosilane. The simulation results are compared with results of characterization of thin condensates of two different organosilanes within a titanium–isopropoxide matrix. Non-destructive in-depth profiles were obtained by hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which can resolve through estimation of Si and specific moieties of the organosilane molecules the progress of the condensation. These results are relevant for the generalization of chemo-functionalization processes by kinetic demixing of organosilanes, which have myriad applications in biomedicine and biotechnology.

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40

Li, Tian y Tang. "Axisymmetric Numerical Investigation on Steam Bubble Condensation". Energies 12, n.º 19 (30 de septiembre de 2019): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193757.

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In order to obtain a high-accuracy and adaptable condensation phase change model, this paper selects the Nusselt number correlation formula that Kim proposed based on the experimental data and adjusts the Nusselt number in the bubble condensation process by calculating the phase change coefficient of the Lee model in the UDF. Through the simulation and fine-tuning of the 12 groups of operating conditions, the formula for the change of the phase change coefficient of the Lee model during the bubble condensation process is obtained. The accuracy and wide applicability of the variation formula are verified by comparison with various types of experimental data. The Lee model provides a certain reference for the numerical simulation of the bubble condensation process. The numerical simulation of the condensation process of vapor bubbles is carried out by using the formula of the phase change coefficient. The error between the simulation result of the bubble volume change and the experimental result is lower than ±15%, which basically verified the reliability of the numerical model adopted in this study. The bubble condensation process has been analyzed under various operating conditions. The simulation results show that when the bubble rises, disturbance occurs with the fluid and several tiny eddies are generated on the side of the bubble. Micro-circulation of the vapor inside the bubble accelerates the heat and mass transfer rate at the gas–liquid interface. When condensation occurs, the mass transfer rate at the interface is different and the pressure inside the bubble is higher than that around it.

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41

Salapudin, Moh, Masykur Rozi y M. Fatihul Afham. "The Condensation of Islam and Nusantara’s Culture". JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 11, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jii.v11i2.22593.

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Islam in Nusantara has a unique character, which is the result of a long-term interaction process between religion and culture. Such condensation is crystallized in idea, conduct, and path. This article tries to elucidate the mixture process underwent in the light of cultural anthropology by relying on data contained in historical, social, and cultural sources. This study concludes that Islam-Nusantara condensation appeared in the form of politics, education, and culture, which is the result of the Islamization process. The manifestation of political condensation takes form in Islamic-Javanese kingship produced by Islamization efforts using power authority and Islamic theocracy. The appearance of educational condensation can be mirrored in santri community with its orthopraxy trend brought about by the enlightenment of ‘ulemas with their stronger religious orientation. The last is the cultural condensation identified in kejawen society which is caused by the syncretic approach of Islamization that combines Islamic Sufism and Javanese mysticism.

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42

Liu, Xiao Yi, Rui Feng Tian, Yan Xin Gao, Lan Xin Sun y Chang Qi Yan. "A Numerical Study of Wet Steam Condensation over a Corrugated Plate Separator". Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (julio de 2014): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.805.

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To provide steam of appropriate quality and to improve the efficiency of steam-water separation over corrugated plates, it is necessary to study the condensation behavior of wet steam moving over a corrugated plate separator. In this paper, classical nucleation theory and a droplet growth model are used to describe the process of wet steam condensation on corrugated plates. The CFX software water droplet condensation model was employed to simulate the process and to allow analysis of the characteristics of wet steam condensation. The results show that: (1) the nucleation rate increases gradually over time and exhibits a positive correlation with the temperature of the wet steam, (2) departure from the saturated state decreases gradually along the flow direction, leading to a concurrent decrease in the steam condensation rate and (3) the steam condensation rate is elevated with increases in the local pressure gradient.

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43

Han, Xu, Xiangyu Liu, Yunyun Yuan y Zhonghe Han. "Effect of blade surface roughness on condensation process in a stator cascade". International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, n.º 8 (7 de diciembre de 2019): 4067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2019-0736.

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Purpose The flow state of wet steam will affect the thermodynamic and aerodynamic characteristics of steam turbine. The purpose of this study is to effectively control the wetness losses caused by wet steam condensation, and hence a cascade of 600 MW steam turbine was taken as the research object. Design/methodology/approach The influence of blade surface roughness on the condensation characteristics was analyzed, and the dehumidification mechanism and wetness control effect were obtained. Findings With the increase of blade surface roughness, the peak nucleation rate decreases gradually. According to the Mach number distribution on the blade surface, there is a sensitive region for the influence of roughness on the aerodynamic performance of cascade. The sensitive region of nucleation rate roughness should be between 50 and 150 µm. Originality/value The increase of blade surface roughness will increase the dynamic loss in cascade, but it can reduce the thermodynamic loss caused by condensation to a certain extent.

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44

Wu, Shen Chun, Dawn Wang, Sin Jie Lin, Chen Yu Chung y Yau Ming Chen. "Investigating the Use of Nanoscale Bilayers Assembly on Stainless Steel Plate for Surface Hydrophobic Modification and Condensation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (septiembre de 2013): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.792.

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This study investigated the use of nanoscale bilayers assembly for hydrophobic surface modification on stainless steel plate and its effect on condensation. This study first performed nanoscale bilayers assembly method, with the addition of a fluorosilane treatment using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), to modify the surface structure and thereby the wettability of the surface at 15, 20, and 30 bilayers. Experimental results showed 15 bilayers to be the optimal number of bilayers among the samples tested, resulting in the largest contact angle of 150° (compared to 70° on unmodified surface), corresponding to the highest surface hydrophilicity; however, beyond 15 bilayers there seems to be no significant changes or improvements to hydrophobicity. Visualization of the condensation process also indicated later formation of film condensation on superhydrophobic (15 bilayers) surface, and by tilting the condensation surfaces at 90°, the self-cleaning property of the superhydrophobic surface allows water droplets to roll off the surface due to gravity before formation of film condensation, while large water droplets still remain stuck on unmodified surface. Therefore, by allowing the condensation process on the superhydrophobic surface to continuously cycle back to droplet condensation, there is great potential for condensation enhancement on superhydrophobically modified surface.

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45

Paromov, Artyom E. "Condensation of Benzyl Carbamate with Glyoxal in Polar Protic and Aprotic Solvents". Molecules 28, n.º 22 (17 de noviembre de 2023): 7648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227648.

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The synthesis of substituted 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane via direct condensation is challenging. The selection of starting ammonia derivatives is very limited. The important step in developing alternative synthetic routes to these compounds is to investigate their formation process in detail. Here, we examined an acid-catalyzed condensation between benzyl carbamate and glyoxal in a ratio of 2:1 in a range of polar protic and aprotic solvents, and discovered a new process occurring during the cascade condensation of glyoxal with ammonia derivatives as well as discovered several processes hindering the formation of caged compounds. More specifically, a cyclic compound, N,N′-bis(carbobenzoxy)-3,6-diamino-1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol, was found to form at the early stage of condensation under low acidity conditions. The formation of this compound is governed by an easier condensation of alcohol groups compared to the amide ones. The condensation intermediates, N,N′-bis(carbobenzoxy)ethan-1,2-diol, N,N′,N″-tris(carbobenzoxy)ethanol, and N,N′,N″,N‴-tetrakis(carbobenzoxy)ethan, were obtained at a higher acidity. A range of solvents were identified: those that react with benzyl carbamate, those that promote the progress of side processes, and those that promote precipitation of condensation intermediates. A few byproducts were isolated and identified. It was found that DMSO exhibits a strong deactivating ability, while CH3CN exhibits a strong activating ability towards the acid-catalyzed condensation process of benzyl carbamate with glyoxal.

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46

Haferkamp, Sebastian, Franziska Fischer, Werner Kraus y Franziska Emmerling. "Mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation investigated in situ". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (26 de septiembre de 2017): 2010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.197.

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The mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with p-nitrobenzaldehyde was studied in situ using a tandem approach. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were combined to yield time-resolved information on the milling process. Under solvent-free conditions, the reaction leads to a quantitative conversion to p-nitrobenzylidenemalononitrile within 50 minutes. The in situ data indicate that the process is fast and proceeds under a direct conversion. After stopping the milling process, the reaction continues until complete conversion. The continuous and the stopped milling process both result in crystalline products suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction.

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47

Hu, Xuechao, Qiujie Yi, Xiangqiang Kong y Jianwei Wang. "A Review of Research on Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (9 de febrero de 2021): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041553.

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Dropwise condensation is considered to be an effective method of enhancing heat transfer due to its high heat transfer performance. However, because the effect of dropwise condensation is affected by many complex factors, there is no systematic review summarized on the law of dropwise condensation heat transfer by scholars. In this paper, the main methods and problems of promoting dropwise condensation were reviewed based on the dropwise condensation mechanism and theoretical model. The three different hypotheses about the mechanism of dropwise condensation and the heat transfer model of dropwise condensation based on the hypothesis of nucleation sites were summarized. The methods for promoting dropwise condensation and the problems that influence dropwise condensation heat transfer are introduced in this paper. The research showed that many researchers focused on how the surface fabricated forms dropwise condensation rather than whether it enhances heat transfer. In this paper, we point out that the droplet shedding rate is the key to enhancing dropwise condensation heat transfer. Much more research on droplet formation mechanisms and theoretical models of different surfaces is supposed to be carried out in the future.

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48

Grader, G. S., Y. de Hazan, G. Natali, T. Dadosh y G. E. Shter. "Temperature effect on nonhydrolytic foaming process". Journal of Materials Research 14, n.º 10 (octubre de 1999): 4020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0543.

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This paper describes the effect of temperature on the formation of nonhydrolytic alumina foams. The foams are generated by heat treatment of crystals of the aluminum chloride isopropyl ether complex [AlCl3(Pri2O)], with the release of isopropyl chloride (PriCl). The chlorine content in the foams was determined by titration, and their weight loss during sintering was measured by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Based on these measurements, the condensation degree (CD) in the foams was modeled. The foaming time ranged from several minutes at 70 °C to several seconds at 160 °C. It was found that the chlorine-to-aluminum ratio of the foam (Cl/Al) decreased from 1.79 at 70 °C to 1.56 at 160 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis data confirm that the smaller Cl content gives rise to a smaller weight loss during thermal decomposition, consistent with a higher CD in the foams created at higher temperatures. Finally, about 80% of the PriCl produced during complex decomposition and subsequent –Al–O–Al– condensation reactions is lost during foaming.

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49

Mingalimov, Zagir F. y Talgat G. Umergalin. "PROCESS CALCULATION OF COMBINED CONDENSATION AND MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE EVAPORATION". Oil and Gas Business, n.º 5 (octubre de 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2019-5-162-172.

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50

Wasel, Mohamed Gamal, Marzouk Omer y M. Mousa. "Analysis of Vapor Condensation Process From Moist Air.(Dept.M)". MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 29, n.º 1 (27 de diciembre de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2020.132778.

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