Literatura académica sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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Seiki, Tatsuya y Teruyuki Nakajima. "Aerosol Effects of the Condensation Process on a Convective Cloud Simulation". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2014): 833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0195.1.
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Abstract Using a nonhydrostatic model with a double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme, the authors introduce an aerosol effect on a convective cloud system by accelerating the condensation and evaporation processes (the aerosol condensational effect). To evaluate this effect, the authors use an explicit condensation scheme rather than the saturation adjustment method and propose a method to isolate the aerosol condensational effect. This study shows that the aerosol condensational effect not only accelerates growth rates but also increases cloud water, even though the degree of the acceleration of evaporation exceeds that of condensation. In the early developing stage of the convective system, increased cloud water is, in turn, linked to ice-phase processes and modifies the ice water path of anvil clouds and the ice cloud fraction. In the mature stage, although the aerosol condensational effect has a secondary role in dynamical feedbacks when combined with other aerosol effects, the degree of modulation of the cloud microphysical parameters by the aerosol condensational effect continues to be nonnegligible. These findings indicate that feedback mechanisms, such as latent heat release and the interaction of various aerosol effects, are important in convective cloud systems that involve ice-phase processes.
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Chen, Sisi, Man-Kong Yau, Peter Bartello y Lulin Xue. "Bridging the condensation–collision size gap: a direct numerical simulation of continuous droplet growth in turbulent clouds". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n.º 10 (25 de mayo de 2018): 7251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7251-2018.
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Abstract. In most previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies on droplet growth in turbulence, condensational growth and collisional growth were treated separately. Studies in recent decades have postulated that small-scale turbulence may accelerate droplet collisions when droplets are still small when condensational growth is effective. This implies that both processes should be considered simultaneously to unveil the full history of droplet growth and rain formation. This paper introduces the first direct numerical simulation approach to explicitly study the continuous droplet growth by condensation and collisions inside an adiabatic ascending cloud parcel. Results from the condensation-only, collision-only, and condensation–collision experiments are compared to examine the contribution to the broadening of droplet size distribution (DSD) by the individual process and by the combined processes. Simulations of different turbulent intensities are conducted to investigate the impact of turbulence on each process and on the condensation-induced collisions. The results show that the condensational process promotes the collisions in a turbulent environment and reduces the collisions when in still air, indicating a positive impact of condensation on turbulent collisions. This work suggests the necessity of including both processes simultaneously when studying droplet–turbulence interaction to quantify the turbulence effect on the evolution of cloud droplet spectrum and rain formation.
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Huang, Wei Qiu, Li Shi, Qun Peng y Feng Li. "Simulation of Condensation Process for Gasoline Vapor Recovery". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (noviembre de 2011): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.582.
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A condensation separation model was designed to simulate and optimize the gasoline vapor condensation recovery systems in gas stations using Aspen Plus software. The relationship of either vapor recovery ratio or system energy consumption with condensation temperature was investigated. The results showed that the recovery system should be properly optimized into three-stage condensation processes. When the condensation temperatures at the three-stage were 2°C, -30°C and -80°C, respectively, the system recovery ratio would slightly exceed the national standard index of 95% of China and the system energy consumption could be almost controlled within the lowest level. Moreover, if the condensation temperature at the third stage was -120°C, the recovery ratio would be up to 99.62% and the energy consumption could be controlled in a little rising.
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Jensen, Jørgen B. y Alison D. Nugent. "Condensational Growth of Drops Formed on Giant Sea-Salt Aerosol Particles". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, n.º 3 (9 de febrero de 2017): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0370.1.
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Abstract The most basic aspect of cloud formation is condensational growth onto cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As such, condensational growth of cloud drops is often assumed to be a well-understood process described by the drop growth equation. When this process is represented in models, CCN activate into cloud drops at cloud base, and it is often assumed that drops consist of pure water or that the hygroscopic contribution after drop activation is small because of the inclusion of only small CCN. Drop growth rate in adiabatic ascent in such models is proportional to supersaturation and assumed to be inversely proportional to the drop radius, thereby making the drop spectrum narrow with altitude. However, the present study demonstrates that drop growth on giant sea-salt aerosol particles (GCCN; dry radius 0.5 m) behaves differently. For typical marine stratocumulus updrafts and for drops grown on GCCN with sizes m, these drops typically remain concentrated salt solutions. Because of this, their condensational growth is accelerated, and they rapidly attain precipitation drop sizes through condensation only. Additionally, drops formed on GCCN may also grow by condensation in cloudy downdrafts. The strong effect of condensation on GCCN is important when carried through to calculating rain-rate contribution as a function of aerosol size. GCCN larger than 2 m account for most of the rainfall rate in the modeled precipitating marine stratocumulus.
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Guo, Yali, Run Wang, Denghui Zhao, Luyuan Gong y Shengqiang Shen. "Numerical Simulation of Vapor Dropwise Condensation Process and Droplet Growth Mode". Energies 16, n.º 5 (3 de marzo de 2023): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052442.
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Compared with film condensation, dropwise condensation based on droplet growth can significantly improve the condensing equipment’s water collection and thermal efficiency in the vapor condensate system. Therefore, as a critical behavior affecting the evolution of dropwise condensation, research on droplet growth is of great significance to further understanding the evolutionary characteristics and heat transfer mechanism of dropwise condensation. In this paper, a model for simulating the entire evolution process of dropwise condensation is improved and constructed, and the evolution process of dropwise condensation with different condensation nucleus densities on the vertical wall is simulated based on certain assumptions. Moreover, parameters such as evolution rate and size contribution are proposed to measure droplet growth’s influence on the evolution process of dropwise condensation. In the simulation, the Cassie model was used to describe the condensation growth of droplets. The neighbor finding algorithm and conservation law are coupled to simulate the coalescence growth process of droplets. Through the comparison of the theoretical model and experimental results, it is indicated that the simulation method in this paper is highly reliable. The simulation results demonstrate that more than 95% of the maximum droplet size of dropwise condensation is derived from coalescence growth, and its growth rate can characterize the evolution rate of dropwise condensation. The evolution rate reveals a linear growth trend with the increase of condensate nucleus density, and the average heat flux shows an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, reaching the peak, qaverage = 30.5 kW·m−2, at the NS = 5 × 109 m−2. The surfaces with a high coalescence frequency can increase the contribution of the coalescence growth to the maximum droplet size more effectively and, conversely, the contribution of condensation growth is weakened, which is less than 1% at the NS = 7.5 × 109 m−2.
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Lee, Gyeong-Mo, Ji-Hun Yu, Dong-Won Lee, Byung-Kee Kim, Hyeok-Don Kim y Tae-Suk Jang. "Characteristics of L10Ordered Fe50Pt50Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 14, n.º 5 (28 de octubre de 2007): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2007.14.5.281.
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Zeitsch, K. J. "Extractive Condensation: A New Separation Process". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, n.º 10 (octubre de 1999): 4123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990232a.
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Klumpers, Darinka D., Angelo S. Mao, Theo H. Smit y David J. Mooney. "Linear patterning of mesenchymal condensations is modulated by geometric constraints". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, n.º 95 (6 de junio de 2014): 20140215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0215.
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The development of the vertebral column starts with the formation of a linear array of mesenchymal condensations, forming the blueprint for the eventual alternating pattern of bone and cartilage. Despite growing insight into the molecular mechanisms of morphogenesis, the impact of the physical aspects of the environment is not well understood. We hypothesized that geometric boundary conditions may play a pivotal role in the linear patterning of condensations, as neighbouring tissues provide physical constraints to the cell population. To study the process of condensation and the patterning thereof under tightly controlled geometric constraints, we developed a novel in vitro model that combines micropatterning with the established micromass assay. The spacing and alignment of condensations changed with the width of the cell adhesive patterns, a phenomenon that could not be explained by cell availability alone. Moreover, the extent of chondrogenic commitment was increased on substrates with tighter geometric constraints. When the in vivo pattern of condensations was investigated in the developing vertebral column of chicken embryos, the measurements closely fit into the quantitative relation between geometric constraints and inter-condensation distance found in vitro . Together, these findings suggest a potential role of geometric constraints in skeletal patterning in a cellular process of self-organization.
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Khurmamatov, Abdugoffor, Oybek Ismailov, Rustam Yusupov, Jamila Isamatova y Guljakhon Aminova. "Study of hydrodynamics of the condensation process in heat exchanger devices". E3S Web of Conferences 497 (2024): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449701022.
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This article provides insights into the outcomes of developing an experimental device tailored for the condensation of both water and hydrocarbon vapors in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The experimental phase involved conducting a series of experiments along the length of the condenser pipe to thoroughly investigate the condensation process. The experimental device facilitated the transition of gas condensate, with a volume of 15 liters, from a liquid state to vapor. Subsequently, the vapor was subjected to condensation within the shell-and-tube experimental heat exchanger. This rigorous experimentation allowed for a detailed examination of the condensation dynamics, providing valuable data on the performance and efficiency of the heat exchange process. The focus on both water and hydrocarbon vapors underscores the versatility of the experimental device, making it applicable to scenarios involving diverse condensable substances. The findings contribute to the understanding of condensation mechanisms in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, offering insights that can be valuable in various industrial applications, including energy production and environmental engineering.
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Xu, Jing. "Study of Three-Kettle Coagulating Process in Production of Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Rubber". Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (octubre de 2014): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1030.
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with the economic development, the three-kettle condensation process is more and more widely applied. This paper introduces three-kettle condensation and its features and advantages. Comparing the changes of steam consumption and solvent residue in rubber before and after the modification of the cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber condensation system, the obtained result shows that compared with the two-kettle condensation, the three-kettle condensation system can steam by 25%, and also can reduce 50% of the solvent residual liquid in rubber. The results after the process optimization on three-kettle condensation system show that the bottom temperature of No.1 kettle is 85 °C, and the top pressure is 48 kPa; the bottom temperature of No. 2 kettle is 102 °C, and the top pressure is 90 kPa; and the top pressure of No. 3 kettle is 10 kPa. In addition, here points out the differences in optimization, and gives suggestions to the optimization.
Tesis sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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Ющенко, Ольга Володимирівна, Ольга Владимировна Ющенко, Olha Volodymyrivna Yushchenko, Тетяна Іванівна Жиленко, Татьяна Ивановна Жиленко y Tetiana Ivanivna Zhylenko. "Description of the Stochastic Condensation Process under Quasi-Equilibrium Conditions". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34910.
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The system of three differential equations describing the stochastic condensation process under quasiequilibrium equilibrium conditions is constructed taking into account the additive and multiplicative components. The
phase diagram of the system states was constructed and analyzed. The domains of the existence of the
condensation processes, disassembly of previously deposited material, and the complete evaporation were
determined. The distribution density of the concentration of adsorbed atoms was defined.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34910
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Pisano, Alessandro. "Analysis of the condensation process and air maldistribution in finned tube and minichannel condensers". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/86182.
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This PhD work has been dedicated to the improvement of the modelling of air condensers of both round tube and fins (RTPFs) and Minichannel technologies. The calculation platform employed is IMST-ART. This is a dedicated software for the design of refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment following the vapor compression cycle. The model implemented in IMST-ART for condensers and evaporators is the combination of a segment-by-segment approach with the numerical method SEWTLE (Semi Explicit method for Wall Temperature Linked Equations) for the solution of the resulting system of equations.
The target of the first part of this thesis was the comparative analysis of the empirical correlations aimed at the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in both the air and refrigerant sides of a condenser. The Literature review pointed out the presence of many studies concerning the condensation modelling. Therefore, after selecting the most interesting to compare, the first objective of this first part of the PhD became the identification of a suitable methodology for defining the best combination of correlations for the estimation of the thermo-hydraulic performance of the condensers. After an in-depth analysis of different possibilities, a well-defined methodology was identified as the best for the purpose. In the thesis, it was successfully applied to the identification of the best set of correlations for the heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for both the round-tube and minichannel condensers.
The second part of the PhD was targeted to the improvement of the condensation modelling. In particular, the attention was focused on the analysis of the phenomena taking place at the beginning of the condensation process, when the superheated vapor finds the wall of the condenser being at a temperature lower than the refrigerant saturation temperature, i.e. convective condensation superheated vapor zone (CSH zone). It is well known that, in this zone, the condensation starts with some kind of droplet/thin film condensation on the walls. Afterwards, the bulk of the refrigerant flow reaches the saturation temperature and the condensation occurs at saturated conditions. Hence, the PhD thesis has been dedicated to the implementation in the general model for condensers (in IMST-ART software) of this CSH zone, which it was found to have an important effect on the prediction of the wall temperatures distribution in the tested air condensers. Two different numerical solutions were implemented and compared, i.e. Temperature and Enthalpy approaches, and validated against experimental results. Prediction results are very similar, thus the Enthalpy approach was selected because it required lower computational time.
The final part of thesis was oriented towards the study of the effect of airflow maldistribution on the performance of air condensers. An innovative experimental methodology for generating and measuring any uneven air velocity profile at the inlet of a heat exchanger was first developed in a dedicated wind tunnel and then applied for the analysis of the performance degradation of one sample of condenser of each RTPFs and Minichannel technologies. Three different velocity profiles were produced and tested along a wide set of operating conditions, including different refrigerant charges and hence subcoolings. The experimental results showed that, although differences in wall temperature distribution were significant, the effect of air maldistribution on the performance of the two tested condensers was small. The improved model was validated against the experimental results and also showed little effect on condenser performance. Finally, the agreement between the results of the simulation and the experimental results was very satisfactory.Este trabajo de doctorado se ha dedicado a la mejora del modelado de condensadores de aire, con tecnología de tubos y aletas o minicanales. La plataforma de software empleada es IMST-ART, que es un software dedicado a asistir el diseño de equipos de refrigeración, aire acondicionado y bomba de calor, basados en el ciclo de compresión de vapor. El modelo de IMST-ART para condensadores y evaporadores se basa en una aproximación segmento a segmento combinada con el método numérico SEWTLE (Semi Explicit method for Wall Temperature Linked Equations) para la solución del sistema de ecuaciones resultante. El objetivo de la primera parte de esta tesis fue el análisis comparativo de las correlaciones empíricas destinadas a evaluar los coeficientes de transferencia de calor y la caída de presión para condensadores de aire, tanto para el lado del aire como para el del refrigerante. La revisión de la Literatura mostró la existencia de numerosos estudios sobre el modelado de la condensación en este tipo de intercambiadores. Por lo tanto, después de la selección de las correlaciones más interesantes a comparar, el primer objetivo de esta primera parte de la tesis resultó el encontrar la metodología más adecuada para la identificación de cuáles eran las correlaciones que mejor estimaban el comportamiento termo-hidráulico de los condensadores. Después de un análisis en profundidad de diferentes posibilidades, se encontró la metodología claramente más adecuada y se pasó a aplicarla a la identificación del mejor conjunto de correlaciones para los coeficientes de transferencia de calor y factores de fricción para condensadores de aire. La segunda parte del doctorado se dirigió a la mejora del modelado del comienzo del proceso de condensación cuando el vapor sobrecalentado encuentra la pared del condensador a una temperatura que está por debajo de la temperatura de saturación del refrigerante en lo que se puede denominar como condensación convectiva en la zona de vapor sobrecalentado (zona CSH). Es bien sabido que la condensación comienza en esta zona con algún tipo de condensación de gotas/película delgada sobre las paredes antes de que el núcleo del flujo de refrigerante alcance la temperatura de saturación y la condensación se produzca en condiciones saturadas. La segunda parte del doctorado se ha dedicado a la implementación en el modelo general de condensadores (en el software IMST-ART) de esta zona CSH, que se encontró que tenía un efecto importante en la predicción de la distribución de las temperaturas de la pared en los condensadores de aire ensayados. Se implementaron y compararon dos soluciones numéricas diferentes, denominados aproximación de temperatura y aproximación de entalpía respectivamente, y se validaron por comparación con resultados experimentales. La predicción resultó ser muy similar con ambas aproximaciones por lo que finalmente se seleccionó la aproximación de entalpía por ser considerablemente más rápida. La parte final de la tesis se orientó hacia el estudio del efecto de la mala distribución del flujo de aire en el rendimiento de los condensadores de aire. Para este fin se desarrolló una metodología experimental innovadora capaz de generar y medir cualquier perfil de velocidad de aire no uniforme a la entrada de un intercambiador de calor. El desarrollo se llevó a cabo primero en un túnel de viento específicamente dedicado a este propósito y luego se aplicó para el análisis de la degradación de las prestaciones de dos muestras de condensador de cada una de las tecnologías estudiades: RTPFs y Minicanal. Mediante la metodología desarrollado se generaron tres perfiles de velocidad diferentes que se ensayaron a lo largo de un amplio conjunto de condiciones de funcionamiento, incluyendo diferentes cargas de refrigerante y, por tanto, grados de subenfriamiento en el refrigerante. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que el efecto de la mala distrib
Aquest treball de doctorat s'ha dedicat a la millora de la modelització de condensadors d'aire, amb tecnologia de tubs i aletes o minicanals. La plataforma de software emprada és IMST-ART, que és un software dedicat a assistir el disseny d'equips de refrigeració, aire condicionat i bomba de calor, basats en el cicle de compressió de vapor. El model de IMST-ART per condensadors i evaporadors es basa en una aproximació segment a segment combinada amb el mètode numèric SEWTLE (Semi Explicit method for Wall Temperature Linked Equations) per a la solució del sistema d'equacions resultant. L'objectiu de la primera part d'aquesta tesi va ser l'anàlisi comparativa de les correlacions empíriques destinades a avaluar els coeficients de transferència de calor i la caiguda de pressió per condensadors d'aire, tant per al costat de l'aire com per al del refrigerant. La revisió de la Literatura va mostrar l'existència de nombrosos estudis sobre la modelització de la condensació en aquest tipus d'intercanviadors. Per tant, després de la selecció de les correlacions més interessants a comparar, el primer objectiu d'aquesta primera part de la tesi va resultar el trobar la metodologia més adequada per a la identificació de quines eren les correlacions que millor estimaven el comportament termo-hidràulic dels condensadors. Després d'una anàlisi en profunditat de diferents possibilitats, es va trobar la metodologia clarament més adequada i es va passar a aplicar-la a la identificació del millor conjunt de correlacions per als coeficients de transferència de calor i factors de fricció per condensadors d'aire. La segona part del doctorat es va dirigir a la millora de la modelització del començament del procés de condensació quan el vapor sobreescalfat troba la paret del condensador a una temperatura que està per sota de la temperatura de saturació del refrigerant, en el que es pot denominar com condensació convectiva a la zona de vapor sobreescalfat (zona CSH). És ben sabut que la condensació comença en aquesta zona amb algun tipus de condensació de gotes/pel·lícula sobre les parets abans que el nucli del flux de refrigerant arribi a la temperatura de saturació i la condensació es produeixi en condicions saturades. La segona part del doctorat s'ha dedicat a la implementació en el model general de condensadors (en el programari IMST-ART) d'aquesta zona CSH, que es va trobar que tenia un efecte important en la predicció de la distribució de les temperatures de la paret en els condensadors d'aire assajats. Es van implementar i van comparar dues solucions numèriques diferents, denominades aproximació de temperatura i aproximació d'entalpia respectivament, i es van validar per comparació amb resultats experimentals. La predicció va resultar ser molt semblant amb les dues aproximacions pel que finalment es va seleccionar l'aproximació d'entalpia per ser considerablement més ràpida. La part final de la tesi es va orientar cap a l'estudi de l'efecte de la mala distribució del flux d'aire en el rendiment dels condensadors d'aire. Amb aquesta finalitat es va desenvolupar una metodologia experimental innovadora capaç de generar i mesurar qualsevol perfil de velocitat d'aire no uniforme a l'entrada d'un intercanviador de calor. El desenvolupament es va dur a terme primer en un túnel de vent específicament dedicat a aquest propòsit i després es va aplicar per a l'anàlisi de la degradació de les prestacions de dues mostres de condensador de cadascuna de les tecnologies estudiades: RTPFs i Minicanal. Mitjançant la metodologia desenvolupada es van generar tres perfils de velocitat diferents que es van assajar al llarg d'un ampli conjunt de condicions de funcionament, incloent càrregues diferents de refrigerant i, per tant, graus de subrefredament en el refrigerant. Els resultats experimentals van mostrar que l'efecte de la mala distribució de l'aire en les prestacions dels dos condensadors provats va
Pisano, A. (2017). Analysis of the condensation process and air maldistribution in finned tube and minichannel condensers [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86182
TESIS
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Palla, Venkata Satya K. K. "Computational modelling of the condensation process of the fast pyrolysis vapours in liquid collection systems". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3000983/.
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The aim of the present thesis is to model the conversion process of the fast pyrolysis vapours into liquid bio-oil in liquid collection systems. The study focuses on the two major types of condensation systems namely the indirect contact condensers and the direct contact condensers (quenching columns). In the first part of the research, the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of a bench scale quenching column are presented by conducting numerical simulations based on the immiscible Eulerian-Eulerian model. The simulations are compared with experimental observations on flooding phenomena and various design variants are proposed for their elimination. In the second part, a multiphase multi-component model, with the condensable vapours and non-condensable gases as the gaseous phase and the condensed bio-oil as the liquid phase, has been developed. Species transport modelling has been used to capture the detailed physical phenomena of 11 major compounds present in the pyrolysis vapours. The development of the condensation model relies on the saturation pressures of the individual compounds computed based on the corresponding state correlations. In the final part, detailed information is provided on the vapour phase change dynamics implemented on a disc and donut quenching column design obtained from the first part. The study investigates the effect of the different numbers of disc and donut pairs on the condensation performance of the column. The numerical simulations showed that different number of stages can significantly affect the final bio-oil composition. It is shown that heavy molecular weight compounds, condense rapidly even with a low number of stages, whereas an increased number of stages is needed to completely capture the heavier acidic fractions. The modelling results are in good agreement with data published in the existing literature.
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Williams, Joseph James. "Surface reactions of zinc vapour with steel relevant to the Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si hot dip metal coating process". Faculty of Engineering, 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/395.
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Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si coated steel strip is manufactured by the continuous hot dipping process. An important difference in the processing of Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si coated steel when compared with galvanised steel is the higher temperature of the molten alloy bath –600ºC for Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si coatings versus 450ºC for galvanised. This increase in temperature leads to an accelerated rate of evaporation of zinc into the pretreatment furnace, leading in turn to various processing difficulties. Zinc vapour in the pre-treatment furnace has long been implicated with defects known within the industry as pinholes and bare patches - uncoated areas where wetting does not occur between the strip and the molten alloy. Despite the association with zinc vapour, the exact mechanisms of pinhole and bare patch formation have not been clearly established. One possible mechanism of pinhole and bare patch formation is the direct reaction of zinc vapour with the strip surface. It has been suggested by industry experts that zinc vapour could condense on the strip, leaving a deposit that prevents wetting by molten Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si alloy. It remains that little is understood of the fundamental nature of the interaction between zinc vapour and a steel substrate. The purpose of this research was to examine the rates and mechanisms of zinc vapour condensation on clean and oxidised steel substrates. Such information is essential for understanding the reactions that occur in the metal coating line furnace. It is intended that this research will strengthen the fundamental knowledge base upon which a solution to the problem can be developed. The experimental work conducted in this study was centred on condensing zinc vapour onto substrates under specific gaseous atmospheres at atmospheric pressure. A major part of the work involved the development of a technique for depositing zinc vapour onto a steel substrate and the design and construction of an experimental apparatus. Preliminary studies were undertaken to define the design criteria for an apparatus in which the rate of condensation of zinc vapour could be measured accurately and the interaction between zinc vapour and clean and oxidised steel substrates could be examined. In this probing exercise, modifications were made to a proven design of an apparatus designed to measure evaporation rates of metals in inert gas atmospheres was used. The preliminary experiments provided a wealth of essential knowledge required to design an experimental facility in which it was possible to accurately measure the rate of condensation of zinc vapour and to study the interaction between zinc vapour and the steel substrate, as well as their potential chemical reactions. This new apparatus was specifically developed for a quantitative assessment of zinc vapour deposition, and allowed the substrate and zinc vapour to be heated in independent, but interconnecting chambers. The exposure of the substrate to the zinc vapour could be controlled with precision, and it was possible to not only measure the zinc vapour condensation rates, but also to assess the effect of using oxidising and reducing gasses during preheating of the substrate. Under conditions of high undercooling, zinc vapour deposited by the island plus continuous thin film mode, while at higher substrate temperatures, close to that expected in the industrial process, the zinc deposited more slowly, and zinc islands did not form on the substrate within the first 60 seconds of exposure. Deposition of zinc vapour on an oxidised substrate occurred at a much higher rate than on a clean steel substrate. This increase in deposition rate has been attributed to a direct reaction occurring between the zinc vapour and the iron oxide without the formation of any liquid condensate. The reaction is: Fe3O4(s) + 4Zn(v) ↔ 4ZnO(s) + 3Fe(s) This reaction will proceed to the right under sufficiently high partial pressures of zinc vapour, and at substrate temperatures both above and below the saturation temperature of the zinc vapour. It was observed that under sufficiently low partial pressures of zinc vapour, the above reaction is driven to the left. Zinc oxide has a determining influence on the wetting of the strip by the molten alloy. Immersion tests, wherein substrates deposited with zinc vapour were dipped into molten Zn-55%Al-1.5%Si alloy, were carried out to examine the effect of various zinc vapour reactions on the quality of the coatings. Deposition of zinc vapour on both clean and oxidised steel surfaces had a detrimental effect on the coating quality. In cases where zinc was deposited onto a clean steel substrate prior to immersion in the coating alloy, pinholes resulted, while zinc vapour deposition on an oxidised surface prior to immersion led to large scale uncoated areas.
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Rizk, Charles [Verfasser], Eckhard [Gutachter] Weidner y Peter [Gutachter] Awakowicz. "Investigations and characterization of a subatmospheric disinfection process using H2O2/H2O vapor condensation / Charles Rizk ; Gutachter: Eckhard Weidner, Peter Awakowicz". Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142001490/34.
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Rafler, Mathias. "Martin-Dynkin Boundaries of the Bose Gas". Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5166/.
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The Ginibre gas is a Poisson point process dened on a space of loops related to the Feynman-Kac representation of the ideal Bose gas. Here we study thermodynamic limits of dierent ensembles via Martin-Dynkin boundary technique and show, in which way innitely long loops occur. This effect is the so-called Bose-Einstein condensation.
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Petit, Martin. "Etude du comportement des espèces inorganiques dans une installation de gazéification de la biomasse : condensation des aérosols et dépôts". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661069.
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L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser théoriquement et expérimentalement la condensation des espèces inorganiques dans une installation de gazéification de la biomasse. Lors de la gazéification de la biomasse, des espèces inorganiques sont volatilisées et se condensent lors du refroidissement du gaz de synthèse. Ces espèces sont problématiques pour le procédé et doivent être éliminées avant la synthèse des biocarburants. Une étude thermodynamique a tout d'abord précisé la nature et la répartition des espèces inorganiques qui sont volatilisées lors de la gazéification ainsi que des espèces qui se condensent lors du refroidissement. Un modèle de condensation des aérosols issus de la gazéification de la biomasse a ensuite été construit à partir de d'une description mathématique des différents phénomènes mis en jeu (nucléation, croissance, agglomération et dépôts). Parallèlement un dispositif expérimental (ANACONDA) a été mis au point, construit et qualifié. Ce dispositif permet d'analyser la condensation d'une vapeur de KCl dans un écoulement pouvant comporter des particules de carbone se refroidissant à une vitesse de 1000 K/s. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont mis en évidence une nucléation du KCl lors d'un refroidissement à 1000 K/s, la condensation de KCl sur les particules de carbone ainsi que le dépôt de KCl et des particules sur les parois. La condensation de KCl provoque une augmentation du diamètre aérodynamique des particules de carbone. La présence de particules dans l'écoulement permet de diminuer les dépôts de KCl aux parois de 25% à 40%. La comparaison de calculs simulant les expériences avec les données expérimentales a permis de quantifier les différents phénomènes et de valider le modèle. Enfin, le modèle a été utilisé afin de proposer des solutions pour limiter les dépôts de KCl aux parois des échangeurs dans une installation industrielle de gazéification de la biomasse.
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Nyberg, Rebecca. "Trauma in Toni Morrison's Beloved : Literary Methods and Psychological Processes". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171602.
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In this essay, the novel Beloved, by Toni Morrison is observed using a working psychoanalytical approach. Story is observed as an important factor in engaging the reader on a personal level with the experience of trauma. By surveying Morrison’s use of imagery and language, this essay will examine how Morrison employs literary methods that imitate the psychological processes regarding how trauma is communicated to the waking state from the unconscious. The resulting testimony of the novel that arises as the result of these processes is also observed. This essay concludes that Morrison’s use of these literary methods functions to obligate the reader to involve themselves in the process of trauma and its resolution.
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Kortchemski, Igor. "Conditionnement de grands arbres aléatoires et configurations planes non-croisées". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818190.
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Les limites d'échelle de grands arbres aléatoires jouent un rôle central dans cette thèse.Nous nous intéressons plus spécifiquement au comportement asymptotique de plusieurs fonctions codant des arbres de Galton-Watson conditionnés. Nous envisageons plusieurs types de conditionnements faisant intervenir différentes quantités telles que le nombre total de sommets ou le nombre total de feuilles, avec des lois de reproductions différentes.Lorsque la loi de reproduction est critique et appartient au domaine d'attraction d'uneloi stable, un phénomène d'universalité se produit : ces arbres ressemblent à un même arbre aléatoire continu, l'arbre de Lévy stable. En revanche, lorsque la criticalité est brisée, la communauté de physique théorique a remarqué que des phénomènes de condensation peuvent survenir, ce qui signifie qu'avec grande probabilité, un sommet de l'arbre a un degré macroscopique comparable à la taille totale de l'arbre. Une partie de cette thèse consiste à mieux comprendre ce phénomène de condensation. Finalement, nous étudions des configurations non croisées aléatoires, obtenues à partir d'un polygône régulier en traçant des diagonales qui ne s'intersectent pas intérieurement, et remarquons qu'elles sont étroitement reliées à des arbres de Galton-Watson conditionnés à avoir un nombre de feuilles fixé. En particulier, ce lien jette un nouveau pont entre les dissections uniformes et les arbres de Galton-Watson, ce qui permet d'obtenir d'intéressantes conséquences de nature combinatoire.
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Vidigal, Luciana Fajardo. "Conhecimentos Mobilizados por alunos sobre a Noção Integral no contexto das Concepções Operacionais e Estruturais". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11131.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-18The aim of this research was to investigate the knowledge mobilized by those students who have studied Integral, a subject that permeates a major part of the Integral and Differential Calculus (IDC) course and is a source of difficulties for the students. The goal was to analyze the explicit knowledge of those who have studied this concept in a regular IDC course in terms of the integration techniques as well as the meaning and the concept utilization. It has also been researched whether this knowledge reflected operational and structural conceptions in the sense applied by Anna Sfard (1991), whose theory this paper is based on. In her studies, the author postulates that abstract notions are conceivable in two completely different ways: structurally (as objects) and operationally (as processes). As an investigation means, it has been used a questionnaire containing nine questions and applied to two groups of a private school s math course in São Paulo city. One of the groups was constituted by students who have recently studied the notion of Integral, and the other group by students who went through the same studies one year before. In terms of the first group, the conclusion drawn up was that the students have incurred in several kinds of operational calculus mistakes, also the processes involving integral notion showed up but only sometimes, indicating a clear structural conception failure. These characteristics were not observed in the second group. It has been noticed that all researched students apparently had mobilized the structural concept considering they have applied the mathematical object to determine the area of even spaces in the function graph, but when facing those circumstances in which they had to reason to be able to apply the concept as an object they did not have enough assurance in terms of structural conception, and tried to take refuge in the algebra processes
Esta pesquisa buscou investigar os conhecimentos mobilizados por alunos, que estudaram o conceito de Integral, que permeia grande parte da disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (CDI) e que é fonte de dificuldades para os alunos. Buscouse analisar os conhecimentos explicitados por alunos que estudaram o conceito num curso regular de CDI, tanto no aspecto das técnicas de integração como no significado e na aplicação do conceito. Pesquisou-se, igualmente, se estes conhecimentos refletiam concepções operacionais e estruturais no sentido atribuído por Anna Sfard (1991), que fundamentou teoricamente este estudo. Em seu estudo, a autora postula que noções abstratas podem ser concebidas e duas maneiras fundamentalmente diferentes: estruturalmente (como objeto) e operacionalmente (como processo). Como instrumento de investigação foi utilizado um questionário com nove questões que foi aplicado a dois grupos de alunos do Curso de Matemática de uma instituição particular de São Paulo. Um deles constituídos por alunos que haviam estudado recentemente a noção de Integral e o outro, por estudantes que o fizera há cerca de um ano. Concluiu-se que, no caso do primeiro grupo, os alunos, além de terem apresentado variados tipos de equívocos em cálculos operatórios, os processos que envolvem a noção integral ora manifestam concebidos ora não, concorrendo para o prejuízo da concepção estrutural, o que não ocorreu no segundo grupo. Observou-se que a totalidade dos alunos pesquisados, aparentemente mobilizara a concepção estrutural, uma vez que aplicaram o objeto matemático para determinar a área de regiões planas sob o gráfico de funções, mas quando colocados numa situação particular em que se exigia uma reflexão para o emprego do conceito como objeto, eles não exibiram suficiente segurança em sua concepção estrutural, procurando refúgio em processos algébricos
Libros sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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G, Kandlikar S., Shoji Masahiro y Dhir V. K, eds. Handbook of phase change: Boiling and condensation. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999.
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Shilyaev, Mihail, Elena Hromova, Aleksandr Bogomolov, A. Pavlenko y V. Butov. Modeling of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in dispersed media. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1865376.
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The monograph presents methods for calculating the dehydration of wet granular materials in industrial centrifuges, filter presses and vacuum filters under the influence of gravitational forces, as well as by purging the granular layer with dry air with elevated temperature; physical and mathematical models of gas absorption and the theory of capturing submicron dust by condensation in foam, centrifugal bubbling apparatus and hollow nozzle scrubbers, packing columns and tubular absorbers; physical and mathematical models of dry adsorption of gases in packing columns and flues by injecting a dispersed adsorbent into the flow are presented, a method for determining the phase equilibrium constants of sorption processes based on the developed models is proposed; physical and mathematical modeling and analysis of the combustion process of dispersed solid ash fuel in a four-stage cyclone gorenje is carried out. the furnace.
It can be useful in the educational process for a number of specialties, in particular thermal power engineering, chemical-technological, metallurgical profiles, environmentalists, as well as for researchers and graduate students and in engineering practice.
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Rifert, V. G. Condensation heat transfer enhancement. Southampton: WIT Press, 2004.
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Kandlikar, S. G. Handbook of Phase Change: Boiling and Condensation. CRC Press LLC, 2019.
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Kandlikar, S. G. Handbook of Phase Change: Boiling and Condensation. CRC Press LLC, 2019.
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Sherwood, Dennis y Paul Dalby. Thermodynamics today – and tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0026.
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This last chapter explores the frontiers of how thermodynamics is currently being applied to biology, moving from the scale of the molecule to the scale of the cell. The key theme is ‘self-assembly’ – the process by which macromolecules spontaneously assemble into larger structures such as cell membranes, cell organelles, cells, and ultimately organisms. The starting point is the simplest process of self-assembly, the formation of a liquid from the condensation of a gas, which draws on some results from Chapter 15, and develops the concept of nucleation, this leads to a discussion of protein aggregation, and how virus particles are formed. The chapter, and the book, ends with a key challenge for the future: how can we deliberately design self-assembling systems that can perform valuable functions?
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Rifert, V. G. y H. F. Smirnov. Condensation Heat Transfer Enhancement (Developments in Heat Transfer). Wit Pr/Computational Mechanics, 2004.
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Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.
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This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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Basu, Prasanta Kumar, Bratati Mukhopadhyay y Rikmantra Basu. Semiconductor Nanophotonics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784692.001.0001.
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Abstract Nanometre sized structures made of semiconductors, insulators and metals and grown by modern growth technologies or by chemical synthesis exhibit novel electronic and optical phenomena due to confinement of electrons and photons. Strong interactions between electrons and photons in narrow regions lead to inhibited spontaneous emission, thresholdless laser operation, and Bose Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Generation of sub-wavelength radiation by surface Plasmon-polaritons at metal-semiconductor interfaces, creation of photonic band gap in dielectrics, and realization of nanometer sized semiconductor or insulator structures with negative permittivity and permeability, known as metamaterials, are further examples in the area of nanophotonics. The studies help develop Spasers and plasmonic nanolasers of subwavelength dimensions, paving the way to use plasmonics in future data centres and high speed computers working at THz bandwidth with less than a few fJ/bit dissipation. The present book intends to serveas a textbook for graduate students and researchers intending to have introductory ideas of semiconductor nanophotonics. It gives an introduction to electron-photon interactions in quantum wells, wires and dots and then discusses the processes in microcavities, photonic band gaps and metamaterials and related applications. The phenomena and device applications under strong light-matter interactions are discussed by mostly using classical and semi-classical theories. Numerous examples and problems accompany each chapter.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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Wang, Pengyu y Zhong Chen. "Vapor Condensation Under Electric Field: A Study Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation". En Supercomputing Frontiers, 20–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10419-0_2.
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AbstractThe condensation of water vapor on the substrate surface under electric field is studied by molecular dynamics simulation, and a series of behaviors of water molecules during condensation were studied, such as nucleation, growth and coalescence. In the process of condensation, there will be some small clusters, whose size increases with the increase of time, and under the action of the movement of water molecules in vapor, the clusters move irregularly on the substrate surface and coalesced into larger clusters. And the droplets will be stretched along the direction of the electric field. Interestingly, the condensation will decrease with the increase of the electric field strength under the electric field perpendicular to the surface. The results also show that the orientations of water molecule dipole are closely related to the direction of electric field, indicating that the electric field causes the realignment of water molecules. The research shows that the electric intensity will have great impact on vapor condensation, which provides guidance for reversible adjustment of vapor condensation and the design of intelligent surface.
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Birdwell, J. D. y B. C. Moore. "Condensation of information from signals for process modeling and control". En Hybrid Systems II, 45–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60472-3_3.
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Nikolopoulos, A. A., B. W.-L. Jang, R. Subramanian, J. J. Spivey, D. J. Olsen, T. J. Devon y R. D. Culp. "Environmentally-Benign Liquid-Phase Acetone Condensation Process Using Novel Heterogeneous Catalysts". En ACS Symposium Series, 194–205. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0767.ch016.
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Itkin, A. L., A. V. Rodionov y E. G. Kolesnichenko. "Influence of Shock Waves on the Condensation Process in a Nozzle". En Shock Waves @ Marseille III, 135–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78835-2_22.
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Ha, Jong Keun, Kwon Koo Cho, Ki Won Kim, Tae Hyun Nam, Hyo Jun Ahn y Gyu Bong Cho. "Consideration of Fe Nanoparticles and Nanowires Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". En Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 29–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.29.
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Gordiets, B. F., L. A. Shelepin y Y. S. Shmotkin. "Kinetics of Cluster Formation and Growth in the Process of Isothermal Condensation". En Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1087–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2467-6_41.
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Ha, Jong Keun y Kwon Koo Cho. "Characterization of Fe-Mo Alloyed Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". En Materials Science Forum, 466–69. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-995-4.466.
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Skovorodko, P. A. "The Peculiarities of Condensation Process in Conical Nozzle and in Free Jet Behind it". En Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1053–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2467-6_38.
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Rouanet, A., G. Pichelin, C. Roucau, E. Snoeck y C. Monty. "YxZr1-xO2-x/2 Nanophase Powders Prepared by a Vaporization / Condensation Process in a Solar Furnace". En Nanophase Materials, 85–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1076-1_10.
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Ha, Jong Keun, Kwon Koo Cho, Ki Won Kim, Jong Uk Kim y Yoo Young Kim. "Structure and Electrochemical Properties of FeSx Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process". En Materials Science Forum, 950–53. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-995-4.950.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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Bykov, Nikolay Y. y Yuriy E. Gorbachev. "DSMC models for H2O condensation process". En PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2014 (ICNAAM-2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4912498.
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Lee, Cheonkyu, Junghyun Yoo, Jisung Lee, Hana Park y Sangkwon Jeong. "Experimental investigation of CO2 condensation process using cryogen". En ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4860830.
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Saat, Aminuddin, Nilabza Dutta y Mazlan A. Wahid. "Characterisation of aerosol combustible mixtures generated using condensation process". En THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF ADVANCES IN THERMOFLUIDS (IMAT 2011). AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4704208.
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"Mechanical Behavior of Natural Composites Subjected to Condensation Process". En Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-56.
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Meyer, Josua Petrus y Leon Liebenberg. "FLOW PATTERNS DURING CONDENSATION IN SMOOTH AND MICRO-FIN TUBES". En Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries - 2003. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/978-1-56700-195-2.360.
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Briggs, Adrian, Hua Sheng Wang, T. Murase y John W. Rose. "ENHANCED CONDENSATION OF CFC113 ON A HORIZONTAL WIRE-WRAPPED TUBE". En Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries - 2003. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/978-1-56700-195-2.470.
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Bian, Jiang y Xuewen Cao. "Research on the Condensation Process of Gaseous Water and Water/Ethanol Mixture in the Laval Nozzle". En ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4917.
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Abstract Condensation phenomenon has been studied actively for decades because of its extensive and significant applications in various fields of technology and engineering. The condensation phenomenon of condensable component in supersonic flows is still not understood very well as a result of the complex nucleation and droplet growth process, especially the condensation characteristic of gas mixture. In this paper, the Laval nozzle was designed based on the bi-cubic curve, state equation of real gas, arc plus straight line and viscous correction of boundary layer. The physical and mathematical models were developed to predict the condensation process in the supersonic air flows based on the nucleation and droplet growth theories, surface tension model and gas-liquid governing equations. The condensation processes of gaseous water/air binary (single condensable) gas and water/ethanol/air ternary (double condensable) gas mixture in the designed nozzle were simulated, and the reliability of the established models was verified by the experimental data. By comparing the condensation process of water/air binary gas with water/ethanol ternary gas, the influence of the second condensable component on the condensation process was analyzed. The results show that in the condensation process of gaseous water, as the pressure and temperature of water vapor decrease in the nozzle, spontaneous condensation occurs further downstream the nozzle throat. The nucleation rate grows rapidly from 0 to peak in a very short distance. With the consumption of water vapor, due to the decrease of the degree of supercooling, the nucleation environment is destroyed, and the nucleation rate quickly decreases to 0. The nucleation process is rapid in time and space, while the droplet growth process could maintain longer. The droplet number and mass fraction increase continuously till the nozzle outlet. There is a weak condensation in the nozzle due to the release of latent heat, but it is not obvious because the air acts as a heat container and absorbs the latent heat released by condensation. In the water/ethanol/air ternary system, the ethanol nucleates prior to water vapor. With the increase of supercooling, water vapor also begins to nucleate. In essence, there are two kinds of condensation nuclei (water nuclei and ethanol nuclei), and both the water and ethanol vapor can aggregate on these two kinds of condensation nuclei. Compared with the condensation process of water, the Wilson point of condensation is closer to the throat and the outlet mass fraction of liquid phase is greater in the condensation process of water/ethanol mixture, which shows that the water and ethanol can affect and promote each other. The maximum nucleation rate, droplet growth rate, droplet radius and outlet mass fraction of liquid phase of water/air binary and water/ethanol/air ternary mixture are about 9.46 × 1026 m−3s−1 and 2.57 × 1027 m−3s−1, 1.65 × 10−5 m/s and 1.02 × 10−5m/s, 1.32 × 10−7m and 1.63 × 10−7m, 0.19% and 1.34%, respectively.
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Cook, Michelle M., M. D. Rahman y Dinesh N. Khanna. "Synthesis of novolac resin by acid removal after condensation (ARAC) process". En Microlithography '97, editado por Regine G. Tarascon-Auriol. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.275859.
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Gloess, D., M. Maicu, R. Schmittgens, D. Hecker, P. Frach y G. Gerlach. "Synthesis and Deposition of Metal Nanoparticles by Gas Phase Condensation Process". En Society of Vacuum Coaters Annual Technical Conference. Society of Vacuum Coaters, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14332/svc14.proc.1833.
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Mohamed, Ibrahim E., Harvey M. Thompson y Richard Barker. "Numerical Investigation of the Dropwise Condensation Process in Top of the Line Corrosion". En ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10359.
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Abstract Many approaches have been used for modelling Top of Line Corrosion (TLC) however there are a large discrepancies between their results. One common assumption is that TLC is limited by the amount of iron that can be transported with the condensed water. This means that the TLC rate is proportional to the water condensation rate and the iron solubility in the condensed phase. Therefore, a theoretical investigation is performed into the effects of gas inlet conditions on the water condensation rate in wet gas pipeline using Fluent. Comparisons were drawn with the semi-analytical model of Zhang et al. and CFD results showing good agreement between the two. The numerical results obtained reveal quantitatively how an increased inlet gas pressure leads to reductions in the condensation rate. While increasing inlet gas temperature and velocity lead to increases in condensation rate.
Informes sobre el tema "Condensation (process)"
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IGNATENKOVA, ANNA. EXHAUST GAS LIQUID CONDENSATION AS PART OF THE SMART COMBUSTION PROCESS. Intellectual Archive, agosto de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2165.
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Pack, David. PR-616-17607-R01 Sulfur Condensation in Pressure Reduction Equipment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), agosto de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011615.
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In natural gas transmission pipelines systems, there is a growing awareness of contamination due to the presence of sulfur vapor in the gas stream at sub ppm levels. Particularly at pressure reduction facilities, the sulfur vapor can desublimate out as solid elemental sulfur and then combine with other particle matter and trace liquids in the gas stream to form the observed contamination deposits. In order to better control the formation of the elemental sulfur, an improved understanding of the contribution that the design of pressure regulators make to this desublimation process is required. This research program has come to the challenge of this requirement. In the conducted program, two pressure regulators were tested at a common facility that was known to have an elemental sulfur deposition problem. Each pressure regulator was alternatively placed in service so as each was subjected to, as near as possible, identical operating conditions. A requirement for the selection of the two pressure regulators was that they had to have different internal design features. The quality of the natural gas supply was regularly sampled and analyzed, with the contamination deposits on the pressure regulator internals sampled and analyzed at the termination of the test period. These deposits were analyzed for both hydrocarbon and other liquid deposits as well as a range of metal and semi-metal compounds captured in the deposits.
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George, Darin. L52315 Testing of Environmentally-Friendly Gas Sampling Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), febrero de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010176.
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Recent environmental concerns have led to calls for reduced hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere from a variety of sources. One source of emissions being examined in this regard is natural gas spot sampling methods that vent pipeline gases to the atmosphere. Some sampling techniques and equipment have been developed that do not emit greenhouse gases, but the need exists to test these methods for their ability to collect accurate, representative samples. Another related concern is the accuracy of samples drawn from streams near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). While the spot sampling methods recommended by current industry standards perform well on streams far above their HDP, little data are available on their performance near or at the HDP, where poor sampling methods can cause heavy hydrocarbons to condense from the sample and distort the analysis. This project evaluated the ability of four natural gas spot sampling methods, including two zero emissions sampling methods, to capture accurate, representative samples of gas streams at or near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). Two of the sampling methods tested were variations on the GPA fill-and-empty method, with additional steps intended to heat the sampling equipment above the HDP or clear condensed hydrocarbon liquids from the sample line. The other two sampling methods, which use the A+ Q2 sample cylinder and a constant-pressure floating-piston sample cylinder, were developed to prevent condensation of heavy hydrocarbons during the sampling process.
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Sonneburg, H. G., J. Tuunanen y V. V. Palazov. UPTF-TRAM experiments for SBLOCA: Evaluation of condensation processes in TRAM tests A6 and A7. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/107003.
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Wang, Jian y Xiaohong Liu. Final Report: Properties and Controlling Processes of Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei in Marine Boundary Layer Over Eastern North Atlantic. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1975726.
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Elbaum, Michael y Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.
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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.