Literatura académica sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Fabre, Clément. "Le sens de la route". Monde(s) N° 24, n.º 2 (16 de noviembre de 2023): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mond1.224.0061.
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Comment les discours médicaux sur la différence des corps interviennent-ils dans le fonctionnement des ordres coloniaux ? La concession internationale de Shanghai, au cœur du semi-colonialisme et des réseaux médicaux occidentaux dans la Chine du xix e - xx e siècle, offre un riche observatoire pour explorer cette question. Un corpus exceptionnel sur la gestion municipale des accidents de la circulation entre 1911 et 1918 permet ici d’y traquer les conséquences pratiques des théories raciales par lesquelles certains médecins expliquent alors ces mêmes accidents.
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Kirisci, Mustafa y J. Michael Greig. "Reputation, Pressure and Concession-making in Claim Disputes". International Negotiation 24, n.º 2 (25 de abril de 2019): 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24021170.
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Abstract This article examines the forces that encourage targets and challengers involved in claim disputes to offer concessions first. Our framework focuses upon reputation and pressure as key forces that can influence concession-making by claim dispute targets and challengers. We argue that past concession behavior both inside and outside of a claim dyad influences the willingness to make concessions, but does so in distinct ways. We also argue that pressure arising from internal conflict within the disputants and from major power involvement in managing the dispute, also influences the occurrence of concession-making. The results of our hazard analysis show that states involved in claim disputes do consider their opponent’s previous concession-making behavior. Our findings point clearly to the history of concessions within the dyad as a key influence on subsequent concession-making and that major power involvement increases the likelihood of concession-making by both challengers and targets.
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Lenglart, Elie. "La qualification du contrat de concession exclusive pour l’identification du juge compétent sur le fondement du droit commun (sous l’influence du droit européen)". Revue critique de droit international privé N° 3, n.º 3 (2 de febrero de 2024): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rcdip.233.0685.
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Il résulte de l’article 46 du code de procédure civile que, lorsqu’il n’y a ni convention internationale ni règlement européen relatif à la compétence judiciaire, la compétence internationale se détermine par extension des règles de compétence territoriale interne, de sorte que le demandeur peut, en matière contractuelle, saisir à son choix, outre la juridiction du lieu où demeure le défendeur, la juridiction du lieu de la livraison effective de la chose ou du lieu de l’exécution de la prestation de services. Une cour d’appel, qui constate qu’une société demeurait en dehors de l’Union européenne, que les livraisons successives de ses produits étaient régies par un contrat-cadre qui faisait participer une autre société à sa stratégie commerciale et imposait à celle-ci des objectifs de vente contraignants, qu’elle consentait en contrepartie à cette autre société un droit personnel exclusif de distribution concernant le marché de l’Union européenne et de la Suisse, qu’elle s’interdisait de concurrencer cette société sur ce marché, qu’elle s’engageait à participer aux coûts de promotion et à transmettre à celle-ci toutes les commandes ou demandes de renseignements qu’elle recevait d’acheteurs des territoires concernés et que ces avantages avaient une valeur économique pouvant être considérée comme constitutive d’une rémunération, en déduit exactement que le contrat portait sur une prestation de services et que le lieu de son exécution se situait en France, de sorte que les juridictions françaises étaient compétentes.
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Dos Santos, Rosemárcia Ribeiro y Fátima Priscila Morela Edra. "The before and after of the airport concession at the International Airport of Rio de Janeiro: a survey of tourist demand". International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism 9, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2023): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/ijsmtv9n1-022.
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Airport concessions in Brazil began in 2011 due to the need to improve passenger services and adapt airports to international standards. Physical and managerial transformations were adopted and, among the concessioned airports is the Tom Jobim International Airport - AIRJ, located in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, which is the object of study of this work, which aims to understand the perception of passengers of the AIRJ in relation to the changes through quali-quantitative, bibliographical and explanatory research. Data were collected through interviews and online questionnaire. Respondents were people who used the AIRJ service before and after the concession process, covering the period prior to August 2014, when there was no intervention by the concessionaire, and from 2016, when most of the works were completed for the Rio de Janeiro Olympics. As a result, it was understood that passengers have perceived the AIRJ changes in a positive way, although some negative aspects are still signaled.
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Wahab, Mohamed S. Abdel. "Petroleum Concessions in Egypt: A Recipe for Disputes?" BCDR International Arbitration Review 7, Issue 1 (1 de junio de 2020): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2021017.
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The Egyptian petroleum sector has recently prospered given the new discoveries and the extensive foreign direct investments injected into the country’s vast mineral resources.This article addresses petroleum concessions governing upstream exploration and exploitation activities. Egypt continues to adopt the production sharing system as the basic contractual model for petroleum exploration and exploitation activities. However, production sharing agreements take the form of legal concessions that regulate the rights and obligations of international oil companies (IOCs), the State and the major State-owned players in the upstream sector, including the Ministry of Petroleum, the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGCP), the Egyptian Natural Gas Company (EGAS) and the South Valley Egyptian Petroleum Holding Company (GANOPE).These concession agreements are capital intensive instruments involving complex regulation of the parties’ rights and obligations and are normally entered into on the basis of a model template, the most recent of which is that of 2018.This article discusses certain categories of disputes arising in the Egyptian concession agreements practice. The article starts with an overview of the upstream petroleum sector in Egypt and then addresses certain important provisions of the Egyptian model concession agreement, before scrutinizing certain categories of disputes. The article concludes with remarks on the prevailing status quo and the intricacies of Egyptian concession agreements.
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Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 2 (mayo de 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
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Yano, Hiromi. "Rebalancing the Trading Scale?: Recent Trends in the Implementation of Article 8 of the Safeguards Agreement". Global Trade and Customs Journal 19, Issue 2 (1 de febrero de 2024): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024003.
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The WTO safeguard measure takes the form of a suspension of an obligation under the GATT or the withdrawal or modifications of a GATT concession. When an importing Member imposes a safeguard measure, it shall endeavour to maintain a substantially equivalent level of concessions and may agree to compensate the exporting Member(s) affected by the safeguard measure. The SG Agreement also stipulates that if no agreement is reached within thirty days, the affected Member could suspend, under certain conditions, the application of substantially equivalent concessions or other obligations to the trade of the imposing Member. It has been rare that the exporting Member and the Member applying the safeguard agreed to a compensation. At the same time, until 2018, notifications of suspension of concessions to rebalance the level of concessions have also been rare. However, suspension of concessions sharply increased since 2018. This article offers some observations relating to this recent trend. WTO, Safeguards, GATT, compensation, suspension of concessions, rebalancing
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Malis, Matt y Alastair Smith. "Quid Pro Quo Diplomacy". Games 15, n.º 2 (17 de abril de 2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15020014.
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Political leaders value public demonstrations of support from foreign leaders and frequently make concessions in order to obtain them. We model the bargaining dynamics surrounding these exchanges and their impact on the recipient leader’s political survival, with a focus on top-level diplomatic visits as a means of signaling international support. Our model addresses two interrelated questions; first, we consider how symbolic displays of support from one leader to another can be informative even when they are “purchased” with concessions, and second, we derive the equilibrium price and political impact of a visit under different bargaining protocols. The incentive to make a concession in exchange for a visit generally undermines a visit’s signaling value. We identify a diplomatic resource curse, where the existence of opportunities for diplomatic exchange can force leaders into accepting visit-for-concession deals that leave them worse off than if they were diplomatically isolated. Visits never occur when negotiations are fully transparent. Mutually beneficial quid pro quo diplomacy requires opacity in negotiations.
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DMYTRYSHYN, Marta. "The concession model of public-private partnerships of higher education institutions and building enterprises in the context of the newly adopted Law of Ukraine "On concessions"". Economics. Finances. Law, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12.2.
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Introduction. A concession is often used in the international practice of public-private partnerships. This partnership model is popular and widespread in the field of cooperation between higher education institutions and building enterprises. In general, the concession covers a wide range of relations, starting with the design and construction of a concession object completing ownership and management with the transfer of such an object to a state-owned partner after a certain period of time or without it. The purpose of the research is to outline the peculiarities of applying concessions in public-private partnership of state higher educational institution and construction enterprises. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to use methods of research of economic phenomena and processes, in particular: comparison, historical and logical methods, system approach. Results. According to the Law of concessions, concession is a form of public-private partnership, which envisages granting concessionaire the right to create and/or construct (new construction, reconstruction, restoration, overhaul and technical Re-equipment), and/or management (use, operation, maintenance), the object of concession and/or the provision of socially important services in the manner and on the conditions defined by the concession agreement, and provides the transfer of concessionaire The majority of operational risk covering risk of demand and/or risk of supply. Construction companies can both design and build a new object, and reconstruct, repair or restore existing. Funding for these activities can be made at the expense of a private or public partner as well as jointly. Often the private partner maintains, exploits and manages the specified object in accordance with certain revenues. The completion of partnerships may be accompanied by the transfer of the object to the state partner or without it. Conclusion. Thus, adopting a new law, which regulates the concession of business, on our point of view, it will extend the scope of the economic life of the concession to others, and give an advanced postal development of the system of public-private partnership.
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Yudina, Taisiya. "Government and Foreign Entrepreneurs in the Soviet Economy of the 1920s – 1940s: Relations, Contradictions and Results". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 5 (octubre de 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.7.
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Introduction. The article reveals motives of attracting foreign entrepreneurs to Soviet economy, difficulties with hiring local labor force in concessions, contradictions and solutions between Soviet organizations and concessioners. Relations between foreign entrepreneurs and Soviet government agencies as well as Soviet engineers and workers were regulated by the law. Methods and materials. The author uses the comparative historical method in the work, which makes it possible to compare the number of foreign and domestic labor in concession enterprises, to show the need of attracting foreign specialists to concession and state enterprises, to reveal the cooperation of foreign entrepreneurs with the Soviet state. Sources from The State Archive of the Russian Federation, The Russian State Archive of Economics and The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History were identified for the study. Regulatory acts of state significance (decrees, concession agreements) reflecting the policy of the state in relation to the economic activity of private capitalists; records management documentation (circulars, official correspondence, reporting documentation) covering the real state of affairs at concession enterprises allow to show the peculiarities of relations between Soviet state institutions and foreign entrepreneurs. Analysis. Sometimes concessioners did not meet the governmental requirements in labor force attraction, which caused mutual claims. The author also analyses hiring foreign professionals in Soviet state enterprises because of their important contribution to the Soviet economy recovery and development. Foreign professionals were involved in the production process organization and local labor force education at Kuznetskiy coalfield minery, Stalingrad tractor factory and other state enterprises. Concessions were equipped with brand-new techniques and technologies and were also involved in the local labor force education. Results. The article analyzes the reasons of early cancellation of contracts by foreign professionals and workers and their mass departure from the USSR in the 1930s – 1940s. For example, prosecution and custody for industrial accidents were among of such reasons. Despite this, new foreign engineers were forbidden to enter Sakhalin island by Soviet authorities. The article focuses on the correlation between the deterioration of the international situation from the middle 1930s and existence of Japanese concessions in the USSR until the middle 1940s.The author pays a lot of attention to investigate the issue of obeying to the Soviet labor law by concessioners using unpublished archived documents.
Tesis sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Makaya, Jacques. "Le juge international face aux différends à caractère économique NES des contrats de concession". Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0004.
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Ce travail a pour objectif d'étudier, a travers l'analyse d'un certain nombre de sentences rendues depuis la fin de la première guerre mondiale, comment le juge international (cour permanente de justice internationale et arbitrage international) a eu a régler les différends NES particulièrement des contrats de concession dont il a eu a connaitre soit directement, soit par le biais de la protection diplomatique et judiciaire a la suite de la violation par l'état de ses obligations contractuelles. Se fondant d'une part sur les traites de paix signes au lendemain de la grande guerre, et d'autre part sur les clauses dites de stabilisation ou d'intangibilité insérées dans des contrats internationaux récents, le juge international a reconnu et le confirmant le caractère obligatoire des contrats et par conséquent, le principe du respect par l'état contractant en subroge des droits contractuels acquis par ainsi, si compte tenu du principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles, le droit pour tout état de nationaliser tout bien ou toute activité située sur son territoire, n'est plus contesté, il n'en demeure pas moins que pour assurer un certain ordre dans les relations économiques internationales, tout contrat doit être respecté et exécuté de bonne foi. Toute rupture prématurée entraine donc l'obligation de réparer et notamment de verser une indemnité au contractant lésé (troisième partie). Il ressort de cette étude que malgré les faiblesses qu'en a pu relever dans son argumentation, et au delà des divergences apparentes entre les décisions analysées, -compte tenu de la spécificité de chaque affaire- le juge statuant en droit a su démêler les questions techniques a lui posées. Sa compétence en la matière ne peut donc pas être mise en douteThe object of this thesis is to study, by analyzing a certain number of sentences passed since the end of the first world war, the manner in which the international judge (permanent international court of justice and international arbitration) has found ways of resolving disputes arising from concessionary agreements which have been brought to his attention either directly, or by means of diplomatic and judicial protection, when a state has violated its contractual obligations. Based, on the one hand, on peace treaties signed on the eve of the great war, and, on the other hand, on the stabilization or inviolability clauses included in several recent international agreements, the international judge has recognized and confirmed the binding nature of agreements, and thus the principle that the state which has signed an agreement must respect the contractual rights of private foreign individuals (first and second sections). Thus, although the right of each state to nationalize all assets and economic activities within its territory is no longer contestable - taking into account the principal of each state's supreme right to its natural resources -, it is no less important, from the point of view of international economic relations, that all agreements be respected and carried out in good faith. It thus follows that any pre- mature breach of contract must be made good, and that, in particular, compensation be paid to the injured party (third section). It emerges from this study that - despite the weaknesses which could be found in the reasoning of the international judge, and apart from obvious divergences between decisions which have been made, taking into account the specificity of each case-, the judge has succeeded in unraveling the complicated disputes with which he has been faced. His competence in this area is thus beyond question
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Wang, Fangfang. "Le port de Shanghai, porte maritime de la Chine, 1843-1912". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL054.
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La présente thèse porte sur le développement du port de Shanghai de 1843 à 1912, en se concentrant sur l’histoire des entreprises étrangères installées à Shanghai pendant cette période. À une époque où la Chine promeut son Initiative de la Ceinture et la Route, visant à étendre son influence mondiale en aidant les pays participants à développer leurs infrastructures publiques, notamment portuaires, il est intéressant de réétudier l’histoire du développement du port de Shanghai durant la période concessionnaire. Les concessions étrangères de Shanghai et les entreprises privées établies sur place entre 1843 et 1912 ont joué un rôle essentiel dans la construction du port de cette ville, qui est devenu par la suite un modèle de développement pour les autres villes portuaires chinoises. La ville de Shanghai telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui trouve ses fondations durant cette période. Cette thèse essaie de démontrer en quoi les compétitions commerciales des entreprises étrangères présentes à Shanghai ont été le moteur du développement de son port. Elle explore le contexte historique, les étapes clés de la construction du port, l'aménagement et la gestion, ainsi que l'impérialisme occidental et l'émergence d'une conscience nationale chinoiseThis thesis focuses on the development of the Shanghai port from 1843 to 1912, with a particular emphasis on the history of foreign enterprises established in Shanghai during this period. At a time when China is promoting its Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at expanding its global influence by assisting participating countries in developing their public infrastructure, including ports, it is interesting to reexamine the history of the development of the Shanghai port during the concession period. The foreign concessions in Shanghai and the private enterprises established there between 1843 and 1912 played a crucial role in the construction of the port, which later became a development model for other Chinese port cities. The city of Shanghai as we know it today has its foundations in this period. This thesis seeks to demonstrate how the commercial competition among foreign enterprises in Shanghai drove the development of its port. It explores the historical context, key stages of port construction, planning and management, as well as Western imperialism and the emergence of Chinese national consciousness
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Waked, Rita. "La notion de contrat administratif international à travers l'exemple du contrat BOT (Build, Operate, Transfer) : étude comparée Droit français-Droit libanais". Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020005.
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Auvinet, Emmanuel. "L'Imposition des revenus tirés des cessions et concessions internationales". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376024615.
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Azubuike, Samuel C. "Unilateral concession-making in international conflict : bargaining the Anglo-American rapprochement, 1895-1903". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419088.
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Auvinet, Emmanuel. "L'imposition des revenus tirés des cessions et concessions internationales de marques". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010276.
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Il n'existe pas dans la législation française de dispositions particulières favorables aux bénéficiaires de revenus tirés des cessions et concessions internationales de marques. La situation est identique dans de nombreux pays, du moins lorsque la cession ou la concession est effectuée dans le cadre d'une activité industrielle ou commerciale. L'examen des conventions contre la double imposition conclues par la France nous indique que le principe OCDE d'imposition exclusive des redevances dans l'état du bénéficiaire est majoritairement adopte. On remarquera enfin que les redevances de marques peuvent être utilisées par les entreprises internationales comme un moyen d'évasion fiscaleThe french legislation does not embody any specific clauses which are favourable to the beneficiaries (inventors) of revenues from international transfers of trademarks. The situation is alike in many other countries, at least when the transfer is executed within the framework of an industrial and commercial activity. A survey of tax conventions concluded by France shows that the oecd principle of exclusive taxation within the state of the beneficiary has been adopted by a majority. To conclude, it should be mentionned that royalties could be used as a means of tax evasion by international firms
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Sarr, Moustapha. "Le transport maritime en Afrique de l’ouest : vecteur de régulation, de réglementation et source de valorisation du domaine portuaire : cas du Sénégal". Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0031/document.
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Le transport maritime, étant un levier du commerce international, traduit l’expansion du domaine de la commercialisation maritime des biens et services. Ce type de commerce existe depuis des siècles mais il connait un nouvel essor du fait de la mondialisation économique. Le transit par la mer concerne 80% à 90% en tonnage des marchandises échangées dans le monde, autrement dit cette économie représente les 4/5 de l'ensemble de l’économie planétaire. De ce fait, cette problématique implique une approche théorique et pratique, nationale, certes, mais aussi internationale par l’intérêt de comparaisons avec d'autres pays à vocation maritime dans un contexte qui ne cesse d'évoluer aux plans économique, technique, commercial ainsi que juridique. Cependant, nombre de questions soulevées avec acuité pour mieux cerner le monde du transport maritime avec l'ensemble des entreprises qui le forment, des services qui s'y rattachent, des moyens et systèmes qui lui sont propres pour effectuer les échanges permanents à travers le monde, participent à la réglementation juridique au vu d’une meilleure régulation socio-économique. En effet, face aux bouleversements phénoménaux liés à ce domaine, cette thématique dessine un cadre comparatif en matière de gestion portuaire, des instances juridiques qui opèrent pour le bon déroulement des lois applicables et des différentes conventions liées au transport maritime. Toutefois, la place du Sénégal en la matière nécessite un travail à la fois théorique et pratique afin de prendre en compte la juste importance du transport maritime à travers une analyse de la situation dans la région et au Sénégal ainsi que d’engager des perspectives pouvant conditionner l’amélioration du secteurMaritime transport, a support of international trade, expresses the expansion of the field of maritime marketing of goods and services. This type of marketing exists centuries ago but it knows a revival because of economic globalization. Maritime transit concerns 80 to 90 percent in tonnage from exchanged goods in the world, in others words, that economy represents the four – fifths of the whole global economy. Therefore, that problematic implies both a theoretical and pratical approach, certainly national but also international by the interest of comparing with other maritime countries in a context which is continually evolving n economic, technical, commercial and legal levels. However, many questions raised with acuity to better define the world of maritime transport with the companies that compose it, services related to it, its own means and systems to carry out permanent exchanges around the world, contribute to the legal regulation in view of a better socio-economic control. In fact, considering the phenomenal upheavals linked with the field, this theme draws a comparative framework regarding port management, judicial instances that work for the smooth progress of applicable laws and different conventions related to maritime transport. However, Senegal’s position on the subject needs both a theoretical and pratical work in order to take into account the fair importance of maritime transport through an analysis of the situation in the region and in Senegal, then undertake perspectives that may lead to the improvement of the sector
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Marque, Étienne. "L’accès aux énergies fossiles en droit international économique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0118.
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Notre planète recèle dans sous-sol des gisements d’hydrocarbure, à l’origine depuis près d’un siècle, de la puissance de l’homme moderne. La présente étude porte sur les modalités juridiques d’extraction et d’appropriation de ces énergies fossiles. A l’état naturel, ces ressources n’ont pas d’existence juridique propre et leurs régimes suivent celui des territoires dans lesquels elles gisent. Aussi, pour que l’extraction des gisements puise avoir lieu, il convient d’abord d’identifier les titulaires des droits sur les territoires pétrolifères et prendre en compte non seulement la diversité de ces territoires mais également la diversité des acteurs et intérêts en présence. Les détenteurs primaires des droits d’accès aux ressources identifiés, pourront alors se déployer des contrats de prospection et d’exploitation des gisements, adaptées à l’ensemble des spécificités du secteur et des particularismes locaux, aux fins notamment d’une optimalisation de l’accès aux ressources fossilesOur planet contains underground fossil deposits powering the Modern man, since nearly a century. The present study deals with the legal issue regarding the extraction and appropriation of fossil fuels. In their natural state, these resources have no legal existence and their regimes follow the one of the territories in which they lie. Therefore, in order to extract the deposits, it is first necessary to identify the rights owners of the oil regions and to take into account not only the diversity of these territories but also the diversity of the actors and interests at stake. Once the primary access rights owners identified, deposits may be discovered and developed, through specific mining contracts, adapted to all the specific features of the sector and local particularities for the optimization of the access to fossil fuels
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Klaholz, Eva. "Bilanzierung von Dienstleistungskonzessionsvereinbarungen im IFRS-Abschluss eine Analyse von IFRIC 12: service concession arrangements". Düsseldorf IDW-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/99256512X/04.
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Lefevre, Jean-Christophe. "Formes organisationnelles et compétitivité internationale : une application à l'hôtellerie restauration". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX24010.
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L’idée générale est de montrer que la franchise, lato sensu, a été l’innovation organisationnelle qui a permis à de grands groupes d’hôtellerie-restauration de se former et de devenir les plus performants au niveau international. La théorie traditionnelle de l’internalisation, fondée sur l’économie des coûts de transaction, appliquée aux services et plus particulièrement l’hôtellerie-restauration se révèle comporter deux défauts fondamentaux : d’une part le point de vue dichotomique entre le marché et la hiérarchie et d’autre part l’absence de l’aspect stratégique. Pour dépasser le premier défaut, nous reprendrons l’idée qu’il existe un modèle organisationnel hybride de coopération qui a permis à des entreprises pionnières de dupliquer leur standard de service rapidement et de donner naissance aux chaînes intégrées en hôtellerie. Pour dépasser le second défaut, l’aspect stratégique est introduit au moyen de la théorie des jeux. L’avantage concurrentiel créé par l’usage de ces nouvelles structures hybrides dans le secteur de l’hôtellerie-restauration apparaît clairement. La recherche de capitaux, le partage des risques, le partage de la rente entrepreneuriale nous permettent de mettre en évidence l’influence de l’interaction entre franchiseur et franchisé et surtout la difficulté d’assurer une protection légale de l’innovation dans le secteur des services. Les salariés ou les partenaires en tant qu’agents de transaction adoptent aussi des comportements stratégiquesThe general idea is to show that franchising, in a broad sense, was the organizational innovation which allowed big groups of hotel and restauration business to form and to become the most successful at the international level. The traditional theory of internalization, based on the economy of transaction costs, applied to services and more particularly hotel and restaurant business contains two fundamental defects: on one hand the dichotomous point of view between market and hierarchy and on the other hand the absence of strategic aspect. To exceed the first defect, we shall develop the idea that there is an organizational hybrid model of cooperation which allowed pioneers firms to duplicate their standard of service quickly and to give birth to integrated chains. To exceed the second defect, the strategic aspect is introduced by means of game theory. The competitive advantage created by the use of these hybrid new structures in the sector of the hotel and restaurant business appears clearly. The capital research, the risk sharing, the sharing of entrepreneurial rent allow us to put in evidence the influence of the interaction between franchisor and franchisee and especially the difficulty to insure a legal innovation protection in the service sector. The employees or the partners as transaction agents also adopt strategic behaviour
Libros sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Airport Commission: Concession audit of Bayport Concessions, LLC. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2005.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. Audits Division. Concession audit report: Pacific Gateway Concessions, LLC, January 11, 1999 through June 17, 1999. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2000.
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Schweighofer, Erich. Der Einfluss der neuen internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung auf das internationale Konzessionenrecht. Wien: VWGÖ, 1991.
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Division, San Francisco (Calif ). Office of the Controller Audits. Airport Commission: Concession audit of TACA International Airlines. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2002.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Airport Commission: Concession audit of Host International, Inc. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2010.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Airport Commission: Concession audit of Smarte Carte, Inc. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2010.
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Division, San Francisco (Calif ). Office of the Controller Audits. Airport Commission: Concession audit of Aeroflot Russian International Airlines. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2001.
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Crahay, Paul. Les contrats internationaux d'agence et de concession de vente. Paris: L.G.D.J., 1991.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Airport Commission: Concession review of Fung Lum Restaurant Group. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2007.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Airport Commission: Concession audit of the Hertz Corporation. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2008.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Zhang, Jing, Jie Li, Sha Xu y Jian Zuo. "PPP Concession Contract/Guidelines: A Comparative Analysis". En Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 1279–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0855-9_112.
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Ng’ambi, Sangwani Patrick y Kangwa-Musole George Chisanga. "Political risk and the effect of stabilization clauses in concession agreements". En International Investment Law and Gender Equality, 45–77. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429021480-3.
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Andornino, Giovanni B. "Continuity and Change in Italy-China Relations: From Economic Pragmatism to Selective Followership and Back". En China-US Competition, 133–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15389-1_6.
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AbstractItaly is generally not a conspicuous actor in world affairs. In 2019, however, the Italian government chose to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for cooperation within the framework of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI), thereby stepping right into the middle of what has become a defining feature of the current international system, namely the US-China strategic competition. This chapter focuses on Italy’s domestic politics to argue that Rome used the BRI MoU as a tool to strike a tactical entente with the PRC to leverage Beijing’s resulting goodwill in order to extract the economic concessions that had long eluded Italian policy-makers. Between 2018 and 2019 Italy reacted to the budding “neutrality” vs. “taking sides” dilemma in the post-unipolar order by moving across “sub-zones” within a China policy that remained firmly anchored in the “hedging zone”.
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Zevallos, Deysi Aliaga, Claudio Lopez Tantavilca, Paola Jeremias Espinoza y Nelida Tantavilca Martinez. "Evaluation of the Efficiency of Silica Removal in Effluents with (Zea Mays Var. Saccharata) in the Santa Rosa 94–1 Mining Concession in C.C Llocllapampa, Jauja-Peru". En Proceedings of the 2022 12th International Conference on Environment Science and Engineering (ICESE 2022), 3–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1381-7_1.
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"The Concession Schools of Bogotá, Colombia". En School Choice International. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7767.003.0013.
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Barrera-Osorio, Felipe. "The Concession Schools of Bogotá, Colombia". En School Choice International, 193–218. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262033763.003.0009.
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"Concession Contracts as Relational Contracts". En Contractual Renegotiations and International Investment Arbitration, 50–95. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004407473_003.
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Bantekas, Ilias. "The Right to Unilateral Repudiation of Odious, Illegal, and Illegitimate Sovereign Debt as a Human Rights Defence". En Sovereign Debt and Human Rights, 536–54. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810445.003.0029.
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States enjoy the right to unilaterally denounce sovereign debt that is odious, illegal and illegitimate under strict circumstances. This entitlement does not exist where the debt(s) was/were incurred lawfully. A particular form of denunciation is sovereign insolvency, whose unilateral manifestation, is treated in practice by similar principles and responses as those apply mutatis mutandis to other forms of debt management. This chapter identifies, in addition to insolvency, five forms of unilateral debt denunciation that arise from the limited practice of states, which are moreover consistent with general international law. These are: (a) repudiation or non-enforcement of arbitral awards on public policy grounds; (b) denunciation on grounds of executive necessity and/or the right to fiscal/tax sovereignty; (c) direct unilateral repudiation on the basis of reports by national debt audit committees; (d) repudiation of contracts when creditor/investor violates human rights and of unconscionable concession contracts; (e) re-negotiation of bilateral investment treaties and concessions.
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Jean-Renaud, Cazali y de Cintré Kilian. "13 Project Finance in Civil Law Jurisdictions". En International Project Finance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198832850.003.0014.
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Until recently, project financing of public infrastructure projects in France, as in other civil law jurisdictions, was limited to concessions. This evolved in the early 2000s with the emergence of partnership agreements between public authorities and sponsors. Nowadays, project financing of public infrastructure projects is structured around two distinct contractual frameworks: concessions and public-private partnerships. The two main differences between public-private partnerships and concessions lie in (i) the way the project is designed and (ii) the remuneration of the private company. This chapter discusses public projects and tender offers, creating and perfecting security interests, daily assignment and pledges over business concerns, direct agreements and step-in rights, issues arising from secured lending, and the influence of the civil code in African countries.
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Chang, Zhang y Liu Yue. "International Concessions and the Modernization of Tianjin". En Harbin to Hanoi, 82–100. Hong Kong University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888139415.003.0005.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Abdul-Razzaq Hasan Al-Sudani, Tiba. "Expressive Speech Acts of Gender in American Concessions: A Socio-Pragmatic Study". En VIII. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress8-1.
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In politics, a concession is the act of a losing candidate publicly yielding to a winning candidate after an election after the overall result of the vote has become clear. The present paper finds it is important to trace the concession speeches of the political figures and tries to make a view on the general format of such speeches. So the present paper aims at analyzing the social factor of gender in American concessions sociopragmatically. Then, finding out the way that male and female American politicians use the expressive speech acts. It also aims at investigating the most frequent expressive speech act used by male and female in American concessions. The procedures that are followed in this paper are: 1. presenting a theoretical background about sociolinguistics, gender, socio-pragmatics and political concessions. 2.selecting the data, which is the American concession to be analysed socio-pragmatically. 3.making a conclusion based on what have been found in the analysis. This paper is limited to analyze gender socio-pragmatically according to Searle's classifications of speech acts (1969). The selected data are John Kerry's and Hillary Clinton’s concession speeches after conceding defeat in the US presidential elections.
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Kavaldzhieva, Kalina. "ESTABLISHMENT OF FAIR VALUE AND ANALYSIS OF A WASTE DEPOSIT CONCESSION". En 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.073.
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The scope of environmental accounting includes waste and its neutralization. The activity is classified as a social minimum for the life of the population. The challenge is the growth of waste - household and non-household. Therefore, sustainable development, specifically - waste reduction and recovery, is identified as a center of state and municipal policy. These problems will be soEuroed by making sustainable management decisions. The solution to the problems is through the implementation of public-private partnerships in the form of concessions. It is necessary to derive fair value and analyze the concession rights, which is industrial property. The efficiency of maintaining the existing use of the landfill or granting a construction concession will be compared. It is consistent with the developed legal, technical and environmental analyses. The tasks are: analysis and evaluation of the activity, derivation of the prime cost of the service, evaluation of the concession rights for all interested parties, sustainability of the activity. Methods of synthesis, analysis, comparability and evaluation are applicable. Main results - assessment of the concession rights; assessment of the benefits for the concessionaire and the grantor; proving the sustainability and effectiveness of management decision-making Conclusions In the presence of a positive Present Value and Internal Rate of Return, both for the grantor and the concessionaire is sustainable and effective to grant Concession rights. Recommendations To set minimum limits for the return of the concessionaire and the grantor, so that the tariffs / price per unit of the provided service is socially affordable
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Lin, Wan-Jung, Hsiangchu Lai y Gregory Kersten. "Concession triggering factors exploration". En the 14th Annual International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2346536.2346561.
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Al Jarwan, Dr Abdulla y Fathesha Sheikh. "Vertical Integration Strategy Implementation Through Hybrid Upstream and Downstream Concession Agreements". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207585-ms.
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Abstract Upstream developments in prolific oil and gas fields are highly profitable and hence attract various investors/partners, whereas Downstream developments profitability is margin based and challenging under certain situations to receive similar interest for investment in the same location. Vertical Integration Strategy implementation through hybrid upstream and downstream concession agreements can help address this issue. The seventies witnessed major changes in the oil industry's structures and strategies resulting from the nationalization of oil and gas reserves. This ultimately led to a separation between the upstream sector with national oil companies (NOCs) controlling most of the world reserves and crude production, and the downstream sector with the international oil companies (IOCs) controlling the largest share of the refining and marketing aspects in the main consuming countries. In the recent past, NOCs have started forward integration of its upstream sector with downstream sector to take advantage of the synergies and increase profitability. This paper takes the strategy a step more forward by exploring the possibility of developing oil and gas assets through a hybrid upstream/downstream concession agreement that can be awarded by the host government. The model hybrid agreement is built by integrating a typical upstream concession agreement with downstream equity-based joint venture (JV) agreement. It also takes the learnings from Production Development Production Sharing Agreement (DPSA) applied in the development of a Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) asset or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) asset which are usually developed as an integrated upstream and downstream business model. It is also feasible to build the hybrid agreement based on upstream Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) instead of a Concession Agreement. The paper will discuss how the hybrid upstream and downstream concession agreement is built and how it will distribute the risk and rewards across the entire value chain for investors, expand the scope of investment and support in the economic development of the host country.
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Yolum, Pinar y Munindar P. Singh. "Enacting protocols by commitment concession". En the 6th international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1329125.1329158.
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Suryaningrum, A., C. Utomo y E. Santoso. "REVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODS IN CONCESSION PERIOD FOR PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP". En 7th International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment. Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/icsbe.vol2.art16.
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Public Private Partnership (PPP) needs to be developed, related to the construction of infrastructure projects that require large costs incurred by the government. One of the important variables in preparing PPP contracts is to determine the concession period by taking into account the risks and uncertainties that occur during the concession period. The purpose of the study is to find out the research methods used related to the concession period by analyzing 30 papers related to the concession period. In the collection of research data, there are quantitative and qualitative approaches. The methods used in each study use different methods, based on the analysis of research methods from 30 papers. In the topic of discussion of the concession period, in general, the paper discusses the type of modeling, decision criteria, solutions, cases, research objects, risks and uncertainties and methods used. Previous studies related to the concession period have many different methods and objectives, In quadrant mapping shows that the use of quantitative methods with secondary data is the most dominant. Based on the reviews that have been carried out in this study, it can be concluded that the use of quantitative methods with secondary data is the most dominant.
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Endriss, Ulle. "Monotonic concession protocols for multilateral negotiation". En the fifth international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1160633.1160702.
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Lin, Yu-Li. "Contract Design of Concessions". En 2012 International Joint Conference on Service Sciences (IJCSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcss.2012.67.
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Rakhaev, V. "Financial Model In Terms Of Concession Agreements". En 18th International Scientific Conference “Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.96.
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Hindriks, Koen, Catholijn M. Jonker y Dmytro Tykhonov. "Negotiation Dynamics: Analysis, Concession Tactics, and Outcomes". En 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology (IAT'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iat.2007.50.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Concession internationale"
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Atuesta, Laura y Juan Manuel Puerta. IDB-9: Competitive Regional and Global International Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010513.
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Trade and regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been constant goals of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) since its inception. While the Bank has historically had a very active role in policy discussions with and technical assistance to countries on these issues, it has not had a substantial regional lending program in this area. Indeed, the trade and integration portfolio is divided between the nonlending part, mostly led by the Trade and Integration Sector, and the infrastructure integration part (where the bulk of the lending is concentrated), led by the infrastructure sector. However, this lending portfolio is composed almost exclusively of national projects with typically no proven regional benefits beyond the purely national ones. The main reason for the paucity of projects with regional benefits is that working regionally is associated with higher transaction costs for both the Bank and the countries, and the Bank still lacks a concessional lending instrument. Under the IDB-9 Agreement, the Bank reiterated regional integration as one of the priorities, attaching a specific lending target to it. Management was required to produce a new regional integration strategy and an action plan to guide the actions of the Bank. The new Integration Strategy has a thorough understanding of the nature of the challenges to regional integration and contains a complete and sound diagnosis of trade issues in LAC. Although the diagnosis of infrastructure integration and regional public goods is weaker, the Strategy remains relevant to identify the main challenges and the recent evolution of trade and integration in LAC. The Strategy and Action Plan provide little guidance, however, beyond outlining the main ideas. Although a first draft identified the need for concessional instruments, the final version proposed only a "smart mix" of existing instruments. The Strategy does not clearly define and build on the Bank¿s comparative advantage or record of past experience. The definition and classification of "regional integration projects" are confused; depending on the source chosen, regional integration projects represent between 0.6% and 25% of Bank lending in 2011. The baseline for lending in the IDB-9 Agreement (10%) is unrealistic given the Bank's historic performance, and projects without any connection with either regional integration or the Integration Strategy are being labeled as regional. The Strategy and the Action Plan mostly describe what the Bank currently does rather than provide strategic leadership or direction. The Bank is now at a crossroads. Different options are available depending on the risk appetite of Governors and the willingness of the LAC Region to advance toward regional integration. Instead of pursuing the current low-risk and low-payoff strategy, Governors may wish to tackle the problems that have precluded lending for regional integration, including providing preferential access to resources for regional integration projects with clear eligibility guidelines. In any case Management should revisit its classification system for regional lending and provide a more transparent and more accurate picture of actual Bank work in this area.
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Tomlinson, Brian. Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD): Game changer or mirage? ActionAid, AidWatch Canada, Oxfam International, marzo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7390.
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Total Official Support for Sustainable Development, or TOSSD, is a new statistical metric that has been in the making for almost 10 years. It is meant to capture a broad range of global flows of public money in support of sustainable development. These include aid, loans on non-concessional terms, and public funds aimed at mobilising private finance for development. Metrics matter. It is essential to track the resources that the international community is allocating to turn the ambitions of Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into reality. Without such data, it is impossible to determine whether there is progress. ActionAid, AidWatch Canada and Oxfam International are publishing this discussion paper to shed light on how TOSSD works in practice as well as on its ambitions, shortcomings and the contending political perspectives on this new metric. The paper emphasizes that TOSSD could significantly shape the future of development finance.
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Maldonado, Leonardo y Víctor Olivo. Is Venezuela Still an Upper-Middle-Income Country? Estimating the GNI per Capita for 2015–2021. Inter-American Development Bank, diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004612.
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In the 2022 World Bank (WB) country classifications by income level, Venezuela is classified as an upper-middle-income country. Due to the lack of reliable official economic information from the Venezuelan regime, the WB ranked the country using its gross national income (GNI) of 2013. However, after 2013 Venezuela started to experience one of the largest economic collapses observed in Latin American history. We use three different approaches (the Atlas method, extrapolation, and an adjusted deflator) to obtain consistent and robust estimates of the GNI per capita for Venezuela up to 2021. Our findings reveal that Venezuela has been a lower-middle-income country since 2018 and suggest a 2021 GNI per capita of US$ 1,826 using the Atlas method, US$ 2,070 applying an extrapolation technique, and US$ 2,079 following an adjusted deflator. These results are substantially lower than the US$ 11,970 and US$ 13,080 reported by the WB for 2013 and 2014, respectively. A reconsideration of Venezuela's WB income-level classification could facilitate access to concessional conditions to internationally supported mechanisms.
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Corrales, Maria Elena y Lourdes Alvarez. IDB-9: Evaluation of IDB-9 Commitments for Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010521.
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The objective of this report is to assess the full and effective implementation of the Bank's support to Haiti in the wake of the 2010 earthquake, in fulfillment of the mandates of IDB-9, which included full debt forgiveness, delivery of concessional resources in 2010, and expansion of the Bank's Grant Facility to provide Haiti US$200 million per year for a period of 10 years (2011-2020), subject to annual approval by the Governors. The evaluation confirms that the financial mandates included in IDB-9 have been fulfilled. The Bank wrote off Haiti's debt and transferred resources to the Grant Facility to approve grants to the country over the amount previously established, for US$231.6 million in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, the Bank transferred US$200 million per year in Ordinary Capital resources to the Grant Facility. The Bank financed a program for an amount that exceeded the transfers made, totaling US$231.0 million in 2011 and US$228.0 million in 2012. As regards the Bank's role in catalyzing resources from other donors, there were intense efforts, and the Bank leveraged US$136 million in the period 2010-2012. That figure, however, is somewhat lower than for the period preceding the earthquake and the annual amounts received have fallen. Coordination of international donors has proven inadequate, given the challenges facing the country and the management and execution capacity of the Haitian government. In this context, the Bank's sector coordination work in some key sectors is both recognized and valued. The intervention strategy adopted by the Bank emphasized long-term efforts in the sectors where it had been operating, rather than reconstruction, and had very ambitious targets given the limited management capacities of the Government of Haiti. Execution problems, such as poor designs and preinvestment studies, combined with low execution and supervision capacity in executing units, limited the results of these programs. New programs for development in the northern hub, along with institutional support at the sectoral level, involve risks that need to be addressed in a timely manner to ensure results in the long term. Meanwhile, the urgent need for approval and disbursement of US$200 million each year for 10 years does open up new opportunities for establishing a long-term country strategy, but is hindered by the slow, complex process of institution building. The result is pressure on specialists from the Bank and in the country, and this does not necessarily lead to disbursements or to effective efforts to overcome the problems of Haitian society. Haiti remains a major challenge for the IDB, and international coordination is vital if progress is to be made in overcoming the country¿s urgent problems of poverty and low economic growth. In this regard, OVE believes that the effectiveness of the Bank's actions in Haiti will depend on assessing the constraints associated with country's fragile condition, redefining sector targets and outcomes in line with the context, and paying special attention to reconstruction efforts. Lastly, harmonizing approvals and disbursements with the actual implementation conditions in the executing agencies involved, and respecting the time-frames needed to provide assistance in institution building within the country through a segmented allocation strategy, would make it possible to ensure the Bank's sustained, long-term support.
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West y Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, noviembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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Oversight Note on the Performance Criteria for Allocating Concessional Resources. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010476.
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This note (RE-279) represents the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's preliminary review of the new performance-related allocation criteria used by the Bank. It is confined almost exclusively to a methodological review of the allocative criteria and to a comparative analysis of the approaches used elsewhere for the performance-based allocation of scarce resources. This report discusses the evolution of allocation criteria within the Bank's methodology for allocating concessional resources. The report also analyzes the distributional impact of the new performance-based methodology and compares the Bank's criteria with the most important alternative criteria used to allocate aid: those developed by the International Development Association (IDA), of the World Bank. In addition, a methodological discussion of the Bank's framework is presented along with conclusions and recommendations.