Tesis sobre el tema "Communautés de pratique – Sénégal"
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Le, her Cyrielle. "Décrire et cοmprendre l’activité des cellules d'animatiοn pédagοgique zοnales au Sénégal : entre prescriptiοns institutiοnnelles et perceptiοns du dispοsitif par les enseignants à Dakar et en Casamance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC015.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to describe and understand the organisation of collaboration between teachers for the purposes of professionalisation in the Senegalese context. A study of prescriptions and actual practices reveals several trends. The loss of meaning may be reflected in the different evolving aims of the teachers, who modify the organisation and choice of themes addressed in the exchanges. The discontinuity between the prescribed and the actual may explain the lack of diversity of themes and the absenteeism of some teachers. Tensions and contradictions were observed with regard to the commitment of the actors and the use of IT and didactic tools. Teachers' personal initiatives show a desire to continue to collaborate through the zonal pedagogical coordination units. The institutional discourse highlights the successes of integrating IT tools into the system, particularly in Casamance, while the attitudes of the players in practice differ from case to case. They adjust according to the collective and individual dynamics of the system, in a top-down, bottom-up or iterative approach. Thus, collaboration between teachers within a working framework is presented as one of the possible avenues for professionalisation
Doignon, Aurélie. "La "mise en savoirs" des danses africaines : Approche anthropo-didactique des liens entre transposition d’une pratique culturelle et évolution de ses modes de diffusion : le cas du sabar au Sénégal et en France". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0257.
Texto completoDance of the popular districts of Dakar, sabar dance is subject to professional and spatial reconfigurations. This dance was formerly defined as originating from a line of griots and education through informal institutions. New frames structure this dance tradition in a more formal way, integrating it in the "art" category and leading to a new economic structure. The griots, whose knowledge is an atavist transmission, are no longer in the majority in professional circles of dance. This leads to new attitudes of transmission, training and learning of dance. The sabar is institutionalized, to access the international legitimate choreographic field. This thesis studies the dialectic between traditional references (religious, old, etc.) and modern approaches, in light of the new professionalization of these dancers. How do the processes of institutionalization and transposition of the practice of the sabar allow and encourage exchanges and circulation of corporealities and dancers around the world? Becoming a sabar dancer at a professional level means getting one’s education both from "classical" and formal learning, and from everyday, informal learning This overall education marks the porosity of the structural categorizations of learning. This thesis highlights the multiple modifications involved in this learning. It explores choreographic changes and shows how sabar dance is undergoing a reconfiguration in terms of gender and social status
Ndao, Ibou. "Articulation entre terroirs villageois et collectivités locales dans le processus de la décentralisation : pratiques de gestion, logiques d'usage et représentation du territoire : cas de la communauté rurale de Ross Béthio au Sénégal". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20004.
Texto completoDecentralization in rural Senegalese medium has followed a long process. Since 1972, the authorities always have posted a real will of promotion of the local participation by the means of several reforms aiming the local organization and the operation of the communities. These reforms will devote the responsabilisation of the local actors in a collective development of resources and stock management. These decentralization occurs in a context of disengagement of the State which transfers to the local communities more competences than means. Thus the rural role of the council, authority of decision elected within the rural community was to harmonize the development on the communal level of the territory. It must articulate in a coherent way the practices and logics of action of the whole of the village soils to sit as a common management space with the aim of a better integration in the various activities one the whole of the community. The interest of this research is to account for the various strategies of the socio-professional groups around the capacity transferred for the stock management. These strategies which are the cause of various conflicts between the actors, in particular between the peasants and the stockbreeders, made it possible to found a process of negotiation to find a compromised allowing a common management of the space of the community and its resources. This compromised means at the rural Community level of Ross Béthio, the installation of a Plan of Occupation and Assignment of the Grounds
Ba, Magatte. "Paysages et communautés rurales au Sénégal occidental : approche intégrée par cartographie assistée et télédétection satellitaire". Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA1012.
Texto completoJouirou, Manel. "Les conditions de développement des communautés de pratique (COPS)". Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090046.
Texto completoThe present study aims at providing support in understanding communities of practice (CoPs) development conditions. We decided to focus this study on communities of practice intentionally created. A qualitative research has been performed in order to confirm and enrich the literature review results. We identify factors influencing learning and sharing knowledge through communities of practice. We found that organizational, community, technological and individual aspects affect the development of these organizational forms. We also found that competition between communities of practice and other existing groups, the lack of human contact and “Top-Down” creation way are the most important factors which limit the development of these organizational forms. The identification of conditions under which a community of practice may be successful allows organization to understand the reasons of successful or unsuccessful communities of practice and how to develop them effectivel
Diop, Djibril. "Dynamiques territoriales, décentralisation et enjeux de développement local dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal : cas des communautés rurales de la région de Matam". Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010519.
Texto completoWagué, Cheikhna. "Les communautés soninkées du Fouta Toro (Mauritanie, Sénégal) depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle : peuplements, migrations et stratégies identitaires". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010568.
Texto completoSato, Gilson Yukio. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la coordination de communautés de pratique distribuées". Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1756.
Texto completoThis research work concerns the development of tools to facilitate the coordination of distributed Communities of Practice (CoP) using Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). CoPs are increasingly used for organisations looking for social approaches to handle knowledge-related problems. However, to develop and coordinate distributed CoPs is a difficult task. In this context, tools to facilitate and follow the development of CoPs are highly desirable. With this motivation, we designed and implemented the prototype of an agent called CoPBoard to facilitate the coordination of CoPs. Its design is based on : a review about the CoP's theoretical framework, the articulation between CoPs and MAS, a review about MAS as tools for communities and a case study. The CoPBoard can be seen as an instrument panel for CoPs. It shows information that instigates a reflection about the community domain and the participation of its members. The system extracts information from the exchange of emails among community members and presents it as a graphical representations to the community coordination. A CoP is a delicate social structure, too much control over it or the lack of support can harm its development. The CoPBoard tries to facilitate the development of a community without controlling it. The system does not play the role of the coordinator, but it aims at helping him. We tested the CoPBoard and preliminary results indicate that it can be useful for a community. These results also showed new possible developments for this research work
Ndiaye, Cheikh Amadou Tidiane. "Diffusion et pratique de la contraception en milieu rural sénégalais : cas de la zone d'étude de Niakhar". Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40006.
Texto completoBrie, Jean-Michel. "Leadership éthique et communautés de pratique et d'apprentissage : l'éthique en gestion scolaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29561/29561.pdf.
Texto completoSoenen, Guillaume. "Identités organisationnelles et communautés de pratique : Le cas d'une société de conseil". Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHEC0014.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with organizational learning, and more specifically with learning organizations. I mobilize the concept of organizational identity and focuses on a specific mode of organizing: intra-organizational communities of practice. First, I develop a model conceptualizing organizational identity as a system composed of five interacting facets. Second, I articulate a renewed definition of communities of practice as collective answers to prescription failures. A quantitative study of four communities of practice allows the establishment of a link between membership into a community and individuals' preference for certain sources of knowledge. This result confirms that communities of practice are more than a mere linguistic formula and are a distinct psycho-sociological reality. In a third phase, a comparative study is used to reveal the factors which contribute to this specific form of social network that can be defined as an “organizational mousse”
Diop, Mor. "Aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal : formation paysanne et processus de responsabilisation". Montpellier 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON30025.
Texto completoSummary : a brief presentation of the physical and human environment to delimit the context of the study is followed by an analysis of the historical development of the area. The work them focuses on the difficulties and constraints that have delayed participation and responsabilisation of the farmers in the operation and management of differents types of perimeters in the delta and the senegal river valley. The study is particularly concerned with issues related to agricultural extension through the analysis of the relations between extension workers and farmers. The work concludes by giving a fameworh of the basis of smallholder agriculture development well structured and self sustained in the dynamics of the post-dams era
Toure, Khady. "L'appropriation des stratégies d'information par les organisations paysannes du bassin arachidier sénégalais dans la vulgarisation phytosanitaire : médiations du professionnel de l'information et de la documentation". Grenoble 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE39026.
Texto completoSeye, Gorgui. "Technologie et socioculture : pour une anthropologie organisationnelle : le cas d'une pratique au Sénégal". Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA083744.
Texto completoThis thesis concerning our past experience is integrated in a larger study that considers the relationships between technology and socioculture. We believe that technology has always been an important factor that can explain colonization, on top of the Victorian explanation of the 19th century. Technology will in fact determine the relationships between Europe and developing countries or the Third World. The same question on technology and its relationships with socioculture also exists in industrially advanced countries, and of course in developing countries basing their progress on the technology mentioned above. Studies and books on employment, work and unemployment that are related to technology indicate a certain anxiety and also show the evolution of this technology from the Industrial Revolution to nowadays. The book by Jean-Jacques Salomon "The technological fate" shows the anxiety accompanying this technological development in its title. Technology will always be a privileged subject because it carries an ideology raising the question of work: machines were at first not intended for work, but nowadays work is organized around machines, and this production mode imposes a rhythm and a social organization of work, which raises the question of development after independence. When ethnology returned to its homeland because "exoticism has moved" as Gérard Althabe says, a new kind of anthropology working on organizations such as modern companies will base itself on of the notion of work to find its integrity on a sociocultural level. There are some behaviors based on details experts and institutional researches usually ignore. The best example is parallel production, a typical phenomenon through which industry workers express a part of their subjectivity, thus constituting a challenge against institutions and authority via parody and rule-breaking, showing the artificialness of our modern world. However, technology is meaningless if not integrated in a social practice: in countries such as Senegal, its meaningfulness will be shown through the adaptability of work
Sow, Papa Alioune. "Le français parlé dans le milieu du football au Sénégal : une pratique sociolectale". Paris 13, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA131013.
Texto completoLaying the groundwork for a reflection on the sociolect of Senegalese footballers means making a formal but also functional description of the speeches of speakers who make up this socio-sporting group. The objective of this thesis is therefore to manage to detect in daily language practices, specific features at the phonological, lexical, morphological and syntactic level. Moreover, the choice of this sport is far from accidental. Indeed, since in Senegal football has acquired a significant social dimension for a little more than a decade, it seemed necessary to focus on the nature of the interlocutions in a context of language contact that heavily affects the relationship between members of the group. The concept of sociolect being intimately linked to the notion of linguistic variation, a theoretical perspective of sociolinguistic variables proved essential to the analysis of the transcodic markers, which found the particularity of interactions. It was therefore about starting from a methodological framework of data collection from which the facts of language were observed, sampled and analyzed according to strictly social, cultural and institutional criteria. Thus language and discursive practices specific to the field of Senegalese football have been studied according to whether they proceed from the integration of Wolof linguistic units into a French statement or vice versa, of segments alternating between both languages or they result from a process of creation of new items
Hane, Fatoumata. "Émergence de la fonction soignante : reconfigurations professionnelles et politiques publiques autour de la prise en charge de la tuberculose au Sénégal". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0278.
Texto completoSeveral publications in Europe and African have dealt of medical profession. Based on descritpion of the professionnal groups and their interactions. In Senegal, medecine did not build itself gradually. It was copied on the occidental model that actors hailed to reproduce. Meanwhile, reforms and health policies gave way to non professionnal agents emerge in the health field. Their implication in medical activities that were kept for health staff contributed to the redefination of medical profession content. The current structuration of health personnel and the conditions of medecine practices by the tasks delegation principle to different profil agents. The profession sense is distorts: non professional agents give health care, hold function. In short, they fulfill the job of nursing and want to be recognised and treated so. We see the emergence of caring function structuring itself and acquired expertise. By joining anthropological approaches, historical sources and medical profession analys, this work provides a different look on the construction of health profession through the management of a stigmatizing disease, as tuberculosis
Benmostefa, Nabila. "Communautés de pratique et dynamique de la pratique professionnelle : le cas des instructeurs pilotes et techniciens d’Airbus Helicopters Training Services". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200626_BENMOSTEFA_45gpvan867sp307zzdac474zfe_TH.pdf.
Texto completoThe research done since 1990s’ on the CP brought into the light the way it’s working at the collective level. However, until now, few studies have focused on the individual dimension of member’s evolution in practice. Evolution in practice takes place within the CP and landscape of practice. In that respect, we construct the object of our research. It is about studying the process by which individuals evolve in practice and identifying the factors that influence it within the community and landscape of practice. To do this, we use works that examine questions of practice, identity, community, learning, knowledge and collective engagement. These elements form the foundation that we mobilize to guide the empirical study and provide answers to our problem. Our research follows the pragmatic constructivist paradigm and a qualitative methodological approach based on a unique case study of pilot and technical instructors communities at AHTS (65 interviews and 5 months of non-participant observation). The results of this research expose the process by which instructors develop their mastery of practice in four communities, formed spontaneously and across organizational boundaries. In this sense, instructors access to a phase of practice basic acquisition; then a phase of growth where they evolve remarkably in the practice; and finally a phase of maturity, where they reach an expertise recognized and legitimized by their peers. Therefore, we conclude that evolution in the exercise of practice depends mainly on the availability of knowledge related to each practice, allowing learning
Nezet, Michael. "Les communautés de pratique en entreprise sous l'angle de leur animation : analyse et enjeux". Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIML002/document.
Texto completoThis research focuses on communities of practice (CoP) in companies. Referring to Wenger and situated learning, it was to examine the role(s) of the facilitators in terms of member's learning. From a corpus of 31 interviews of people from 21 companies, as well as various secondary materials, I analyzed the terminology used by companies and facilitators and modes of structuring CoP. While learning issues appear less central than assumed, an institutionalization and formalization of communities and facilitators are apparent. A majority of CoP are implemented and supported intentionally, process is formalized, they became a form of management, especially knowledge management. New roles related to the implementation and the facilitation emerge. This process is accompanied by a process of professionalization and provides a market for businesses. In this context, the role of those leaders sometimes remains ambiguous. While CoP presented as a theory, a descriptor of learning processes at work in social groups, these were transformed in the last ten years in a managerial practice, a tool that companies integrate gradually in their operation. In an economy of competition, increasingly knowledge-based, they are traversed by management issues they are supposed to meet, as a remedy for some organizational ills
Cappe, Emmanuelle. "Conditions d'émergence et de développement des communautés de pratique pour le management des connaissances". Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE21002.
Texto completoGarrot, Elise. "Plate-forme support à l'Interconnexion de Communautés de Pratique. Application au tutorat avec TE-Cap". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392690.
Texto completoPartant d'une analyse des besoins des tuteurs, à partir d'une étude théorique et d'une étude de terrain, nous proposons de traiter cette problématique en concevant la plate-forme TE-Cap (« Tutoring Experience Capitalization »), fondée sur le concept de Communautés de Pratique (CoP). Nous adoptons une démarche de conception co-adaptative qui tend à faire évoluer la plate-forme en même temps que se précisent les besoins. Cette plate-forme a pour objectif de supporter les échanges, la confrontation et la mutualisation des expériences et des pratiques de ses utilisateurs afin de les amener à développer, de manière informelle et créative par l'entraide et la collaboration, des compétences et expertises, et à créer de nouvelles approches pour résoudre des problèmes. Construite sur la base d'un modèle d'Interconnexion de CoPs (ICP), proposé comme extension du concept de Constellation de CoPs (CCP), la plate-forme utilise une classification des connaissances s'inspirant de principes du Knowledge Management et du Web 2.0.
Ce modèle d'ICP est appliqué au tutorat dans la plate-forme TE-Cap mais concerne tout ensemble d'acteurs exerçant une même activité. Il vise à favoriser la création et le partage de connaissances à la fois dans le contexte local de pratique des acteurs (l'institution ou l'entreprise) et au niveau global de l'activité. L'interface homme-machine représente la base de connaissances de manière spatiale et interactive, de façon à rendre rapide l'ajout et la recherche de connaissances, grâce à un modèle d'indexation adapté aux thèmes liés à la communauté identifiée. Deux expérimentations ont été menées dans le cadre du tutorat afin d'évaluer la plate-forme avec des tuteurs de disciplines et pays différents.
Ben, Amor Haythem. "Le rôle de la confiance dans le management des connaissances : cas des communautés de pratique". Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131004.
Texto completoKnowledge Management (KM) in firms has known a remarkable evolution. The latter’s objective is to resolve various problems such as the “surplus of information”, which characterizes the environment and the employees’ voluntary or forced mobility. Nevertheless, knowledge management does not necessarily imply its success. Indeed, various factors can influence it , notably : culture, leadership, technology, time motivation and especially trust, considering that it constitutes a determining factor of the collective performance, in particular in the case of communities and teams, the production of which is marked by a strong intangible intensity. This research seeks to identify the role of trust in Knowledge Management. The objective is to demonstrate that the success of KM depends largely on the development and preservation of a reliable relation within the concerned actors and between the employees and their organization
Baldé, Mamadou Lamarana. "L'aménagement des périmètres intermédiaires de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal (rive gauche) : bilan et perspectives". Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20085.
Texto completoKa, Samba. "Communautés zooplanctoniques de deux lacs tropicaux (lac de Guiers et réservoir de Dakar Bango, Sénégal) : relations avec les facteurs environnementaux, le phytoplancton et les efflorescences cyanobactériennes". Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11038.
Texto completoImbert, Pierre. "Le renouvellement des enseignants d'Éducation Physique et Sportive : aspects utilitaristes, anti-utilitaristes et communautés de pratique". Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343450.
Texto completoCe renouvellement est approché comme une activité sociale. Ce choix exige d'analyser cet objet d'étude dans sa globalité et d'accorder une place centrale aux perceptions construites par les individus lors de la transmission de savoirs. Deux concepts théoriques, « le paradigme du Don » et « les communautés de pratique », sont articulés pour rendre compte de la complexité de l'objet. Cet ensemble théorique a été choisi comme niveau intermédiaire de significations d'actions entre l'individuel et le collectif. Les matériaux empiriques ont été recueillis au cours de 54 entretiens « compréhensifs » et de collectes de documents utilisés par les membres du jury ou des formateurs IUFM (documents de travail du jury, rapports de visites de stagiaires, notes ethnographiques). Ces recueils ont été rendus possibles par une observation participante.
La présentation des résultats est organisée en trois niveaux – communauté de pratique simple, composée et constellation de communautés de pratiques – permettant l'interprétation de l'activité à partir de trois indicateurs : (a) identifier les savoirs et leur genèse au sein de chaque niveau, (b) décrire les participations des individus, et (c) discuter des liens qui articulent participation et genèse des savoirs. Dans ce qu'ils ont d'essentiel, les résultats permettent une description de l'activité de renouvellement des professeurs d'EPS comme produit par différents « couplages structurels ». Ces couplages prennent des formes différentes selon la focale de l'analyse. Lorsque l'accent est mis sur les transferts de savoirs, cette forme se manifeste par un couplage entre Don et Droit. Quand l'attention se porte sur la participation d'individus au sein de collectifs, c'est entre transmission et légitimation que ce couplage se forme.
Ces modélisations permettent d'envisager les concours de recrutement comme un objet central dans la professionnalisation des enseignants d'EPS. La contribution du CAPEPS s'étend au-delà de la sélection des nouveaux venus en légitimant, par des procédures collectives, des savoirs et des individus. En retour, par des participations à la formation, ces derniers ont « l'obligation de rendre » les savoirs qu'ils ont reçus. Cependant, l'imbrication nécessaire de la préparation et du concours est en décalage avec l'autonomisation de la formation professionnelle et des processus de sélection.
La synthèse et la discussion générale apportent une contribution sur le plan théorique et des propositions portant sur les procédures de renouvellement des enseignants différant d'une conception « uniquement technique » de la professionnalisation. Trois thèmes sont développés : (1) les difficultés soulevées par le recrutement par concours ; (2) les apports théoriques pour les concepts du « paradigme du Don et «communauté de pratique », et (3) les relations entre formation et recrutement.
Garrot, Élise. "Plate-forme support à l'interconnexion de communautés de pratique ( ICP ) : application au tutorat avec TE-Cap". Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0078/these.pdf.
Texto completoOur research work related to Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) is more specifically turned towards tutoring, a fundamental activity in education. However, the existing definitions of tutoring are unsatisfactorlly and this practice is very poorly institutionalized. Starting from the analysis of the tutors' needs defined during a theoretical and a ground study, we suggest designing the TE-Cap ("Tutoring Experience Capitalization ») platform, based on the concept of Communities of Practice (CaP). We adapt a co-adaptive design approach which allow us to develop the platform little by little, as needs become clearer. This platform enables the tutors to exchange and confront there experiences. They are thus brought to develop skills and expertise, in an informal and creative way by mutual aid and collaboration. Thes exchanges will also enable the tutors to find new approaches to solve problems. Built on a madel of lnterconnection of CaPs (ICP) and proposed as an extension of the concept of Constellation of CaPs (CCP), the platform uses a knowledge classification inspired by the Knowledge Management and Web 2. 0 principles. This ICP madel is applied ta tutoring in the TE-Cap platform but can also be applied to any set of actors practicing the same activity. Our system is made to accelerate knowledge creation in the actors' local context (the education institution or the company) as well as at a globallevel of the activity. The human-machine interface displays the knowledge base in a spatial and interactive way so as to allaw the users to add and retrieve knowledge in an efficient way. This is possible thanks to an indexation model adapted to the identified community. [. . . ]
Gressier, Alain. "Réseaux d'émergence d'une construction de communautés de pratique : impacts d'une formation de la mise en oeuvre". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8e7b6aa1-b9b8-4728-a557-630573491e43.
Texto completoDiallo, Mariama. "Au cœur de la nature et de l’Etat : une ethnographie de la cogestion de l’Aire Marine Protégée du Bamboung au Sénégal". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0173.
Texto completoHow are protected areas in Senegal managed in the light of conservation field reforms related to the introduction of multi-stakeholder governance modes ? This work answers this question through an ethnography of the interactions generated by the implementation and operationalization of co-management agreements in the Bamboung Marine Protected Area (MPA), in the geographical region of the Saloum Delta in Senegal. Negotiated between citizens, State administrations and the Oceanium Association, co-management agreements are promoted as instruments for the joint management of the GPA. Their operationalization implies the intervention of institutions of a different nature giving rise to the observation of institutional and legal pluralism and the mobilization of several normative repertoires likely to be complementary, contradictory or in competition. Similarly, the production of GPA prohibition rules and access rights is no longer the responsibility of a single institution, whether legal or legitimate. Conflicts, competitions, tacit or explicit alliances are emerging whose stakes go beyond environmental issues. Although the new conservation methods hoped for in Bamboung contribute to the disengagement of State administrations or the fragmentation of its sovereignty, they do not systematically reflect a loss of sovereignty or its dispossession of public action. On the other hand, they are at the origin of other dynamics that deserve to be explored, halfway between international inputs, local socio-political dynamics and the preservation or even expansion of State power. Co-management agreements not only fill a gap, but also provide information on the relationship between the state and alternative modes of service delivery, its presence and redeployment. In this sense, do co-management agreements tend to blur or strengthen the boundaries between state prerogatives and those attributed to other stakeholders ? What do they tell us about the transformation of the role of state administrations, their evolution on the ground and their current dynamics ? How do they inform us, moreover, about the socio-political reconfigurations within "local communities", the factory of access to resources and citizenship ?
Gosselin, Marilène. "Le développement professionnel de praticiennes et de praticiens du domaine de la santé : une compréhension des expériences d'apprentissage découlant de la participation à des communautés de pratique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69036.
Texto completoIn response to challenges for professional development in daily practice and this, among others in the health sector, an alternative approach has been implemented in workplaces in the past few years. These are communities of practice. Research has concluded that they have positive effects in the professional development of the practitioners as well as for organizational development. Although the procedural aspects and the conditions for implementing this device have been documented, the process experienced by the participants in terms of professional development remains less well known. This project aims to clarify the learning process experienced by people participating in a community of practice in order to understand, from a scientific point of view, how to modify or improve their professional practice and therefore to develop professionally. Beforehand, a review of the literature to clarify the concept of professional development is required to position the present works in a constructivist or socioconstructivist perspective. It emerges that, both in the scientific and practical implications to better understand and supporting this process contributes both to the construction of knowledge and to professional identity, the challenge remains to combine its different dimensions: personal, professional and sociocultural. In the empirical approach, it's mainly from the data of the interview carried out with participants from communities of practice that a qualitative case analysis was realized with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The results indicate that various types of learning process, as theoretically suggested by Jarvis (2010), whether they are non-reflexive, reflexive or reflected or even absent in the immediate future, can be experienced within a community of practice. By deepening this learning phenomenon, we see that it is a combination of actions, thoughts and feelings that will lead to one or other of these learning processes. Our study leads us to believe that, although the outcome will always depend on the interaction of the person in their lived world from their biography, it's possible to influence the learning process. Indeed, the analysis of the potential learning experiences demonstrates the interaction of conditions related to the context, to the educational aspects and to herself in this process. Furthermore, these turn out to be more effective, in a professional development perspective, when they integrate collaborative and learning activities prompting a reflexive practice as well as a development of new conceptual understandings, more specifically, related to the professional practice and work's context. Finally, this research shows us the potential of a community of practice as a collaborative device for professional development, which can contribute to the construction of the identity and learning of the person, and provides some leads to promote it. Thus, by taking into account the dynamics of the dimensions of professional development in the various activities proposed in the workplace and repeated over time, it's possible to act on the learning process of people which evolves with the person and the world in an evolutionary way.
Prost, Magali. "Les échanges entre professionnels de l'éducation : entre soutien psychologique et acquisition de connaissances sur la pratique". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure des telecommunications - ENST, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790685.
Texto completoAbzaoui, Yousra. "Les communautés de pratique copmposées de conseillers et intervenants en transmission d'entreprise : exploration du fonctionnement et des retombées". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29970.
Texto completoThis research aims to explore the functioning and success factors of communities of practice grouping professionals and practioners in the business transfer sector. To do this, during one year long, we observed two communities of practice meetings. These communities of practice were grouping various professionals and practioners from the Quebec City and Montreal regions working in the business transfer sector. In total, twenty hours of observation were made. In addition to the non-participant observation, we realized semi-structured individual interviews with community of practice facilitators and questionnaires filed by participants to capture their perceptions after a year of meetings.
Gimenez, Marie. "Effets de la pratique du repeuplement sur la structure fonctionnelle et en taille des communautés de poissons lacustres". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30272.
Texto completoStocking is a management practice commonly used by freshwater managers. This practice consists of releasing fish, often from aquaculture, into a given ecosystem to enhance fish stocks. Although the effects of this practice can spread through all levels of biological organization, its impact on community and ecosystem remains poorly understood due to a lack of monitoring. Thus, the main objective of this work was to quantify the effects of stocking on community structure and ecosystem functioning. In the first chapter, we estimated the ecological risks of stocking programs on the community structure of large French lakes. Our results showed that stocking had a significant impact on the functional and body size structure of recipient communities, even in absence of change in their taxonomic composition. However, these effects were influenced by the initial characteristics of the communities (i.e., fish density and species diversity), underlining the context-dependence of the effects of stocking. In a second chapter, we identified the causes and quantified consequences of recent stocking practices within a network of gravel pit lakes located in the central part of the Garonne floodplain. Our results showed that an increase of stocking was associated with an increase in taxonomic and functional richness, as well as density-dependent changes in community body size structure. These changes were partly explained by the fact that phenotypic characteristics of stocked individuals met anglers' demands (i.e., large and predatory species). In a third chapter, based on an experimental approach, we assessed whether habitat enhancement could limit the impact of stocking on prey communities and ecosystem functioning. Our results showed that stocking had a limited impact on prey communities, and this impact was mitigated by the deployment of woody habitat surrounded by a steel cage. However, the deployment of this habitat had an effect on ecosystem functioning, showing that it is difficult to mitigate the effects of stocking, even with an ecosystem-based management practice. Stocking plays a major role in community dynamics, through the massive and regular release of individuals whose phenotype meets halieutic requirements. However, improved monitoring of practices and further studies will be essential to understand the full extent of the effects of stocking on eco-evolutionary dynamics, ecosystem functioning and the services derived from them. The study of complementary and ecosystem-based management measures will also be crucial to ensure the sustainability of freshwater fisheries
Konečnỷ, Adam. "Consequences of anthropogenic changes on rodent communities and populations : study cases on native and introduced species in Eastern Senegal". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20094.
Texto completoRodent communities and populations in the Sudanian savanna of Eastern Senegal were investigated in relation to the intensity of human-made changes of the environment. One of main drivers of the global change, land use, caused significantly higher abundances of rodent communities in agriculture landscape via to increasing dominancy of the ubiquitous murid species Mastomys erythroleucus, than was observed for pristine savannas inside the Niokolo Koba National Park. At population level, the fragmentation and deforestation of wooded savanna, potentially facilitated by climatic changes in this sub-Saharan region, indicated significant changes in genetic diversity of another species, the partly arboreal Praomys daltoni. Microsatellite allelic richness and expected heterozygosity were significantly lower, and population differentiation higher in isolated populations in the northern limit of its distribution area, where they have left deforested landscape and survive only in villages, than in southern localities with continuous P. Daltoni distribution. Another main aspect of the global environmental change is the human-mediated introduction and spread of the invasive black rat Rattus rattus, whose colonization of Senegal was described using recently developed Bayesian approach based on microsatellite data. The most likely evolutionary scenario indicated multiple introductions and several subsequent admixture events, which might support its invasion success. Substantial consequences of human impact on rodents were found at both community and population levels, implying important effects on biodiversity and human well-being
Prost, Magali. "Les échanges entre professionnels de l'éducation sur les forums de discussion entre soutien psychologique et acquisition de connaissances sur la pratique : entre soutien psychologique et acquisition de connaissances sur la pratique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENST0047.
Texto completoThe study focuses on interactions on online forums involving professionals faced with issues in their work, and aims to understand what it is that forums may provide to their participants. The thesis we defend here is that these interactions aim both to provide psychological support to professionals, and to help these professionals acquire knowledge. Three studies were carried out on two discussion forums intended for professionals in the field of education.The first study highlights eight types of motivation for getting involved in a forum for professionals with an online survey. The second study aimed to identify the nature of interactions and the dynamics of interactions. We analysed thirteen discussions. The results highlight the specific characteristics of messages initiators and reactants. The study of the evolution of the interactions highlights three key dynamics: making sense of the situation, searching for concrete solutions, and providing emotional support. The third study aims to explore the subjective experience of participants during exchanges on the forum. We carried out auto-confrontation interviews followed by elicitation interviews with nine participants from the discussions we had analysed previously, based on written traces of these discussions. We observed discrepancies between what the participants share in their messages and the experiences expressed in interviews especially the emotional states, the request for emotional support and the perception of support. Finally, the participants are concerned with their anonymity and censor some information in order to avoid potential repercussions
Diagne, Christophe. "Communautés de parasites, immunité et succès d'invasion des rongeurs commensaux : le cas de la souris domestique du rat noir au Sénégal". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS057/document.
Texto completoBiological invasions are increasingly phenomenon worldwide having deleterious impacts on biodiversity and human health. Studying the mechanisms explaining them allows both (i) to define efficient strategies for controlling and preventing invaders and (ii) to study ecological and evolutionary processes at contemporary scales. Some major hypotheses rely on parasitism and host immunity to explain invasion success. Thus, exotic host populations (1) may benefit of an " Enemy Release " (ER) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities, and may affect native hosts by (2) transferring exotic parasites (Spill-Over, SO) and/or (3) by increasing transmission risk of native parasites (Spill-Back, SB). In turn, according to the refined “Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability” (EICA) theory, invasive populations should experience immune trade-offs by favouring less expensive antibody-mediated responses over costly inflammation, to increase their competitive ability (dispersion, reproduction). The aim of my thesis is to test these predictions along the invasion routes of two commensal exotic species in Senegal, the domestic mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). These rodent species are considered to be major invasive species worldwide inducing high economic, sanitary and ecological damages. My research is based on comparative analyses along one invasion route for each invasive species. We focused on gastrointestinal helminths and pathogenic bacteria as parasite communities, and inflammation and natural antibody-mediated responses as immune estimates. Comparisons were performed for invasive and/or native (Mastomys spp.) rodents between localities of long-established invasion (100-200 years ago), recent invasion (10-30 years ago; invasion front), and non-invaded localities. My findings showed variations along both invasion routes in parasite community structure and immune patterns, but in a more complex way than expected under the initial predictions. The heterogeneity of changes observed highlights the existence of particular relations between host and parasite traits, host immune investment, environmental conditions and biological invasions. Further experimental works are needed to assess the consequences and mechanisms underlying the changes observed along both invasion routes
Diagne, Christophe. "Communautés de parasites, immunité et succès d'invasion des rongeurs commensaux : le cas de la souris domestique du rat noir au Sénégal". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS057.
Texto completoBiological invasions are increasingly phenomenon worldwide having deleterious impacts on biodiversity and human health. Studying the mechanisms explaining them allows both (i) to define efficient strategies for controlling and preventing invaders and (ii) to study ecological and evolutionary processes at contemporary scales. Some major hypotheses rely on parasitism and host immunity to explain invasion success. Thus, exotic host populations (1) may benefit of an " Enemy Release " (ER) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities, and may affect native hosts by (2) transferring exotic parasites (Spill-Over, SO) and/or (3) by increasing transmission risk of native parasites (Spill-Back, SB). In turn, according to the refined “Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability” (EICA) theory, invasive populations should experience immune trade-offs by favouring less expensive antibody-mediated responses over costly inflammation, to increase their competitive ability (dispersion, reproduction). The aim of my thesis is to test these predictions along the invasion routes of two commensal exotic species in Senegal, the domestic mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). These rodent species are considered to be major invasive species worldwide inducing high economic, sanitary and ecological damages. My research is based on comparative analyses along one invasion route for each invasive species. We focused on gastrointestinal helminths and pathogenic bacteria as parasite communities, and inflammation and natural antibody-mediated responses as immune estimates. Comparisons were performed for invasive and/or native (Mastomys spp.) rodents between localities of long-established invasion (100-200 years ago), recent invasion (10-30 years ago; invasion front), and non-invaded localities. My findings showed variations along both invasion routes in parasite community structure and immune patterns, but in a more complex way than expected under the initial predictions. The heterogeneity of changes observed highlights the existence of particular relations between host and parasite traits, host immune investment, environmental conditions and biological invasions. Further experimental works are needed to assess the consequences and mechanisms underlying the changes observed along both invasion routes
Mebarki, Lamine. "Communautés de pratique et performance dans les relations de service, cas des "Front-Office". Quels enseignement pour la GRH ?" Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695984.
Texto completoGeorget, Jean-Philippe. "Activités de recherche et de preuve entre pairs à l'école élémentaire : perspectives ouvertes par les communautés de pratique d'enseignants". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426603.
Texto completoMebarki, Lamine. "Communautés de pratique et performance dans les relations de service, cas des "front-office" : Quels enseignements pour la GRH ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24017.
Texto completoThe Communities of Practice (CP) are identified as conductive structures for learning and knowledge transfer between members of the organization. Besides practitioners in management, many researchers were interested in these groups. Some have highlighted their operational roles in organizations (Lave et Wenger 1991 ; Brown et Duguid, 1991 ; Wenger 1998 ; Smith et Farquhar 2000 ; Lesser et Stork 2001 ; Mc Dermott 2002 ; Guérin 2005 ; Schenkel et Teigland, 2008 ; Hemmasi et Csanda, 2009), and others have tried to identify their structural and epistemic characteristics (Wenger 1998 ; Chanal 2000 ; Cohendet et al., 2003 ; Blunt, 2003 ; Josserand et St Leger, 2004 ; Guérin 2005 ; Thompson 2005.). However, the link between such communities and employee performance is seldom investi¬gated, especially in service firms. This has encouraged us to conduct our study on the relationship between CP and member’s performance in the context of service relationships and more specifically in the front office of these companies. Furthermore, our thesis is part of the Human Resource Management sciences, and we aim to draw some lessons for HRM practices in organizations. This is an attempt to bring the concept of CP and HRM that gives a certain originality in our work. This allows us to get some current common and dominant in the field of study of CP, where contributions are often recorded mainly in the approach to Knowledge Management in organization. • Our problemOur problem is based on the understanding and analysis of the CP's links with the performance of its members. The CP does contribute to the performance of its members in service relationships? To develop these questions, we decided to decompose it as follows:- Is there link between membership of an employee to a CP and its performance in the context of service relationships?- If this link exists, how this last one is built? What are the different mechanisms by which it was constuct in service relationships?- If this link exists, what are the lessons that may have drawn some HRM practices in organizations? • Our Method Following several authors’ advices, we turned in our empirical part to the case study approach. Un empirical work investigating a contemporary phenomenon in its context of real life (Yin, on 1994; Eisenhardt, on 1989 ; Baumard and Ibert, on 1998; Hoepfl, on 2007; Giordano, 2003) Our study is led in the front-office of two public organizations and in a bank (private sector). Eight units composing these devices of reception were studied : four call centers and four reception desks. Our study revealed interesting results. They have greatly enriched the knowledge in the various areas covered, as well as lessons for certain practices in organizations
Le, Goff Pourias Marie-Annick. "Les communautés de pratique à l'hôpital, un espace de valorisation des compétences. Leçons issues de trois études de cas longitudinales". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT4003/document.
Texto completo“Communities of practice (CoP) are groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems or a passion about a topic and deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis” (Wenger, 2002, p.4)They are considered as an efficient way to develop new competencies and financial resources in industrial sector. The finality of this Thesis is to explore communities of practice in public sector, particularly in public hospital sector, which is characterised by complexity and sensitive situations.The research observes and explores three communities of practice, situated in three different public hospitals. This thesis throws light on the contribution of CoP to institutional functioning. Unknow or clearly identified by the institutional hierarchy, these areas allowed language interactions, situated learning and favour appropriate superior's injunctions. They are favourable to develop sensemaking. Especially, the analysis marks the influence of the patient, who transforms the relation between health professionals and hierarchy. It proposes three models, each one is built on verbatims exploration. It questions the management of communities of practice. Finally, it invites to include the presence of institutional paradoxes, rather than try to eliminate them
Diop, Moustapha Sokhna. "Les capacités adaptatives des communautés de la périphérie de Dakar face aux inondations". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV024/document.
Texto completoSince the beginning of the 2000s, the districts in the suburban of Dakar, particularly the sector of Pikine, which is largely made up of informal habitations, have been flooded every rainy season. The processes that led to this situation are rather well known and combine the lack of anticipation, construction in non-extended area, occurred in dry periods and the cessation of exploitation of the groundwater, among others.Facing the lack of the authorities to provide solution to the flooded populations, already living in poverty and insalubrity, a large mobilization of civic organizations has intervened and tries to provide solutions, sometimes in the emergency, but also in a more sustainable way. It is precisely in this mobilization that we first sought the constitution of adaptive capacities, that we could attribute to the different communities, living in the flooded districts.We first looked at the proposals from the literature on climate change to realize that such static analytical frameworks could not account for either the diversity of actions implemented or their evolution in time. The ethnographic survey and participant observation with civic organizations acting in the field, over approximately during five (5) years, allowed us to collect narratives, articulating motives, actions, values and other cultural elements, as well as knowledge of the experience, or even to see how they change over time.Based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice, with elements such as social capital or cultural capital, not as closed pre-established concepts, but as they emerged from the corpus of the field survey (eg. mutual support, informal social control, inclusivity and governance, in connection with each organization ...), we have thus produced a dynamic sociological framework, accounting for empirical observations and presenting reinforcement loops.Our observation on the existence of "stocks" of social capital, limited to its intra-community component, has prompted us to set up a space for discussion, exchange and sharing of experiences, with the aim of generating synergies and allowing the expansion of social capital. This has met with a great deal of resistance, revealing a climate of mistrust attributed, according to the participants, to manipulative practices by both outside organizations and public authorities. In addition, we have shown that from the characteristics or discourse of organizations, that some, led by notables and dependent on the status quo of the balance of power, could be qualified as conservative, while others (the minority), more inclined towards social innovation, questioned this status quo, generating controversy and heated exchanges during meetings.If the spontaneous action of the communities, aimed at protecting themselves from the consequences of climatic events, is real and effective, it also participates in the process of adaptation to perceived changes, not only reactively, but also as a search for a better life. Similarly, experience in action strengthens the knowledge of the experience and could contribute to resilience, but still truncated, as long as this role is not recognized by the public authorities
Sall, Saïdou Nourou. "Importance des relations "Résidus végétaux-Communautés microbienne" sur les processus de décomposition dans un sol ferrugineux tropical (Sénégal) : effet de la disponibilité de l'azote". Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002156110204611&vid=upec.
Texto completoThe relationship between organic residues and the microbial communities in a tropical sandy soil and its effects on CO2 and mineral N respiration were studied, taking into account the effect of the composition of the residues as well as the genetic and catabolic diversity of the microbial communities involved in this process. The experiments were carried out in controlled laboratory conditions and showed that the biochemical composition of the residues determined the activity (C and N respiration, enzyme activities) and the microbial biomass. However, the formation of complexes between the nitrogen released during decomposition and other components of the organic residues (phenols) slowed the process. The fungal community was the most sensitive to the addition of litter at the same time as mineral nitrogen. The addition of litter stimulated the decomposition of the organic matter in the soil (priming effect) to a degree that varied depending on the composition of the residues. The effect of the catabolic diversity of the microbial community was particularly evident during the initial hours of decomposition
Ellyson, Alex. "La Corporation de développement communautaire (CDC) du Haut-Saint-François analyse d'une pratique de développement des communautés dans son interface avec le CSSS". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2498.
Texto completoMoreno, Anaïs. "Le discours rapporté dans les intéractions : l'effet de la proximité et des communautés de pratique sur sa construction à l'oral et à l'écrit". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100064/document.
Texto completoP. Koch & W. Œsterreicher's works questioned the spoken/written opposition in terms of a continuum (proximity/distance) beyond graphic or phonic characters of interactions. The communication situation widely influences the construction of the discourse, and it allows for the medium to be overshadowed. From this model, we will deal with the construction of reporteed speech, more specifically with the direct reported speech (DRD) in ordinary written and spoken interactions. DRD is very frequent in these interactions and appears as a centrepiece of the speaker's involvement. He said, I said... punctuate everyday conversations and allow for the introduction of reported utterances.The study of elements and their manifestation in the context of DRD (reporting verbs, discourse particles, punctuation, pauses...) and the framework used to indicate quoted speech, will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of DRD functioning. We will try to give account of the correlation between the choice of the structure, the presence or absence of certain items and the communication situation. To carry out this study, we have built a heterogeneous corpus which consists of several spoken and written interactions with different degrees of proximity (interviews, spontaneous conversations, forum posts, chat, anecdotes Vie de Merde). The aim of this study is to understand the paramaters entering into DRD's variation (appeal and form), beyond the spoken/written opposition
Touré, El Hadj. "Décentralisation et gouvernance locale : les effets sociopolitique de la gestion foncière décentralisée dans la communauté rurale de Ross Béthio (Delta du fleuve Sénégal)". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21256.
Texto completoDelaquis, Stéfan Roméo Joseph. "La construction de la masculinité des garçons en contexte scolaire à travers leur participation à des groupes sociaux et à des communautés de pratique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29703/29703.pdf.
Texto completoBagheri, Shima. "Mutilations Sexuelles Féminines chez l'ethnie Diolas au Sénégal : -Une étude de terrain sur les raisons d’existence de la pratique et de l’abandon de ce phénomène". Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2426.
Texto completoRÉSUMÉ
Au Sénégal, on estime que 28% des femmes sont victimes de MSF et les Diolas sont une des ethnies au Sénégal qui pratique cette tradition. Dans ce mémoire, j’ai l’intention en premier de comprendre et d’interpréter les raisons qui justifient, selon les Diolas, cette pratique par la méthode d’abduction et selon la théorie du néo-institutionnalisme. Mon intention en second lieu est de comprendre les éléments de la prétendue diminution de cette pratique dans certaines zones chez les Diolas. Je veux aussi comprendre le rôle de l’ONG Tostan dans la réduction de ce phénomène. Pour réaliser mon projet d’étude, j’ai fait mon étude de terrain dans deux villages au sud du Sénégal.
Le résultat que j’ai obtenu est que les Diolas prennent les MSF comme étant la première phase, c'est-à-dire la première partie du cycle d’initiation d’une femme. Une fille ne peut pas entrer dans la deuxième partie de son cycle d’initiation qui est une partie essentielle pour réussir dans la société Diolas si elle ne passe pas la première partie grâce aux MSF. En plus, j’ai compris que les raisons principales pour justifier cette pratique sont que les Diolas pensent que c’est une recommandation islamique. Donc, la pratique des MSF est venue avec l’islamisation.
Après les programmes habituels de Tostan dans les villages, les deux villages de mon étude de cas ont fait leur déclaration publique contre les MSF. Selon les villageoises, dans le premier village, le rôle de Tostan est qu’elle les avait aidées à sensibiliser et à stabiliser le village dans l’abandon de la pratique. Mais il faut souligner que le procès d’abandon avait déjà commencé avant l’arrivée de Tostan. Je trouve qu’il y avait des éléments nécessaires pour cesser la pratique qui a existé dans le village avant l’arrivée de Tostan qui a facilité le choix de vraiment laisser la pratique.
Le deuxième village témoigne de l’importance de Tostan et affirme que sans Tostan, le village n’aurait pas abandonné la pratique des MSF. En même temps, il y a des indicateurs qui montrent que tous les habitants du village n’ont pas cessé la pratique.
Une remarque inattendue est que la norme féminine est sous transformation. Aujourd’hui, les femmes non excisées sont mieux considérées que les femmes excisées par toute la société dans les villages de cas de cette étude. Une autre observation intéressante est que les villageoises témoignent que les jeunes femmes étaient les plus difficiles à convaincre d’abandonner la MSF contrairement aux femmes plus âgées alors que se sont elles, qui peuvent fondamentalement réclamer d’avoir été préjudiciées a cause de nous au Nord, il est normalement difficile de moduler les différentes traditions à cause des anciennes générations au sein de la société.
An estimated 28% of Senegalese women are victims to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The Jola tribe in Senegal is one of the ethnics that practice this tradition. In this thesis, I have the intention to interpret and try to understand the reasons the Jolas have to justify this practice. This will be made by an abdication method with the help of the New Institutional Theory. My purpose is furthermore to understand why the practice of FGM has reduced in some Jola-zones. Furthermore, I would like to comprehend the role of the NGO Tostan in the reduction process. To fulfil my intentions, I have made a Minor Field Study of two case studies conducted in two villages in the south of Senegal.
The result of this thesis is that the Jolas use FGM as the first phase of the women’s initiation cycle. A girl is not allowed to enter the second phase of her initiation cycle, which is an essential step in order to succeed in the Jolas society, if she has not already passed the first phase. I have understood that the main reason to justify the practice is that the Jolas think that FGM is an Islamic decree. This signifies that the practice of FGM has come to the Jolas with the Islamization.
After conducting ordinary programs of Tostan in the villages, both case villages have made an official declaration against FGM. According to the villagers in the first village, the role of Tostan was to help them be aware and stabilise so that they could implement the declaration. It is important to stress that the process of abandoning the practice had already started before the intervention of Tostan in this village. This study shows that there already existed certain important elements in the village that had facilitated the work of Tostan.
The second village confirmed the importance of Tostan and affirmed that they would not have abandoned the practice without the intervention of Tostan. On the other hand, I found indications which show that all the habitants of the village have not yet abandoned the practice.
One unexpected observation that I achieved to track during my fieldwork is that the female norm is under transformation. Today, the non-circumcised women are considered more attractive than circumcised women. Another interesting observation is that the villagers claimed that it is actually more complicated to convince the younger female generations to abandon the practice of FGM, and not the elder females, which basically can be claimed to be the prejudice we carry with us from the North, when talking about different traditions which are difficult to change because of the old generations in a society.
Sarrassat, Sophie. "Mise en place des combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d'artémisinine pour traiter le paludisme simple : de la théorie à la pratique : exemple de la zone d'Oussouye, Basse Casamance, sud ouest du Sénégal". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066550.
Texto completoAraujo, De Rezende Alvares Lillian. "Les télécentres d'information et affaires comme moyen pour l'éducation corporative en petites et moyennes entreprises". Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502549.
Texto completoSoulier, Eddie. "Techniques de storytelling pour le partage de connaissances dans les communautés de pratique : l'histoire et la narration ou la fragilité du sens et de l'interaction". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066390.
Texto completoGuignon, Sylvie. "La revendication d'un territoire de pratique par des coachs en gestion : une approche interactionniste pour rendre compte de l'émergence d'un groupe professionnel". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29328/29328.pdf.
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