Tesis sobre el tema "Commerce international – Environnement"
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Sova, Robert. "Commerce international et environnement : le cas de la Roumanie". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010071.
Texto completoNo English summary available
Gadji, Yao Abraham. "Libéralisation du commerce international et protection de l'environnement". Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/106185d5-6bd3-4f1b-bf8f-6ad91f477265/blobholder:0/2007LIMO1008.pdf.
Texto completoInternational trade and protection environmental currently feed hot debates within States, international institutions and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The complex links between both imperatives highlight the significant interest at stake. Serious ecological crises due to human activities have led to the adoption of environmental protection measures which stand as constraints on international trade whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) advocates free movement of goods and commodities. Controversies are related to general and sector-based regulations as well as the modus operandi of the two sectors. Should environmental protection serve as a standard for the organization of free, competitive and non discriminatory international trade ? Or, should the rules of international trade fall in line with environmental protection objectives ?What changes in international trade regulations are to be considered to reconcile these with ecological requirements ? These issues which have grown in importance in recent years, especially as regards the movement of genetically modified organisms, patents for living creatures, access to genetic resources and the reduction of greenhouse gases, must be adequately addressed should sustainable developement be achieved
Oladeji, Sunday. "Commerce Nord-Sud et environnement : une approche technologique". Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX24007.
Texto completoNúñez, Rocha Thaís. "International trade and environment : the role of environmental regulations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E051.
Texto completoThis thesis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between trade and the environment, with an emphasis on the role of environmental regulation among countries. Three essays deal with this link from different perspectives. The first chapter analyses the effectiveness of the formalization of the Basel Convention on trade in hazardous wastes in the European Union (EU-WSR), followed by developing countries, and divided into regions. I build an environmental regulation index, which includes the quality of the institutions. The results show little evidence of a waste haven effect in the least developed EU countries. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the EU-WSR. The second chapter examines the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. This chapter assesses the effects of the ratification and adoption of these agreements on imports of hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. The results underline the partial effect of these two conventions. More specifically, when assessing a less restrictive arrangement, imports are reduced only when the exporter ratifies the agreement. In assessing the ban on persistent organic pollutants, imports are reduced. The third examines the effect of environmental regulation on environmental outcomes. This chapter has taken into account the determinants of pollution and an environmental regulatory variable composed of environmental laws adopted by countries. The results show that environmental laws have an effect improving environmental outcomes. This effect is unique to environmental outcomes and to the law. Thus, some previous conclusions drawn from the literature on the beneficial effect of trade on the environment are questioned
Ambomo, Marcel. "Commerce, environnement et développement en Afrique francophone : réalités et perspectives". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4007.
Texto completoBase development only on economic growth, was a trend in Africa. Henceforth, this approach is questioned, since the consecration of sustainable development at Rio Summit. Consequently, development issue of African countries is studied, by redefining actual balance between trade, environment and development. Indeed, we can take up a bet on trade as development tool in Africa. However, his success depends on withdraw of trade barriers and the protection of environment. We seize here, the opportunity to re-examine the sustainable concept, which appears, for good, as a civilization vision. At what scale? Universality seems on this context attractive. But it's risky, because it could ignore local situation. In this field, we can think globally, but act locally. This concept allows sui generis sustainable development models, with the purpose to avoid a unique environmental view
El, Hadri Hajare. "Désastres naturels et commerce international". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE3006.
Texto completoThe history of the planet has always been marked by natural disasters. Nevertheless, their impacts on trade have been little explored. This thesis tries to bring to light the relationship between natural disasters and trade. A special attention was given to developing countries and their agricultural sector which is known to be particularly vulnerable to these shocks. The chapter 1 proposes to analyse the effect of natural disasters on total trade. We show that agricultural exports do not decrease ina systematic way in the aftermath of catastrophes. Therefore, the chapter 2 seeks to identify the transmission channels; and relies on bilateral trade models. We show that natural disasters affect agricultural exports through three mechanisms: a capability channel, a shipment channel and a preference channel. Finally, the chapter 3 explores the role played by drought in change of country‘s specialization. We show that a lack of precipitation leads to a change in exports at middle term
Antonelli, Annarita. "Environnement et commerce international : enjeux de l'approche économique des procédés et méthodes de production /". Montpellier : Institut agronomique méditerranéen, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35867524r.
Texto completoAzouagh, Mohamed. "La prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement par le GATT/OMC". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0026.
Texto completoIn recent years the relationship between trade and environment has become increasingly complex. The need to reconcile commercial interests and environmental protection has become central to the Multilateral Trade System. The aim of this study is to analyse the role of the GATT/WTO in addressing theses challenges and in what extent it incorporate environmental interests. It comes out from this study that although the prime objective of this institution is not environmental protection, environmental concerns are now integrated by the GATT/WTO. In this way two approaches are adopted, in the first one commercial interests often take priority over environmental protection while in the second one GATT/WTO try to search a balance between the two subjects
Legendre, Frédéric. "À l'impossible nul n'est tenu : dans quelle mesure le Comité du commerce et de l'environnement a-t-il aidé l'Organisation mondiale du commerce à concilier commerce et environnement?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27712/27712.pdf.
Texto completoNúñez, Rocha Thaís. "International trade and environment : the role of environmental regulations". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E051/document.
Texto completoThis thesis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between trade and the environment, with an emphasis on the role of environmental regulation among countries. Three essays deal with this link from different perspectives. The first chapter analyses the effectiveness of the formalization of the Basel Convention on trade in hazardous wastes in the European Union (EU-WSR), followed by developing countries, and divided into regions. I build an environmental regulation index, which includes the quality of the institutions. The results show little evidence of a waste haven effect in the least developed EU countries. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the EU-WSR. The second chapter examines the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. This chapter assesses the effects of the ratification and adoption of these agreements on imports of hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. The results underline the partial effect of these two conventions. More specifically, when assessing a less restrictive arrangement, imports are reduced only when the exporter ratifies the agreement. In assessing the ban on persistent organic pollutants, imports are reduced. The third examines the effect of environmental regulation on environmental outcomes. This chapter has taken into account the determinants of pollution and an environmental regulatory variable composed of environmental laws adopted by countries. The results show that environmental laws have an effect improving environmental outcomes. This effect is unique to environmental outcomes and to the law. Thus, some previous conclusions drawn from the literature on the beneficial effect of trade on the environment are questioned
Hellio, Hugues. "L'organisation mondiale du commerce et les normes relatives à l'environnement : recherches sur la technique de l'exception". Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020071.
Texto completoBueb, Julien. "Politique stratégique et environnement". Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA0005.
Texto completoEnvironment becomes a national and international major concern. The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 has been awarded to Al Gore and IPCC for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change. The "Grenelle de l'environnement" in France shows this new granted concern for governments. With the enlarging necessity to counteract climatic risk, governments can be however tried to escape from their environmental obligations. They can use emission tax or the tradable emission permits to support their national industry against international competition. The thesis is organized in two parts. The first part is a survey of the literature. Chapter 1 presents the strategic trade policy and chapter 2 includes its environmental dimension (chapter 2). The second part examines theoretical contributions and is organized as follows. Ln chapter 3, we analyze the impact of polluting firms' lobbying on strategic environmental policy with emission taxes. A market of tradable emission permits and a possibility (or not) of a market power for one firm on this market are discussed in chapter 4
Bouangui, Vincent Thierry. "La protection de l'environnement et l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce : nature des rapports et perspectives d'harmonisation". Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMD001.
Texto completoLambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "Le commerce des espèces sauvages : entre droit international et gestion locale : réflexions sur la CITES, Convention de Washington sur le commerce international des espaces [i.e. espèces] de faune et de flore sauvages menacés [i.e. menacées] d'extinction /". Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37116288z.
Texto completoHernandez, Zermeño María Cristina. "Les ong,le commerce et l'environnement : contribution a l'etude du role et de la place des ong dans le processus d'elaboration des normes en droit du commerce international". Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA111006.
Texto completoVarella, Marcelo Dias. "L' inégalité Nord-Sud et la construction juridique du "développement durable" dans le droit international". Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010274.
Texto completoHe, Jie. "Impacts environnementaux de l’industrialisation et du commerce international en Chine : cas de l’émission industrielle de SO2". Clermont Ferrand 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015396.
Texto completoHaaland, Kim. "Can't see the forest for the trees a critical assessment of the trade and environment debate and an analysis of proposed reforms /". Ottawa : Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35937852.html.
Texto completoFan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Texto completoFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Lavray, Hélène. "La contribution des accords commerciaux régionaux à la protection de l'environnement". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20022.
Texto completoIn teh early 1990s, two phenomenons emerged on the international scene. On the one hand, the renewal of economic regionalism, revived both by the difficulties of the Uruguay Round and the conclusion of the NAFTA and the Treaty on European Union, which signalled Tuna/Dolphin case, brought attention to the topic of the relationship between trade and the environnement. This study looks into the importance given to the protection of the environment within the numerous regional trade agreements. If developments have been mainly taking place within the European Union and the NAFTA, some elements may have been transmitted to other regional trade agreements. Moreover, we will examine the importance of the protection of the environnement within the WTO and the impact of developments within regional trade agreementsche sou
Bartenstein, Kristin. "L'antagonisme «commerce et environnement» ou le principe de développement durable comme fil conducteur pour la réconciliation des intérêts commerciaux et environnementaux sous l'article XX du GATT". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24190/24190.pdf.
Texto completoLambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "La vie sauvage, enjeu du droit international contemporain : reflexions sur la C.T.E.S. (convention sur le commerce international des especes de faune et de flore sauvages menacees d'extinction)". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010310.
Texto completoThe CITES treaty is aimed at keeping international trading of wild species at levels which do not endanger their survival. Its text expresses the interests of the signatory states: trading in wildlife and flora, an important activity particularly for southern countries, is authorized; its control perpetuates economic activity; governements remain in control of law-making. CITES has evolved, however, under the influence of ngos, which are the mouthpieces of an environmentally aware public opinion in the northern hemisphere. The new conservationist trend can be seen in the increasing number of species whose trading is forbidden, and for which southern countries are asked to take costly measures of protection; in the growing number of economic sanctions taken against the states which do not meet the obligations decreed, mainly southern states. Farther, a more complex opposition can be detected behind the simple conflict between conservation and trading. On the one hand, emerges a globalizing hypothesis which would consider the world's biodiversity as a common heritage of mankind, for which current generations would be accountable to future generations: both an optimistic and ambitious vision, but which doesn't reflect the actual evolution of law, and carries the risk of unequitable enforcement. On the other hand, appears a reaction of "re-nationalization", defining wildlife as a national resource for which southern governments are answerable foremost to current generations, in particular the local populations who bear the cost of conservation. Cites practice enables to apprehend theoretical concepts (sustainable use and development, common heritage, future generations. . . ) In concrete terms, by setting them against some realities like the sovereignty reflex and the needs of populations in the southern hemisphere
Combot-Madec, Fabienne. "La Communauté européenne face aux défis de la protection de l'environnement et de la santé publique dans le cadre de l'OMC". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1G009.
Texto completoThe sustainable development, objective of the EC and the WTO, calls for the conciliation of trading interests and environmental and heath concerns. Such an articulation represents however a significant challenge, in face of what the EC try to play a part. Developing a strategy of influence in the WTO, the EC wishes to protect the choice she has made in favour of a high level of environmental and public health protection. The European approach is declined into two angles. The EC uses the dispute settlement as a vehicle for an evolutionary interpretation of the WTO agreements, taking into account the right of the Members of the organization to adopt environmental and heath measures. In a complementary way, the EC intervenes actively in trading negotiations, in order to impose its sustainable conception of trade liberalization. The community strategy exceeds the single defense of short term interests. The EC actually suggests a new societal model, based on the sustainable development. Her ambition is nevertheless braked by some of her trading partners, in particular the developing countries
Bouiri, Bouchra. "L'arbitrage électronique : "la mise en place d'un environnement favorable"". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0035.
Texto completoWe are moving quickly to a new environment characterized by global dematerialization and celerity. These features are not without effect. The world around us is changing with the advent of technology and the integration of electronic tools in all our activities. The Internet is becoming an indispensable tool to use and integrate in our business, including commercial activities. International trade gives more room to the electronic commerce. The development of the universal phenomenon of the Internet and the emergence of electronic commerce naturally provoke conflicts even to international extend. Faced with the impossibility of using state justice, the use of paperless settlement was necessary, which promotes the logical development of ODR including Electronic Arbitration. Nevertheless, the use of this resolution mode sometimes raises not only technical issues, but many legal ones as well. This is precisely due to the nature of the legal environment. Overcoming these issues through the establishment of an environment fitting the development of Electronic Arbitration is necessary. For sure, if Electronic Arbitration uses technical and legal environment, and though the process may appear complex at first sight, all legal and technical issues dealt with in this thesis are, however, overcome
Notaro, Nicola. "Judicial approaches to trade and environment : the EC and the WTO /". London : Cameron May, 2003. http://lib.hku.hk/hkspc/wto/index.html.
Texto completoVallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Texto completoIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
Fan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Texto completoFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Vallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial". Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Texto completoIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
Tran, Thi Thanh Xuan. "Essays on trade, growth and the environment". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G005/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to measure the impact of international trade on growth and carbon dioxide emissions using a sample covering 83-104 countries over the period 1971-2010. The empirical analysis of the income and growth equation in the first chapter shows that the trade-growth relationship differs across regions. Especially in Africa, a continent characterized by a small network trade. The second chapter develops the results and examines the network analysis by taking into account the topological characteristic of a country in world network trade. The results show that the impact of trade on growth depends on the country's commercial network and that this impact increases with the extension of the network. In a second part, we analyze the directly and indirectly channels through which trade openness affect the environment. The analysis in the third chapter shows that the effect of trade on emissions of pollutants differs between developed and developing countries. The last chapter focuses on the effects of trade on pollutant emissions through trade specialization. According to the estimation results, for high-income countries, the effect of trade is greater if they specialize in capital-intensive sectors and decreases with an increase in per capita income. For middle- and low-income countries, trade has a positive effect on pollutant emissions, this effect is impeded if they specialize in labor-intensive industries and increase with an increase in per capita income
Hardjito, Hapsari. "La préservation des forêts en droit international". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D055.
Texto completoThe global forest are nowadays covers approximately 4 billion hectares i.e. equivalent to 30 per cent of the world's land area. Global deforestation has continued at an alarming rate since the end of the last century, espacially in tropical zones. The global challenges of forests loss are enormous on all levels : economic, social, biological and ecological. The legal status of forests as the natural property of States and the undeniable application of the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources explain the non-consensus among States to ensure universal protection of forests by treaty. However, there are heterogeneous and more or less soft international rules, broken down in several international instruments addressing various environmental issues that benefit forest conservation. The preservation of forests is increasingly conceived from a sustainable development perspective. With regard to the place of forests in the rules of international trade, it remains fragile and torn between two objectives that seem to be contradictory : economic development and protection of the environment. A global governance for forest protection is thus being developed through new paradigms, including the development of forest certification norms emanating from environmental NGOs. This study is part of a re-examination of the legal status of forests, taking into account their vital role for the planet, particularly between the balance of the global climate, and calls for the recognition of forests as vital resources
Gabbay, Ruth. "Le commerce international à l'épreuve des contraintes environnementales". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05D009.
Texto completoThe environmental component of sustainable development has become an essential concept, a major issue that has gradually interfere into the commercial sphere. International trade could no longer ignore the concept of environmental protection and must now deal with It. These two separate legal orders have conflictual relations, as It can be compared as two asymtotes that tends one to the other without ever reaching totally because their interests diverge. Protecting the environment by crossing the path of free exchange may affect the latter by restricting It. So, at first glance, this stormy relationship could lead to potential conflicts of normative and judicial order and in regard to the solutions that can be found. The standards set by MEAs are for some of them in contradiction with those erected by the multilateral trading system. In terms of competitiveness, the implementation of a rigorous environmental policy may have for consequence the reduction of the competitiveness of the developed countries or their companies against those who are more lax on environmental issues. However, we find that environment can be a factor of competitiveness. In addition, to compensate the potential distortions in the competition, countervailing could be considered as a border tax adjustment. The commercial sphere has nevertheless made efforts in the environmental issue. As part of the WTO, the jurisprudence has gradually open out to this and admits, certainly, so conditioned, that a State may on behalf of the preservation of the environment limit Its exchanges. The creation of a Trade Environment Committee demonstrates Its commitment not to ignore environmental issues. This will also be enrolled under the new RTAs which objectives go beyond the multilateral trading system by including in the provisions, the questions excluded during the Cancun negotiations, such as the environment. Environmental assessments of trade policies also represent an innovative instrument at the service of the environment. The implementation of ecolabeling or the creation of environmental goods and services reflects the growing impact that has the environmental component within the free trade
Dorca, Sébastien. "Les normes environnementales et sociales dans le commerce international". Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10047.
Texto completoThe upsurge of international trade has triggered increasing unequalities in revenus between and inside countries. It has also created more important pressures on environment. This thesis aims at questionning the interest of introducing social and environment standards to correct social economical and environmental problems created by the increase of international trade. Such standards are in fact necessary to fight the unbalance inherent in globalization that can put at risk by this unbalance. Despite their initial cost, these standards generate economic benefits since they increase firm productivity thanks to the innovation. They also enable firms to catch markets shares where quality, environmental and social considerations are a key element in competitivity. They also favour clear strategies lowering incertainty. They imply macroeconomic advantages for countries. Moreover, social and environmental standards may back and dynamise international trade. But the advantages of social and environmental norms are conditionned by institutional aspects. As the implementation of social environment standards prevention-precaution principles and the polluter-payer system which are basic to such standards must be adapted to the economical situation. Then, social and environment standards must be examinated through cost-benefits analysis. Last but not least these standards have to be constraining what implies institutional reforms, since internationally countries do not seem to be capable of implementing such norms. So, the international institutional system must be reformed by creating a World Environment Organisation and by increasing the power of International Labor Organisation
Paris, Marjolaine. "Relations d'affaires franco-nigérianes : l'émergence de configurations sociales et commerciales internationales - Échange, incertitude et stratégies identitaires". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778140.
Texto completoLacour, Pauline. "Quantifier le contenu environnemental des relations économiques entre la Chine et le Japon : Analyse de trois canaux de transfert de technologies vertes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENE006.
Texto completoThis dissertation provides an evaluation of the environmental content of economic relations between Japan and China, analysing three channels of climate-friendly technology transfers To identify the dynamics of green technology transfers (improvement of energy efficiency, pollutant recovery, cleaning up, exploitation of renewable energy sources), the demonstration is concentrated on three vectors: trade flows, international patent families and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects of the Kyoto Protocol. The analysis of trade flows from Japan to China shows that Chinese imports of environmental goods, capital goods and high technology goods are channels of technological diffusion. In particular, the econometric estimations reveal that imports of high technology goods affect negatively the energy and carbon intensity of the Chinese GDP. The analysis of international patent family data enable to identify that technologies aiming at reducing air pollution are dominant in transfers from Japan to China. Finally, transfers of knowledge and capital goods appear in the implementation of CDM projects financed by Japanese firms and implanted in China. The empirical analysis reveals that training plans are implemented in parallel to the transmissions of environmental equipments, knowing that transfers occur mainly through wind and water projects. This dissertation reveals that the density of economic relations between Japan and China is accompanied by the diffusion of green technologies. The development gap between Japan and China as well as the presence of absorptive capacity in China fosters technology diffusion through economic flows. The positive impact of these flows in terms of environmental quality is strengthened by the Chinese Government dedicated to technology transfers and the legislation concerning foreign investment
Simon, Christine. "Un enjeu pour le xxieme siecle : l'integration de l'environnement dans la sphere economique internationale - etude de la relation commerce-environnement-". Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05D013.
Texto completoGuedidi, Insaf. "Global value chains and deep trade agreements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01E026.
Texto completoIn recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
Bellora, Cecilia. "Échanges internationaux en agriculture : changements d'utilisation des sols, biodiversité et durabilité environnementale". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0697.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses both theoretically and empirically some of the issues that emerge when applying environmental policies to the agricultural sector in a trade context. In a first part, focus is on crop biodiversity, which is known to maintain agricultural productivity under a large range of environmental conditions. Chapter II empirically confirms this positive impact using a large dataset on South African agriculture. It also shows that biodiversity can reduce the exposure of farmers to production risks and downside risks. At a first glance, crop biodiversity could therefore be integrated in sustainable agricultural policies. Nevertheless, interactions between crop biodiversity effects, environmental policies and trade are complex. Indeed, specialisation induced by trade plays against biodiversity: the composition effect of trade, following comparative advantages, tends to reduce the number of crops cultivated by a given country. One of the mechanisms through which crop biodiversity improves production stability is by participating in the resilience to pests. Then, to face higher pest attacks, farmers use pesticides. But since pesticides harm environment and human health, governments regulate their use. An environmental policy on pesticides can thus have a strategic aspect: allowing the use of more pesticides can lead to gain larger agricultural market shares. Chapter III represents these interactions in a ricardian trade model. It shows that, because not in my backyard effects are larger than strategic impacts, the optimal environmental policy is more stringent under trade than under autarky. Furthermore, because of this stringency, production volatility is generally higher under trade. This could explain part of the background volatility observed on agricultural markets, which have been historically more volatile than those of manufactured products. In a second part of the thesis, chapter IV illustrates the possible leakage effects of environmental policies implemented unilaterally. A computable general equilibrium model is used to quantify the indirect global environmental impacts of a greening of European agriculture through a large shift to organic farming. Organic farming is known for its local environmental benefits, especially on water and soil quality, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. However, organic yields are on average 25% lower than those of conventional farming. We calibrate organic production technologies using micro-level data and find that using organic production techniques on 20% of the European area cultivated with maize, rapeseed, sunflower and wheat results in a large negative productivity shock. This shock affects global markets and induces production and demand displacements, unless the yield gap is reduced. The resulting land use changes are assessed, as well as the corresponding changes in greenhouse gas emissions, chemical inputs use and biodiversity. The negative indirect effects on the environment appear limited compared to the local benefits of adopting greener forms of agriculture in the EU. However, in the case of greenhouse gases, the indirect emissions more than offset the local benefits of organic agriculture. In the case of chemical pollution and biodiversity, results show that indirect effects deserve to be accounted for in life cycle analyses. These findings should not be used to point a finger on organic farming, a large variety of policies and consumption patterns have greater land use change impacts. Nevertheless, they rise some issues, especially on the need for more systematic sustainability assessments, even for environmental polices, the importance of research and development in organic farming to reduce yield gaps and of public policies to help to remove economic factors that could limit the increase of organic yields, such as the relative cost of production factors
Ramos, Maria Priscila. "Politique commerciale, qualite et environnement : une epplication aux negociations commerciales entre l’Union Européenne et le Mercosur". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3788/01/Thèse_Ramos.pdf.
Texto completoAsghari, Poudeh Maryam. "Analyse des effets de la libéralisation des échanges économiques internationaux sur l'environnement : le cas des relations entre les blocs régionaux de l'UE, des pays Mediterranées (sic) en développement et du golfe persique". Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE0008.
Texto completoThe linkage between international trade and the environment has become an important policy issue in the last few years. The objective of this thesis is the examination of liberalization trade effect on the environment, pollution haven hypothesis, Porter hypothesis and the factor endowments hypothesis. Our results show that: The commercial liberalization leads to the decrease in CO2 pollution in Persian Golf-EU region, Mediterranean and EU regions, as well as BOD pollution in Persian golf, Mediterranean and Persian Golf-EU regions. Also it decreases FC pollution in Persian Golf region, Mediterranean, Persian Golf-EU and EU-Mediterranean regions. Commercial liberalization increase the CO2 pollution in Persian Golf region and EU-Mediterranean regions, it leads also the increase in BOD pollution in EU and Persian Golf-EU regions, and FC pollution in EU region. Our results confirm the “Haven pollution hypothesis” for the CO2 pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU and EU-Mediterranean regions, and for FC pollution in in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region but our results reject the “Haven pollution hypothesis” for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region. We have not any robust empirical evidences to refuse or confirm this hypothesis for BOD and FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of EU-Mediterranean region. We empirically reject the « Porter hypothesis » for CO2 pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, Persian Golf-EU, Mediterranean and EU regions, as well as BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf region. This study confirms the « Porter hypothesis » for FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, Persian Golf-EU, EU and Mediterranean regions. In addition, it confirms this hypothesis for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, EU and Mediterranean regions. We couldn’t obtain significant results to confirm or reject Porter Hypothesis for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region and for FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf region. Our results show the confirmation of « factor endowments hypothesis» for CO2 pollution in EU region and for FC pollution in Mediterranean region. Moreover we confirm this hypothesis for BOD pollution in Mediterranean and Persian Golf regions. The empirical results refuse «factor endowments hypothesis» for CO2 pollution in Mediterranean and Persian Golf regions, for BOD pollution in EU region and for FC pollution in Persian Golf and EU regions
Kamergi, Najla. "Upstream and downstream agri-environmental regulations : cross-country differences, determinants and trade effects". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL2006.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates the relationship between international agricultural trade and standards intended to protect the environment, considering both upstream and downstream measures. The work is structured around three chapters. In the first one, we analyze the network of environmentally-related non-tariff measures. Chapter 2 investigates the stringency and the determinants of agri-environmental regulations by measuring their efficiency in a large panel of 108 countries during the period 2003-2013. The last chapter examines the effects of agri-environmental regulations’ stringency and heterogeneity on the intensive margin of trade between 108 countries over the same period. To this end, we used non-parametric and econometric approaches. We employ the network analysis in the first chapter whereas we use a non-parametric frontier model and the double bootstrapped truncated regression in chapter two. In chapter three, we use a theoretically justified gravity model of trade.Our findings indicate that trade growth of southern countries has been conducive to rising environmentally-related trade conflicts. While Latin American and Southeast Asian countries are increasingly asserting themselves as major suppliers for many regions of the world, our results reveal new environmentally-related conflictual relation targeting developing and emerging countries on one side and increasingly spreading within southern agro-producers on the other. Further results show that the sector of crops has witnessed globally an increasing trend in average agri-environmental efficiency. An intriguing finding is that agricultural trade openness and the specialization in crop commodities’ exports hamper the inefficiency, supporting therefore the “environmental gains-from-trade” hypothesis. In addition, our results show that environmentally-related NTMs turn out to be levers for enhancing the agri-environmental performance of exporters, especially in the BRICS and high as well as middle-income countries. Nonetheless, low income countries react differently and record a deteriorating agri-environmental performance due to environmentally-related NTMs. We also show that the stringency of environmental regulations turns out to be trade reducing in the CAIRNS group, supporting thereby the pollution haven hypothesis. By contrast, rigorous agri-environmental policies have a significant trade-enhancing effect on bilateral agricultural exports of the EU and the USA. Surprisingly, low and middle income countries support also the Porter hypothesis, suggesting that strict environmental regulations can enhance their competitive advantage against foreign rivals. Finally, we conclude that difference in exporter and importer environmental regulations is more relevant to agricultural trade than trade agreements. However, trade effects vary according to the income groups of exporting and importing countries
Anouliès, Lisa. "Trade and environment : policy responses". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0064.
Texto completoThis dissertation postulates that strategic interactions between governments are a key element to assess the effects of trade on the environment. It adopts a positive approach which is aimed at uncovering new theoretical mechanisms to contribute to the trade and environment literature on the following questions: is the environmental policy used as a substitute for trade barriers, and what are the environmental consequences of such an attitude? What are the effects of the environmental policy on the productive efficiency of an economy? Can a border tax adjustment support an environmental objective? To propose new elements of answer on these fundamental questions, the three independent chapters of this dissertation rely on theoretical models featuring intra-industry trade. The first chapter shows that trade integration influences the incentives of governments to regulate polluting industries, and that these incentives vary according to the geographical scale of pollution. The second chapter concludes that the cost of complying with an environmental objective differs according to the design elements of the cap-and-trade program when firms are heterogeneous and in monopolistic competition. The third chapter predicts that a border tax adjustment induces compliance of countries with the cooperative environmental agreement, a strategic dimension that is crucial for solving competitive distortions and carbon leakage issues
Lacour, Pauline. "Quantifier le contenu environnemental des relations économiques entre la Chine et le Japon : Analyse de trois canaux de transfert de technologies vertes". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825647.
Texto completoBaya-Laffite, Nicolas. "Gouverner par la promesse du développement durable : évaluation d'impact environnemental et meilleures techniques disponibles dans le conflit des usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0078.
Texto completoWhat does it imply to govern through the concept of sustainable development the sitting of polluting industries in developing countries? To answer this question, the thesis traces, in an STS approach, a history of the govemment of the globalization of the paper industry since the 1980s. The inquiry focuses on the instruments to achieve the promise of sustainable development, including environmental impact assessment and the best available techniques. Building on the narrative as a methodology adapted to the analysis of collective action, the thesis follows the trajectories of the controversies about manufacturing technologies of pulp and their impacts on the environment, from their origins in Europe and the United States to the banks of the River Uruguay. The case of pulp mills on the River Uruguay in the 2000s offers the opportunity to study the confiieting confluence of larger trajectories: the globalization of the paper industry, the forestry development in Uruguay, the conflict between Uruguay and Argentina around the good government of the River Uruguay and the approach of the International Court of Justice to the resolution of environmental disputes. Thus, starting from this récent case of a rare richness, the thesis offers an original analysis, focused on the structural constraints, of struggles that unfold in a large number of local, national, international and transnational arenas around controversial projects and in the light of that empty political signifier they seek substantiate : sustainable development
Milor, Alice. "Construire l’automobile, conduire l’Europe. Industriels, consommateurs et responsables politiques (1972-1998)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUL100.pdf.
Texto completoThrough the making of a European policy for the automotive industry, the future of this sector and that of European governance in a context of increased globalization were at stake. At the crossroads of business history and the history of European integration, the objective was to analyze the intertwined trajectories of the automobile industry and the European project at a time when competition from Japanese manufacturers had intensified. The Europeanisation of automobile policies since the 1970s has not only influenced the future of this sector, but has also had an impact on the European project, contributing to the emergence of a form of neoliberalism. High-ranking European officials have used the automobile to forge the Europe they wanted, while manufacturers have sought a Europe that best served their economic interests. In this way, the various stakeholders have tried to shape a form of European automotive identity with variable geometry, which is difficult to capture. This raises the question of European governance, i.e. the way in which the stakeholders – Member States, European decision-makers, industrialists, association activists and civil society – have defended their interests at Community level, between confrontation and co-construction. The battles waged by lobbies and the Commission's secret negotiations, which have led to soft-law agreements with no legal basis, raise the delicate question of the EU's democratic deficit at a time when Euroscepticism is on the rise and the car is increasingly perceived as a product that damages the environment
Binti, Zakaria Noor Aini. "Trade Barriers in Forest Industry between Malaysia and Europe". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00750922.
Texto completoSelosse, Philippe. "Le régime juridique du produit de luxe". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20002/document.
Texto completoThe luxury product is not a product like any other. Its material and immaterial qualities confer a special value that requires its producer to sell it in a proper business environment. The rule of law can it consider this economic feature ? Paradoxically, France is world's leading luxury goods market, but no one is able to state precisely what is luxury. The law seems unsuited to integrate a concept as elusive as luxury. Yet, violations suffered by the owners of luxury product rights have convinced the European judge to set up special protective rules. The aim is legitimate. This is to protect the investments made to sell and promote luxury products. But this legal approach is based on a method of qualification which is not satisfactory. The "will", "prestige" or the "feel" of luxury emanating frombranded product, are too subjective criteria to ensure systematic and consistent implementation of protective rules. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of a body of rules applicable to the luxury product, it should analyze the foundations of its recognition by positive law and the establishment of a unified system based on criteria precise definition, taking into account the intrinsic qualities of that particular property
Nkuiya, Mbakop Robeny Bruno. "Essais sur des questions internationales en économie de l'environnement". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5238.
Texto completoThis thesis is composed of three papers. The first paper studies the problem of global pollution in the context of environmental uncertainty. The second paper has to do with international environmental agreements. The third paper shows how trade liberalization can affect welfare and pollution taxes in a world of heterogeneous countries and transboundary pollution. In the first paper, I consider a world where countries suffer uniformly from global pollution while facing a continuous threat that the damages from this global pollution will suddenly jump to an irreversible high-damage state. I characterize the equilibrium level of emissions, the equilibrium stock of global pollution and the discounted net social welfare for both the cooperative and non-cooperative equilibria. The purpose is to analyze the impact of this type of uncertainty on the equilibrium behavior of the countries. I find that this uncertainty can have a significant effect on those equilibria. Countries reduce their emissions to mitigate their exposure to that threat. As the level of threat rises, countries adjust their emissions to lower the stock of pollutant. However, although initially this type of uncertainty has the effect of lowering the discounted net welfare, it can in the long run have a net positive effect on welfare. The second paper extends the standard model of self-enforcing dynamic international environmental agreements by allowing the length of the period of commitment of such agreements to vary as a parameter. It analyzes the pattern of behavior of the size of stable coalitions, the stock of pollutant and the emission rate as a function of the length of the period of commitment. It is shown that the length of the period of commitment can have very significant effects on the equilibrium. Three distinct intervals for the length of the period of commitment are identified, across which the equilibrium and its dynamic behavior differ considerably. Whereas for sufficiently high values of the period of commitment only self-enforcing agreements by a small number of countries are possible, for sufficiently low such values cooperation on the part of a very high number of countries can be occur. Lengths of periods of commitment between those two thresholds are characterized by an inverse relationship between the length of commitment and the membership size of the agreement. This suggests that considerable attention should be given to the determination of the length of such international agreements. The third paper considers a trade situation where the production activities of potentially heterogeneous countries generate pollution which can cross borders and harm the well-being of all the countries involved. In each of those countries the policy maker levies pollution taxes on the polluting firms and a tariff on imports in order to correct that distortion. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effect of a reduction in the tariff on equilibrium pollution taxes and welfare. The existing literature has investigated this problem for trade between two identical countries. This paper analyzes the problem in the more realistic context where countries are not necessarily identical and trade can be multilateral. It becomes possible to show what bias is introduced when those two realities are neglected. I find that a tariff reduction can actually lower output; it can also lower welfare even if pollution is purely local.