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Alibhai, Sky K. y Zoë C. Jewell. "Hot under the collar: the failure of radio-collars on black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis". Oryx 35, n.º 4 (octubre de 2001): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00196.x.
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AbstractRadio-collaring is widely used as a monitoring tool in the conservation of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis. We examined rates and causes of radio-transmitter collar failure on black rhino in the Sinamatella Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ), Zimbabwe, between September 1993 and February 2000. Two collar designs, hose and strap, were fitted on immobilized rhinos in four main collaring operations. Eighty nine collars were monitored: 28 hose and 61 strap. Within 12 months of placement, all hose collars had failed. Of the strap collars, 73 per cent of those on males and 44 per cent on females had failed within 12 months. Failure rates were significantly higher in males for both collar types. For strap collars older males had higher failure rates than younger males. There was some evidence of a higher failure rate of strap collars during the wet season. Thirteen per cent of strap and 4 per cent of hose collars were removed because of poor transmission; 15 per cent of strap collars were removed because of injury. The implications of collar failure rates and the use of radio-collaring as a routine protection and /or monitoring strategy are discussed.
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Persson, Hakon. "Neck collar retention in a Greylag Goose Anser anser population". Ornis Svecica 10, n.º 3–4 (1 de octubre de 2000): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v10.22874.
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A total of 179 recaptures, obtained one to eleven years after collar placement, was used to estimate neck collar retention rates in a marked breeding population of Greylag Goose Anser anser in Scania, southernmost Sweden. Owing to a very high year-round re-sighting frequency, all calculations were made on the total time neck collars had been exposed to potential losses. The overall annual neck collar retention rate was 97.1±0.7%. The annual loss rate was four times higher in males than in females (5.5±1.5% vs 1.4±0.5%), twice as high among birds collared as goslings than among those collared as breeders, both in males (8.4±4.0% vs 4.6±1.6%) and in females (1.7±0.9% vs 0.7±0.7%) and markedly higher among individuals wintering in southwestern Spain than among those spending the winter elsewhere, both in males (9.1±3.1% vs 2.5±1.4%) and in females (2.3±1.1% vs 0.6±0.6%). Shooting was the main cause of neck collar loss, but most collars did not actually fall off until during the following breeding season. Suggestions are presented of how these results ought to influence the analysis of survival rates based on re-sightings of neck-collared individuals from this population.
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Hennig, Jacob D., J. Derek Scasta, Jeffrey L. Beck, Kathryn A. Schoenecker y Sarah R. B. King. "Systematic review of equids and telemetry collars: implications for deployment and reporting". Wildlife Research 47, n.º 5 (2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19229.
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Abstract Data from animals equipped with global positioning system collars have advanced our understanding of vertebrates, but this technology has rarely been employed to study feral equids. Hesitation to equip feral equids with telemetry collars in the USA can often be attributed to safety concerns stemming from one study from the 1980s, where injuries were sustained by feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) equipped with radio-collars. Improvements in collar design over the ensuing quarter-century may have decreased risk of collar-related complications; however, telemetry-based studies on feral equids continue to be limited. In the present review, studies from wild and feral equids worldwide were systematically reviewed to better understand the mortality and injury risk in application of telemetry collars to equids. Our goals were to: (1) report the number of individual equids fitted with telemetry collars (1979–2017); and (2) document the number of individual equids that reportedly died or suffered injuries from collars or other sources. A comparative review of elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) was also conducted to evaluate the relative risk of collar-related complications among equids and routinely collared North American ungulates. In total, 1089 wild and feral telemetered equids were identified across 48 studies. Of these, 87 (8.0%) were reported to have died, with only one (0.09%) mortality attributable to a collar. Comparatively, 23.0% (1095) of 4761 elk, mule deer and pronghorn fitted with telemetry collars were found to have died in the same number of studies, though no mortalities were reported to be related to the collar. Although wild and feral equids did not experience increased natural mortality compared with the other ungulates, studies have not provided sufficient information to assess relative risk of collar-related complications. Explicit reporting and discussion of telemetry collar impacts in future publications of all animal species are recommended, especially equids, to improve understanding of how telemetry collars can affect study individuals.
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Nelson, Michael E. y L. David Mech. "Wolves, Canis lupus, Carry and Cache the Collars of Radio-collared White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, they Killed". Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i1.1130.
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Wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota cached six radio-collars (four in winter, two in spring-summer) of 202 radio-collared White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) they killed or consumed from 1975 to 2010. A Wolf bedded on top of one collar cached in snow. We found one collar each at a Wolf den and Wolf rendezvous site, 2.5 km and 0.5 km respectively, from each deer's previous locations.
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Colgan, D., D. McTague, P. O'Donnell y E. G. Little. "Three-dimensional embedded strain gauge analysis of the effect of collared versus collarless prostheses on cement mantle stresses in a femoral model of a total hip replacement". Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 31, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 1996): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v315329.
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Experimental and finite element analyses have attributed considerable significance to the role of the prosthetic collar in load transfer to the proximal femur; however, some clinical evidence suggests that collar/calcar contact is unnecessary and detrimental. This study investigates the effects of collared versus collarless prostheses on cement mantle stresses in a model analysis of the proximal femur. Three-dimensional embedded strain gauging is used in a three-times full-size model of an implanted left femur. Tensor stresses in the cement mantle are derived for a collarless Exeter™ stem, a small and a large medial-collared stem and a full-collared prosthesis. Results show that the collar causes an increase in proximal-medial compressive longitudinal stresses, with other proximal stresses significantly reduced. Subsidence of the stem in the cement mantle is prevented, inducing unfavourable pivoting of the prosthesis about the calcar into varus. The collar type produces only minor additional effects in the mechanism of load transfer. The analysis suggests that collars may inhibit the prosthesis from attaining long-term secondary stability, by preventing the stem subsidence evident with cemented collarless implants. Derived stresses also illustrate the considerable variation in the mechanism of load transfer between collared and collarless prostheses in both the proximal and distal regions.
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Pouliquen, Odile, Michelle Leishman y Trevor D. Redhead. "Effects of radio collars on wild mice, Mus domesticus". Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1990): 1607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-239.
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Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in the field to test the effects of radio collars (1.7–1.9 g) on wild house mice (Mus domesticus). There was a decrease in the activity of the collared animals in the laboratory immediately after collar attachment. There were no adverse effects on social interactions in the laboratory, nor on survival for 4–5 days in the field. Provided that the collar is well adjusted, there should be no need to keep wild animals captive for more than 1 h after collar attachment. These results are consistent with those of other researchers on the effect of transmitters on some species of small mammals.
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Qin, Xiao, Shanshan Ya, Changan Yuan, Dingjia Chen, Long Long y Huixian Liao. "MFANet: A Collar Classification Network Based on Multi-Scale Features and an Attention Mechanism". Mathematics 11, n.º 5 (27 de febrero de 2023): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11051164.
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The collar is an important part of a garment that reflects its style. The collar classification task is to recognize the collar type in the apparel image. In this paper, we design a novel convolutional module called MFA (multi-scale features attention) to address the problems of high noise, small recognition target and unsatisfactory classification effect in collar feature recognition, which first extracts multi-scale features from the input feature map and then encodes them into an attention weight vector to enhance the representation of important parts, thus improving the ability of the convolutional block to combat noise and extract small target object features. It also reduces the computational overhead of the MFA module by using the depth-separable convolution method. Experiments on the collar dataset Collar6 and the apparel dataset DeepFashion6 (a subset of the DeepFashion database) show that MFANet is able to perform at a relatively small number of collars. MFANet can achieve better classification performance than most current mainstream convolutional neural networks for complex collar images with less computational overhead. Experiments on the standard dataset CIFAR-10 show that MFANet also outperforms current mainstream image classification algorithms.
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Fink, Heidi, Sara Wennogle, Wendell L. Davis, Cristiano Von Simson y Michael R. Lappin. "Field comparison of tolerance of a collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (Seresto) and a placebo collar placed on cats". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 18, n.º 12 (10 de julio de 2016): 1031–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x15599824.
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Objectives A collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (Seresto; Bayer Animal Health) controls flea and tick infestations for 8 months and is effective in preventing transmission of Bartonella henselae and Cytauxzoon felis among cats. The purpose of this study was to compare tolerance of client-owned cats for the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar or a physically identical placebo collar. Methods A total of 96 client-owned cats were enrolled in the study. Cats that were systemically ill, of hairless breed or declawed in all four limbs were excluded. Cats were randomized by household to wear a placebo collar for 14 days followed by the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar for 14 days or the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar for 28 days. Examinations by a veterinarian were performed on days 0, 14 and 28. Owners recorded daily systemic and local health observations. Results All but two cats, including one that entrapped the mandible in the collar and one that developed local pyodermatitis (10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar), completed the 28 day study. The majority of the local lesions or licking associated with the collars occurred in the first 14 days, and licking (but not skin lesions) was more common in cats wearing the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collars. No local lesions were reported for placebo cats after switching to the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar, and only one cat wearing the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar had reports of licking after day 14. Housing status, single or multiple cat household, and whether a collar had been worn previously were not associated with side effects. Conclusions and relevance Adverse events detected for cats wearing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collars were similar to those for cats wearing placebo collars and to cats wearing identification collars in a separate study. The data suggest that most cats originally intolerant of collars become receptive over time.
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Mech, L. David. "Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Movements and Behavior Around a Kill Site and Implications for GPS Collar Studies". Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, n.º 4 (13 de agosto de 2012): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i4.1263.
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Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars are increasingly used to estimate Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates. In interpreting results from this technology, researchers make various assumptions about wolf behavior around kills, yet no detailed description of this behavior has been published. This article describes the behavior of six wolves in an area of constant daylight during 30 hours, from when the pack killed a Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) calf and yearling on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, to when they abandoned the kill remains. Although this is only a single incident, it demonstrates one possible scenario of pack behavior around a kill. Combined with the literature, this observation supports placing a radio-collar on the breeding male to maximize finding kills via GPS collars and qualifying results depending on whatever other information is available about the collared wolf’s pack.
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Juarbe-Diaz, SV y KA Houpt. "Comparison of two antibarking collars for treatment of nuisance barking". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 1996): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-3-231.
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Two commercially available antibarking collars (i.e., a citronella spray collar and an electronic shock collar) were evaluated for efficacy and user satisfaction as reported by owners after a two-week trial period for each collar. While both collars were effective in decreasing barking (88.9% for the citronella spray collar and 44.4% for the electronic shock collar), most owners expressed a preference for the citronella spray collar. Owners perceived it as being more humane and indicated that they willingly would use it on a long-term basis to decrease their dogs' nuisance barking. While the citronella spray collar has some drawbacks, it is another tool for managing excessive barking.
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Baumgartner, Kendra. "Root Collar Excavation for Postinfection Control of Armillaria Root Disease of Grapevine". Plant Disease 88, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2004): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1235.
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Root collar excavation for control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine was investigated in two California vineyards (vineyard K1 and vineyard N1) from 2002 to 2004. The hypothesis tested was that root collar excavation, when timed in early stages of root collar infection, may cause mycelial fans of the pathogen Armillaria mellea to recede from the root collar before severe disease results from vascular tissue decay. In vineyard N1, excavation significantly increased yield and cluster weight of symptomatic grapevines; symptomatic-excavated grapevines had the same high mean cluster weight as healthy grapevines, and there were no significant effects of excavation on yield or pruning weight of healthy grapevines. In vineyard K1, where excavated root collars frequently refilled with soil, excavation had no significant effects on yield or pruning weight of symptomatic grapevines, and significantly reduced pruning weight and shoot weight of healthy grapevines. Reexamination in March 2004 revealed that mycelial fans had receded from root collars of symptomatic-excavated grapevines, but remained on root collars of symptomatic-nonexcavated grapevines. Root collar excavation appears to be a promising cultural approach for control of Armillaria root disease, as long as excavated root collars are kept clear of soil.
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Moffat, Kelly S., Gary M. Landsberg y Richard Beaudet. "Effectiveness and Comparison of Citronella and Scentless Spray Bark Collars for the Control of Barking in a Veterinary Hospital Setting". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 39, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2003): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0390343.
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This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a citronella bark collar and a new, scentless spray bark collar in a veterinary hospital or a similar kennel-type environment. Forty-one dogs were included in the study. The efficacy of each collar was evaluated independently in comparison to control as well as in a crossover design. Thirty of the dogs were evaluated with the citronella collar, with 76.7% showing a reduction in barking. Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated with the scentless collar, with 58.6% showing a reduction in barking. The improvement over the control collars was statistically significant with both the citronella and scentless collars.
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Jahangirzadeh, Afshin y Shatirah Akib. "Experimental study for determination of collar dimensions around bridge pier". BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING 10, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2015): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.11.
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The shape and size of a collar is important to maximize its effect as a scour countermeasure. Current research shows that the depth of the scour hole is decreased by using rectangular collars around circular piers. This study determined the approximate optimum dimensions for rectangular collars to minimize the temporal trend of scouring around a pier model. Effects of different sizes of rectangular collars on a model pier were investigated both at the upstream and downstream of the flume. It was observed that irrespective of the rectangular collar dimensions the upstream and the downstream were estimated to be 0.86 and 1.42, respectively. The optimum collar width was estimated to be 2.8 times the diameter of the pier. By using this optimized collar dimension, the non-dimensional depth of scour reached a min value of 0.034 at 72 h. The reduction percentage of the scour depth reached 98% at 72 h.
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Khodashenas, Saeed Reza, Hossain Shariati y Kazem Esmaeeli. "Comparison between the circular and square collar in reduction of local scouring around bridge piers". E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184003002.
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In this study operation of two types of circular and square collars has been investigated on a single cylindrical pier. The results showed that using of these two types of collars cause to reduction of scour depth especially under the bed level (elevation). This research showed that the square collar is more effective than circular shape in decreasing of the scour depth). The square and circular collars showed 70% and 50% decrease in rate of scour depth, respectively in compared with simple pier without collar.
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Shenoda, Yustina, Michael P. Ward, Dorothy McKeegan y Anne Fawcett. "“The Cone of Shame”: Welfare Implications of Elizabethan Collar Use on Dogs and Cats as Reported by their Owners". Animals 10, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020333.
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Elizabethan collars are used in companion animals primarily to prevent self-trauma and associated negative welfare states in animals. However, they have been anecdotally associated with negative impacts on animal health and welfare including distress, abraded/ulcerated skin and misadventure. This study aimed to characterise the welfare impacts of Elizabethan collar use on companion dogs and cats, as reported by owners. Owners of pets who wore an Elizabethan collar during the past 12 months were surveyed about the impacts that the use of Elizabethan collars had on animal activities, in particular sleep, eating, drinking, exercise, interactions with other animals, as well as overall quality of life (QOL). The majority of 434 respondents (77.4%) reported a worse QOL score when their companion animal was wearing the collar, significantly so when the Elizabethan collar irritated their pet or impacted on their ability to drink or play. While other factors are likely to impact animal welfare during veterinary treatment that necessitates the use of Elizabethan collars, this study suggests that Elizabethan collars themselves might have negative welfare impacts in a range of domains including nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state. We recommend that animal owners are informed about potential negative impacts of Elizabethan collars and harm minimisation strategies. Where possible, alternative methods of preventing self-trauma should be explored.
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Boulanger, John, Jan Adamczewski y Tracy Davison. "Estimates of caribou herd size using post-calving surveys in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada: A meta-analysis". Rangifer 38, n.º 1 (9 de diciembre de 2018): 39–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.38.1.4239.
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Post-calving surveys to estimate herd size of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, R. t. granti, and R. t. caribou) have been used for caribou herds in Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Québec/Labrador. The main field procedure uses relocation of collared caribou to locate aggregated groups of hundreds or thousands of caribou during times of high insect harassment that usually occur in July. These groups are then photographed to obtain a count of the caribou in the aggregated groups. Often some caribou are missed, and the count of caribou may be a negatively biased estimate of total herd size, unless a high proportion of the herd is found and photographed. To address this, some previous studies have used the Lincoln-Petersen estimator, which estimates the proportion of the herd counted based on the percentage of available collared caribou found during the survey. However, this estimator assumes equal probabilities of all groups of caribou being found, regardless of group size and the numbers of collared caribou in the group. These assumptions may not be valid, as larger groups are more likely to be found than smaller groups, particularly if there are several collared caribou present. This may lead to estimates that are biased low, along with an estimate of variance that may also be biased low. A two phase estimator developed by Rivest et al., in 1998 became available in R statistical software in 2012. We analyzed 20 data sets from post-calving surveys in the NWT and NU carried out between 2000 and 2015 using the Rivest estimator to explore working characteristics of this estimator. We compared the Rivest estimates with Lincoln-Petersen estimates and total counts on each survey. We considered factors that influence precision of the Rivest estimator with a focus on sampling factors such as the proportion of collars found, the number of collars available, and natural factors such as the degree of aggregation of caribou in each survey (as indexed by the negative binomial dispersion parameter). In general, the Rivest estimator displayed acceptable precision when high proportions of caribou groups with collars were detected and counted, collar numbers were sufficient, and aggregation was adequate. Notable exceptions occurred in years of lower aggregation which resulted in many small groups with 0 or few collared caribou, and in these cases herd estimates had large variances and low precision. Estimates from the Rivest estimator, Lincoln-Petersen estimator, and total counts converged when sampling effort was high, collar numbers relative to herd size were high, and caribou were well aggregated in a limited number of groups. In other cases, estimates of the Rivest estimator were generally higher than Lincoln-Petersen estimates, presumably due to negative bias with the Lincoln-Petersen estimator. We provide a set of working recommendations to optimize field sampling to ensure reliable estimates of herd size using post-calving methods.
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Soderquist, TR. "An expanding break-away radio-collar for small mammals". Wildlife Research 20, n.º 3 (1993): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930383.
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A radio-transmitter collar of surgical rubber tubing was designed for use on growing juvenile mammals which require an expanding collar that eventually is shed. In trials on three marsupial species, including social possums, collars were not chewed by conspecifics. Radio-collars placed on wild juvenile Phascogale tapoatafa expanded with the animal's growth and broke as a result of abrasion, typically after 7 weeks or more.
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Jung, Thomas S. y Kazuhisa Kuba. "Performance of GPS collars on free-ranging bison (Bison bison) in north-western Canada". Wildlife Research 42, n.º 4 (2015): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15038.
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Context Global positioning system (GPS) collars are increasingly used to study animal ecology. However, understanding their real-world performance is important so that biases in data collection can be addressed. These biases may be species specific. Few studies have examined the influence of sex or temporal variation on locational fix success rates (FSR), and none has assessed GPS-collar performance on bison (Bison bison). Aims To test for sex- and temporal-based biases on the performance of GPS collars on free-ranging bison. Methods Data from 59 deployments of 37 GPS collars on 27 female and seven male bison was used to test for temporal variation and differences between sexes on collar-deployment success rates and four fix acquisition metrics. Key results Most (72.9%) of the 55 GPS collars retrieved malfunctioned before reaching their expected deployment schedule (2 years). We observed a significant difference in the performance of GPS collars deployed on male and females, with those on females functioning almost three times longer. All four fix metrics differed between sexes, with males having significantly better metrics. For females, nightly fix metrics were better than the daytime ones, whereas for males, there was no difference. We observed a significant difference in fix metrics between seasons for females, but not males. Conclusions Although the data from GPS collars may be useful in understanding animal ecology, understanding associated biases can aid in the design of field studies using, and the interpretation of results stemming from, GPS collars. Temporal variation in our study was apparent for females, but not males, and likely related to differences in habitat use and movements. Overall, sex had a significant influence on the success of GPS-collar deployments on bison, and should be examined for other species as well. Implications Bison damage to the collars was the main reason for collar failures. Researchers should plan for catastrophic failures and malfunctions when deploying GPS collars on bison, particularly adult males. Significant differences observed between daily and seasonal FSR for females were small (≤4.9%), and do not warrant post hoc treatment before analyses.
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Akib, Shatirah, Noor Liana Mamat, Hossein Basser y Afshin Jahangirzadeh. "Reducing Local Scouring at Bridge Piles Using Collars and Geobags". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/128635.
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The present study examines the use of collars and geobags for reducing local scour around bridge piles. The efficiency of collars and geobags was studied experimentally. The data from the experiments were compared with data from earlier studies on the use of single piles with a collar and with a geobag. The results showed that using a combination of a steel collar and a geobag yields the most significant scour reduction for the front and rear piles, respectively. Moreover, the independent steel collar showed better efficiency than the independent geobag below the sediment level around the bridge piles.
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Kim, Jae Guk, Sung Hwan Bang, Gu Hyun Kang, Yong Soo Jang, Wonhee Kim, Hyun Young Choi y Gyoung Mo Kim. "Comparison of the efficacy of three cervical collars in restricting cervical range of motion: A randomized study". Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 27, n.º 1 (12 de noviembre de 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907918809499.
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Background: The cervical collar has been used as a common device for the initial stabilization of the cervical spine. Although many cervical collars are commercially available, there is no consensus on which offers the greatest protection, with studies showing considerable variations in their ability to restrict cervical range of motion. The use of the XCollar (Emegear, Carpinteria, CA) has been known to decrease the risk of spinal cord injury by minimizing potential cervical spinal distraction. We compared XCollar with two other cervical collars commonly used for adult patients with cervical spine injury to evaluate the difference in effectiveness between the three cervical collars to restrict cervical range of motion. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the three cervical collars in their ability to restrict cervical range of motion. Method: A total of 30 healthy university students aged 21–25 years participated in this study. Participants with any cervical disease and symptoms were excluded. Three cervical collars were tested: Philadelphia® Collar, Stifneck® Select™ Collar, and XCollar. A digital camera and an image-analysis technique were used to evaluate cervical range of motion during flexion, extension, bilateral bending and bilateral axial rotation. Cervical range of motion was evaluated in both the unbraced and braced condition. Results: XCollar permitted less than a mean of 10° of movement during flexion, extension, bilateral bending and bilateral axial rotation. This was less than the movement permitted by the other two cervical collars. Conclusion: XCollar presented superior cervical immobilization compared to the other two commonly used cervical collars in this study. Thus, when cervical collar is considered for an adult patient with cervical spine injury, XCollar might be one of the considerate options as a cervical immobilization device.
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Beavis, A. "Cervical orthoses". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 13, n.º 1 (abril de 1989): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648909079403.
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A biomechanical study is presented to compare the effectiveness of three types of off-the-shelf cervical orthoses and one custom-fit collar in restricting cervical spine motion. A group of 10 normal subjects was studied. The measurements of flexion and extension, lateral side flexion and axial rotation were recorded using various measurement techniques. Interface pressures at the chin and occiput were also measured, along with the warming effect of the collars. The results indicated that all the collars restricted neck movements, for example, the Plastazote collar by 50% of flexion and extension, and that there was no significant difference between off-the-shelf Plastazote and custom-fit collars in restricting movement. Significantly high interface pressures were recorded at the chin, with the subjects wearing the hard and Plastazote orthoses. The warming effect of the soft collar was equal to that of a wool scarf. The study was aimed at improving prescription and although the subjective observations were not validated, the subjects concluded that the custom-fit collars were more comfortable; an important point with such a high rejection rate.
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Yang, Shi-Jie, Ning Xiao, Jing-Zhong Li, Yu Feng, Jun-Ying Ma, Gong-Sang Quzhen, Qing Yu et al. "Smart deworming collar: A novel tool for reducing Echinococcus infection in dogs". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2021): e0009443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009443.
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Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted from canines to humans and livestock. Periodic deworming is recommended by the WHO/OIE as a highly effective measure against echinococcosis. However, manual deworming involves significant challenges, particularly in remote areas with scarce resources. The insufficient awareness delivering praziquantel (PZQ) baits for dogs leads to low compliance rate. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a novel smart collar for dogs to address these challenges. We developed a smart Internet of Things (IoT)-based deworming collar which can deliver PZQ baits for dogs automatically, regularly, quantitatively with predominant characteristics of being waterproof, anti-collision, cold-proof and long life battery. Its performance was tested in two remote locations on the Tibetan Plateau. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the compliance of the dog owners. Further, a randomized controlled study was performed to evaluate the difference between smart-collar deworming and manual deworming. The collar’s effectiveness was further assessed on the basis of Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE). The testing and evaluation was done for 10 smart deworming collars in factory laboratory, 18 collars attached for 18 dogs in Seni district, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and 523 collars attached for 523 dogs in Hezuo city, Gansu province, China. The anti-collision, waterproof, and coldproof proportion of the smart collars were 100.0%, 99.5%, and 100.0%, respectively. When compared to manual deworming, the dogs’ risk of infection with Echinococcus on smart-collar deworming is down to 0.182 times (95% CI: 0.049, 0.684) in Seni district and 0.355 (95%CI: 0.178, 0.706) in Hezuo city, the smart collar has a significant protective effect. The owners’ overall compliance rate to attach the smart collars for their dogs was 89%. The smart deworming collar could effectively reduce the dogs’ risk of infection with Echinococcus in dogs, significantly increase the deworming frequency and coverage and rapidly remove worm biomass in dogs. Thus, it may be a promising alternative to manual deworming, particularly in remote areas on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Kumcu, Şerife Yurdagül, Mustafa Gögüş y Mehmet Ali Kökpinar. "Temporal scour development at bridge abutments with a collar". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2007): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-146.
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This study investigated the reduction of scour around a vertical-wall bridge abutment using rectangular collars for clear-water flow conditions over uniform sediment particles in a laboratory flume. Collars of different sizes and at different elevations were tested to determine the temporal variation of scour depth around the bridge abutment. The development of scour around the abutments with and without a collar for a time period of 6 h was studied, and observed scour depths were compared. Experimental results showed that, in addition to protecting the abutments against erosion, the addition of a collar is effective in reducing the rate of temporal scour development. A comparison of the present results with those from previous studies revealed that the effectiveness of a collar increases with a decrease in the elevation of the collar and an increase in the width of the collar.Key words: bridge abutment, collar, experimentation, hydraulics, scour, temporal variation.
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van de Bunte, Wiene, Janno Weerman y Anouschka R. Hof. "Potential effects of GPS collars on the behaviour of two red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in Rotterdam Zoo". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2021): e0252456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252456.
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GPS collars are frequently used to study the (behavioural) ecology of species. However, such collars can cause behavioural changes and can have negative physiological effects on the individuals wearing them. A pilot study to obtain data on behavioural and physiological effects of GPS collars on the target species would therefore be recommended, especially when it concerns rare or endangered species. The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a small carnivore endemic to the mountains of Central Asia that is currently classified as endangered. There is a lack in knowledge on the species ecology which could be enhanced by a study using GPS-technology. As a pilot study, the two adult red pandas in Rotterdam Zoo were observed before and after fitting a GPS-collar, to determine possible behavioural effects of wearing a collar. Although the study did not take place under ideal circumstances, indications of both behavioural, e.g. increased shaking behaviour, and physical, e.g. abrasions, effects of the collar were found. Even though our results were only based on two individuals, our findings stress the need for pilot studies in controlled environments before GPS collars to ensure safety of the study species and validity of the collected data.
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Sargisson, Rebecca J., Rynae Butler y Douglas Elliffe. "An Evaluation of the Aboistop Citronella-Spray Collar as a Treatment for Barking of Domestic Dogs". ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (23 de enero de 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/759379.
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The aim of our study was to investigate whether citronella-spray collars offer a humane alternative to electric-shock collars to reduce the barking of domestic dogs. The Aboistop collar was applied to seven dogs with problematic barking behaviour by the dogs’ owners in a series of case studies concurrently run. Vocalisation of the dogs was recorded in the problem context under baseline conditions, inactive collar conditions, and active collar conditions. The Aboistop collar was effective at reducing problem vocalization for only three of seven dogs and appeared to be most effective for dogs whose problem barking had developed more recently. The collar may be more humane than other punishment methods, but it did produce stress reactions which varied in severity across the dogs. Clinical Relevance. In our study, the collar was applied by the dogs’ owners in order to test whether the collar would be effective when used by members of the public. While the results here are preliminary, they suggest that the collar may be effective for some dogs, but not for others, when applied by dog owners for the treatment of problem vocalisation. Further research is required to determine whether the collar could be effective when administered by a trained professional.
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Breen, E. J., P. H. Vardy y K. L. Williams. "Movement of the multicellular slug stage of Dictyostelium discoideum: an analytical approach". Development 101, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 1987): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.2.313.
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Time-lapse video recordings of migrating multicellular slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum were subjected to image analysis. A transient ‘collar-like’ structure was identified at the anterior end of the slug. This collar remains stationary in the wild- type strain WS380B; it is observed shortly after the advancing tip contacts the substratum. Stationary collars formed approximately every 12min; they were matched with patterns revealed on the underside of slime trails with FITC-coupled monoclonal antibody MUD50. It is proposed that stationary collars are involved with the forward movement of the slug. The mutant strain HU2421 lacks the MUD50-epitope and forms collars which do not remain stationary but move backwards along the slug to collect at a ‘waist’ region. The slipping-collars observed in the mutant correlated with very slow migration rates. We propose that HU2421 moves slowly because it lacks traction.
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Davies, Benjamin, Rajiv Kaila, Loukas Andritsos, Christian Gray Stephens, Gordon W. Blunn, Craig Gerrand, Panagiotis Gikas y Andrew Johnston. "Osteointegration of hydroxyapatite-coated collars in cemented massive endoprostheses following revision surgery". Bone & Joint Open 2, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2021): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.26.bjo-2021-0017.r1.
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Aims Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated collars have been shown to reduce aseptic loosening of massive endoprostheses following primary surgery. Limited information exists about their effectiveness in revision surgery. The aim of this study was to radiologically assess osteointegration to HA-coated collars of cemented massive endoprostheses following revision surgery. Methods Retrospective review of osseointegration frequency, pattern, and timing to a specific HA-coated collar on massive endoprostheses used in revision surgery at our tertiary referral centre between 2010 to 2017 was undertaken. Osseointegration was radiologically classified on cases with a minimum follow-up of six months. Results In all, 39 patients underwent radiological review at mean 43.5 months; 22/39 (56.4%) showed no osseointegration to the collar. Revision endoprostheses for aseptic loosening were less likely to show osseointegration compared with other indications for revision. Oncological cases with previous or current infection were more likely to show osseointegration to ≥ 1 collar side than those without evidence of prior infection. Conclusion This seven-year review identified osseointegration of HA-coated collars after revision surgery is less likely (43.6%, 17/39) than after primary surgery. Young patients who undergo revision surgery following initial oncological indication may benefit the most from this collar design. Use in revision oncological cases with a history of infection may be beneficial. HA-coated collars showed limited benefit for patients undergoing revision for failed arthroplasty with history of infection. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(6):371–379.
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Gaylord, Adam J. y Dana M. Sanchez. "Causes and Consequences of Timing Errors Associated With Global Positioning System Collar Accelerometer Activity Monitors". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2014): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092013-jfwm-060.
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Abstract Direct behavioral observations of multiple free-ranging animals over long periods of time and large geographic areas is prohibitively difficult. However, recent improvements in technology, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) collars equipped with motion-sensitive activity monitors, create the potential to remotely monitor animal behavior. Accelerometer-equipped activity monitors quantify animal motion with different amounts of movement presumably corresponding to different animal activities. Variations in motion among species and differences in collar design necessitate calibration for each collar and species of interest. We paired activity monitor data collected using Lotek GPS_4400 collars worn by captive Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni with simultaneously collected behavior observations. During our initial data screening, we observed many sampling intervals of directly observed behavior that did not pair to activity monitor data in a logical fashion. For example, intervals containing behaviors associated with little or no motion sometimes aligned with relatively high activity monitor values. These misalignments, due to errors associated with collar timekeeping mechanisms, would likely result in inaccurate classification models. We corrected timing errors by using defined breaks in animal behavior to shift times given by collar output, improving the average correct classification rate 61.7 percentage points for specific behaviors. Furthermore, timing errors were significantly reduced by increasing the GPS fix rate, by using a sampling interval divisible by 8 seconds, and by accurately timing the initial collar activation. Awareness and management of collar timing error will enable users to obtain the best possible estimates of true behavior when calibrating these collars and interpreting data from free-ranging animals.
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Koodaryan, Roodabeh y Ali Hafezeqoran. "Effect of laser-microtexturing on bone and soft tissue attachments to dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 15, n.º 4 (5 de diciembre de 2021): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2021.048.
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Background. It is critical to understand laser-microtextured implant collars’ influence on peri-implant pocket depths and marginal bone levels, especially in crucial areas. The present review investigated the peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL) and pocket depths and failure rates of dental implants with laser-microtextured collars. Methods. An electronic search was run in the PubMed and Embase databases until September 15, 2019. Randomized and prospective clinical studies comparing peri-implant MBL and pocket depths and failure rates between implants with laser-microtextured and machined collar surfaces were included. Five studies (two cohort studies and three RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis after the inclusion and exclusion criteria and qualitative assessments were applied. The risk ratio of osseointegrated implant failure and mean differences in peri-implant MBL and pocket depths were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results. Implants with laser-microtextured collars exhibited significantly better marginal bone level scores (P<0.001; MD: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.489‒0.592) and a significant reduction in peri-implant probing depths than implants with machined collars (P<0.001; MD: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.90‒1.13). The assessed studies showed that 17 out of 516 implants failed (3.29%), comprising nine implants with machined (3.62%) and eight implants with laser-microtextured collars (2.98%). However, no significant differences were detected in the implant neck surface characterization (P=0.695; RR: 1.205; 95% CI: 0.472‒3.076). Conclusion. This study suggests that laser-microtexturing of implant collar significantly affected the peri-implant MBL and probing depths. Although no significant differences were noted in implant failure rates between implants with laser-microtextured and machined collar surfaces, the peri-implant MBL and probing depths with laser-microtextured collars were significantly lower than the machined collars.
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Shigo, Alex L. "How tree branches are attached to trunks". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1985): 1391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-193.
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The vascular cambium and the growth ring it produces are continuous from trunk to branch, but the cells formed by the cambium in the upper junction of branch and trunk are oriented at approximately right angles to the normal orientation in the trunk and branch. Branch tissues begin to develop before trunk tissues early in the growing season. Maturation of branch tissues proceeds basipetally. The branch xylem is oriented downward at the branch base and encircles it to form a collar. The collar tissues meet on the trunk below the branch. The branch collar is enveloped later in the growing season by a collar of trunk xylem. Xylem in the trunk collar meet above and below the branch. Conduction into and out of the branch follows the pathway of the branch collar. The branch is structurally attached to the trunk by a series of trunk collars that envelop the branch collars every growing season. When the trunk collar was injured or removed by branch pruning, the trunk xylem above and below the cut was rapidly and extensively infected and decay developed. When pruning cuts did not injure or remove the trunk collar, no infections developed in the trunk xylem. Dye movement and the patterns of spread of bacterial and fungal pathogens also suggested that there was no local direct conduction between trunk xylem above a branch and within a branch.
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Guertal, E. A. y J. H. Edwards. "Organic Mulch and Nitrogen Affect Spring and Fall Collard Yields". HortScience 31, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1996): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.823.
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Fall and spring collards (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) were grown under one of three mulches (black plastic, ground newspaper, wood chips) and in a bare soil control. Mulch treatments were arranged in a factorial design with five rates of N fertilizer: 0, 67, 134, 201, or 268 kg N/ha. All fertilizer was preplant-incorporated into the bed before applying mulches and transplanting collards. Season did not affect collard yield, and there was no significant season × N rate interaction. Collard yields increased with increasing rates of N, with a maximum yield at 163 kg N/ha. Mulch type significantly affected collard yield, with fall collard yields highest under bare ground or wood chip mulches and spring yields highest under black plastic mulch. Collards produced under newspaper mulch produced the lowest yields in the fall and yields equal to bare soil and wood chips in the spring. Collards produced under newspaper mulch had less tissue N at harvest than those of any of the other treatments in both seasons. Collards produced on black plastic produced the lowest plant populations in both seasons. Wood chips and newspaper offer some appeal as low-input, small-scale mulches, but additional research to explore fertility management is necessary.
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Ormiston, Brian G. "Effects of a subminiature radio collar on activity of free-living white-footed mice". Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1985): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-103.
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The effects of a subminiature (1.1 g) radio collar on activity of free-living Peromyscus leucopus were examined by comparing recapture frequency, persistence, apparent reproduction, body weight, and ranging activity of 43 collared and 304 uncollared mice. Although some differences between collar treatment groups were noted for most measures, no significant deleterious effects of wearing the radio collar were detected. Collared juveniles weighing from 12 to 16 g appeared to grow and mature similarly relative to uncollared juveniles.
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Bordin, Dimorvan, Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury y Fernanda Faot. "Influence of Abutment Collar Height and Implant Length on Stress Distribution in Single Crowns". Brazilian Dental Journal 30, n.º 3 (junio de 2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902533.
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Abstract This in silico study evaluated the influence of the abutment collar height and implants length on the biomechanical behavior of morse taper single dental implants with different crown-to-implant ratio. Six virtual models were constructed (S11, M11, L11, S13, M13 and L13) by combining short (S: 2.5 mm), medium (M: 3.5 mm) or long (L: 4.5 mm) abutment collar heights with different implant lengths (11 or 13-mm). An upper central incisor of 11-mm height was constructed on top of each abutment. Each set was positioned in a virtual bone model and exported to analyze mathematically. A 0.60-mm mesh was created after convergence analysis and a 49 N load was applied to the cingulum of the crown at an angle of 45°. Load-generated stress distribution was analyzed in the prosthetic components according to von Mises stress criteria (σvM) and in the cortical and cancellous bone by means of shear stress (εmax). The use of longer collar abutments (L11) increased the stress on the abutment by 250% and resulted in 40% higher stresses on the screw and 92% higher cortical shear stresses compared to short collared abutments (S11). Increasing the implant length produced a slight stress reduction on cortical bone. Cancellous bone was not affected by the crown-to-implant ratio. Longer abutment collars concentrate stresses at the implant level and cortical bone by increasing the crown-to-implant ratio.
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Szado, Edward y Thomas Schneeweis. "Loosening Your Collar: Alternative Implementations of QQQ Collars". Journal of Trading 5, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2010): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jot.2010.5.2.035.
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Dunham, Lee M. "Loosening Your Collar: Alternative Implementations of QQQ Collars". CFA Digest 40, n.º 3 (agosto de 2010): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v40.n3.3.
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Carter, Anne, Donal McNally y Amanda Roshier. "Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model". Veterinary Record 187, n.º 7 (17 de abril de 2020): e52-e52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105681.
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BackgroundDog collars have the potential to cause harm when the dog pulls on the lead. This study aimed to determine the effects of collar type and force applied using the lead on the pressure on a simulated neck model.MethodsSeven collars and a slip lead were tested on a canine neck model. This consisted of a plastic cylinder ‘neck’, with a pressure sensor beneath the collar. A range of forces were applied to the lead representing different interactions: firm pull (40 N), strong pull (70 N) and jerk (mean force 141 N). Contact area of the collar and pressure on the neck were recorded.ResultsCollars exerted a pressure of between 83 kPa and 832 kPa on the model neck. There was a significant effect of collar type (F(7)=25.69, P<0.001) and force applied (F(2)=42.60, P<0.001) on the pressure exerted on the neck. Collar type (χ(7)=64.94, P<0.001), but not force applied (χ(2)=3.20, P=0.202), affected the contact area that the pressure was exerted over.ConclusionVariation in the pressures exerted on the neck may have implications on comfort and the potential to cause injury. No single collar tested provided a pressure considered low enough to mitigate the risk of injury when pulling on the lead.
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Farnham, Mark W., Glen Ruttencutter, J. Powell Smith y Anthony P. Keinath. "Provide a Means to Develop Collard Cultivars". HortScience 40, n.º 6 (octubre de 2005): 1686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1686.
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Collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) is a leafy green vegetable adapted to the southeastern United States. The number of commercially available collard cultivars is limited, and the most popular cultivars are susceptible to fusarium yellows, a disease that most cabbage (B. oleracea Capitata group) cultivars are resistant to. We hypothesized that hybrids of cabbage and collard would look more like collard, because heading of cabbage is at least partially recessive to the nonheading growth habit of collard. We also postulated that cabbage–collard hybrids might be used directly as collard cultivars. To test these postulates, cytoplasmic male sterile cabbage inbreds were crossed to different male fertile collard inbreds and hybrid seed was produced. Resulting cabbage–collard hybrids were compared to conventional collard cultivars in three replicated field trials in South Carolina. In all trials, cabbage–collard hybrids exhibited size and weight more similar to conventional collard than cabbage, and throughout most of the growing season the collards remained nonheading. In addition, the cabbage–collard hybrids were much more uniform than open-pollinated collard cultivars. Among cabbage–collard hybrids there was significant variation with some hybrids appearing more collard-like than others. The collard inbreds designated A and B may have the greatest potential for making promising cabbage–collard hybrids. Particular hybrids (i.e., A3 or B2), derived from these inbreds and tested in this study, can perform better than certain conventional collards and may serve as possible new cultivars of this vegetable crop.
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Prins, Peggy, David Stuer y Ans de Vos. "Blue, White of Grey CollarsHoe Diep is Het Water Wanneer Het Gaat Om Zinvol Werk?" Tijdschrift voor HRM 21, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 2002): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thrm2018.3.prin.
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Werk heeft belangrijke zingevende functies en heeft daardoor een potentieel positief effect op het leven van mensen: het biedt idealiter een inkomen, het zorgt voor sociaal contact, het geeft meer zin en regelmaat aan het leven en het draagt potentieel bij aan iemands eigenwaarde en welzijnsgevoel. Of en waarom mensen hun werk als zinvol ervaren, is dan ook van oudsher een belangrijk vraagstuk in het arbeidspsychologisch en -sociologisch onderzoek. Wij zoomen in dit artikel in op de vraag welke verschillen bestaan in de gradatie en de determinanten van zinvol werk voor drie beroepsgroepen: de blue, white en grey collars. Waar de termen 'blue en white collars' gemeenzaam bekend zijn, is dat veel minder het geval voor de term 'grey collars'. Het gaat stereotiep om de 'grijze pakken', om de kader- of de leidinggevende functies. Hoe diep of ondiep is het water tussen deze drie groepen wanneer het gaat om percepties van (determinanten van) zinvol werk?How deep or shallow is the water between blue, withe and grey collars when it comes to perceptions of (determinants of) meaningful work? That’s the key focus of the article. In line with self-determination theory we examine the impact of (the fulfilling of the need of) autonomy and (the fulfilling of the need of) social support on experienced meaningfulness. Additionally, in line with Person-Environment Fit theory, we expect a mediation effect by needs-supply fit or misfit dependent on the type of professional ‘collar’ (blue, white or grey) of the employee. The results of the explanatory analysis of our survey (n=9307) shows that the expected relationships in our models are quite collar-independent, meaning that the drivers for meaningful work are almost the same for blue, white as well as for grey collars. This does not mean that the nature of the ‘collar’ of the workers has no impact at all. The descriptive results demonstrates less meaningful work perceptions, less needs-supply fit, less autonomy and social support for blue collar workers, compared with white and grey collars. Extra attention for those groups who are working in a more executive mode is therefore required.
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Lekhov, O. S. y A. V. Mikhalev. "Calculation of temperature and thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars of the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation in steel billets production. Report 2". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-2-143-148.
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The problem statement and boundary conditions for calculation of axial thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars of the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation are provided for production of three steel billets. The scheme of calculations for determination of thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars in known temperature field was stated using ANSYS software. The results of calculation of thermoelastic stresses in shaped dies were performed in four sections of a backup with collars. In each section, calculation results are given for four typical lines and seven points. Values of axial thermoelastic stresses for seven typical points of each section are given for the contact surface of a backup with collars and the contact layer at a depth of 5 mm from the contact surface. The stress state of a shaped backup in the middle of depression between the middle collars was determined and the regularities of distribution of axial and equivalent stresses over the thickness, length and width of a backup were established during slab compression and at idle. The results of calculation of thermoelastic stresses in the top of the middle collar of a shaped backup on the contact surface and in the contact layer during slab compression and at idle are presented. Graphs of thermoelastic stresses distribution along the line passing through the top of a collar are given, which show the zones of compressive and tensile thermoelastic stresses during slab compression and at idle. The character of the stress state in the base of extreme collar was determined for production of three steel billets in the unit of combined process of continuous casting and deformation.
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Turbin, Carole. "Collars and Consumers: Changing Images of American Manliness and Business". Enterprise & Society 1, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2000): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.3.507.
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Detachable collars, essential to men’s appearance from the 1840s to the 1920s, have left a lasting legacy: the term ‘white collar’ and the “Arrow Man,” the centerpiece of Arrow collar advertisements from 1907 until 1931. The Arrow Man was the visual representation of the “New Man,” and Arrow collars were preserved in American culture through the lyrics of a 1934 Cole Porter song, “You’re the Top.” Both the Arrow collar and the Arrow Man derived from business decisions that reflected emerging and changing American consumer tastes and markets, an expanding middle class, and shifts in culture, especially in new ideal images of manliness that were less class-based, contributing to Americans’ impression that social distinctions were more blurred than in the past. The Arrow Man embodied in a single compelling image the resolution of social contradictions that persisted beneath the increased similarity of men of different backgrounds.
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Szaplonczay, Aleksandra. "White-Collar Crime: Contemporary View". Teisė 120 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2021.120.10.
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The article touches upon the problem of white collar criminality and presents a contemporary view of the phenomenon.
The concept of white-collar crime, first introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939, immediately became the driving force behind the discussion undertaken by criminologists and sociologists of that time. Since then, many studies have been conducted in order to answer the question about who actually is a “white collar” – why do respectable, well-situated individuals decide to enter the path of crime? The author contrasts two types of definitions – the subjective white-collar crime definition developed in Anglo-Saxon culture and objective definition of economic crime functioning in Europe. It is significant that the crime of white collars has never really been systematized in the Polish legal system (and most of European legal systems), in contrast to economic types of crime.The author compares recent literature, presents characteristics of white-collar criminals and comes to the conclusion that in this specific group of criminals the ties between the perpetrator and the community in which they live are very weak.
Finally, the article touches on a problem of possible beneficial consequences of attempting to investigate the scale of crimes committed by white collars.
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LI, XIAONING, KAIXUAN LIU, CHUN ZHU y ZHAO LV. "Collar style design of women's suit based on Kansei engineering". Industria Textila 73, n.º 05 (26 de octubre de 2022): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.05.202186.
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To understand the influence of flat collar, closure collar, and shawl collar on the perceptual impression of women's suits, 12 pairs of adjectives used to describe the collar type of suits were determined by using the method of perceptual engineering and semantic difference. With the help of virtual fitting technology, 22 kinds of suit simulation pictures were drawn. Through the questionnaire survey, this paper studied the perceptual evaluation of different collar types of women's suits and then used the mean statistics and corresponding factor analysis to process the survey data. The results show that 1) the factors of stability, elegance, and style have influenced the collar design of women's suits; 2) different collars brought consumers different emotional feelings, for example, the shawl collar was simple and soft, the flat collar was professional, closure collar was elegant. The results can be used to guide the design of the female suit collar.
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Estrada-Pefia, A. y F. Ascher. "Field Efficacy of Two Ixodicide Collars, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.401.
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Abstract Ixodicidal activity of two collars against the brown dog tick was verified by a field test in northeast Spain, following the tick load on dogs over a 4-month period. Collars were a 9% Amitraz (AMZ) (Preventic®, Virbac) and a Propoxur + Flumethrin (PPX) (Kiltix®, Bayer) formulation. For this field test, we used 30 adult Beagle dogs, in 2 groups of 10 each, with each collar, and a third group of 10 dogs with only placebo collar to serve as the check. After collar fitting, and every week, dogs were allowed to walk freely across a periurban area, heavily infested with ticks. Counts of ticks were done 3 days after each natural infestation. Natural infestations were carried out while the mean number of ticks/check dog was equal to or higher than 10, allowing a total of 8 infestations. Ticks were counted as alive unfed females, alive feeding females, dead unfed females, and dead feeding females.
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Satyarthee, Guru Dutta, Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar y Amit Agrawal. "Magnitude of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Rigid External Cervical Collar Immobilization in Cases Sustaining Traumatic Brain Injury: Impact Analysis Current Status". Romanian Neurosurgery 32, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2018-0061.
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Abstract Rigid collars are routinely used to immobilise the cervical spine during early phase of management of trauma cases until cervical clearance is obtained or else diagnosed as case of cervical spine injury following detailed clinical as well as neurological evaluation. Spinal injuries commonly coexist in patients sustaining severe head injury. Till date, there is no clear cut consensus about effect of application of a rigid collar in cases suffering with traumatic brain injury. However, concern are regularly raised over collar application, such practice may have adverse effect on cerebrovascular regulation and ultimately affecting intracranial pressure and outcome. Authors made detailed Pubmed, EMBASE, AMED, and Thomson Reuters, Medline line search and could find out six articles. According to existing literature, the cervical collar has the potential to influence intracranial pressure in patients suffering with head injury. There are several reports in the literature showing that cervical immobilization may alter intracranial pressure and the changes in ICP closely depend on the types of cervical collars used. Authors discuss the current status based on review of updated literature on possible effect on the intracranial pressure produced by application of rigid cervical collar and briefly literature is reviewed.
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Bazaie, Naif, Ibrahim Alghamdi, Naif Alqurashi y Zubair Ahmed. "The Impact of a Cervical Collar on Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Trauma Care 2, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010001.
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Purpose: Although the use of a cervical collar in the prehospital setting is recommended to prevent secondary spinal cord injuries and ensure spinal immobilization, it is not known what effects this has on raising intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. In the absence of studies measuring ICP in the prehospital setting, the aim of this study was to systematically review the data related to ICP changes measured after presentation at the hospital in patients who had arrived wearing cervical collars. Methods: We searched Medline (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar for studies that investigated in-hospital ICP changes in TBI patients arriving at the hospital wearing collars. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were then searched for inclusion in the study. A narrative synthesis, as well as a meta-analysis, was performed. Results: Of the 1006 studies identified, only three met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The quality of the three included studies was moderate and the risk of bias was low. All three studies used the Laerdal Stifneck collar, but all studies showed an increase in ICP after application of the collar. A further three studies that measured ICP but did not fit the systematic search were also included due to low patient numbers. A meta-analysis of the pooled data confirmed a significant increase in ICP, although between the four studies, only 77 patients were included. The meta-analysis also confirmed that after removal of the collar, there was a significant decrease in ICP. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the use of a cervical collar increases ICP in TBI and head injury patients, which may have detrimental effects. However, due to the extremely low sample size from all six studies, caution must be exercised when interpreting these data. Thus, further high-quality research is necessary to unequivocally clarify whether cervical collars should be used in patients with TBI.
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Pauli, Amy M., Ellison Bentley, Kathryn A. Diehl y Paul E. Miller. "Effects of the Application of Neck Pressure by a Collar or Harness on Intraocular Pressure in Dogs". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2006): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420207.
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The effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) from dogs pulling against a collar or a harness was evaluated in 51 eyes of 26 dogs. The force each dog generated while pulling against a collar or a harness was measured. Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained during application of corresponding pressures via collars or harnesses. Intraocular pressure increased significantly from baseline when pressure was applied via a collar but not via a harness. Based on the results of the study, dogs with weak or thin corneas, glaucoma, or conditions for which an increase in IOP could be harmful should wear a harness instead of a collar, especially during exercise or activity.
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Krishnan, Prasad y Grandhi Aditya. "Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Cervical Collar". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 13, n.º 01 (enero de 2022): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740454.
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AbstractCervical collars are routinely applied in neurosurgical units following trauma or cervical spine operations. We describe a case of florid allergic contact dermatitis that developed as a complication following collar application in a postoperative patient.
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Ghahramani, Rahil, Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi, Hamid Reza Roohafza, Saeide Bahrani, Mohammad Talaei, Minoo Dianatkhah, Nizal Sarrafzadegan y Masoumeh Sadeghi. "The Association between Occupational Categories and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events: A Cohort Study in Iranian Male Population". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 11, n.º 4 (26 de octubre de 2020): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijoem.2020.2053.
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Background: Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factor, some novel risk factors like occupation and career can play an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVDs) incidence. Objective: To assess the association between occupational categories and their positions with cardiovascular events (CVEs) in an Iranian male population. Methods: We followed 2134 men aged 35–65 years for 14 years during the Isfahan Cohort Study (2001–2015) for CVEs including ischemic heart disease and stroke. Firstly, Occupations were classified into 10 categories of International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO). Each category was then classified into one of the 4 pre-specified categories, namely high/low skilled white collars and high/low skilled blue collars. White-collar workers referred to managerial and professional workers in contrast with blue collar workers, whose job requires manual labor. Results: The mean age of studied participants was 46.9 (SD 8.3) years. 286 CVE incidents were recorded; unstable angina had the highest rate (46%); fatal stroke, the lowest (3%). There were no significant difference was observed between white and blue collars in terms of CVE incidence, as well as their high and low skilled subgroups. Hazard ratio analysis indicated a significantly higher risk of CVEs only for low-skilled white-collar workers (crude HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.13); this was not significant after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusion: There is no association between occupational categories and incidence of cardiovascular events among Iranian male population.
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Ghahramani, Rahil, Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi, Hamid Reza Roohafza, Saeide Bahrani, Mohammad Talaei, Minoo Dianatkhah, Nizal Sarrafzadegan y Masoumeh Sadeghi. "The Association between Occupational Categories and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events: A Cohort Study in Iranian Male Population". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 11, n.º 4 (26 de octubre de 2020): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijoem.2020.2253.
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Background: Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factor, some novel risk factors like occupation and career can play an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVDs) incidence. Objective: To assess the association between occupational categories and their positions with cardiovascular events (CVEs) in an Iranian male population. Methods: We followed 2134 men aged 35–65 years for 14 years during the Isfahan Cohort Study (2001–2015) for CVEs including ischemic heart disease and stroke. Firstly, Occupations were classified into 10 categories of International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO). Each category was then classified into one of the 4 pre-specified categories, namely high/low skilled white collars and high/low skilled blue collars. White-collar workers referred to managerial and professional workers in contrast with blue collar workers, whose job requires manual labor. Results: The mean age of studied participants was 46.9 (SD 8.3) years. 286 CVE incidents were recorded; unstable angina had the highest rate (46%); fatal stroke, the lowest (3%). There were no significant difference was observed between white and blue collars in terms of CVE incidence, as well as their high and low skilled subgroups. Hazard ratio analysis indicated a significantly higher risk of CVEs only for low-skilled white-collar workers (crude HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.13); this was not significant after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusion: There is no association between occupational categories and incidence of cardiovascular events among Iranian male population.
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Bestawy, A., T. Eltahawy, A. Alsaluli, A. Almaliki y M. Alqurashi. "Reduction of local scour around a bridge pier by using different shapes of pier slots and collars". Water Supply 20, n.º 3 (14 de febrero de 2020): 1006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.022.
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Abstract Local scour around bridge piers is one of the main causes of bridge failure all over the world. Experimental and hydraulic models were carried out to investigate two types of scour reduction methods around a single cylindrical pier, namely the pier's slots and collars. The efficiency of various types of pier slots and circular collars around the pier's base in reducing scour were studied. A new shape of a conical collar was developed by the authors and examined along with other shapes. The results revealed that collars, in general, have more influence in reducing scour depth than slots made in the front and rear of bridge piers. The sigma-slot acts better than other tested slots, with a reduction in the scour depths of 59.3% and 52.8% at the upstream and downstream of the pier, respectively. On the other hand, the conical collar appeared to be the most effective collar shape in reducing the scour around the bridge pier, with a 61.1% reduction in the scour depth downstream of the pier. A three-dimensional laser scanner was used to capture the bed topography at the end of each experiment and contour maps of the deformed bed were produced. A one-dimensional Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System model was developed with a single bridge pier to predict the scour depth around the pier in an attempt to introduce new values for the pier nose shape factor, , which describes the tested piers.