Tesis sobre el tema "Cognitives process"

Ce travail de thèse explore les processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent l'efficacité des interventions de psychologie positive dans le traitement du trouble dépressif majeur. Pour cela, quatre études ont été menées pour identifier ces processus et comprendre comment ils contribuent à la réduction de la symptomatologie dépressive. La première étude a comparé l'efficacité de deux entraînements d'une semaine basés sur l'activation comportementale et la psychologie positive. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement à l'activation comportementale basé sur la psychologie positive, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement à l'activation comportementale basé sur la pratique d'une activité physique. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive dans les deux groupes, mais sans différence entre les deux groupes. Cela suggère que l'efficacité de l'entraînement dépend peut-être de facteurs autres que la théorie sous-jacente. La deuxième étude a testé l'effet d'un protocole ciblant les réseaux de la mémoire associative et l'accessibilité des souvenirs en mémoire autobiographique. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement à la remémoration de souvenirs positifs, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement de contrôle. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la remémoration de souvenirs positifs peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive. La troisième étude a évalué l'effet d'un protocole de remémoration de souvenirs positifs basé sur des exercices de visualisation inspirés de l'hypnose Ericksonienne. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement quotidien d'une semaine à la remémoration de souvenirs positifs, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement de relaxation. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la remémoration de souvenirs positifs peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive et d'améliorer la mémoire autobiographique. La quatrième étude a mesuré l'effet d'une réalisation quotidienne d'un carnet de gratitude. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un carnet de gratitude, tandis que l'autre a reçu un carnet de contrôle. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la pratique de la gratitude peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive et d'améliorer la mémoire autobiographique. Dans la suite de notre thèse, nous comparons l'efficacité de ces différents protocoles en intergroupe et en intragroupe. Nous discutons ensuite les perspectives expérimentales et cliniques que ces recherches permettent. Enfin nous proposons une illustration clinique des différents entrainements présentés dans ces études. Si nos travaux ont permis de commencer à enrichir la réflexion et la compréhension de certains mécanismes d'action des entrainements de psychologie positive, dont certains apparaissent à même d'expliquer une partie importante de leur efficacité, ils soulignent aussi la nécessité primordiale pour les chercheurs et les cliniciens de mener des recherches et réflexions approfondies sur les processus mis en œuvre dans les thérapeutiques qu'ils proposent à leurs patients. La recherche actuelle sur les processus sous-tendant les différences au sein de la psychologie est, en effet, d'une importance capitale car cette démarche scientifique concourt à une pratique éclairée de cette discipline, en tentant d'unir toujours davantage science et conscience
This thesis explores the cognitive processes that underlie the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions in the treatment of major depressive disorder. To achieve this, four studies were conducted to identify these processes and understand how they contribute to the reduction of depressive symptoms. The first study compared the effectiveness of two one-week training programs based on behavioral activation and positive psychology. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a behavioral activation training program based on positive psychology, while the other received a behavioral activation training program based on physical activity. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms in both groups, but without a difference between the two groups. This suggests that the effectiveness of the training may depend on factors other than the underlying theory. The second study tested the effect of a protocol targeting associative memory networks and autobiographical memory accessibility. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a training program focused on recalling positive memories, while the other received a control training program. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that recalling positive memories may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms. The third study evaluated the effect of a protocol for recalling positive memories based on exercises inspired by Ericksonian hypnosis. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a daily one-week training program focused on recalling positive memories, while the other received a relaxation training program. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that recalling positive memories may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms and improve autobiographical memory. The fourth study measured the effect of a daily gratitude journaling program. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a gratitude journal, while the other received a control journal. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that practicing gratitude may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms and improve autobiographical memory. In the conclusion of our thesis, we compare the effectiveness of these different protocols in both between-group and within-group analyses. We then discuss the experimental and clinical implications of these findings. Finally, we propose a clinical illustration of the different training programs presented in these studies. If our work has allowed us to begin enriching the reflection and understanding of certain mechanisms of action of positive psychology training programs, which appear to explain a significant part of their effectiveness, it also highlights the primary need for researchers and clinicians to conduct in-depth research and reflection on the processes involved in the therapies they propose to their patients. The current research on the processes underlying differences within psychology is, indeed, of great importance, as this scientific approach contributes to a more enlightened practice of this discipline, by attempting to unite science and conscience even more closely

L’étude de la mémoire, du point de vue de son fonctionnement et de ses troubles, entre neurosciences cognitives et psychanalyse, avec comme maillon intermédiaire la psychologie développementale, permet une lecture d’éléments entrant en résonance les uns avec les autres ainsi qu’une matière composite propre à enrichir l’ensemble de ces disciplines. Il ne s’agit pas d’effectuer un amalgame de concepts dont la source est différente, mais de saisir comment des analogies entre ces concepts peuvent créer un nouvel espace pour une compréhension des processus de représentation et de façon corollaire pour une compréhension des processus de la mémoire. Pour entrer dans le champ des troubles de la mémoire, cette étude met en évidence deux fils rouges, la désarticulation du système perception-conscience en tant qu’elle est la signature des phénomènes psychiques dans lesquels prédomine un amorçage perceptif et l’émotion en tant qu’elle est un processus dont l’aboutissement conduit à la création des représentations de choses. Celles-ci marquent l’entrée du moi naissant dans une temporalité primaire, nécessaire à la future mémoire des souvenirs dont le développement est plus tardif au niveau des processus cérébraux. D’un point de vue psychique, la seule maturité cérébrale n’est pas suffisante pour la production des souvenirs, leur entrée dans le champ de la conscience passe par des conditions d’admissibilité de l’affect, encore faut-il qu’une représentation de l’affect ait été produite. Des hypothèses de travail sous-tendent l’élaboration de trois cas cliniques. Elles sont fondées sur la nécessité de la présence empathique de l’objet maternel primaire dans les états précoces de la psyché, afin de soutenir l’œuvre des processus de représentation et conséquemment celle des processus mnésiques. A contrario, son absence lors des situations de détresse éprouvées par l’enfant comporte le risque d’une atteinte portée aux processus de représentation et le risque de la production d’une mémoire demeurant sous l’emprise de stases émotionnelles
The study of memory, regarding how it works and its disorders, between cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalysis, added to the intermediate link of developmental psychology, enables to read elements which start to resonance one with another and also offers composite material helping to enhance both these disciplins. This doesn’t mean making an amalgam of concepts from different origins, but to grasp how the analogies between these concepts can create a new approach in order to understand the process of representation and consequently to understand the process of memory. To enter the field of memory disorders, this study follows two red lines, the dislocation of the perception-conscience system as being the signature of psychic phenomena dominated by a perceptual priming and emotion as the process ending up in thing representations. These are the signs of the ego being born in primary temporality, a necessity for the future capacity to remember which is a cerebral process appearing later. From the psychological point of view, cerebral maturity is not solely required in order to produce recollections, their entry into the field of consciousness requires the possibility of acceptance of affect, gathering that the representation of affect has been produced. Working hypothesis are entwined with three clinical cases. They are grounded on the need for the empathic presence of the primary maternal object in the initial states of the psyche, in order to underline the work of the process of representation and, consequently, those of the memory process. On the contrary, if it is missing when the child is distressed, there is a risk of interference with the representation process and the risk of producing a memory in the grip of emotional stasis

Le big data est un challenge majeur de la visualisation ; l'augmentation du nombre de données à visualiser augmente la densité et l'occultation des graphes et il devient difficile de distinguer les éléments qui le compose. Pour résoudre ce challenge, plusieurs techniques de visualisation se focalisent sur la simplification visuelle ; parmi elles, l'agrégation visuelle (bundling) permet l'agrégation des liens pour créer des zones de fortes densités au profit d'espaces plus clairsemés faisant ainsi émerger des structures visuelles. Cette thèse s'efforce à faire le trait d'union entre la complexité technique des algorithmes de bundling et les utilisateurs finaux. Dans un premier temps, nous avons formalisé l'espace de design des techniques de bundling afin d'améliorer la compréhension des chercheurs et des utilisateurs. Notre formalisation se fonde sur une taxonomie centrée utilisateur organisant l'ensemble des techniques d'agrégation en fonction des données d'entrée. Ensuite, à partir d'une définition formelle du bundling, nous proposons un modèle générique décrivant l'ensemble des étapes usuelles des algorithmes de bundling et montrons comment les techniques existantes implémentent chaque étape. Enfin, à travers une analyse des tâches, nous exposons des cas d'utilisation avérés. Notre analyse de l'espace des techniques de bundling nous a montré les limites actuelles du bundling quant au traitement de grande quantité de données tant en terme de rapidité de calcul qu'en terme de taille des jeux de données. Ainsi, nous avons résolu ces limites en introduisant une nouvelle technique plus rapide et sans limitation de taille : FFTEB (Fast Fourier Transform Edge Bundling Technique). Notre technique déplace le processus d'agrégation de l'espace pixelaire vers l'espace spectral. Enfin, grâce à un processus de transfert des données, FFTEB résout les problèmes de taille de jeux de données. En dernier lieu, dans le cadre d'une application à la maladie d'Alzheimer, cette thèse démontre l'efficacité des techniques de bundling comme outil d'exploration visuelle. Dans le contexte d'une étude nationale sur la maladie d'Alzheimer, nous avons focalisé notre recherche sur l'analyse de la représentation mentale de l'espace géographique chez les personnes âgées. Nous montrons que l'utilisation du bundling pour comparer les cartes mentales des populations démentes et non-démentes a permis à des neuropsychologues de formuler de nouvelles hypothèses sur l'évolution de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces nouvelles hypothèses nous ont permis de montrer l'émergence d'un potentiel marqueur de la maladie près de douze ans avant que les patients ne soient diagnostiqués comme atteints de cette maladie
Dense and complex data visualizations suffer from occluded items, which hinders insight retrieval. This is especially the case for very large graph or trails set. To address cluttering issues, several techniques propose to visually simplify the representation, often meeting scalability and computational speed limits. Among them, bundling techniques provide a visual simplification of node-link diagrams by spatially grouping similar items. This thesis strives to bridge the gap between the technical complexity of bundling techniques and the end-point user. The first aim of this thesis was to improve the understanding of graph and trail bundling techniques as a clutter reduction method for node-link diagrams of large data-set. To do so, we created a data-based taxonomy that organizes bundling methods on the type of data they work on. From this thorough review and based on a formal definition of path bundling, we propose a unified framework that describes the typical steps of bundling algorithms in terms of high-level operations and show how existing methods classes implement these steps. In addition, we propose a description of tasks that bundling aims to address and demonstrate them through a wide set of applications. Although many techniques exist, handling large data-sets and selectively bundling paths based on attributes is still a challenge. To answer the scalability and computational speed issues of bundling techniques, we propose a new technique which improves both. For this, we shift the bundling process from the image to the spectral space, thereby increasing computational limits. We address the later by proposing a streaming scheme allowing bundling of extremely large data-sets. Finally, as an application domain, we studied how bundling can be used as an efficient visualization technique for societal health challenges. In the context of a national study on Alzheimer disease, we focused our research on the analysis of the mental representation of geographical space for elderly people. We show that using bundling to compare the cognitive maps of dement and non-dement subjects helped neuro-psychologist to formulate new hypotheses on the evolution of Alzheimer disease. These new hypotheses led us to discover a potential marker of the disease years before the actual diagnosis

O bom desempenho dos descendentes de japoneses em matemática não é novidade para a maioria das pessoas. As interpretações sobre as causas desse resultado podem, no entanto, ser divergentes. Com a intenção de desmistificar algumas concepções sobre tal tema iniciamos esta pesquisa. Para fundamentar tal intenção, buscamos inicialmente um levantamento de dados estatísticos que caracterizassem nosso ponto de partida, recorrendo aos bancos de dados de instituições responsáveis pelos vestibulares de duas das maiores universidades públicas do país a USP e a UNESP (respectivamente, a FUVEST e a VUNESP). Tal levantamento confirmou amplamente a sensação inicial, no que se refere ao desempenho diferenciado dos descendentes de japoneses. A partir daí, partimos em busca dos motivos que poderiam justificar os fatos observados. Nossa hipótese foi a de que os fatores culturais envolvidos seriam decisivos na interpretação de tal desempenho. Mesmo tendo tal perspectiva como ponto de partida, transitamos por variados territórios, em que a discussão sobre características genéticas ou inatas se fazia presente, amealhando argumentos que justificassem a hipótese inicial. Em tal busca, Keith Devlin e seu livro O Gene da Matemática desempenharam um papel fundamental. Tendo por base os fatos apresentados nesse livro, perceberemos também que não se trata de desconsiderar as capacidades biológicas inatas, e sim de entender que, no caso da aprendizagem de matemática, tais capacidades são partilhadas por todos os seres humanos, de modo análogo ao que ocorre com a competência para aprender a língua materna. Voltando-nos então para a discussão sobre a influência da cultura sobre o processo cognitivo, buscamos entender o modo como os elementos culturais influenciam a valorização da educação, favorecendo especificamente a relação entre os estudantes e a matemática. Em sua vida escolar no Japão, ou transcendendo fronteiras, como no caso dos descendentes de japoneses que vivem no Brasil os alunos educados segundo tais princípios desenvolvem sentimentos e relações afetivas favoráveis com a escola, revelando uma grande influência da cultura na formação pessoal. Na história do Japão, buscamos o modo como certos fatores, como a fragilidade geográfica e os parcos recursos naturais, foram importantes elementos que contribuíram para a valorização da educação. No caso específico dos descendentes nipo-brasileiros, podemos perceber que alguns elementos culturais originais, como o respeito à hierarquia, a ética do débito, a religiosidade, que aparecem fortemente na constituição do ser japonês, apesar de transformados pela assimilação de traços característicos da cultura brasileira, ainda apresentam resíduos importantes em seus descendentes. Complementarmente, um novo fator aparece fortemente como motivador dos alunos descendentes de japoneses, no Brasil: a busca da ascensão econômica, e conseqüentemente profissional, por meio da educação faz com que esses alunos atuem com bastante empenho em prol desse projeto de vida. Tais sentimentos impulsionam os alunos no sentido de valorizar o esforço, a vontade, a dedicação ao enfrentarem as naturais dificuldades encontradas em seu percurso escolar. Concluímos nosso percurso com a expectativa de haver evidenciado o peso decisivo dos elementos culturais na interpretação dos resultados diferenciados obtidos entre nós pelos descendentes de japoneses.
The good performance of Japanese descendents in mathematics is not new to most of the people. Nevertheless, the interpretations about the causes of this result can be divergent. We start this research in order to demystify some conceptions about this theme. To base this intention, at first we looked for a collection of statistical data that characterized our starting point, we fell back upon the data banks of institutions responsible for the entrance examinations of the two largest public universities in the country USP and UNESP (FUVEST and VUNESP, respectively). Such collection widely confirmed the initial sensation regarding the differentiated performance of the Japanese descendents. From this, we started the search for the reasons that could justify the facts observed. Our hypothesis was that the cultural factors involved would be decisive in the interpretation of such collection. Even having such perspective as starting point, we moved through varied territories where the discussion about the genetic or innate characteristics was present, building arguments that justified the initial hypothesis. In such search, Keith Devlin and his book The Math Gene performed a fundamental role. Having as base the facts presented in this book, we will also realize that it is not the question to disregard the innate biological capacities but to understand that in the case of the mathematics learning, such capacities are present in all human beings, in an analogue way to what occurs with the competence to learn the mother tongue. Turning to the discussion about the culture influence on the cognitive process, we tried to understand the way how the cultural elements influence the valorization of the education, promoting, specifically, the relationship between students and the mathematics. In their school life in Japan, or overseas, as the case of the Japanese descendents who live in Brazil the students educated according to such principles develop feelings and favorable affective relations with the school, revealing a great influence of the culture in the personal upbringing. In the history of Japan, we searched the way how certain factors, as the geographical fragility and the scarce natural resources were important elements that contributed to valorization of the education. In the specific case of the Nipo-Brazilian descendents, we can apprehend that some original cultural elements, such respect to the hierarchy, the debt ethics, the religious disposition which strongly appear in the constitution of the Japanese being, despite changed by the assimilation of characteristic traits of the Brazilian culture, they still present important remnants from their descendents. As a complement, a new factor appears strongly as motivation of the Japanese descendent students, in Brazil: the search of economic ascension, and consequently, professional, by means of education make these students act with much devotion on this project of life. Such feelings stimulate the students in the sense of value the effort, the will, the dedication when facing the natural difficulties found in his school life. We concluded our study with the expectative of having shown clearly the decisive weight of cultural elements in the interpretation of the differentiated results obtained among us by the Japanese descendents.

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The term maturity is used in psychology, sociology, biology, technology and other areas of human knowledge. However, a definition related to contemporary needs, in terms of paradigm ruptures that move in the intersections from the Knowledge Age to the Awareness Age, is the focus of this research. In contemporary times, the thinking being , whose thinking ability makes them different from other beings, becomes the main agent to be researched. Consequently, we tried to reach what this research called Corporate Maturity. Departing from the result that was presented in the surveys carried out by the Project Management Institute PMI (an international non-profit entity pioneer in the congregation of professionals of areas related to project management), that there were high levels of failure in technologically feasible projects we tried to find out the relationship between maturity and failure . The immaturity of the thinking being has been defined as the catalyst of the failure experienced by the organizations. Through an interdisciplinary approach, an emerging theory based on the Grounded Theory methodology is suggested, a research methodology over the qualitative paradigm, known as empirical data founded theory. Data were extracted from field work in multiple cases and through the software NVIVO, which consolidated their categorization and saturation and permitted the outlining of a possible emerging theory. Hopefully this paper will help new ones to come up, considering the retraction of the failure rate in the adoption of technologically feasible projects.
O termo maturidade é utilizado na psicologia, na sociologia, na biologia, na tecnologia e outras áreas do conhecimento humano. Entretanto, uma definição atinente às necessidades contemporâneas, no que diz respeito ao rompimento dos paradigmas que trafegam nas intersecções da era do conhecimento para a era da consciência, é o foco desta pesquisa. No contemporâneo, o "ser pensante", cuja capacidade de pensar o diferencia de outros seres, torna-se o principal agente a ser pesquisado. Por conseguinte, procurou-se chegar ao que esta pesquisa denomina maturidade Corporativa. Partindo-se do fator altos índices de insucesso em projetos tecnologicamente viáveis apresentadas nas pesquisas realizadas pelo Project Management Institute - PMI, entidade internacional sem fins lucrativos e pioneiros na congregação de profissionais de áreas relacionadas à gerência de projetos, buscou-se a relação entre a maturidade e insucesso . Definiu-se a "imaturidade" do ser pensante, como o catalisador do insucesso experimentado pelas organizações. Por meio de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, sugere-se uma teoria emergente baseada no método Grounded Theory, um método de pesquisa sob o paradigma qualitativo, conhecida como teoria fundamentada em dados empíricos. Os dados foram extraídos de pesquisa de campo em casos múltiplos e, através do software NVIVO, o qual alicerçou a categorização e a saturação dos mesmos que permitiu o delineamento de uma possível teoria emergente. Espera-se que, com esta pesquisa, novas venham a surgir, tendo em vista a retração do índice de insucesso na adoção de projetos tecnologicamente viáveis

Esta tese procura compreender o papel da mediação das tecnologias numéricas nos procedimentos (pensamento e gênese) da arquitetura. Parte do pressuposto que o suporte digital, espaço virtual e interativo para a criação do projeto, é conseqüência da evolução gradual dessas tecnologias no fluxo contínuo das transformações culturais. Entendendo esse fluxo como processo, localiza na segunda metade do século XX a emergência de uma nova racionalidade apoiada nos termos relação, sistema e organização no lugar dos termos modernos função, estrutura e ordem. O pensamento diagramático, a analogia e o dialógico e experimental priom (material/procedimento) caracterizam procedimentos que, assumindo diferentes configurações, possibilitam o reconhecimento de uma arquitetura maquínica.
The thesis intend to understand the mediation of the numerical technologies on architectural procedures (thought and gênesis). It supposes that the digital support as a virtual and interactive space for design is resulting of a gradual evolution of these technologies undergoing through the continuous flux of cultural transformations. It locates at the XX century second half the emergence of a new racionality based on the terms relation, system and organization replacing the modern concepts of function, structure and order. Diagrammatic thought, analogy and the experimental and dialogical priom (material/procedure), enable the recognition of a machinic architeture.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The new Evolutionary Psychology (E. P.) paradigm has been trying to understand how the human beings make their decisions over time regarding the most diverse variables, always bearing in mind that such a cognitive process is due to a complex natural selection process that occurred millions of years ago. One of the main topics discussed by this new paradigm is the issue of parental investment, i.e., the care the parents provide to an offspring at the expense of the investment into a new one. The present work sought to integrate these two topics, trying to understand how some variables modulate the process of decision making in a sample of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte state. It was investigated the hypothesis that the presence of both parents, along the individual development, could signal a more favorable environment, providing clues to the individual that he could assume a competitive position at the socio-biological market. His decisions, therefore, could be guided by long-term investments with aims to obtain more robust rewards. On the contrary, those who has suffered for some moment the absence of one the parents could develop theirselves in a not so competitive way, starting to choose immediate benefits - but lesser ones -, since the future would be less predictable due to their worse development conditions. This study involved 152 individuals from three higher education institutions, one of them being public and the others being private ones. In the results found, there was no difference between children of coupled parents and children of deceased or divorced parents concerning discount rates. The levels of hopelessness did not affect the discount rates of children of single parents when compared to children of coupled parents. Not having one of the parents because of divorce made the child to tend to present lower scores in the domain of social relations of WHOQOL - Bref, whilst the absence of the father by death made the scores lower in the domain of environment. The results indicate that loosing one of the parents along the development influences the individual's quality of life perception, but the measurement method of future discounting rates by means of financial choices is not sensitive to this variation
O novo paradigma da Psicologia Evolucionista (P.E.) vem tentando compreender como os seres humanos tomam suas decis?es ao longo do tempo levando em conta as mais diversas vari?veis, tendo sempre em mente que tal processo cognitivo ? tribut?rio de um complexo processo de sele??o natural ocorrido nos milh?es de anos que se passaram. Um dos principais temas discutidos por este novo paradigma ? a quest?o do investimento parental, ou seja, o cuidado fornecido pelos pais a uma prole ?s custas do investimento em outra. O presente trabalho buscou integrar esses dois temas, tentando compreender como algumas vari?veis modulam o processo de tomada de decis?es de uma amostra do munic?pio de Natal, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Investigou-se a hip?tese de que a presen?a de ambos os pais, ao longo de desenvolvimento individual, poderia sinalizar um ambiente mais favor?vel, fornecendo ao sujeito pistas de que ele pode assumir uma posi??o competitiva no mercado s?cio-biol?gico. Suas decis?es, portanto, poderiam ser pautadas pelo investimento de longo prazo com vistas ? obten??o de recompensas mais robustas. Ao contr?rio, aquele que em algum momento sofreu a aus?ncia de um dos pais poderia se desenvolver de modo n?o t?o competitivo, passando a escolher benef?cios imediatos, por?m menores, uma vez que o futuro lhe seria menos previs?vel devido ?s suas piores condi??es de desenvolvimento. Neste estudo participaram 152 sujeitos oriundos de tr?s Institui??es de Ensino Superior, sendo uma p?blica e duas privadas. Pelos resultados encontrados n?o houve diferen?a entre filhos de pais unidos e filhos de pais separados ou falecidos no que concerne ?s taxas de desconto. Os n?veis de desesperan?a tamb?m n?o influenciaram as taxas de desconto dos filhos de pais separados nem dos filhos de pais falecidos, quando comparados aos filhos de pais unidos. N?o ter um dos pais por motivo de separa??o fez com que o filho tendesse a apresentar escores mais baixos no dom?nio das rela??es sociais do WHOQOL Bref e quando o pai estava ausente por motivo de falecimento os escores foram mais baixos no dom?nio de meio ambiente. Os resultados indicam que perder um dos pais ao longo do desenvolvimento influencia a percep??o de qualidade de vida do sujeito, mas o m?todo de mensura??o de taxa de desconto de futuro por meio de escolhas financeiras n?o ? sens?vel a essa varia??o

La psicomotricitat s’ha anat construint, des de les aportacions de la medicina i la neuropsicologia, com una disciplina que busca crear un entorn adient per atendre als infants dins d’un espai que afavoreix l’acompanyament del seu itinerari maduratiu des de la vivència del seu cos i des del moviment. Amb independència de les línies d’abordatge i del camp concret d’actuació, són moltes i molt variades les contribucions a partir de les quals s’ha anat construint aquesta disciplina (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977); Le Bouch (1984); Franc (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Mínguez et al., (2017)). Per la seva vinculació amb aquesta Tesi, hem cregut necessari centrar-nos en les aportacions de Lapierre i Aucouturier (1985). Aquests autors han destacat la importància de l’acompanyament i la consideració de la dimensió afectiva i fantasmàtica de l’infant en les sessions de psicomotricitat, proporcionant, d’aquesta manera, un dispositiu mitjançant el qual l’adult articula estratègies pedagògiques respecte a aquesta intervenció en l’àmbit educatiu. Tanmateix, és l’obra d’Aucouturier (2004) la que ens ha servit com a marc específic del nostre treball. Efectivament, és dins la Pràctica Psicomotriu d’Aucoutourier (PPA) que s’ha situat la nostra recerca. Concretament, hem volgut explorar la correlació existent entre la fase de representació, entesa com el moment en el qual es mobilitzen les emocions i els afectes, i la millora dels processos cognitius en infants de tres anys. D’altra banda, el doble paper de l’autora (com a psicomotricista i com a investigadora) ens va fer optar pel paradigma ecològic per a la recerca sobre la pròpia pràctica, en un intent d’explorar els efectes reals de la pràctica educativa tal com succeeix a la sala de psicomotricitat. Així, es va optar per situar la recerca en el centre a on exercia com a psicomotricista l’autora (una escola concertada del centre de Barcelona). Més concretament, el programa de psicomotricitat del nivell de P3 durant el curs 2017-2018 va ser l’escenari a on es va aplicar un disseny quasiexperimental en el que cadascun dels tres grups classe (A, B i C) va constituir-se com a grup experimental independent, segons el criteri que s’explica més endavant. A partir d’aquí, a l’inici del curs (i fent funcions de pretest) es va passar la Bateria Cognitiva del Test de Merrill-Palmer, que es va repetir (com a posttest) al final del període docent. Durant les dinou setmanes que van separar aquests dos moments, es va desenvolupar el programa d’intervenció, que consistia en la aplicació del programa de psicomotricitat pels tres grups. Aquest programa es va desenvolupar de manera idèntica, amb l’excepció de la freqüència amb la qual es va dur a terme la fase de representació: 0%, 50% i 100% als grups A, B i C respectivament. De manera paral·lela i per poder disposar de dades qualitatives, es va dur a terme una bitàcola de representacions que va recollir i organitzar tots els productes realitzats durant les fases de representació. Igualment, i per tal de tenir constància del desenvolupament de les sessions i dels incidents crítics que es poguessin haver generat, es va elaborar un diari de sessions. Els resultats obtinguts mitjançant els diferents instruments semblen indicar que una freqüència del 100% en la realització de la representació a les sessions de psicomotricitat, ha tingut efectes positius, tant sobre bona part dels processos cognitius, com sobre la qualitat de les representacions fetes i el seu grau de correspondència amb la realitat.
La psicomotricidad se ha ido construyendo, desde las aportaciones de la medicina y la neuropsicología, como una disciplina que busca crear un entorno adecuado para atender a los niños dentro de un espacio que favorece el acompañamiento de su itinerario madurativo desde la vivencia de su cuerpo y desde el movimiento. Con independencia de las líneas de abordaje y del campo concreto de actuación, son muchas y muy variadas las contribuciones a partir de las que se ha ido construyendo esta disciplina (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977) ; Le Bouch (1984); Franco (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Mínguez et al., (2017)). Por su vinculación a esta Tesis, hemos creído necesario centrarnos en las aportaciones de Lapierre y Aucouturier (1985). Estos autores han destacado la importancia del acompañamiento y la consideración de la dimensión afectiva y fantasmática del niño en las sesiones de psicomotricidad, proporcionando, de esta manera, un dispositivo mediante el cual el adulto articula estrategias pedagógicas respecto a esta intervención en el ámbito educativo. Sin embargo, es la obra de Aucouturier (2004) la que nos ha servido como marco específico de nuestro trabajo. Efectivamente, es en la Práctica Psicomotriz de Aucoutourier (PPA) que se ha situado nuestra investigación. Concretamente, hemos querido explorar la correlación existente entre la fase de representación, entendida como el momento en el que se movilizan las emociones y los afectos, y la mejora de los procesos cognitivos en niños de tres años. Por otro lado, el doble papel de la autora (como psicomotricista y como investigadora) nos hizo optar por el paradigma ecológico para la investigación sobre la propia práctica, en un intento de explorar los efectos reales de la práctica educativa tal como sucede en la sala de psicomotricidad. Así, se optó por situar la investigación en el centro dónde ejercía como psicomotricista la autora (una escuela concertada del centro de Barcelona). Más concretamente, el programa de psicomotricidad del nivel de P3 durante el curso 2017 hasta 2018 fue el escenario donde se aplicó un diseño cuasiexperimental en el que cada uno de los tres grupos clase (A, B y C) se constituyó como grupo experimental independiente, según el criterio que se explica más adelante. A partir de aquí, al inicio del curso (y haciendo funciones de pre-test) se pasó la Batería Cognitiva del Test de Merrill-Palmer, que se repitió (como post-test) al final del periodo docente. Durante las diecinueve semanas que separar estos dos momentos, se desarrolló el programa de intervención, que consistía en la aplicación del programa de psicomotricidad para los tres grupos. Este programa se desarrolló de manera idéntica, con la excepción de la frecuencia con la que se llevó a cabo la fase de representación: 0%, 50% y 100% a los grupos A, B y C respectivamente. De manera paralela y para poder disponer de datos cualitativos, se llevó a cabo una bitácora de representaciones en la que se recogió y se organizaron todos los productos realizados durante las fases de representación. Igualmente, y para tener constancia del desarrollo de las sesiones y los incidentes críticos que pudieran haberse generado, se elaboró un diario de sesiones. Los resultados obtenidos mediante los diferentes instrumentos parecen indicar que una frecuencia del 100% en la realización de la representación en las sesiones de psicomotricidad, ha tenido efectos positivos, tanto sobre buena parte de los procesos cognitivos, como sobre la calidad de las representaciones hechas y el su grado de correspondencia con la realidad.
Psychomotricity has been built, from the contributions of medicine and neuropsychology, as a discipline that seeks to create a suitable environment to care for children within a space that favors the accompaniment of their journey of maturity from the experience of their body and movement. Independently of the lines of approach and the specific field of action, there are many and very varied contributions from which this discipline has been built (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977) ; Le Bouch (1984); Franco (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Minguez et al., (2017)). Because of their link to this Thesis, we have thought necessary to focus on the contributions of Lapierre and Aucouturier (1985). These authors have highlighted the importance of accompaniment and the consideration of the affective and phantasmatic dimension of the child in psychomotricity sessions, providing, in this way, a device through which the adult articulates pedagogical strategies with respect to this intervention in the educational field. However, it is the work of Aucouturier (2004) that has served as the specific framework for our work. Indeed, it is in Aucoutourier’s Psychomotor Practice (PPA) that our research has been situated. Specifically, we wanted to explore the correlation between the representation phase, understood as the moment when emotions and affects are mobilised, and the improvement of cognitive processes in three-year-old children. On the other hand, the author’s double role (as a psychomotorist and as a researcher) made us opt for the ecological paradigm for researching practice itself, in an attempt to explore the real effects of educational practice as it happens in the psychomotor room. Thus, we chose to situate the research in the centre where the author worked as a psychomotricist (a state-subsidised school in the centre of Barcelona). More specifically, the psychomotricity programme at P3 level during the 2017 to 2018 academic year was the setting where a quasi-experimental design was applied in which each of the three class groups (A, B and C) was constituted as an independent experimental group, according to the criteria explained below. From here, at the beginning of the course (and doing pre-test functions) the Cognitive Battery of the Merrill-Palmer Test was passed, which was repeated (as a post-test) at the end of the teaching period. During the nineteen weeks that separate these two moments, the intervention programme was developed, which consisted of the application of the Psychomotricity programme for the three groups. This programme was developed in an identical way, with the exception of the frequency with which the representation phase was carried out: 0%, 50% and 100% to groups A, B and C respectively. In parallel and in order to have qualitative data, a representation log was carried out in which all the products made during the representation phases were collected and organized. Likewise, and in order to have a record of the development of the sessions and the critical incidents that may have been generated, a session diary was drawn up. The results obtained by means of the different instruments seem to indicate that a frequency of 100% in the performance of the representation in the psychomotricity sessions has had positive effects, both on a good part of the cognitive processes, as well as on the quality of the representations made and their degree of correspondence with reality.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-Institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2015.
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Esta pesquisa tem como o objetivo investigar a influência da capacidade cognitiva na incidência dos vieses cognitivos gerados pela heurística da representatividade. Em função desse alcance, foi realizado um estudo do tipo levantamento, por meio de um questionário, com um total de 43 questões, o qual contou com uma amostra válida de 1.064 respondentes, entre estudantes de graduação em Ciências Contábeis e contabilistas, dos quais 52,7% são do sexo do masculino, 48,3% possuem graduação completa, especialização, mestrado ou doutorado e 70% residem na região Nordeste do Brasil. Como resultado tem-se que 38,1% dos respondentes apresentam uma baixa capacidade cognitiva, 42,5% demonstram média capacidade cognitiva e 19,2% apresentam alta capacidade cognitiva. Quanto à sensibilidade dos participantes aos vieses cognitivos (quais sejam: insensibilidade à taxa base, insensibilidade ao tamanho da amostra, chance de equívocos, equívocos na regressão, ilusão de validade e insensibilidade à previsibilidade), identificou-se que, para mais de 60% da amostra, há incidência de todos esses vieses no processo de julgamento e tomada de decisão e que a capacidade cognitiva influencia apenas na incidência dos vieses insensibilidade à taxa base e ilusão de validade. Em se tratando da provável interferência decorrente dos diferentes níveis de instrução em que se situam os sujeitos pesquisados, atestou-se essa implicação pela variação de médias relativas aos vieses insensibilidade à taxa base e insensibilidade ao tamanho da amostra. Registro mais incisivo faz-se em relação à diferença de gênero, que, por si só, não impactou de maneira significativa apenas nas médias do viés insensibilidade à previsibilidade. A região do país influenciou diferentemente os vieses insensibilidade à taxa base e ilusão de validade. Foi encontrada diferença entre as médias do viés insensibilidade à taxa base e ilusão de validade nos grupos com baixa, média e alta capacidade cognitiva, indicando que quanto menor a capacidade cognitiva, maior a sensibilidade do respondente ao viés, corroborando o referencial teórico.
This research has as objective to investigate the influence of the cognitive ability in the incidence of the cognitive biases generated by the heuristic of representativeness. To achieve it, a study of the survey type was conducted through a questionnaire with a total of 43 questions, which featured a valid sample of 1064 respondents, among undergraduate students in Accounting and accountants, of which 52.7 % male, 48.3% have an undergraduate degree, specialization, master’s or doctoral degree and 70% live in Northeastern Brazil. As a result it considers that 405 (38.1%) respondents have a low cognitive ability, 452 (42.5%) have average cognitive ability and 207 (19.2%) have high cognitive ability. As for the sensitivity of the participants to the cognitive biases insensitivity to base rate, insensitivity to sample size, misconceptions of chance, misconceptions of regression, illusion of validity and insensitivity to predictability, it was identified that for more than 60% of the sample, there is an incidence of all in the judgment and making process. The cognitive ability influence only in the incidence of biases insensitivity to base rate and illusion of validity. In terms of the different levels of education of the respondents, it was verified a difference of averages in biases insensitivity to base rate and insensitivity to sample size in the different levels of education. Gender didn’t impact significantly only in biases insensitivity to predictability. The region of the country influenced differently to biases insensitivity to base rate and illusion of validity. It was found a difference between the biases insensitivity to base rate and illusion of validity in the groups with low, average and high cognitive ability, indicating that the lower the cognitive ability, the greater the sensitivity of the bias respondent, confirming the theoretical framework.

One undisputed finding of cognitive aging research is that the two main clusters of intellectual abilities, fluid and crystallized abilities, exhibit differential age-related trends. Healthy older adults perform less well than young adults on almost any task that requires fast responses or taps the fluid or mechanical aspects of intelligence; they show much less of a decline, if any at all, in tasks requiring the access of their crystallized knowledge (Baltes, 1987; Horn, 1970). These age-differential trends are the prototype of what we will refer to as a process dissociation. We will show how process dissociations can be established within the domain of fluid intelligence that pass more stringent tests than is customary in experimental research on cognitive aging.

Believing in the own capacity or self- effectiveness in certain situations could be considered as a vital concept within the academic field because it can better predict performance than otherwise personal skills and knowledge can do.This concept is inserted within Bandura’s Cognitive Social Theory, which considers the human being as a self-organized, self-reflexive and task-committed individual. A key point in this theory is that people have personal believes regarding their self- effectiveness that allow them to have a certain control on their feelings, actions and thoughts. This means that individuals’ behavior can be influenced by what they think, create and feel. Therefore, self- effectiveness becomes a good predictive of the human behavior. Self- effectiveness believes also have an influence in the way each person acts through cognitive, motivational, affective and selective processes. In the academic field specifically, self- effectiveness believes have an impact on student’s motivation, persistence and academic success. It is worth to mention, also, that teacher’s self- effectiveness believes about their work have an important influence in the student’s performance. Finally, we can say that between the self- effectiveness sources, we found: the successful use of experiences, the comparison with similar models, the social persuasion and the corporal states.
La autoeficacia o creencia en la propia capacidad en determinadas situaciones puede ser considerada un concepto vital en el ámbito educativo, puesto que es un elemento que predice de mejor manera el desempeño de la habilidad y del conocimiento personales. Este concepto se inserta dentro de la Teoría Social Cognitiva de Bandura, en la cual se considera al ser humano como un individuo autorganizado, autorreflexivo, autorregulado y comprometido con su desarrollo. Un punto clave en esta teoría es que las personas tienen creencias personales (creencias de autoeficacia), que les permiten ejercitar cierto control sobre sus sentimientos, acciones y pensamientos. Esto quiere decir que el comportamiento de los individuos se ve influido por lo que piensan, creen y sienten. Así, pues, la autoeficacia se convierte en un buen elemento de predicción del comportamiento humano. Las creencias de autoeficacia influyen en la conducta en general, mediante procesos cognitivos, motivacionales, afectivos y selectivos. Específicamente, en el ámbito académico, las creencias de autoeficacia actúan sobre la motivación, la persistencia y éxito académico. Cabe mencionar, también, que las creencias de autoeficacia que los profesores tienen acerca de su labor tienen una influencia importante en el desempeño de los alumnos. Finalmente, podemos mencionar que, entre las fuentes de autoeficacia, se encuentran el manejo exitoso de experiencias, la comparación con modelos similares, la persuasión social y los estados corporales.

La sinestesia se ha visto involucrada en distintos ámbitos de la sociedad moderna, desde lo psicológico hasta lo artístico, es en este último punto, donde tiene un desarrollo más amplio. Es por esa razón, que siendo la publicidad parte del desarrollo artístico, puede tener como método creativo, el uso de la sinestesia para desarrollar mensajes publicitarios de distintos tipos y de esta forma estimular algunos sentidos del receptor. El siguiente trabajo, analiza la percepción de jóvenes de 25 a 30 años del sector socioeconómico “A”, ante el uso de la sinestesia como recurso creativo en la campaña de Coca-Cola “The first print you can hear”. El presente análisis, se origina ante el interés de querer indagar como la sinestesia puede llegar a ser un recurso potente en la creación de mensajes publicitarios visuales, el cual, a su vez, dirigido al público objetivo correcto, puede incrementar su afectividad ante la marca. La investigación se posiciona en un paradigma constructivista, ya que, se busca distintas perspectivas de los participantes, del mismo modo, el enfoque es cualitativo porque permite indagar dentro del tema, por medio de recolección de datos en focus group.
Synesthesia has been involved in different areas of modern society, from the psychological to the artistic, it is in this last point, where it has a broader development. It is for this reason that, since advertising is part of artistic development, it can have as a creative method, the use of synesthesia to develop advertising messages of different types and thus stimulate some of the senses of the receiver. The following work analyzes the perception of young people between the ages of 25 and 30 from the “A” socioeconomic sector, regarding the use of synesthesia in the Coca-Cola campaign “The first print you can hear”. The present analysis originates from the interest of wanting to investigate how synesthesia can become a powerful resource in the creation of visual advertising messages, which, in turn, directed to the correct target audience, can increase their affectivity towards the brand. The research is positioned in a constructivist paradigm, since different perspectives of the participants are sought, in the same way, the approach is qualitative because it allows investigating within the subject, through data collection in focus groups.
Trabajo de investigación

Negation is one of the key concepts in various fields of science: philosophy, logic and linguistics. Searching for its own approach to the study of negation, each science interprets this phenomenon in terms of its characteristic position. Defining the diversity of the problem of negation, this category is considered in the totality of its aspects. The existence of negative statements is stated by the dialectics of cognition of the world which is constantly evolving.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Cognitivos
La presente tesis es el primer esbozo de una propuesta teórica para entender los sistemas cognitivos y la cognición en general desde un punto de vista biogénico. En la primera parte se describen las teorías que cuestionan al cognitivismo clásico computacionalista, centrándose especialmente en la embodied cognition, la cual guiará nuestra especulación. En la segunda parte se exponen otros principios teóricos: la biología teórica de Varela y Maturana, los elementos básicos de la Ecología como ciencia y la crítica a las teorías clásicas en torno a la comunicación. Luego de esto, ya en el capítulo VII se establecen las bases de una teoría biogénica de la comunicación, poniendo énfasis en la relación entre esta y los fenómenos sociales ya sea a nivel de seres vivos mínimos (unicelulares) o complejos (mamíferos, incluido el ser humano). El capítulo VIII propone entender que comunicación e interacción social son parte esencial de los fenómenos cognitivos a todo nivel, ejemplificando con unicelulares (conformación de colonias de bacterias e interacción de estas con otras colonias) y multicelulares (tejidos, órganos, sistemas de órganos, individuos). Tomando en cuenta esto, se esboza una dinámica cognitiva inspirada en la ciencia Ecológica que sería común para todos los seres vivos, consistente en tres procesos: la mantención de la corporeidad (embodiment), la interacción informacional de los seres vivos con el medio abiótico que los circunda, y la interacción informacional entre seres vivos.
This thesis is the first sketch of a biogenic theoretic proposal for cognitive systems understanding. In the first part, we describe roughly the approaches that criticize classic cognition, represenationalism, computationalism or GOFAI, focusing our attention in embodied cognition approach, which will guide our suggestions over the text. In the second part, we expose some of our theoretical tenets: theoretic biology of Varela and Maturana, basic principles of Ecology as a science and critics to communication traditional theories. Having this, in chapter VII we set the basic notions for a biogenic theory of communication, paying special attention in social phenomena, either in minimal living beings (unicellular) or complex (high mammals, including human). Chapter VIII propose that cognition is constituted in a large part by communication and social interaction, assertion illustrated by empirical examples in unicellular (bacterial colonies and the interaction between them) and multicellular beings (tissues, organs, organ’s systems, individuals). Taking this, we outline a cognitive dynamics for all living beings constituted by three processes: to keep embodiment through life cycle, to keep an informational interaction with abiotical environment – either this abiotical medium were generated or altered by living beings or not – and finally, to keep an informational interaction between biotic beings.

This study explored how bisexual individuals used media and other frames of reference to understand their own sexuality. It also sought to understand how bisexual individuals felt about the representation in the media and if they had a preferred image in mind. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six individuals recruited from universities and LGBT-oriented groups and their answers were analyzed through social cognitive theory and sexual identity development models. The study found that, for the participants interviewed, media examples of bisexuality and bisexual individuals were not completely accepted and other representations were preferred. For this sample, an educational setting played an important role in acquiring the language used to describe their sexuality. Also, the participants mostly agreed that the media did not often portray bisexuality in ways that resonated with them.

Cognitive Computing is a new and quickly advancing technology. In thelast decade Cognitive Computing has been used to assist researchers in theirendeavors in many different scientific fields such as Health & medicine,Education, Marketing, Psychology and Financial Services. On the otherhand, Parallel programming is a more complex concept than sequentialprogramming. The additional complexity of Parallel Programming isintroduced by its nature that requires implementations of more complexalgorithms and it introduces additional concepts to the developers, namelythe communication between the processes (Distributed memory systems)that execute the parallel program and their synchronization (Share memorysystems). As a result of this additional complexity, a lot of novice developersare reserved in their attempts to implement parallel programs. The objectiveof this research project was to investigate whether we can assist parallelprogramming process through cognitive computing solutions. In order toachieve our objective, the MPI Assistant, a Q&A system has been developedand a case study has been carried out to determine our application’s efficiencyin our attempt to assist parallel programming developers. The case studyshowed that our MPI Assistant system indeed helped developers reduce thetime they spend to develop their solutions, but not improve the quality ofthe program or its efficiency as these improvements require features that areout of this research project’s scope. However, the case study had limitednumber of participants, which may affect our results’ reliability. As a nextstep in our attempt to determine if cognitive computing technologies are ableto assist developers in their parallel programming development, we movedto investigate if cognitive solutions can extract better and more completeresponses compared to our manually-created responses that we created forthe MPI Assistant. We have experimented with 2 different approaches to theproblem. An approach where we manually created responses for the MPIAssistant, and an approach where we investigated if cognitive solutions canautomatically extract better and complete responses. We compared the qualityof the latter automatic responses with the quality of the former which weremanually created.

There is a growing need to study factors that affect user comprehension of Business Process Management (BPM) information portrayed by graphical process models (GPMs). For example, deployment of BPM Systems, unique types of enterprise-level information systems, has dramatically increased in recent years. This increase is primarily because BPM Systems give a variety of managers across an enterprise the ability to directly design, configure, enact, monitor, diagnose, and control business processes that other types of enterprise systems do not. This is possible because BPM Systems uniquely rely on GPMs derived from formal graph theory. Besides controlling the business processes, these GPMs, such as metagraphs and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, portray business process information (BPI) and prompt BPM managers to apply their training and expertise to deal with BPM situations. As a result, GPMs are the primary information artifacts for decision-making and communication among different, often geographically dispersed stakeholders. Therefore, user comprehension of these unique GPMs is critical to the efficient and effective development, deployment, and utilization of BPM Systems. User comprehension outcomes are jointly affected by the (1) BPM cognitive resources available to each manager (including the type of GPM, BPI, and user educational training and experience), and (2) cognitive differences between individual BPM managers (such as their mental workload, cognitive styles and cognitive abilities). Although research has studied GPMs in various contexts, there is apparently no empirical research investigating GPM user comprehension in the context of BPM Systems. This research makes an important contribution by addressing this gap in the literature. Statement of the Objective The purpose of this research is to empirically study how BPM cognitive resources and cognitive differences between individuals affect outcomes of GPM user comprehension. This research centered on the following objectives: A. Investigate whether more positive user comprehension outcomes are produced by novice users if a single GPM technique is used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with metagraphs) or if different GPM techniques are used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with UML diagrams). B. Investigate whether one type of BPI is more easily comprehended and interpreted by novice users irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of educational training of the user. C. Investigate whether users with a specific type of user educational training can more easily comprehend and interpret BPM information irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of BPI. D. Evaluate influences of individual cognitive differences (i.e., mental workload, cognitive styles, and cognitive abilities) on outcomes of user comprehension. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study: (a) defined a theoretical framework conceptualizing user comprehension outcomes in terms of the interaction between cognitive resources external to the user and individual differences affecting how users cognitively process BPI, (b) empirically tested an operational research model of GPM user comprehension that is based on the theoretical framework, and (c) interpreted the experimental results in the context of related literatures. Description of Research Methods This study empirically tested relationships between several variables representing BPM cognitive resources and individual cognitive differences hypothesized as influencing the outcomes of user comprehension. A laboratory experiment, involving 87 upper-level undergraduate students from two universities, analyzed relationships between participant comprehension of two types of GPMs (i.e., metagraphs and UML diagrams) used to portray three types of BPI (i.e., task-centric, resource-centric, and information-centric BPI) by novice GPM users possessing different educational training (i.e., industrial engineering, business management, and computer science training). Dependent variables included assessments of task accuracy, task timeliness, subjective mental workload, and self-efficacy. Covariate effects were also analyzed for two types of participant cognitive abilities (i.e., general cognitive ability (GCA) and attentional abilities) and two types of participant cognitive styles (extroversion-introversion and sensing-intuitive). Multivariate analysis techniques were used to analyze and interpret the data. Discussion of Results The type of GPM and participantsâ GCA produced significant effects on the dependent variables in this study. For example, metagraph users produced significantly more desirable results than UML users across all dependent variables, contrary to what was hypothesized. However, if only the BPM cognitive resources (i.e., GPM Type, BPM Type, and the Type of Participant Education) were studied in relation to user comprehension outcomes, spurious conclusions would have been reached. When individual cognitive differences were included in the research model and analyses, results showed participants with higher GCA produced significantly more positive user comprehension outcomes compared to participants with lower GCAs. Also, many of the impacts of differences in the types of BPI and the types of UET were moderated by the differences in participantsâ GCA and attentional abilities. In addition, the relationship between subjective mental workload and task performance (i.e., accuracy and timeliness) suggest a possible GPM cognitive â profileâ for user comprehension tasks in a BPM Systems context. These results have important implications for future research and practice in several bodies of knowledge, including GPM user comprehension in management systems engineering, BPM modeling, BPM Systems, HCI, and cognitive ergonomics literature.
Ph. D.

p. 1-88
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O software livre tem sido assunto de muita discussão devido às suas dificuldades de implantação e aceitação, apesar do baixo custo de aquisição. Este trabalho busca compreender como o software livre é percebido pelos usuários e quais os motivos da aceitação ou resistência quanto à sua utilização. A pesquisa analisou o comportamento de alunos do ensino superior na região metropolitana de Salvador que utilizaram o Linux após experiência prévia com o Windows. Foram também utilizados o Modelo de Aceitação de Tecnologia (TAM) e os conceitos de Heurística e Mapas Cognitivos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma utilização maior do Linux entre alunos dos cursos de tecnologia da informação do que de alunos de administração e uso da heurística da disponibilidade. A utilização do Linux é motivada pela segurança, economia e liberdade de uso e a resistência é causada pela pouca praticidade e complicação no uso, poucos aplicativos e falta de treinamento.
Salvador

A major challenge to achieving business process agility is the fragmentation of business processes, especially in organizations with semiautonomous business units. This fragmentation manifests itself in the form of diversified business processes performing similar activities. To address this challenge and achieve synergies across business units, processes should be integrated. Extant research on business process management has not paid much attention to such integration. Motivated by this concern, the primary objectives of my research are: “1) to understand how integration of similar business processes is achieved by semiautonomous business units and 2) to develop a process modeling support system that can help find similarities among business process models to aid process designers and to empirically evaluate its effectiveness in supporting process modeling activities.” I use a two-phased approach to address above objectives. In the first phase, I draw upon the analytic concept of frames of reference to develop a socio-cognitive process model to understand cognitive processes of stakeholders involved in the business process integration. This is done by analyzing the shifts in frame salience and frame congruence to enable the development of common-yet-tailorable business process. Data collection was conducted at ManCo, a Fortune 500 manufacturing company that had undertaken a process integration initiative in its multi-billion dollar supply chain across its five business units. Using qualitative data analysis, I identify four frame domains. Shifts in the frame salience and congruence highlight how, through a series of events, process stakeholders bring about integration. Frames domains identified in phase 1 highlight how individual business units’ perceptions differ. The use of diverse terminologies to refer to similar concepts added to the inability of process designers to reuse existing process models. These observations motivated the design research conducted in the second phase. I develop a prototype system, BPSimilar, which helps users to retrieve semantically similar process models. The approach to retrieve process models combines structural and semantic similarity-matching. The need for such a mechanism to speed up the model development was suggested by the case study. The effectiveness of BPSimilar for improving performance of users is evaluated in a qualitative study using verbal protocol analysis.

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Esta Dissertação de Mestrado aborda o processo de mudança terapêutica na Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC), com ênfase na patologia do comprar compulsivo. A dissertação compõe-se de uma revisão sistemática sobre psicoterapia para casos de compras compulsivas e de um estudo empírico do processo de mudança em um caso de TCC. A revisão sistemática da literatura partiu do tema das compras compulsivas e suas opções psicoterapêuticas. Para tanto, foi efetuada uma busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE (NLM), Social Sciences Citation Index (Web of Sciences), Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) e American Psychological Association (APA) com as palavras-chave psychotherapy (psicoterapia) and (e) compulsive buying (compras compulsivas), compreendendo o período de 2002 a 2012. Foram excluídos artigos de teóricos, de revisão e que avaliavam exclusivamente tratamento psicofarmacológico. Do total de 96 encontrados, apenas seis preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos encontrados, apesar de poucos, apontaram que existem estudos sendo desenvolvidos com propósito de testar e validar intervenções efetivas para o tratamento das compras compulsivas. Apesar dos indícios de efetividade de abordagens psicoterápicas no tratamento do comprar compulsivo, a escassez de estudos, a ausência de estudos comparativos entre diferentes psicoterapias, entre outros aspectos, indicam a necessidade de implementar pesquisas sobre a efetividade do tratamento psicológico face a face com este tipo de psicopatologia. O estudo empírico teve como objetivo avaliar resultados do tratamento psicoterápico de uma compradora compulsiva e descrever o processo terapêutico. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma clínica privada do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As participantes foram uma terapeuta, psicóloga e especialista em Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, com mais de dez anos de experiência na área e uma paciente, adulta, casada, com sintomas de comprar compulsivo, aliados a depressão. Foram realizadas 12 (doze) sessões de psicoterapia, utilizando o enfoque da TCC. Todo o tratamento foi gravado em áudio e posteriormente transcrito e avaliado por uma dupla de juízes independentes, através do método Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) para a obtenção de descrições quantitativas de elementos que caracterizaram o processo terapêutico, considerando fatores da paciente, da terapeuta e da interação entre ambas. A avaliação dos resultados foi obtida através de medidas antes, durante e após o tratamento, de sintomas de comprar compulsivo (YBOCS-SV), ansiedade (BAI), depressão (BDI-II) e de ajustamento social (EAS). Este estudo apontou que a TCC foi efetiva no tratamento de comprar compulsivo, promovendo a redução de comportamentos disfuncionais típicos desta patologia, a reestruturação de cognições disfuncionais da paciente e a melhora dos sintomas de depressão e de ajustamento social. Os achados não permitem generalizar quais fatores foram mais importantes para estes positivos resultados, porém, a aliança terapêutica, as tarefas comportamentais, a motivação da paciente e a atitude de apoio da terapeuta, foram fatores essenciais para este processo.
This Master´s Dissertation discusses the process of therapeutic change in cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), with emphasis on pathology of compulsive buying. The dissertation consists of a systematic review on psychotherapy for cases of compulsive buying and an empirical study of the change process in a case of CBT. A systematic review of the literature came from the theme of her compulsive buying and psychotherapeutic options. The search found 96 articles, only six of which met the inclusion criteria. The articles found, though few, have pointed out that there are studies being developed for the purpose of testing and validating effective interventions for compulsive buying treatment. Despite the evidence of effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of compulsive buying, the scarcity of studies, the lack of comparative studies between different psychotherapies, among other things, indicate the need to implement research on the effectiveness of psychological face to face treatment with this type of psychopathology. The empirical study aimed to evaluate psychotherapy results of a compulsive buyer and to describe the therapeutic process. The research was conducted in a private clinic in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Participants were a therapist, psychologist and expert in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with over ten years of experience in the field and a patient, adult, married, with symptoms of compulsive buying, coupled with depression. Twelve (12) sessions of psychotherapy were performed, using the approach of CBT. All treatment was recorded on audio, transcribed, and evaluated by a pair of independent judges with the method Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) for obtaining quantitative descriptions of elements that characterize the therapeutic process, considering patient’s, therapist’s and interaction’ factors. The evaluation of results were obtained through measurements of compulsive buying symptoms (YBOCS-SV), anxiety (BAI), depression (BDI-II) and social adjustment (EAS), performed before, during and after treatment. This study showed that CBT was effective to treat compulsive buying, promoting reductions of dysfunctional behaviors that are typical of this condition, restructuring patient´s dysfunctional cognitions and improving depressive symptoms and social adjustment. The findings do not allow generalizing what factors were most important to these positive results. However, therapeutic alliance, behavioral tasks, patient´s motivation, and therapist´s supportive attitude were essential factors to this process.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-123).
Cognitive projection enables the operator of a supervisory control system, such as air traffic control, to use predicted future behavior of the system to make decisions about if and how to control the system. New procedures and technologies being implemented in the air traffic control system innately affect the information used for projection and the type of projection required from the controller. Because cognitive projection is not well-understood, launching these projection-impacting technologies and procedures could result in the reluctance of the air traffic controllers to accept these advancements or limit the system performance. A Projection Process Model and a Projection Error Concept were proposed to describe the controller's projection process and the contextual system influences on the projection process. The two primary influences on the projection process were information/display system and task-based projection requirements. A mismatch between the information/display system states and the task-based projection requirements was described through a cognitive transform concept. The projection process itself is composed of the state mental model and the time into the future over which the projection is made.
(cont.) Hypotheses based on the assumptions of the Projection Process Model and Projection Error Concept were probed through an experiment using an ATC task paradigm. Results were consistent with the proposed models. They suggested that the controllers were able to incorporate higher-level dynamics into the state mental models used for projection and that the quality of the state mental model used was marginally influenced by the error tolerance required in the task. The application of the Projection Process Model and Projection Error Concept was then illustrated through the analysis of the impact on projection from two ATC domain examples of technology and procedure implementation. The Constant Descent Approach Procedure in the TRACON impacted the intent, projection timespan, and abstractions used in the mental model of the controllers. The Oceanic ATC surveillance, communication and workstation improvements resulted in an impact on the states to be projected, intent, projection timespan, and human/automation projection responsibility. Suggestions for improved transition for the projection process were then provided based on the analysis.
by Hayley J. Davison Reynolds.
Ph.D.

This thesis contributes to theorising observational drawing from a cognitive perspective. Our current understanding of drawing is developing rapidly through artistic and scientific enquiry. However, it remains fragmented because the frames of reference of those modes of enquiry do not coincide. Therefore, the foundations for a truly interdisciplinary understanding of observational drawing are still inceptive. This thesis seeks to add to those foundations by bridging artistic and scientific perspectives on observational process and the cognitive aptitudes underpinning it. The project is based on four case studies of experienced artists drawing processes, with quantitative and qualitative data gathered: timing of eye and hand movements, and artists verbal reports. The data sets are analysed with a generative approach, using behavioural and protocol analysis methods to yield comparative models that describe cognitive strategies for drawing. This forms a grounded framework that elucidates the cognitive activities and competences observational process entails. Cognitive psychological theory is consulted to explain the observed behaviours, and the combined evidence is applied to understanding apparent discrepancies in existing accounts of drawing. In addition, the use of verbal reporting methods in drawing studies is evaluated. The study observes how drawing process involves a segregation of activities that enables efficient use of limited and parametrically constrained cognitive resources. Differing drawing strategies are shown to share common key characteristics; including a staged use of selective visual attention, and the capacity to temporarily postpone critical judgement in order to engage fully in periods of direct perception and action. The autonomy and regularity of those activities, demonstrated by the artists studied, indicate that drawing ability entails tacit self-knowledge concerning the cognitive and perceptual capacities described in this thesis. This thesis presents drawing as a skill that involves strategic use of visual deconstruction, comparison, analogical transfer and repetitive cycles of construction, evaluation and revision. I argue that drawing skill acquisition and transfer can be facilitated by the elucidation of these processes. As such, this framework for describing and understanding drawing is offered to those who seek to understand, learn or teach observational practice, and to those who are taking a renewed interest in drawing as a tool for thought.

Recent research expresses serious doubts on the concept of unlearning. It is argued that knowledge cannot be discarded or eliminated in order to make space for the creation of new knowledge. Taking into account the recent scepticism, we focus on the cognitive dimension of unlearning and propose an alternative conceptualization. Considering how far unlearning can go from a psychological/cognitive scientific perspective, we propose that unlearning is about reducing the influence of old knowledge on our cognitive capacity. This study: (a) investigates the unlearning process within the cognitive domain and on an individual level and (b) proposes unlearning process triggers that detract or facilitate the knowledge change process, which could subsequently contribute to unlearning on an organizational level.

With increasing challenges from international competition and domestic demands for a technologically literate workforce, pressure is growing on the educational system to produce students that are literate in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Integrative STEM education utilizes design-based pedagogical approaches to teach science/math content and practices concurrently with technology/engineering content and practices (Wells & Ernst, 2012, para. 2). The discipline of technology education has traditionally implemented design-based pedagogical approaches. However, the discipline has not demonstrated through empirical research that its existence and pedagogies are beneficial to student learning and cognition (Lewis, 1999, 2006; Petrina, 1998; Wells, 2008, 2010; Zuga, 1994, 1997, 2001).
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the technological design-based approach to teaching biotechnology literacy supports students\' connections of science and technology concepts. Grounded in Ausubel\'s (1968) theory on meaningful learning and Novak\'s (1980) advanced organizer of concept mapping, this study examined evidence of high school students\' cognitive structural change throughout the technological design-based approach to instruction. At three key intervals throughout the technological design process, students developed concept maps to document their understanding of the biology and technology concepts presented within the instructional materials. Data for this study included the students\' constructed concept maps. To analyze the concept maps, the researcher used Hay et al.\'s (2008) three-method analysis for measuring the quality of students\' learning, and a qualitative analysis.
Data analysis across all four methods indicated that all participants experienced a varying degree of growth in biology, technology, and integrative concepts and connections. Collectively this study supports the notion that the technological design-based approach to instruction does indeed (1) encourage meaningful learning, and (2) increase students\' use of higher order thinking indicated by their abilities to demonstrate their use of schematic and strategic knowledge within their concept maps. The results of this study have direct implications within the areas of Technology Education, Science Education, classroom practice, and concept mapping. The discussion and implications suggest the need to expand the research conducted within this study, and to improve the methods for concept mapping analysis.
Ph. D.

Les processus métier (BP) sont les piliers fondamentaux des organisations, englobant toute une gamme d'activités structurées visant à atteindre des objectifs organisationnels distincts. Ces processus, caractérisés par une multitude de tâches, d'interactions et de flux de travail, offrent une méthodologie structurée pour superviser les opérations cruciales dans divers secteurs. Une découverte essentielle pour les organisations a été la reconnaissance de la valeur profonde inhérente aux données produites pendant ces processus. L'analyse des processus, une discipline spécialisée, explore ces journaux de données, facilitant une compréhension plus profonde et l'amélioration des BP. Cette analyse peut être catégorisée en deux perspectives : le niveau d'instance, qui se concentre sur les exécutions individuelles de processus, et le niveau de processus, qui examine le processus global.Cependant, l'application de l'analyse des processus pose des défis aux utilisateurs, impliquant la nécessité d'accéder aux données, de naviguer dans les API de bas niveau et d'utiliser des méthodes dépendantes d'outils. L'application dans le monde réel rencontre souvent des complexités et des obstacles centrés sur l'utilisateur.Plus précisément, l'analyse de niveau d'instance exige des utilisateurs qu'ils accèdent aux données d'exécution de processus stockées, une tâche qui peut être complexe pour les professionnels de l'entreprise en raison de l'exigence de maîtriser des langages de requête complexes tels que SQL et CYPHER. En revanche, l'analyse de niveau de processus des données de processus implique l'utilisation de méthodes et d'algorithmes qui exploitent les données d'exécution de processus extraites des systèmes d'information. Ces méthodologies sont regroupées sous le terme de techniques d'exploration de processus. L'application de l'exploration de processus confronte les analystes à la tâche complexe de sélection de méthodes, qui consiste à trier des descriptions de méthodes non structurées. De plus, l'application des méthodes d'exploration de processus dépend d'outils spécifiques et nécessite un certain niveau d'expertise technique.Pour relever ces défis, cette thèse présente des solutions basées sur l'IA, mettant l'accent sur l'intégration de capacités cognitives dans l'analyse des processus pour faciliter les tâches d'analyse tant au niveau de l'instance qu'au niveau du processus pour tous les utilisateurs. Les objectifs principaux sont doubles : premièrement, améliorer l'accessibilité des données d'exécution de processus en créant une interface capable de construire automatiquement la requête de base correspondante à partir du langage naturel. Ceci est complété par la proposition d'une technique de stockage adaptée et d'un langage de requête autour desquels l'interface doit être conçue. À cet égard, nous introduisons un méta-modèle graphique basé sur le graphe de propriétés étiquetées (LPG) pour le stockage efficace des données. Deuxièmement, pour rationaliser la découverte et l'accessibilité des techniques d'exploration de processus, nous présentons une architecture orientée services.Pour valider notre méta-modèle graphique, nous avons utilisé deux ensembles de données de processus accessibles au public disponibles à la fois au format CSV et OCEL. Ces ensembles de données ont été essentiels pour évaluer les performances de notre pipeline de requêtes en langage naturel. Nous avons recueilli des requêtes en langage naturel auprès d'utilisateurs externes et en avons généré d'autres à l'aide d'outils de paraphrase. Notre cadre orienté services a été évalué à l'aide de requêtes en langage naturel spécialement conçues pour les descriptions de services d'exploration de processus. De plus, nous avons mené une étude de cas avec des participants externes pour évaluer l'expérience utilisateur et recueillir des commentaires. Nous fournissons publiquement les résultats de l'évaluation pour garantir la reproductibilité dans le domaine étudié
Business processes (BP) are the foundational pillars of organizations, encapsulating a range of structured activities aimed at fulfilling distinct organizational objectives. These processes, characterized by a plethora of tasks, interactions, and workflows, offer a structured methodology for overseeing crucial operations across diverse sectors. A pivotal insight for organizations has been the discernment of the profound value inherent in the data produced during these processes. Process analysis, a specialized discipline, ventures into these data logs, facilitating a deeper comprehension and enhancement of BPs. This analysis can be categorized into two perspectives: instance-level, which focuses on individual process executions, and process-level, which examines the overarching process.However, applying process analysis in practice poses challenges for users, involving the need to access data, navigate low-level APIs, and employ tool-dependent methods. Real-world application often encounters complexities and user-centric obstacles.Specifically, instance-level analysis demands users to access stored process execution data, a task that can be intricate for business professionals due to the requirement of mastering complex query languages like SQL and CYPHER. Conversely, process-level analysis of process data involves the utilization of methods and algorithms that harness process execution data extracted from information systems. These methodologies collectively fall under the umbrella of process mining techniques. The application of process mining confronts analysts with the intricate task of method selection, which involves sifting through unstructured method descriptions. Additionally, the application of process mining methods depends on specific tools and necessitates a certain level of technical expertise.To address these challenges, this thesis introduces AI-driven solutions, with a focus on integrating cognitive capabilities into process analysis to facilitate analysis tasks at both the instance level and the process level for all users. The primary objectives are twofold: Firstly, to enhance the accessibility of process execution data by creating an interface capable of automatically constructing the corresponding database query from natural language. This is complemented by proposing a suitable storage technique and query language that the interface should be designed around. In this regard, we introduce a graph metamodel based on Labeled Property Graph (LPG) for efficient data storage. Secondly, to streamline the discovery and accessibility of process mining techniques, we present a service-oriented architecture. This architecture comprises three core components: an LPG meta-model detailing process mining methods, a service-oriented REST API design tailored for these methods, and a component adept at matching user requirements expressed in natural language with appropriate services.For the validation of our graph metamodel, we utilized two publicly accessible process datasets available in both CSV and OCEL formats. These datasets were instrumental in evaluating the performance of our NL querying pipeline. We gathered NL queries from external users and produced additional ones through paraphrasing tools. Our service-oriented framework underwent an assessment using NL queries specifically designed for process mining service descriptions. Additionally, we carried out a use case study with external participants to evaluate user experience and to gather feedback. We publically provide the evaluation results to ensure reproducibility in the studied area

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Impulsivity may lead to several unfortunate consequences and maladaptive behaviors for clinical and non-clinical people. Although many studies discuss the negative impact of it, few of them emphasize the relationship between cognitive impulsiveness and decision making in non-clinical subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive impulsiveness on decision making and explore the strategies used by participants to solve problems. For this purpose, we apply two measures of impulsivity: the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the performance based Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT).This is the first study that compares self-report impulsiveness based on BIS-11 and performance-based reflectivity measured by CRT. Moreover, due to the fact that we apply the instruments on pen and paper, it is possible to evaluate participants’ reasoning processes employed to answer CRT questions. These reasoning processes are related to the role of Executive Functions for decision making and its relationship with impulsiveness. In practical terms, we observed participants’ strategies by analyzing their calculation expressions and data organization to answer CRT questions in the paper sheet. The sample consists of 191 non-clinical adults, professionals, and undergraduate students from the fields of business, management, and accounting. Results show that cognitive impulsiveness may negatively affect performance. Moreover, there is no difference in strategies used by impulsive and non-impulsive people during a decision making, and who calculate in the paper sheet perform better. Finally, people who inhibit their immediate answers also perform better during a decision making.

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This work´s objective is to reflect about the youth cognitive behavioral process immersed in contemporary technology like the internet. From discussions brought by Communication and Social Psycology thinkers, it has carried out a comparative assessment of differents sources. Through bibliographical revision it started to investigate explororing some works, like a relationship between the youth and internet, the communicative process, the humam cognitive development, and behavioral changes in this relationship. It has found out that in the most of those researches, the internet had the function of make easier the interaction among the youth, the identification of their couple what favored the cognitive process, and finally about their autonomy. However we couldn´t ignore the result of researches that shows the other side because it made us to look carefull the individual and social background of this population.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre o processo cognitivo comportamental dos jovens, imersos em tecnologias contemporâneas como a Internet. A luz dos debates trazidos pelos pensadores das áreas de Comunicação e Psicologia Social, realizou-se uma avaliação comparativa de diferentes fontes. Através da revisão bibliográfica, passou-se a uma investigação em caráter exploratório sobre as abordagens integradas de alguns trabalhos, acerca da relação dos jovens com a Internet, o processo comunicativo, o desenvolvimento cognitivo humano e mudanças comportamentais nessa relação. Verificou-se que na maioria desses trabalhos, a Internet exerceu um papel de mecanismo facilitador para a interação entre os jovens, na identificação com seus pares, o que propiciou um diferencial no processo cognitivo, e, por fim, em sua singularização. Porém, não podemos deixar de apresentar os resultados dos demais trabalhos, pois, nos levou a ter um olhar mais cuidadoso nos background individual e social da população em questão.(AU)

Metaphors have long been a subject of interest to philosophers, scholars and researchers. Recent insights into the nature and function of metaphor have spurred new interest in the persuasive effects of metaphor. To date, research on the relation between metaphors and attitudes has produced mixed findings. This paper argues that there are several limitations in previous models and designs and this work attempted to resolve several of them. The rationale for the study is based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion, which argues that cognitive elaboration is a strong predictor of attitudes. Researchers have posited that metaphors should evoke more cognitive elaboration than literal counterparts. This paper reports the results of a study that tested the relationship between metaphors, cognitive elaboration, and attitudes. Participants were exposed to one of 72 message conditions and responded to a set of psychological and attitude scales. Many of the hypotheses were not supported, including tests of the amount of cognitive effort that subjects reported and results related to attitude change by metaphor type. Results indicated that attitudes were stable across time, which is consistent with the ELM.

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This work , inserted in the Research line, University , Teaching and Teacher s Formation, consists of a study of theoretical production of teaching/learning researchers that reveal the role of the brain in the referred process. It arouse from the discussion raised by field studious and published in newspapers and magazines that the teaching / learning process in Brazil reveals itself as defective concerning the performance of Brazilian students in national and international tests. Taking into account the advance of the studies about the brain behavior, the goal of this paper is to search into the necessity of incorporating the studies related to the Cognitive Neuroscience to the educational field, in teaching and pedagogue formation courses as a contribution for the improvement of the learning process in basic education. For this were used recent research studies related to brain and cognitive mind processes considered or not in the context of initial or continued teachers formation. The methodological tragetory, given the investigative character of the subject , embraced a qualitative research in which six interviewees are professors with some kind of involvement in the Cognitive Neuroscience field. The analysis of the interviews brought contributions for a better understanding of the cognoscent subject in the process of knowledge construction, process which must also be considered by the formal education promoters
Este trabalho, inserido na linha de Pesquisa, Universidade, Doc?ncia e Forma??o de Professores, constitui-se num estudo de produ??o te?rica de pesquisadores de ensino/aprendizagem que relevam o papel do c?rebro no referido processo. Partiu-se da problem?tica levantada por estudiosos da ?rea, e publicada em jornais e revistas, de que o processo de ensino/aprendizagem, no Brasil, mostra-se deficiente, haja vista o desempenho de estudantes brasileiros em testes nacionais e internacionais. Considerando os avan?os sobre o funcionamento do c?rebro, o objetivo desse trabalho ? o de investigar a necessidade da incorpora??o de estudos relacionados ? Neuroci?ncia Cognitiva na ?rea educacional, em cursos de forma??o de professores e de pedagogos, como contribui??o para a melhoria do processo de aprendizagem na educa??o b?sica. Para tal, fez-se uso de estudos de pesquisas recentes relacionadas a processos cerebrais e cognitivos da mente considerados ou n?o no contexto da forma??o inicial ou continuada de professores. A trajet?ria metodol?gica, dado o car?ter investigativo do assunto, abarcou uma pesquisa qualitativa em que os seis entrevistados s?o professores universit?rios com algum envolvimento em estudos no campo da Neuroci?ncia Cognitiva. A an?lise das entrevistas trouxe contribui??es para que se entenda melhor o sujeito cognoscente em seu processo de constru??o do conhecimento, processo esse que deve tamb?m ser considerado pelos promotores da educa??o formal

Different theories of cognitive science propose different system descriptions in their models for the explanation of cognitive phenomena. According to one view, they are incompatible and competing theories. The view is defended by theorists and philosophers from different perspectives and they all claim that the proper conception of cognition is the conception provided by the theory which they advocate. The other view, on the other hand, insists on the compatibility of those theories. According to this view which is also defended here, these different theories are not only compatible, but also they are complementary. The cooperation of these theories and integration of the conceptions provided by these theories are needed to have a full account of cognition.

The purpose of the present research is to propose a cognitive process model which exhibits why and how distanced international sports consumers become loyal consumers, namely fans, of a sports team. Distanced sports consumers indicate those who are geographically and socioculturally distanced from their consumption object (sports team) which leads them to be isolated from any local and team influence throughout the consumption experience. The target population of distanced consumers selected for the present study is South Korean football fans who support European football teams. Building on a literature review ranging from relationship marketing to organisational behaviour, and taking into account the unique features of the sports product, industry and consumers, a cognitive process model is constructed and tested applying mixed research methods through three research stages (preliminary interviews, a web-survey and confirmatory interviews). The cognitive process model illustrates the associations between sports consumers consumption motives and their loyal behaviours which are mediated by emotional attachment. Hence, this model illustrates why/how distanced consumers are motivated and evaluate their relationship with the team to become loyal to it. The research model aims to demonstrate: 1) two psychological consumption motives (hedonic experience and communality) that exist as higher-level motives, which contribute to the understanding of the underlying dimensions of distanced consumers' selection of a sports team and supporting behaviours, and provide a conceptual basis for linking consumption goals and consumers' behavioural consequences as loyal consumers; 2) different types of emotional attachment (identification, affective commitment and normative commitment) as mediating mechanisms, which are identified to evaluate their separate role in the process model to predict different types of loyal behaviours (retention and membership behaviour); and 3) increasing levels of knowledge about the team contributes to encouraging identified consumers to affectively commit towards the team regardless of consumers' length of relationship duration. The results show that measuring levels of identification does not directly predict different loyal behaviours while affective commitment is able to predict consumers' membership behaviour and normative commitment can predict consumers intentions to stay in the relationship The findings of the present study explain how distanced international sports consumers develop and strengthen their relationship with sports teams as loyal consumers, and provide an opportunity for marketing practitioners to work on a strategy premise that may be applied across borders while still being tailored, where necessary, to the characteristics of the local market and specific socio-demographic segments. -

This study replicated and extended some aspects of a project done by Handley (1980). The primary purpose of this study was to test whether satisfaction with the counseling supervisory relationship was related to the degree of personality similarity between counselor trainees and their supervisors. The degree of personality match was measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Satisfaction was assessed using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory, the Counselor Evaluation Rating Scale, and two general satisfaction questions.The sample was comprised of 42 counselors-in-training at the master's level and 15 superisors at the doctoral level. Supervisors and trainees were paired to make 42 counselor-supervisor dyads. All participants were graduate students at a Midwestern state university counseling psychology program. Twenty six of the trainees were female and 16 were male. Seven of the supervisors were female and 16 were male.In the primary analyses, one-way MANOVAs revealed no relationship between personality match and trainees' and supervisors'satisfaction with supervision. However, several supplementary one-way MANOVAs indicated that there .was a difference in satisfaction with supervision when trainees were matched to same-sex as compared to opposite-sex supervisors. Female trainees were less satisfied with supervision when they were matched with female supervisors. Male trainees were satisfied with both female and male supervisors.Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research were offered. Limitations of the project were also discussed in terms of the type of training program studied and the homogeneity of the participant pool.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Les développements récents de la recherche en sciences cognitives ont établi que les individus détectent fréquemment qu'ils sont en train de commettre certaines erreurs de raisonnement, alors même qu'ils n'identifient pas, et peut-être ne peuvent pas identifier, la source de ces erreurs. Jusqu'à maintenant, ce programme de recherche a principalement visé à démontrer que même les individus aux raisonnements les plus biaisés faisaient preuve de tendances à la détection de conflits. Le présent travail s'appuie sur ces résultats et analyse trois domaines d'enquête connexes et encore inexplorés : (1) les sous-types de détection de conflits ; (2) les différences individuelles quant à la détection ; (3) le caractère de généralité ou de spécificité au domaine des sensibilités pour la détection de conflits. En identifiant des sous-types de détection de conflits de plus en plus spécifiques, ce projet a pour objectif d'examiner les corrélations entre, d'une part, certaines sensibilités pour la détection de conflits, et des prédicteurs cognitifs, d'autre part. Il s'agit, fondamentalement, d'un travail préparatoire en vue d'une analyse différentielle complète des sensibilités particulières de détection de conflits parmi les individus en train de raisonner
Recent state of the art research into cognitive biases has revealed that individuals often detect that they are making certain reasoning errors even when they themselves do not, perhaps cannot, articulate the source of the error. Until now, this research has focused primarily on demonstrating the existence of conflict detection tendencies among even the most biased reasoners. This thesis builds on this research by analyzing three related and unexplored areas of inquiry: (1) subtypes of conflict detection; (2) individual-specific differences among detectors; and (3) the domain generality or specificity of conflict detection sensitivities. By identifying increasingly fine-tuned detection subtypes, the project aims to explore correlations between particular conflict detection sensitivities and other cognitive predictors. It is, essentially, preparatory work for a complete differential analysis of conflict detection sensitivities among reasoners

Orientadores: Ivone Panhoca, Maria de Lurdes Zanolli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de interação comunicativa entre duas crianças com síndrome de Down e comportamentos autísticos, com idades de 9 e 12 anos, e entre estas e a terapeuta, enfocando modalidades de comunicação verbal e não-verbal estabelecidas durante brincadeiras de faz-deconta. As crianças frequentam diariamente uma instituição especial localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, e apresentam histórias de vida peculiares: uma delas reside em um orfanato desde os 3 meses de idade e a outra reside com a avó paterna, por determinação judicial, devido a uma história conturbada de episódios de agressão, rejeição e negligência por parte da mãe. Tais histórias configuram, portanto, quadros importantes do ponto de vista sócio-histórico afetivo. O estudo foi norteado pelos princípios da pesquisa qualitativa participante de orientação sócio-histórica. A coleta dos dados foi realizada durante sessões fonoaudiológicas semanais na instituição frequentada pelas crianças, em um período de 6 meses, com aproximadamente uma hora de duração cada. Após a seleção dos episódios considerados mais significativos para o propósito deste estudo (a partir da vídeo-gravação das sessões realizadas e posterior transcrição) os dados foram analisados considerando-se tanto as premissas da análise microgenética (que evidenciam a análise minuciosa de um processo) quanto as formulações do paradigma indiciário (que apontam para a importância dos pormenores, dos indícios). Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da mediação da terapeuta, as crianças apresentaram, com maior frequência, intenção comunicativa e interesse pela interação, inclusive com utilização da comunicação não-verbal e início da comunicação verbal por parte de uma delas, durante as brincadeiras de faz-de-conta. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as crianças apresentaram desenvolvimento qualitativo na interação comunicativa, tanto entre elas quanto entre elas e a terapeuta, possibilitando a construção e o compartilhamento de significados, com a inserção destes sujeitos nas situações ali vivenciadas
Abstract: This research objective was to analyze the communicative interaction process of two children, aged 9 and 12, who showed autistic behaviors associated to Down syndrome, and between these two children and their therapist, focusing in on verbal and non-verbal communication modalities performed during make-believe activities. The children attend a special institution located in the interior of São Paulo State daily, and they have peculiar life stories: one of them has been living in an orphanage since the age of 3 months, and the other lives with their paternal mother, as determined by the law due to a disturbed life with episodes of aggression, rejection and negligence inflicted by the mother, from the socio-historical-affective point of view. The study has been guided by the qualitative research principles that take part in the sociohistorical orientation. The data were collected during weekly sessions with a phono-audiologist in the institution they go to, in a period of 6 months, each session lasting approximately one hour. After selecting the most significant episodes for this study, done through videotaping the sessions and getting the transcripts; the data have been analyzed taking into account the premises of micro genetics analyses (that evidence the detailed analyzes of a process); regarding the evidence paradigm formulations (that point to the importance of details, evidences). The results have shown that, starting with a therapist's mediation, the children present communicative intention and interest in interaction more frequently, using non-verbal communication and a start of verbal communication (one of them), during make-believe activities. Therefore, it has been concluded that children show qualitative development in communicative interaction, as much as among themselves as between them and the therapist, which makes it possible to build up and share meanings, introducing these subjects into the situations experienced there
Mestrado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Objetivo do trabalho é propor um processo para a Análise de Stakeholders utilizando mapas cognitivos a fim de auxiliar no processo da elicitação de necessidades raiz. O processo proposto aborda desde o estudo do contexto até a identificação das necessidades e informações relevantes para serem transformadas em requisitos e a estruturação do problema a partir do ponto de vista do stakeholder. A motivação do trabalho vem da dificuldade no entendimento das necessidades dos stakeholders no desenvolvimento de sistemas, sejam eles produto, processo ou serviço. O processo proposto se fundamenta nos conceitos da Engenharia de Sistemas e da Cognição e seus Mapas Cognitivos. O trabalho aporta três principais contribuições, a primeira é a elicitação exaustiva com o stakeholder até chegar à necessidade raiz, utilizando o processo cognitivo por meio dos repetidos questionamento até chegar à raiz do assunto. A segunda contribuição é na captura gráfica do rationale das necessidades mais relevantes. A terceira contribuição é a de ajudar ao stakeholder a entender sua própria necessidade e/ou problema, também com a ajuda do processo cognitivo utilizado na criação dos mapas. De esta maneira obtendo como resultado informações relevantes elicitadas junto com seu rationale e o entendimento do problema. O processo proposto foi aplicado num estudo piloto dentro do Laboratório de Integração e Testes (LIT) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). O Processo de Análise de Stakeholders Utilizando Mapas Cognitivos pode ser considerado como uma opção válida na hora de decidir a estratégia da Análise de Stakeholders; ele facilita a aproximação com o stakeholder e fornece uma ferramenta iterativa e interativa que abre a porta para a imaginação tanto para o stakeholder expressar suas necessidades quanto para que o engenheiro de sistemas possa gerar questionamentos e ambos construírem conclusões do problema e seu contexto dando partida à concepção da solução.

A co-ocorrência entre as dificuldades na leitura e na matemática é freqüente indicando que processos cognitivos comuns subjacentes a tais dificuldades possam estar deficitários. Este estudo procurou compreender e identificar as relações entre as dificuldades na leitura e na matemática em 79 alunos brasileiros do 3º ao 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os alunos foram divididos em quatro grupos: com dificuldades na leitura (DL), com dificuldades na matemática (DM), com dificuldades nas duas áreas (DLM) e sem dificuldades (controle). Avaliamos o perfil cognitivo dos grupos por meio de tarefas que envolveram: processamento fonológico (memória fonológica de dígitos, frases e relatos, consciência fonológica e velocidade de processamento), senso numérico, memória de trabalho (componente executivo central), e estratégias de contagem e de recuperação da memória. O grupo de alunos com dificuldades na leitura e na matemática evidenciou problemas que abrangem o processamento fonológico, o senso numérico e o componente executivo central da memória de trabalho. Tal resultado sugere que todas estas habilidades desempenham um importante papel no aprendizado eficiente da leitura e da matemática. Os alunos com DL apresentaram baixo desempenho nas tarefas de consciência fonológica e velocidade de processamento de letras, e números e letras. Os alunos com DM mostraram desempenho significativamente inferior na tarefa de memória de relatos e de recuperação de fatos da memória. Este grupo utilizou estratégias de contagem imaturas, mas não evidenciou dificuldades com o senso numérico, como foi previsto. O estudo indica que a Teoria dos Dois Fatores oferece uma importante contribuição para se compreender a coexistência de dificuldades na leitura e na matemática. No entanto, em concordância com Hopkins e Lawson (2006), nossos resultados sugerem um avanço na teoria, fornecendo papel de destaque à velocidade de processamento. Os resultados do estudo oferecem uma importante implicação educacional: a necessidade de se incluir, ao longo do Ensino Fundamental, tarefas escolares voltadas para o desenvolvimento do processamento fonológico e do senso numérico, habilidades estas ainda pouco conhecidas pela escola brasileira.
The co-occurrence between the difficulties in reading and mathematics is frequent, indicating that common cognitive processes underlying these difficulties may be impaired. This study sought to understand and identify the relationship between the difficulties in reading and mathematics in 79 Brazilian students from the 3rd to the 6th year of elementary school. The students were divided into four groups: difficulties in reading (RD), difficulties in mathematics (MD), difficulties in both areas (MD-RD) and the ones without difficulties (control). We assessed the cognitive profile of the groups by means of tasks involving: phonological processing (phonological memory of digits, sentences and short stories, phonological awareness and processing speed), number sense, working memory (central executive component), counting strategies and arithmetic fact retrieval. Students with difficulties in reading and mathematics showed problems that range from phonological processing to number sense and working memory tasks. Such a result suggests that all these abilities play an important role in efficient learning in reading and mathematics. Students with reading difficulties showed a significantly lower performance in the phonological awareness, the letter processing speed and numbers and letters processing speed tasks. Students with mathematics difficulties showed significantly lower performance in the short stories memory task and retrieval of memory facts. This group used immature counting strategies, but showed no difficulties with number sense, as hypothesized. The study indicates that the Two-Factor Theory offers an important contribution to understanding the coexistence of difficulties in reading and mathematics. However, in agreement with Hopkins and Lawson (2006), our results suggest a breakthrough in the theory, providing a prominent role to the processing speed. The results provide an important educational implication: the need to include, throughout the elementary school, tasks aiming at the development of phonological processing and number sense, which are still little known by Brazilian schools.

166 p.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo decisório a partir da articulação entre a experiência decisória e o esquema cognitivo de executivos de uma empresa do setor elétrico. Dentre os objetivos específicos constam: verificar os princípios comuns percebidos pelos executivos estudados no processo decisório, com base no modelo de racionalidade limitada de Simon; identificar o estilo decisório predominante dos decisores de uma distribuidora de energia elétrica; identificar dados relacionados com a trajetória profissiona l dos executivos pesquisados; mapear a estruturação do conhecimento dos decisores pesquisados acerca do processo de tomada de decisão; caracterizar a articulação entre a experiência decisória e o esquema cognitivo dos executivos estudados; e descrever o processo decisório de distribuidoras de energia elétrica. A partir da revisão da literatura dos construto Processo Decisório, Experiência Decisória e Esquema Cognitivo foi estabelecida uma relação com o empírico na ida a campo para envolver os decisores do setor elétrico. A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso que fez uso da complementaridade de diferentes fontes de evidência: a documentação, o registro em arquivos, a observação direta, as entrevistas e os questionários. A amostra foi intencional e selecionada por conveniência. As entrevistas foram semi-estruturadas e os questionários continham diversas possibilidades de avaliação das informações obtidas: análise do discurso, associação de palavras, composição de frases e uso de escala sócio-decisional, que permitiram observações diferentes da percepção dos indivíduos sobre o processo decisório. Dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os executivos da organização estudada concentram-se frequentemente nas fases de concepção, escolha e, em menor intensidade, inteligência e feedback no processo decisório. Quanto ao estilo decisório predominante em cada respondente: o decisor 1 é um líder flexível; o decisor 2 é um gestor sistêmico e o decisor 3 possui estilo integrativo. Os decisores 1 e 2 são considerados experie ntes e o decisor 3, menos experiente. Concluiu -se, com base nas entrevistas, que o grau de compartilhamento dos esquemas cognitivos é alto quanto às percepções dos executivos sobre o processo decisório no setor elétrico. Na breve descrição do setor elétric o foi ressaltada a relevância dos estudos de mercado e apresentados os principais fatores influenciadores da decisão dos executivos pesquisados. Conclui-se que em ambientes complexos, o decisor simplifica a realidade a fim de hierarquizar os critérios que subsidiam sua escolha. A intuição é admitida e também evitada pelos executivos pesquisados, possivelmente, por ser oriunda de um processo cognitivo instantâneo. No entanto, a tomada de decisão pode ser fortalecida pelo aumento da experiência decisória e pela maturação dos esquemas cognitivos dos decisores.
Salvador

Many buildings underperform leading to up to 20% energy waste. Case studies on monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) have shown that using energy management and information systems (EMIS) for continuous energy monitoring and analysis enables the identification of issues that cause energy waste and verifies energy conservation measures. However, MBCx is underutilized by organizations leading to an energy efficiency gap between the energy saving potential of technologies like EMIS and observed savings. This energy efficiency gap can be attributed to general barriers to MBCx and barriers caused specifically by cognitive bias in the decision-making process. Using qualitative data from over 40 organizations implementing and practicing MBCx, this manuscript provides a better understanding of these barriers. Chapter 1 synthesizes and codes the qualitative data to develop a framework of variables acting as barriers and enablers to MBCx. The framework highlights commonly experienced barriers like data configuration, and also variables with conflicting results like payback/return on investment, which was experienced as a barrier to some organizations and enabler to others. Chapter 2 examines the barriers to MBCx through a behavioral decision science lens and finds evidence of cognitive biases, specifically, risk aversion, social norms, choice overload, status quo bias, information overload, professional bias, and temporal discounting. The success of choice architecture in other energy efficiency decisions is used to offer suggestions for ways to overcome these cognitive biases. This manuscript can be used by practitioners to better understand potential barriers to MBCx and by researchers to prioritize gaps and find methods to overcome the barriers to MBCx.
Master of Science

This thesis explored the cognitive, character-inference process that Dirks & Skarlicki (2004) assert contributes to trust development. Self-reported transformational leadership, leader integrity, organizational justice, and leader prototypicality correlated positively with cognitive trust in this sample of 81 student employees (63% female, mean age 20.5) of a large southeastern university. Leader prototypicality, a cognitive evaluation process, partially mediated the relationship between leader integrity and trust. This studyâ s prime contribution was the longitudinal, empirical test of a model of trust development in interdependent leader-follower dyads. Future research may explore other antecedents of trust, assess how the cognitive process of trust development occurs, or investigate the relationship-based social exchange mechanism Dirks and Skarlicki (2004) suggest contributes to the development of affective trust.
Master of Science

Process models describe someone's understanding of processes. Processes can be described using unstructured, semi-formal or diagrammatic representation forms. These representations are used in a variety of task settings, ranging from understanding processes to executing or improving processes, with the implicit assumption that the chosen representation form will be appropriate for all task settings. We explore the validity of this assumption by examining empirically the preference for different process representation forms depending on the task setting and cognitive style of the user. Based on data collected from 120 business school students, we show that preferences for process representation formats vary dependent on application purpose and cognitive styles of the participants. However, users consistently prefer diagrams over other representation formats. Our research informs a broader research agenda on task-specific applications of process modeling. We offer several recommendations for further research in this area.

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona
Two studies were conducted to investigate the cognitive processes involved in online document-based information retrieval. These studies led to the development of five computational models of online document retrieval. These models were then incorporated into the design of an "intelligent" document-based retrieval system. Following a discussion of this system, we discuss the broader implications of our research for the design of information retrieval systems.