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Li, Yanping y R. E. Carbone. "Offshore Propagation of Coastal Precipitation". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, n.º 12 (19 de noviembre de 2015): 4553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0104.1.
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Abstract This work focuses on the seaward propagation of coastal precipitation with and without mountainous terrain nearby. Offshore of India, diurnal propagation of precipitation is observed over the Bay of Bengal. On the eastern side of the bay, a diurnal but nonpropagating signal is observed near the west coast of Burma. This asymmetry is consistent with the inertio-gravity wave mechanism. Perturbations generated by diurnal heating over the coastal mountains of India propagate offshore, amplify in the upwind direction, and dissipate in the downwind direction relative to the steering wind, owing to critical-level considerations. A linear model is applied to evaluate sensitivity to gravity waves, as these affect deep moist convection and propagation. Analyses are performed for various heating depths, mountain widths, stability, Coriolis effect, background mean wind, and friction. Calculations reveal how these factors affect the amplitude, dissipation, initiation phase, and propagation speed of the diurnal disturbance. The propagation of precipitation triggered by land–sea breezes is distinguishable from that triggered by a mountain–plains circulation. Convection resulting purely from mountain heating begins earlier, propagates slower, and damps faster than that of the land–sea breeze. For mountains near a coast, slower propagation and stronger earlier convection result from a resonance-like combination of two dynamical mechanisms. The propagation of precipitation is initially triggered by the mountain breeze near the coastal mountain. Over the open ocean, the dominant signal propagates as that of the land breeze but with stronger convection.
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Camberlin, Pierre y Olivier Planchon. "Coastal Precipitation Regimes in Kenya". Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography 79A, n.º 1-2 (enero de 1997): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00010.
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Camberlin, Pierre y Olivier Planchon. "Coastal precipitation regimes in kenya". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 79, n.º 1-2 (abril de 1997): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.1997.00010.x.
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Ogino, Shin-Ya, Manabu D. Yamanaka, Shuichi Mori y Jun Matsumoto. "How Much is the Precipitation Amount over the Tropical Coastal Region?" Journal of Climate 29, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2016): 1231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0484.1.
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Abstract Motivated by observational evidence of rainfall concentrations near tropical coastlines with a diurnal cycle, the annual mean precipitation amount was quantified in the tropics (latitudes lower than 37°) obtained as a function of coastal distance and compared between land and ocean sides. The data are from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Precipitation amount peaks at the coastline and decreases rapidly over a distance of 300 km from the coastline on both sides of the coastline. The precipitation inside the “coastal region” (defined by a distance <300 km from the coastline) accounts for approximately 34% of the total over the entire tropics, while that outside the coastal region accounts for 52% and 14% on the ocean and land sides, respectively. Since the coastal regions are about 29% of the total tropical areas, the precipitation per unit area inside the coastal regions is higher than that outside. Examining the grid number variation in the coastal regions with respect to the annual precipitation amount resulted in the finding that more than 90% of the annual precipitation with the amount of 3500 mm yr−1 or more occurs exclusively in the coastal regions, indicating that precipitation systems unique to coastal regions are needed for producing the highest annual precipitation on Earth.
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Bergemann, Martin, Christian Jakob y Todd P. Lane. "Global Detection and Analysis of Coastline-Associated Rainfall Using an Objective Pattern Recognition Technique". Journal of Climate 28, n.º 18 (11 de septiembre de 2015): 7225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0098.1.
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Abstract Coastally associated rainfall is a common feature, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. However, it has been difficult to quantify the contribution of coastal rainfall features to the overall local rainfall. The authors develop a novel technique to objectively identify precipitation associated with land–sea interaction and apply it to satellite-based rainfall estimates. The Maritime Continent, the Bight of Panama, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean are found to be regions where land–sea interactions play a crucial role in the formation of precipitation. In these regions ~40%–60% of the total rainfall can be related to coastline effects. Because of its importance for the climate system, the Maritime Continent is a region of particular interest, with high overall amounts of rainfall and large fractions resulting from land–sea interactions throughout the year. To demonstrate the utility of this study’s identification method, the authors investigate the influence of several modes of variability, such as the Madden–Julian oscillation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, on coastal rainfall behavior. The results suggest that during large-scale suppressed convective conditions, coastal effects tend to modulate the rainfall over the Maritime Continent leading to enhanced rainfall over land regions compared to the surrounding oceans. The authors propose that the novel objective dataset of coastally influenced precipitation can be used in a variety of ways, such as to inform cumulus parameterization or as an additional tool for evaluating the simulation of coastal precipitation within weather and climate models.
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Coppin, David, Gilles Bellon, Alexander Pletzer y Chris Scott. "Detecting and Tracking Coastal Precipitation in the Tropics: Methods and Insights into Multiscale Variability of Tropical Precipitation". Journal of Climate 33, n.º 15 (1 de agosto de 2020): 6689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0321.1.
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AbstractWe propose an algorithm to detect and track coastal precipitation systems and we apply it to 18 years of the high-resolution (8 km and 30 min) Climate Prediction Center CMORPH precipitation estimates in the tropics. Coastal precipitation in the Maritime Continent and Central America contributes to up to 80% of the total rainfall. It also contributes strongly to the diurnal cycle over land with the largest contribution from systems lasting between 6 and 12 h and contributions from longer-lived systems peaking later in the day. While the diurnal cycle of coastal precipitation is more intense over land in the summer hemisphere, its timing is independent of seasons over both land and ocean because the relative contributions from systems of different lifespans are insensitive to the seasonal cycle. We investigate the hypothesis that coastal precipitation is enhanced prior to the arrival of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) envelope over the Maritime Continent. Our results support this hypothesis and show that, when considering only coastal precipitation, the diurnal cycle appears reinforced even earlier over islands than previously reported. We discuss the respective roles of coastal and large-scale precipitation in the propagation of the MJO over the Maritime Continent. We also document a shift in diurnal cycle with the phases of the MJO, which results from changes in the relative contributions of short-lived versus long-lived coastal systems.
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Loukas, Athanasios y Michael C. Quick. "PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA". Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30, n.º 4 (agosto de 1994): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03324.x.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren y O. Altaratz. "Analyzing coastal precipitation using TRMM observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 24 (21 de diciembre de 2011): 13201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13201-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds, and surface friction increase in transition from sea to land can create persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the winter the Mediterranean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurrence of land breeze that opposes the common synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a function of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastlines in the Eastern Mediterranean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze may likely be the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Malda, D., J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, W. D. van den Berg y I. W. Zuurendonk. "The role of atmospheric boundary layer-surface interactions on the development of coastal fronts". Annales Geophysicae 25, n.º 2 (8 de marzo de 2007): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-341-2007.
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Abstract. Frictional convergence and thermal difference between land and sea surface are the two surface conditions that govern the intensity and evolution of a coastal front. By means of the mesoscale model MM5, we investigate the influence of these two processes on wind patterns, temperature and precipitation amounts, associated with a coastal front, observed on the west coast of The Netherlands in the night between 12 and 13 August 2004. The mesoscale model MM5 is further compared with available observations and the results of two operational models (ECMWF and HIRLAM). HIRLAM is not capable to reproduce the coastal front, whereas ECMWF and MM5 both calculate precipitation for the coastal region. The precipitation pattern, calculated by MM5, agrees satisfactorily with the accumulated radar image. The failure of HIRLAM is mainly due to a different stream pattern at the surface and consequently, a different behaviour of the frictional convergence at the coastline. The sensitivity analysis of frictional convergence is carried out with the MM5 model, by varying land surface roughness length (z0). For the sensitivity analysis of thermal difference between sea and land surface, we changed the sea surface temperature (SST). Increasing surface roughness implies stronger convergence near the surface and consequently stronger upward motions and intensification of the development of the coastal front. Setting land surface roughness equal to the sea surface roughness means an elimination of frictional convergence and results in a diminishing coastal front structure of the precipitation pattern. The simulation with a high SST produces much precipitation above the sea, but less precipitation in the coastal area above land. A small increment of the SST results in larger precipitation amounts above the sea; above land increments are calculated for areas near the coast. A decrease of the SST shifts the precipitation maxima inland, although the precipitation amounts diminish. In the situation under study, frictional convergence is the key process that enhances the coastal front intensity. A thermal difference between land and sea equal to zero still yields the development of the coastal front. A lower SST than land surface temperature generates a reversed coastal front. This study emphasizes the importance of accurate prescription of surface conditions as input of the numerical weather prediction model to improve coastal front predictability.
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Jullien, Nicolas, Étienne Vignon, Michael Sprenger, Franziska Aemisegger y Alexis Berne. "Synoptic conditions and atmospheric moisture pathways associated with virga and precipitation over coastal Adélie Land in Antarctica". Cryosphere 14, n.º 5 (27 de mayo de 2020): 1685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1685-2020.
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Abstract. Precipitation falling over the coastal regions of Antarctica often experiences low-level sublimation within the dry katabatic layer. The amount of water that reaches the ground surface is thereby considerably reduced. This paper investigates the synoptic conditions and the atmospheric transport pathways of moisture that lead to either virga – when precipitation is completely sublimated – or actual surface precipitation events over coastal Adélie Land, East Antarctica. For this purpose, the study combines ground-based lidar and radar measurements at Dumont d'Urville station (DDU), Lagrangian back trajectories, Eulerian diagnostics of extratropical cyclones and fronts, and moisture source estimations. It is found that precipitating systems at DDU are associated with warm fronts of cyclones that are located to the west of Adélie Land. Virga – corresponding to 36 % of the hours with precipitation above DDU – and surface precipitation cases are associated with the same precipitating system but they correspond to different phases of the event. Virga cases more often precede surface precipitation. They sometimes follow surface precipitation in the warm sector of the cyclone's frontal system, when the associated cyclone has moved to the east of Adélie Land and the precipitation intensity has weakened. On their way to DDU, the air parcels that ultimately precipitate above the station experience a large-scale lifting across the warm front. The lifting generally occurs earlier in time and farther from the station for virga than for precipitation. It is further shown that the water contained in the snow falling above DDU during pre-precipitation virga has an oceanic origin farther away (about 30∘ more to the west) from Adélie Land than the one contained in the snow that precipitates down to the ground surface.
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Xu, Yike, Jorge Arevalo, Amir Ouyed y Xubin Zeng. "Precipitation over the U.S. Coastal Land/Water Using Gauge-Corrected Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System and Three Satellite Products". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 18 (12 de septiembre de 2022): 4557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184557.
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The weather and climate over the coastal regions have received increasing attention because of substantial population growth, the rising sea level, and extreme weather. Satellite remote sensing provides global precipitation estimates (including coastal land/ocean). While these datasets have been extensively evaluated over land, they have rarely been assessed over coastal ocean. As precipitation radars cover both coastal land and ocean, we used the Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System (MRMS) gauge-corrected precipitation product from 2018 to 2020 to evaluate three widely used satellite-based precipitation products over the U.S. coastal land versus the ocean (and the water over the Great Lakes). These products included the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH). The MRMS data showed a precipitation climatology difference between the coastal land and the ocean that was higher in the winter and lower in the summer and autumn. IMERG and CMORPH performed best over land and water, respectively, while PERSIANN was the most consistent in its performance over land versus water. Heavy precipitation was overestimated by the three products, with larger overestimates over water than over land. These results were not affected by the MRMS uncertainties due to the gauge correction or by the use of different versions.
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Vijayakumar, S., AK Nayak, N. Manikandan, Suchismita Pattanaik, Rahul Tripathi y CK Swain. "Extreme weather events and its impacts on rice production in coastal Odisha region of India". Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 60, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2023): 406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2023.60.3.4.
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The study examines extreme daily precipitation and temperature trends in coastal Odisha, India by calculating 18 weather indices (8 temperature indices and 10 rainfall indices) using the RClimDex software package for the period 1980-2010. Statistical significance of the indices was determined through trend analysis using linear regression and non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Results indicated, a strong and significant trend in temperature indices while the weak and non-significant trend in precipitation indices. The positive trend in Tmax mean, Tmin mean, TN90p (warm nights), TX90p (warm days), diurnal temperature range, warm spell duration indicator, consecutive dry days indicates increasing the frequency of warming events in coastal Odisha. Similarly, positive trend in highest maximum 1-day precipitation, highest maximum 2-consecutive day precipitation, highest maximum 3 consecutive day precipitation, highest maximum 5-consecutive day precipitation, number of heavy precipitation days (64.5mm), number of very heavy precipitation days (124.5mm) and negative trend in the number of rainy days (R2.5mm), consecutive wet days indicate changes toward the more intense and poor distribution of precipitation in coastal Odisha. Extreme precipitation and temperature events negatively impacted rice yield, with a sharp decline observed in all coastal districts. The study highlights the need for new technology/management practices to minimize these impacts.
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Siudek, P., L. Falkowska y A. Urba. "Bimodal variation in mercury wet deposition to the coastal zone of the southern Baltic". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, n.º 5 (27 de octubre de 2009): 22773–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-22773-2009.
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Abstract. In the following periods: November 2005–June 2006 and October 2007–January 2009, concentrations and deposition rates of total mercury (THg) and Hg(II) were measured in precipitation over the urbanized and industrialized area of the southern Baltic – the city of Gdynia. Rains over the coastal zone had different concentrations of total mercury, they ranged from 8.6 to 118.0 ng L−1, out of which about 32% were labile, inorganic forms, easily reducible in a SnCl2 solution. Over the southern Baltic two maxima of concentrations were observed: first, in the heating season and second, in the non-heating season. Elevated concentrations of mercury in precipitations during heating seasons were the result of the activity of local emission sources (intensive combustion of fossil fuels in domestic furnaces and individual power and heat generating plants). During the warm season, precipitation over the southern Baltic could clean the air from Hg reemitted from sea and land surfaces. Precipitations, which purified marine and continental air masses were responsible for the comparable input of mercury to the coastal zone. The wet deposition value in 2008 was estimated to be 28.9 μg m−2. In the coastal zone of the southern Baltic, acid precipitations with the elevated Hg concentrations are very frequent.
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Massmann, Adam K., Justin R. Minder, René D. Garreaud, David E. Kingsmill, Raul A. Valenzuela, Aldo Montecinos, Sara Lynn Fults y Jefferson R. Snider. "The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment: Observing the Influence of Microphysical Rain Regimes on Coastal Orographic Precipitation". Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2017): 2723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0005.1.
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Abstract The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) was conducted during the austral winter of 2015 (May–August) in the Nahuelbuta Mountains (peak elevation 1.3 km MSL) of southern Chile (38°S). CCOPE used soundings, two profiling Micro Rain Radars, a Parsivel disdrometer, and a rain gauge network to characterize warm and ice-initiated rain regimes and explore their consequences for orographic precipitation. Thirty-three percent of foothill rainfall fell during warm rain periods, while 50% of rainfall fell during ice-initiated periods. Warm rain drop size distributions were characterized by many more and relatively smaller drops than ice-initiated drop size distributions. Both the portion and properties of warm and ice-initiated rainfall compare favorably with observations of coastal mountain rainfall at a similar latitude in California. Orographic enhancement is consistently strong for rain of both types, suggesting that seeding from ice aloft is not a requisite for large orographic enhancement. While the data suggest that orographic enhancement may be greater during warm rain regimes, the difference in orographic enhancement between regimes is not significant. Sounding launches indicate that differences in orographic enhancement are not easily explainable by differences in low-level moisture flux or nondimensional mountain height between the regimes.
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Lu, Ning. "Evaluation of IMERG Precipitation Products in the Southeast Costal Urban Region of China". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 19 (3 de octubre de 2022): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194947.
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The intensification of extreme precipitation has aggravated urban flood disasters, which makes timely and reliable precipitation information urgently needed. As the high-quality and widely used satellite precipitation products, Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), have not been well investigated in coastal urban agglomerations where damages from precipitation-related disasters are more severe. With precipitation measurements from local high-density gauge stations, this study evaluates three IMERG runs (IMERG ER, IMERG LR, and IMERG FR) in the southeast coastal urban region of China. The evaluation shows that the three IMERG products severely overestimate weak precipitation and underestimate heavy precipitation. Among the three runs, the post-corrected IMERG FR does not show a substantial improvement compared to the near-real-time IMERG ER and IMERG LR. The performance of IMERG varies depending on the precipitation pattern and intensity, with the best estimation ability occurring in the coastal urban region in summer and in the northern forests in winter. Due to the year-round urban effect on precipitation variability, IMERG cannot detect precipitation events well in the central high-density urban areas, and has its best detection ability on cultivated lands in summer and forests in winter. Within the urban agglomeration, IMERG shows a poorer performance in areas with higher urbanization levels. Thus, the IMERG products for coastal urban areas need considerable improvements, such as regionalized segmental corrections based on precipitation intensity and the adjustment of short-duration estimates by daily or sub-daily precipitation measurements.
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Pourfallah Koushali, Hassan, Reza Mastouri y Mohammad Reza Khaledian. "Impact of Precipitation and Flow Rate Changes on the Water Quality of a Coastal River". Shock and Vibration 2021 (8 de septiembre de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6557689.
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This paper aims to investigate the effects of natural variables, including precipitation and flow rate, on the quality of the Zarjoub River in Guilan province, Iran. The new hydrological insight in this study is a lack of national research focused on the dual effects of rainfall and flow rate on river water quality in coastal areas along the Anzali Wetland. To investigate the effect of precipitation and flow rate on river water quality, nine water quality variables were monitored during the 10-year period. In this article, (a) the existence of trends and the best fitted models of water quality parameters and the discharge and precipitation were analysed using statistical techniques and (b) the relationships between concentration of constituents with the discharge and precipitation on the up-stream and middle station were also examined. Box plots, for explaining the distribution of a data collection, were used. The results showed the existence of trend of water quality parameters with river flow and rainfall. As presented in Section 3, with increasing precipitation and flow rate, concentration of all constituents, except pH and SO₄2, decreased. On the contrary, the maximum amount of water quality elements was observed in low precipitations; therefore, the maximum concentration occurred in less than 15 mm precipitation. Simple regression was used to evaluate the discharge concentration and precipitation concentration. According to the correlation coefficient (r), the relationship between concentration and precipitation is weaker than (0.238) discharge concentration (0.699). The results further showed climate change and river water quality to be related.
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Seity, Yann, Serge Soula y Henri Sauvageot. "Lightning and precipitation relationship in coastal thunderstorms". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, n.º D19 (1 de octubre de 2001): 22801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900244.
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Dresback, Kendra M., Christine M. Szpilka, Randall L. Kolar, Saeed Moghimi y Edward P. Myers. "Development and Validation of Accumulation Term (Distributed and/or Point Source) in a Finite Element Hydrodynamic Model". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 2 (19 de enero de 2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020248.
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During tropical storms, precipitation and associated rainfall-runoff can lead to significant flooding, in both the upland and coastal areas. Flooding in coastal areas is compounded by the storm surge. Several hurricanes in recent history have exhibited the destructive force of compound flooding due to precipitation, rainfall-runoff, storm surge and waves. In previous work, various coupled modeling systems have been developed to model total water levels (defined as tides, waves, surge, and rainfall-runoff) for tropical storms. The existing coupled system utilizes a hydrologic model in the upland areas of the domain to capture the precipitation and rainfall-runoff associated with the storms; however, in the coastal areas the precipitation and rainfall-runoff is not captured. Herein a source/sink term is incorporated within the hydrodynamic model itself to capture precipitation and rainfall-runoff over the already inundated coastal areas. The new algorithm is verified for several idealized test cases, and then it is applied to Hurricane Irene. Validation indicates that the new methodology is comparable to the existing river flux forcing under most conditions and allows for the addition of streamflows due to overland runoff, as well as the actual precipitation itself.
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Fan, Nengzhu, Xiaohong Lin y Hong Guo. "An Analysis for the Applicability of Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) IMERG Precipitation Data in Typhoons". Atmosphere 14, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2023): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081224.
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This study selected examples of 17 typhoons that landed in Fujian after passing through Taiwan. The study evaluated the precipitation in different time scales and the spatial distribution of daily precipitation of varying magnitudes in the southeastern coastal area by comparing satellite precipitation estimation products with meteorological observation station data. The evaluation used a correlation coefficient, mean relative error, relative bias, and graded assessment indexes (probability of detection, false alarm rate, and critical success index). Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that maximum daily precipitation performed best, followed by process total precipitation. The relative bias indicates that the precipitation estimated by the satellite is lower than the rainfall recorded by the automatic weather station. Mean relative error analysis showed that hourly precipitation had the highest error, followed by maximum daily precipitation. The GPM IMERG precipitation products’ retrieval of daily precipitation of varying magnitudes was assessed using three indicators. The assessment revealed that the satellite had a low under-reporting rate for light rain events but a high under-reporting rate for torrential rain events, especially extremely heavy rainstorm events, in terms of probability of detection. For the false alarm rate, the satellite had a small probability of false predictions for light rain events, while extremely heavy rainstorm events had the highest probability. For the critical success index, the satellite’s estimation of light rain events was basically consistent with reality; however, its ability to estimate precipitations above rainstorm levels was low. The results of the spatial assessment of heavy precipitation show that the satellite’s ability to detect heavy precipitation’s structure, intensity, and location is fair and has some reference value, especially for regions where conventional information is scarce.
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de Coëtlogon, Gaëlle, Adrien Deroubaix, Cyrille Flamant, Laurent Menut y Marco Gaetani. "Impact of the Guinea coast upwelling on atmospheric dynamics, precipitation and pollutant transport over southern West Africa". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, n.º 24 (19 de diciembre de 2023): 15507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15507-2023.
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Abstract. In West Africa, the zonal band of precipitation is generally located around the southern coast in June before migrating northward towards the Sahel in late June/early July. This gives way to a relative dry season for coastal regions from Côte d'Ivoire to Benin called “little dry season”, which lasts until September–October. Previous studies have noted that the coastal rainfall cessation in early July seems to coincide with the emergence of an upwelling along the Guinea coast. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms by which this upwelling impacts precipitation, using a set of numerical simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting regional atmospheric model (WRF v 3.7.1). Sensitivity experiments highlight the response of the atmospheric circulation to an intensification or reduction of the strength of the coastal upwelling. They clearly show that the coastal upwelling emergence is responsible for the cessation of coastal precipitation by weakening the northward humidity transport, thus decreasing the coastal convergence of the humidity transport and inhibiting the deep atmospheric convection. In addition, the diurnal cycle of the low-level circulation plays a critical role: the land breeze controls the seaward convergence of diurnal anomaly of humidity transport, explaining the late night–early morning peak observed in coastal precipitation. The emergence of the coastal upwelling strongly attenuates this peak because of a reduced land–sea temperature gradient in the night and a weaker land breeze. The impact on the inland transport of anthropogenic pollution is also shown with numerical simulations of aerosols using the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model: warmer (colder) sea surface temperature (SST) increases (decreases) the inland transport of pollutants, especially during the night, suggesting an influence of the upwelling intensity on the coastal low-level jet. The mechanisms described have important consequences for inland humidity transport and the predictability of the West African monsoon precipitation in summer.
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Shrestha, Dibas, Rashila Deshar y Kenji Nakamura. "Characteristics of Summer Precipitation around the Western Ghats and the Myanmar West Coast". International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 2015 (4 de marzo de 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/206016.
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Characteristics of summer (June–August) precipitation over two coastal mountain regions in South Asia (Western Ghats: WG and Myanmar West Coast: MWC) with a focus on topographic impact are analyzed using the 13-year (1998–2010) high spatial resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) version 6 data obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR). A relationship between precipitation patterns and topography was observed in the coastal mountains. In both the WG and MWC, maximum rainfall along a tight line on the upwind side of the coastal mountains is primarily attributed to rain frequency. However, intense precipitation was observed over the offshore regions. Compared with the WG, deeper and large-scale precipitation systems develop over the MWC, producing more intense rainfall. It is suggested that insufficient humidity deters large-scale convection over the WG, and the atmosphere is sufficiently moist over the MWC.
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Knerr, Isabel, Katja Trachte, Emilie Garel, Frédéric Huneau, Sébastien Santoni y Jörg Bendix. "Partitioning of Large-Scale and Local-Scale Precipitation Events by Means of Spatio-Temporal Precipitation Regimes on Corsica". Atmosphere 11, n.º 4 (21 de abril de 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040417.
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The island of Corsica in the western Mediterranean is characterized by a pronounced topography in which local breeze systems develop in the diurnal cycle. In interaction with the large-scale synoptic situation, various precipitation events occur, which are classified in this study with regard to their duration and intensity. For this purpose, the island was grouped into five precipitation regimes using a cluster analysis, namely the western coastal area, the central mountainous region, the southern coastal area, the northeast coastal area, and the eastern coastal area. Based on principal component analysis using mean sea level pressure (mslp) obtained from ERA5 reanalysis (the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF), six spatial patterns were identified which explain 98% of the large-scale synoptic situation, while the diurnal breeze systems within the regimes characterize local drivers. It is shown that on radiation days with weak large-scale pressure gradients, pronounced local circulations in mountainous regions are coupled with sea breezes, leading to a higher number of short and intense precipitation events. Meridional circulation patterns lead to more intensive precipitation events on the eastern part of the island (30% intensive events with meridional patterns on the east side compared to 11% on the west side). On the west side of Corsica, however, coastal precipitation events are seldom and less intense than further inland, which can be attributed to the influence of the topography in frontal passages.
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Pais, Namitha Viona, James O’Donnell y Nalini Ravishanker. "Investigating the Joint Probability of High Coastal Sea Level and High Precipitation". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, n.º 3 (21 de marzo de 2024): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030519.
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The design strategies for flood risk reduction in coastal towns must be informed by the likelihood of flooding resulting from both precipitation and coastal storm surge. This paper discusses various bivariate extreme value methods to investigate the joint probability of the exceedance of thresholds in both precipitation and sea level and estimate their dependence structure. We present the results of the dependence structure obtained using the observational record at Bridgeport, CT, a station with long data records representative of coastal Connecticut. Furthermore, we evaluate the dependence structure after removing the effects of harmonics in the sea level data. Through this comprehensive analysis, our study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the joint occurrence of sea level and precipitation extremes, providing insights that are crucial for effective coastal management.
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Safarov, S. H., E. S. Safarov, J. S. Huseynov y N. N. Ismayilova. "MODERN CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION ON THE CASPIAN COAST OF AZERBAIJAN". Journal of Oceanological Research 48, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2020.48(1).2.
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In this article, according to observations data of 10 hydrometeorological stations for 1992– 2017 the changes in the precipitation regime in the Azerbaijan part of the Caspian Sea coastal territories is studied. It was shown that against the background of global and regional warming, the majority of coastal stations show an increase in precipitation, while marine stations decrease. The greatest increase in precipitation is observed in Baku. The extreme characteristics of precipitation revealed an increase in the recurrence of intense precipitation in Baku, especially in the autumn season. It has been shown that the increased frequency of intense precipitation in the city of Baku is alarming, as it leads to various problems, including the activation of landslide processes.
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Mahoney, Kelly M. y Gary M. Lackmann. "The Sensitivity of Numerical Forecasts to Convective Parameterization: A Case Study of the 17 February 2004 East Coast Cyclone". Weather and Forecasting 21, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2006): 465–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf937.1.
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Abstract The sensitivity of numerical model forecasts of coastal cyclogenesis and frontogenesis to the choice of model cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme is examined for the 17 February 2004 southeastern U.S. winter weather event. This event featured a complex synoptic and mesoscale environment, as the presence of cold-air damming, a developing coastal surface cyclone, and an upper-level trough combined to present a daunting winter weather forecast scenario. The operational forecast challenge was further complicated by erratic numerical model predictions. The most poignant area of disagreement between model runs was the treatment of a coastal cyclone and an associated coastal front, features that would affect the location and timing of precipitation and influence the precipitation type. At the time of the event, it was hypothesized that the Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ) CP scheme was dictating the location and intensity of the initial coastal cyclone center in operational Eta Model forecasts. For this reason, forecasts for this case were rerun with the workstation Eta Model using the Kain–Fritsch (KF) CP scheme to further examine the sensitivity to this parameterization choice. Results confirm that the model CP scheme played a major role in the forecast for this case, affecting the quantitative precipitation forecast as well as the strength, location, and structure of coastal cyclogenesis and coastal frontogenesis. The Eta Model forecast using the KF CP scheme produced a relatively uniform distribution of convective precipitation oriented along the axis of an inverted trough and strong coastal front. In contrast, the BMJ forecasts resulted in a weaker coastal front and the development of multiple distinct closed cyclonic circulations in association with more localized convective precipitation centers. An additional BMJ forecast in which the shallow mixing component of the scheme was disabled bore a closer semblance to the KF forecasts relative to the original BMJ forecast. Suggestions are provided to facilitate the identification of CP-driven cyclones using standard operational model output parameters.
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Son, Rackhun, S. Y. Simon Wang, Wan-Ling Tseng, Christian W. Barreto Schuler, Emily Becker y Jin-Ho Yoon. "Climate diagnostics of the extreme floods in Peru during early 2017". Climate Dynamics 54, n.º 1-2 (24 de diciembre de 2019): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05038-y.
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AbstractFrom January through March 2017, a series of extreme precipitation events occurred in coastal Peru, causing severe floods with hundreds of human casualties and billions of dollars in economic losses. The extreme precipitation was a result of unusually strong recurrent patterns of atmospheric and oceanic conditions, including extremely warm coastal sea surface temperatures (SST) and weakened trade winds. These climatic features and their causal relationship with the Peruvian precipitation were examined. Diagnostic analysis and model experiments suggest that an atmospheric forcing in early 2017, which was moderately linked to the Trans-Niño Index (TNI), initiated the local SST warming along coastal Peru that later expanded to the equator. In January 2017, soil moisture was increased by an unusual expansion of Amazonian rainfall. By March, localized and robust SST warming provided positive feedback to the weakening of the trade winds, leading to increased onshore wind and a subsequent enhancement in rainfall. The analysis points to a tendency towards more frequent and stronger variations in the water vapor flux convergence along the equator, which is associated with the increased precipitation in coastal Peru.
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Kikuchi, Kazuyoshi y Bin Wang. "Diurnal Precipitation Regimes in the Global Tropics*". Journal of Climate 21, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 2008): 2680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2051.1.
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Abstract Diurnal variations of the global tropical precipitation are documented by using two complementary Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets (3B42 and 3G68) for 1998–2006 in an attempt to provide a unified view of the diurnal cycle and a metric for evaluating numerical model performance. The 3B42 data have better spatial coverage; the 3G68 data offer more accurate diurnal phase information. The first and second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes represent the diurnal cycle and account for 89% of the total variance in 3B42. The third and fourth EOF modes, which account for 10% of the total variance, represent the semidiurnal cycle. Both datasets yield consistent spatial structures and temporal evolution, but they have different advantages: the patterns derived from 3B42 exhibit less noise, while 3G68 yields an arguably more accurate diurnal phase. The diurnal phase derived from 3G68 systematically leads 3B42 by about 3 h. Three tropical diurnal cycle regimes (oceanic, continental, and coastal) are identified according to the amplitude, peak time, and phase propagation characteristics of the diurnal precipitation. The oceanic regime is characterized by moderate amplitude and an early morning peak [0600–0900 Local Solar Time (LST)], found primarily in the oceanic convergence zones in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In contrast, the continental regime features a large amplitude and an afternoon peak (1500–1800 LST), which is particularly pronounced in South America and equatorial Africa near Lake Victoria. Both the oceanic and continental regimes show little spatial phase propagation. The coastal regime, however, shows not only large amplitude but also prominent phase propagation. Two subregimes can also be recognized, often concurring along the same land–sea boundary. The seaside coastal regime is characterized by offshore phase propagation, with peaks occurring from late evening to noon of the next day (2100–1200 LST), whereas the landside coastal regime has landward phase propagation with peaks occurring from noon to evening (1200–2100 LST). The coastal regime is prominent along the land–sea boundaries of the Maritime Continent, the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, the west coast of America extending from Mexico to Ecuador, the west coast of equatorial Africa, and Northeast Brazil. Note that the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is dependent on season, but the diurnal phase characteristics are not. The underlying mechanism suggested by this analysis, especially over the coastal areas, is also discussed.
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Islam, Md Anowarul y Tomonori Sato. "Influence of Terrestrial Precipitation on the Variability of Extreme Sea Levels along the Coast of Bangladesh". Water 13, n.º 20 (16 de octubre de 2021): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202915.
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The coastal area of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to extreme sea levels because of high population exposure in the low-lying deltaic coast. Since the area lies in the monsoon region, abundant precipitation and the resultant increase in river discharge have raised a flood risk for the coastal area. Although the effects of atmospheric forces have been investigated intensively, the influence of precipitation on extreme sea levels in this area remains unknown. In this study, the influence of precipitation on extreme sea levels for three different stations were investigated by multivariate regression using the meteorological drivers of precipitation, sea level pressure, and wind. The prediction of sea levels considering precipitation effects outperformed predictions without precipitation. The benefit of incorporating precipitation was greater at Cox’s Bazar than at Charchanga and Khepupara, reflecting the hilly landscape at Cox’s Bazar. The improved prediction skill was mainly confirmed during the monsoon season, when strong precipitation events occur. It was also revealed that the precipitation over the Bangladesh area is insensitive to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole mode. The precipitation over northern Bangladesh tended to be high in the year of a high sea surface temperature over the Bay of Bengal, which may have contributed to the variation in sea level. The findings suggest that the effect of precipitation plays an essential role in enhancing sea levels during many extreme events. Therefore, incorporating the effect of terrestrial precipitation is essential for the better prediction of extreme sea levels, which helps coastal management and reduction of hazards.
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Phung, Nguyen Ky. "PRECIPITATION SCENARIOS IN HO CHI MINH CITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE". Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, n.º 4C (24 de marzo de 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12139.
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This work aimed at developing precipitation scenarios in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) corresponding to scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5. By means of data collecting and processing and SimCLIM software, results showed the average annual precipitation in HCMC would increase over the years and RCP scenarios: from 13.4 % to 24 % in 2100 compared to that in the period of 1986-2005. The dry seasonal precipitation would tend to decrease while the rainy seasonal one would increase. By space, average annual and seasonal precipitations in HCMC decrease from the northwest to the southeast: the highest one are in the north (Cu Chi, Hoc Mon) and the city center while the lowest are in the coastal area (Can Gio). These results are an important basis for assessing impacts and vulnerability due to precipitation variations in particular and climate change in general in HCMC.
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Minihane, M. R. y D. L. Freyberg. "Precipitation patterns and moisture fluxes in a sandy, tropical environment with a shallow water table". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, n.º 4 (24 de agosto de 2011): 8063–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-8063-2011.
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Abstract. Identifying the dominant mechanisms controlling recharge in shallow sandy soils in tropical climates has received relatively little attention. Given the expansion of coastal fill using marine sands and the growth of coastal populations throughout the tropics, there is a need to better understand the nature of water balances in these settings. We use time series of field observations at a coastal landfill in Singapore coupled with numerical modeling using the Richards' equation to examine the impact of precipitation patterns on soil moisture dynamics, including percolation past the root zone and recharge, in such an environment. A threshold in total precipitation event depth, much more so than peak precipitation intensity, is the strongest event control on recharge. However, shallow antecedent moisture, and therefore the timing between events along with the seasonal depth to water table, also play significant roles in determining recharge amounts. For example, at our field site, precipitation events of less than 3 mm per event yield little to no direct recharge, but for larger events, moisture content changes below the root zone are linearly correlated to the product of the average antecedent moisture content and the total event precipitation. Therefore, water resources planners need to consider identifying threshold precipitation volumes, along with the multiple time scales that capture variability in event antecedent conditions and storm frequency in assessing the role of recharge in coastal water balances in tropical settings.
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Lucey, Joseph y Timu Gallien. "MULTIVARIATE COASTAL FLOOD RISK ALONG THE US PACIFIC". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n.º 37 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.60.
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Urban coastal flooding is an increasing humanitarian and socioeconomic hazard. Flood assessments do not typically consider multivariate (marine and hydrologic) and multi-pathway (e.g., precipitation-surge, overtopping- overflow, surface–sewer) flooding, which may amplify coastal hazards and vulnerability. Notably, flood extent is underestimated when compounded hydrologic and marine impacts are not considered (Chen and Liu, 2014). Previous multivariate flooding studies typically consider the joint impacts of storm surge and fluvial sources. This study explores multivariate flooding caused by marine water levels, precipitation, and waves along the U.S. Pacific Coast while considering uncertainties in data sampling, precipitation source, record length, and distribution selection impart on risk estimates.
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Roebber, Paul J., John R. Gyakum y Diep N. Trat. "Coastal Frontogenesis and Precipitation during ERICA IOP 2". Weather and Forecasting 9, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0021:cfapde>2.0.co;2.
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Sumner, G., V. Homar y C. Ramis. "Precipitation seasonality in eastern and southern coastal Spain". International Journal of Climatology 21, n.º 2 (2001): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.600.
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Shen, L., R. Lin, L. Lu, C. Xu y Y. Liu. "Accuracy analysis of IMERG and CMORPH precipitation data over North China". Climate Research 81 (6 de agosto de 2020): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01610.
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Large-scale agricultural production in North China makes the study of precipitation in this area vital. The performance of the Integrated Merged Multisatellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation products for 2015 was evaluated against daily precipitation data from 404 rain gauges in North China. Relative errors, correlation coefficients, Pearson’s chi-squared test values, and root mean square errors, as well as the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio, and critical success index, were used to analyze the accuracy of both IMERG and CMORPH precipitation products on daily, monthly, and seasonal timescales. The probability density function (PDF) was also considered. Overall, both products overestimated ground precipitation, especially in summer. Positive correlation coefficients between satellite-derived and rain-gauge monthly precipitation data were higher over plains and coastal areas, compared with plateau regions. The PODs of both IMERG and CMORPH data were highest in summer. The PODs of IMERG data were much higher than for CMORPH data in autumn. The PODs over coastal regions, plains, and plateaus at lower latitudes also were considerably better than over inland and plateau areas at higher latitudes. The precipitation products performed best over coastal areas, plains, and areas with high rainfall. Both CMORPH and IMERG products were prone to identifying non-rainy days as rainy days. They also overestimated light (0.1-9.9 mm d-1) and moderate (10-24.9 mm d-1) precipitation events, although the IMERG product was more sensitive to precipitation. Accordingly, we find that both of these satellite-derived precipitation products require further modification to enable them to substitute for gauge precipitation data in North China.
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Sarış, Faize. "The spatial pattern of selected extreme precipitation indices for Turkey (1975-2012)". Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 19, n.º 1 (4 de diciembre de 2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2020-0007.
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AbstractThis paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristics of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. The indices – monthly total rainy days (RDays); monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day); simple precipitation intensity index (SDII); and monthly count of days when total precipitation (represented by PRCP) exceeds 10 mm (R10mm) – were calculated for 98 stations for the 38-year overlapping period (1975–2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and is identified with the lowest values of the indices, except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly on the west and south of Anatolia, and especially the coastal zone, and can be characterised with the lowest rainy days, and high and moderate values of other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country, and include a total of 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone in the north, and has high and moderate index values. Two stations on the north-east coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4, which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. The north-east part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from the south-west to the south-east are prone to frequent extreme precipitation events.
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Ordulj, Marin, Slaven Jozić, Mateja Baranović y Maja Krželj. "The Effect of Precipitation on the Microbiological Quality of Bathing Water in Areas under Anthropogenic Impact". Water 14, n.º 4 (10 de febrero de 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040527.
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Intense rainfall can affect bathing water quality, especially in areas with poorly developed sewage systems or combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of precipitation on coastal bathing water quality in the area of Split and Kaštela (Adriatic Sea), the urban areas where CSOs were applied. The study was conducted during two bathing seasons, 2020 and 2021. The sampling of coastal waters and measurement of physical/chemical parameters was performed every two weeks and after a precipitation event of more than 2 mm. The impact of precipitation on the quality of coastal bathing waters was not noted in the Split area nor in Kaštela, probably due to the low amount of precipitation. The quality of bathing waters in the Kaštela area was significantly worse than in the Split area, which is due to the condition of the sewage system in these areas and not the precipitation effect. It was also revealed that bathing water quality depends on the timing of sampling and the indicator against which it is assessed. Escherichia coli (E. coli) proved to be a better indicator for early morning sampling, while intestinal enterococci were better for late morning sampling.
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Yamamoto, Masaru y Naoki Hirose. "Regional Atmospheric Simulation of Monthly Precipitation Using High-Resolution SST Obtained from an Ocean Assimilation Model: Application to the Wintertime Japan Sea". Monthly Weather Review 137, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 2164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2488.1.
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The present study examines the influence of an assimilation SST product on simulated monthly precipitation. The high-resolution SST structures located close to the oceanic front and coastal areas are important in regional atmospheric simulations over semienclosed marginal seas such as the Japan Sea. Two simulations are conducted using assimilation and interpolation SST products (experiments R and N, respectively), for January 2005. The surface heat fluxes and PBL height in experiment R are lower than those in experiment N in coastal areas and the cold tongue. A decrease of 4 K in SST leads to decreases of 120 W m−2 in surface sensible and latent fluxes and 300 m in PBL height. The precipitation in experiment R is less than that in experiment N for the sea area except at 38°N, 137°E. The cold tongue in the central Japan Sea acts to reduce moisture supply via the latent heat flux, resulting in low precipitation in coastal areas. The fact that the difference between observed and modeled precipitation in experiment R is 21% less than that in experiment N demonstrates that the assimilation of SST data leads to improved regional atmospheric simulations of monthly precipitation.
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Romatschke, Ulrike y Robert A. Houze. "Characteristics of Precipitating Convective Systems in the Premonsoon Season of South Asia". Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2011): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1311.1.
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Abstract Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data obtained over South Asia during eight premonsoon seasons (March–May) show that the precipitation is more convective in nature and more sensitive to synoptic forcing than during the monsoon. Over land areas, most rain falls from medium-sized systems (8500–35 000 km2 in horizontal area). In continental regions near the Himalayas, these medium-sized systems are favored by 500-mb trough conditions and are of two main types: 1) systems triggered by daytime heating over high terrain and growing to reach maximum size a few hours later and 2) systems triggered at night, as moist upstream flow is lifted over cold downslope flow from the mountains, and reaching maximum development upstream of the central and eastern Himalayas in the early morning hours. Systems triggered by similar mechanisms also account for the precipitation maxima in mountainous coastal regions, where the diurnal cycles are dominated by systems triggered in daytime over the higher coastal terrain. Medium-sized nocturnal systems are also found upstream of coastal mountain ranges. West-coastal precipitation systems over India and Myanmar are favored when low pressure systems occur over the upstream oceans, whereas Indian east-coastal systems occur when high pressure dominates over Bangladesh. Over the Bay of Bengal, the dominant systems are larger (>35 000 km2), and have large stratiform components. They occur in connection with depressions over the Bay and exhibit a weaker diurnal cycle.
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James, Curtis N. y Robert A. Houze. "Modification of Precipitation by Coastal Orography in Storms Crossing Northern California". Monthly Weather Review 133, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2005): 3110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3019.1.
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Abstract This study compiles and interprets three-dimensional Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data during a 2.5-yr period and examines the typical orographic effects on precipitation mainly associated with winter storms passing over coastal northern California. The three-dimensional mean reflectivity patterns show echo structure that was generally stratiform from over the ocean to inland over the mountains. The flow above the 1-km level was strong enough to be unblocked by the terrain, and the mean echo pattern over land had certain characteristics normally associated with an unblocked cross-barrier flow, both on the broad scale of the windward slopes of the coastal mountains and on the scale of individual peaks of the terrain on the windward side. Upward-sloping echo contours on the scale of the overall region of coastal mountains indicated broadscale upslope orographic enhancement. On a smaller scale, the mean stratiform echo pattern over the mountains contained a strong embedded core of maximum reflectivity over the first major peak of terrain encountered by the unblocked flow and a secondary echo core over the second major rise of the coastal mountain terrain. Offshore, upstream of the coastal mountains, the reflectivity pattern showed a region of enhanced mainly stratiform echo within ∼100 km of the coast, with an embedded echo core, similar to those over the inland mountain peaks, along its leading edge. It is suggested that the offshore enhancement is caused by intensified frontogenesis in the offshore coastal zone and/or by the onshore directed low-level flow rising over a thin layer of cool, stable air dammed against the coastal mountains. The orographically enhanced precipitation offshore and over the coastal mountains was present to some degree in all the landfalling storms. However, the degree to which each feature was present varied. All the features were more pronounced when the 500–700-hPa flow was strong, the midlevel humidity was high, and the low-level cross-barrier wind component was strong. When the low-level stability was greater, the offshore enhancement of precipitation was proportionately increased, and the general broadscale enhancement inland was reduced.
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Dong, Tong, Jing Liu, Panxing He, Mingjie Shi, Yuan Chi, Chao Liu, Yuting Hou, Feili Wei y Dahai Liu. "Time Lag and Cumulative Effects of Extreme Climate on Coastal Vegetation in China". Remote Sensing 16, n.º 3 (30 de enero de 2024): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16030528.
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Rapid global changes are altering regional hydrothermal conditions, especially in ecologically vulnerable areas such as coastal regions, subsequently influencing the dynamics of vegetation growth. However, there is limited research investigating the response of vegetation in these regions to extreme climates and the associated time lag-accumulation relationships. This study utilized a combined approach of gradual and abrupt analysis to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation dynamics in the coastal provinces of China from 2000 to 2019. Additionally, we evaluated the time lag-accumulation response of vegetation to extreme climate events. The results showed that (1) extreme high temperatures and extreme precipitation had increased over the past two decades, with greater warming observed in high latitudes and concentrated precipitation increases in water-rich southern regions; (2) both gradual and abrupt analyses indicate significant vegetation improvement in coastal provinces; (3) significant lag-accumulation relationships were observed between vegetation and extreme climate in the coastal regions of China, and the time-accumulation effects were stronger than the time lag effects. The accumulation time of extreme temperatures was typically less than one month, and the accumulation time of extreme precipitation was 2–3 months. These findings are important for predicting the growth trend of coastal vegetation, understanding environmental changes, and anticipating ecosystem evolution.
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Tang, Boxiang y T. W. Gallien. "Predicting Compound Coastal Flooding in Embayment-Backed Urban Catchments: Seawall and Storm Drain Implications". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 7 (21 de julio de 2023): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071454.
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Urban coastal flooding is a global humanitarian and socioeconomic hazard. Rising sea levels will increase the likelihood of hydrologic events interacting with high marine water levels. These compound events may, in turn, nonlinearly interact with urban infrastructure, potentially resulting in more extreme coastal flooding events. Here, an integrated Delft3D-FM based numerical modeling framework is used to concomitantly resolve multi-source flood processes (i.e., high marine water levels, precipitation) and infrastructure (e.g., seawalls, storm drains). Hydrodynamic model results are validated with embayment pressure sensor data and photographic observations from historical events. The impact of tide and precipitation phasing are examined. Multiple storm drain characterizations are presented and evaluated. Results show seawall and storm drain infrastructure is fundamental to accurately resolving spatial and temporal flood dynamics. Importantly, coastal management strategies such as raising seawall elevations to mitigate tidal flooding may exacerbate precipitation-based flooding in low-lying urban regions.
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Han, Heechan, Deokhwan Kim y Hung Soo Kim. "Inundation Analysis of Coastal Urban Area under Climate Change Scenarios". Water 14, n.º 7 (4 de abril de 2022): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071159.
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The inundation of urban areas has frequently occurred as a result of the localized heavy precipitation and flash floods in both South Korea and globally. Metropolitan areas with higher property value and population density than rural areas need practical strategies to reduce flood damage. Therefore, this study aims to perform an inundation analysis of coastal urban areas under a climate change scenario. Changwon city is one of the typical coastal metropolitan regions in South Korea. Severe flooding has occurred in this area caused by a combination of precipitation and sea-level rise enhanced by the typhoon, Sanba, in September 2012. At that time, daily precipitation was 65.5 mm, which is lower than the capable amount of rainfall of the drainage system. However, the river stage combined with the tidal wave caused by a typhoon and heavy precipitation exceeded the flood warning level. This study performed the flood inundation analysis for a part of Changwon city using the SWMM model, a two-dimensional urban flood analysis model. Furthermore, we considered the climate change scenarios to predict the potential flood damage that may occur in the future. As a result, as the future target period increases, both the flooding area and the inundation depth increase compared to the results of the inundation simulation according to the current precipitation and sea-level conditions. The inundation area increased by 2.6–16.2% compared to the current state, and the flooded depths would be higher than 1 m or more. We suggest a structural method to reduce inundation damages to consider extreme precipitation and tidal wave effects.
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Fults, Sara Lynn, Adam K. Massmann, Aldo Montecinos, Elisabeth Andrews, David E. Kingsmill, Justin R. Minder, René D. Garreaud y Jefferson R. Snider. "Wintertime aerosol measurements during the Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n.º 19 (7 de octubre de 2019): 12377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12377-2019.
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Abstract. The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) was a 3-month field campaign (June, July and August 2015) that investigated wintertime coastal rain events. Reported here are analyses of aerosol measurements made at a coastal site during CCOPE. The aerosol monitoring site was located near Arauco, Chile. Aerosol number concentrations and aerosol size distributions were acquired with a condensation particle counter (CPC) and an ultra high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer (UHSAS). Arauco CPC data were compared to values measured at the NOAA observatory Trinidad Head (THD) on the northern Pacific coast of California. The winter-averaged CPC concentration at Arauco is 2971 ± 1802 cm−3; at THD the average is 1059 ± 855 cm−3. Despite the typically more pristine South Pacific region, the Arauco average is larger than at THD (p<0.01). Aerosol size distributions acquired during episodes of onshore flow were analyzed with Köhler theory and used to parameterize cloud condensation nuclei activation spectra. In addition, sea salt aerosol (SSA) concentration was parameterized as a function of sea surface wind speed. It is anticipated these parameterizations will be applied in modeling of wintertime Chilean coastal precipitation.
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Zheng, Jing, Siying Guo, Li Zhuo y Hongyu Wu. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation in Guangdong Province, China, from 1961 to 2020". Atmosphere 14, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2023): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091367.
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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are often accompanied by heavy precipitation, which may lead to natural disasters and a serious threat to life and property. However, they also provide indispensable water resources. Studying the temporal and spatial characteristics of TC precipitation is of great importance for TC precipitation forecasting, TC disaster mitigation, and water resource utilization. Guangdong is one of the most frequently and severely TC-affected provinces in China. Due to the different methods used to identify TC precipitation, the conclusions offered by the existing studies are often inconsistent. Moreover, their analyses of the spatiotemporal characteristics of TC precipitation in Guangdong are not sufficiently thorough. In this study, we first selected the historical TCs that affected Guangdong from 1961 to 2020, using an objective separation method for TC wind and rain, based on the observation data from 86 national meteorological stations in Guangdong Province. From these observations covering the past 60 years, the temporal and spatial variations in TC precipitation in Guangdong for four different periods, namely the first rainy season (FRS), the second rainy season (SRS), the non-rainy season (NRS), and over the whole year (WY), were then explored using statistical analysis and multiple cluster methods. The results show that TC frequencies in the four periods all showed a decreasing trend. TC precipitation also showed a decreasing trend in the SRS and NRS, as well as for the WY, but showed a slightly increasing trend in the FRS. Both TC frequency and TC precipitation showed an apparent inter-annual fluctuation and a quasi-periodic pattern. The spatial distribution of TC precipitation in the four periods all showed a decreasing trend from the coastal to the inland stations, but the western coastal areas had higher TC precipitation values than the eastern coastal areas for the SRS, NRS, and WY periods. The spatial variations of TC precipitation in Guangdong in the four periods of the last six decades were quite similar, exhibiting three primary spatial modes and six patterns. Among them, the spatial distribution of TC precipitation being less than normal across the whole province is the most common pattern. The 86 stations can be classified into six groups when using the spatial clustering method and into four groups when using the time-series clustering method. Stations with higher TC precipitation and large inter-annual fluctuations are often distributed in the coastal areas, while stations with less precipitation and small inter-annual fluctuations are distributed in inland areas. However, the primary areas that are affected by TCs may vary in the different periods.
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Conrads, Paul A. y Lisa S. Darby. "Development of a Coastal Drought Index Using Salinity Data". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2017): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00171.1.
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Abstract A critical aspect of the uniqueness of coastal drought is the effects on the salinity dynamics of creeks, rivers, and estuaries. The location of the freshwater–saltwater interface along the coast is an important factor in the ecological and socioeconomic dynamics of coastal communities. Salinity is a critical response variable that integrates hydrologic and coastal dynamics including sea level, tides, winds, precipitation, streamflow, and tropical storms. The position of the interface determines the composition of freshwater and saltwater aquatic communities as well as the freshwater availability for water intakes. Many definitions of drought have been proposed, with most describing a decline in precipitation having negative impacts on the water supply. Indices have been developed incorporating data such as rainfall, streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater levels. These water-availability drought indices were developed for upland areas and may not be ideal for characterizing coastal drought. The availability of real-time and historical salinity datasets provides an opportunity for the development of a salinity-based coastal drought index. An approach similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI) was modified and applied to salinity data obtained from sites in South Carolina and Georgia. Using the SPI approach, the index becomes a coastal salinity index (CSI) that characterizes coastal salinity conditions with respect to drought periods of higher-saline conditions and wet periods of higher-freshwater conditions. Evaluation of the CSI indicates that it provides additional coastal response information as compared to the SPI and the Palmer hydrologic drought index, and the CSI can be used for different estuary types and for comparison of conditions along coastlines.
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Colle, Brian A., Yanluan Lin, Socorro Medina y Bradley F. Smull. "Orographic Modification of Convection and Flow Kinematics by the Oregon Coast Range and Cascades during IMPROVE-2". Monthly Weather Review 136, n.º 10 (octubre de 2008): 3894–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2369.1.
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This paper describes the kinematic and precipitation evolution accompanying the passage of a cold baroclinic trough over the Central Oregon Coast Range and Cascades during 4–5 December 2001 of the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) field project. In contrast to previously documented IMPROVE-2 cases, the 4–5 December event featured weaker cross-barrier winds (15–20 m s−1), weaker moist static stability (Nm < 0.006 s−1), and convective cells that preferentially intensified over Oregon’s modest coastal mountain range. These cells propagated eastward and became embedded within the larger orographic precipitation shield over the windward slopes of the Cascades. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (version 2.2) at 1.33-km grid spacing was able to accurately replicate the observed evolution of the precipitation across western Oregon. As a result of the convective cell development, the precipitation enhancement over the Coast Range (500–1000 m MSL) was nearly as large as that over the Cascades (1500–2000 m MSL). Simulations selectively eliminating the elevated coastal range and differential land–sea friction across the Pacific coastline illustrate that both effects were important in triggering convection and in producing the observed coastal precipitation enhancement. A sensitivity run employing a smoothed representation of the Cascades illustrates that narrow ridges located on that barrier’s windward slope had a relatively small (<5%) impact on embedded convection and overall precipitation amounts there. This is attributed to the relatively weak gravity wave motions and low freezing level, which limited precipitation growth by riming.
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Tahvildari, Navid, Akash Sahu, Yawen Shen, Mohamed Morsy y Jonathan Goodall. "COMBINED EFFECT OF STORM SURGE AND OVERLAND FLOW ON FLOODING IN A COASTAL URBAN AREA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n.º 36 (30 de diciembre de 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.52.
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The coastal regions in the U.S. East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico are under the risk of storm surge and precipitation-driven flooding. The adverse impacts of climate change including sea level rise (SLR), potential increase in intensity and frequency of extreme storms, and increase in precipitation intensity increases the vulnerability of coastal communities to flooding. The common practice for flood hazard assessment in urban coastal areas can result in some errors as the effect of storm surge and overland flow are not considered simultaneously. In this study, we combine the results of two hydrodynamic models, one for overland flow and the other for storm surge inundation, to develop an improved approach for flood hazard assessment.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren y O. Altaratz. "Coastal precipitation formation and discharge based on TRMM observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 5 (23 de mayo de 2011): 15659–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15659-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds creates persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterrenean. During the winter the Mediterrenean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurence of land breeze that opposes the commom synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a funtion of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastalines in the Eastern Mediterrenean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation and discharge. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze is most likely the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Conrick, Robert y Clifford F. Mass. "An Evaluation of Simulated Precipitation Characteristics during OLYMPEX". Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2019): 1147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0144.1.
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Abstract The OLYMPEX field campaign, which took place around the Olympic Mountains of Washington State during winter 2015/16, provided data for evaluating the simulated microphysics and precipitation over and near that barrier. Using OLYMPEX observations, this paper assesses precipitation and associated microphysics in the WRF-ARW model over the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Model precipitation from the University of Washington real-time WRF forecast system during the OLYMPEX field program (November 2015–February 2016) and an extended period (2008–18) showed persistent underprediction of precipitation, reaching 100 mm yr−1 over the windward side of the coastal terrain. Increasing horizontal resolution does not substantially reduce this underprediction. Evaluating surface disdrometer observations during the 2015/16 OLYMPEX winter, it was found that the operational University of Washington WRF modeling system using Thompson microphysics poorly simulated the rain drop size distribution over a windward coastal valley. Although liquid water content was represented realistically, drop diameters were overpredicted, and, consequently, the rain drop distribution intercept parameter was underpredicted. During two heavy precipitation periods, WRF realistically simulated environmental conditions, including wind speed, thermodynamic structures, integrated moisture transport, and melting levels. Several microphysical parameterization schemes were tested in addition to the Thompson scheme, with each exhibiting similar biases for these two events. We show that the parameterization of aerosols over the coastal Northwest offered only minor improvement.
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Chen, Xingchao, Fuqing Zhang y Kun Zhao. "Diurnal Variations of the Land–Sea Breeze and Its Related Precipitation over South China". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, n.º 12 (21 de noviembre de 2016): 4793–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0106.1.
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Abstract Convection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to examine the diurnal cycles of land and sea breeze and its related precipitation over the south China coastal region during the mei-yu season. The focus of the analyses is a 10-day simulation initialized with the average of the 0000 UTC gridded global analyses during the 2007–09 mei-yu seasons (11 May–24 June) with diurnally varying cyclic lateral boundary conditions. Despite differences in the rainfall intensity and locations, the simulation verified well against averages of 3-yr ground-based radar, surface, and CMORPH observations and successfully simulated the diurnal variation and propagation of rainfall associated with the land and sea breeze over the south China coastal region. The nocturnal offshore rainfall in this region is found to be induced by the convergence line between the prevailing low-level monsoonal wind and the land breeze. Inhomogeneity of rainfall intensity can be found along the coastline, with heavier rainfall occurring in the region with coastal orography. In the night, the mountain–plain solenoid produced by the coastal terrain can combine with the land breeze to enhance offshore convergence. In the daytime, rainfall propagates inland with the inland penetration of the sea breeze, which can be slowed by the coastal mountains. The cold pool dynamics also plays an essential role in the inland penetration of precipitation and the sea breeze. Dynamic lifting produced by the sea-breeze front is strong enough to produce precipitation, while the intensity of precipitation can be dramatically increased with the latent heating effect.