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1
Dubal, Ítala T. P., Ivan R. Carvalho, Vinícius J. Szareski, João R. Pimentel, Cristian Troyjack, Gustavo H. Demari, Giordano G. Conte et al. "Growth and Vigor Analysis of Crimson Clover Seeds Obtained Through Different Seeds Size". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2019): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p548.
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The objective to evaluate the effect of the size of the crimson clover seeds under the vigor of produced seeds, as well the growth and development throughout the crop cycle. The work was conducted in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It were used crimson clover seeds (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cultivar “Crimson Clover”. The seeds size effect affected the growth and the partition of the assimilated in the crimson clover plants, where medium size seeds raise the biomass accumulation in the different plants structures. Seeds of crimson clover produced from plants originated from different seed sizes did not presented difference in relation to the physiologic quality, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index.
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Kruzhilin, I. P., T. N. Dronova y V. V. Boldyrev. "Growing red clover for seeds with irrigation". Russian Agricultural Sciences 34, n.º 2 (abril de 2008): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367408020110.
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Montorsi, F. "First Report ofAscochyta rabieion Berseem Clover Seeds". Plant Disease 76, n.º 5 (1992): 538B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-76-0538b.
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Taylor, GB y MA Ewing. "Effects of extended (4-12 years) burial on seed softening in subterranean clover and annual medics". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, n.º 2 (1996): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960145.
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The effect of burial of seeds of 3 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and 1 cultivar each of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) and barrel medic (M. truncatula) that had experienced 1 summer at the soil surface was continued from 4 to up to 12 years. Seeds were situated at 2, 6 and 10 cm depth, as well as at the soil surface. Numbers of residual seeds were determined after each sampling occasion, the timing of which was varied between cultivars and depths of burial according to the progress of seed softening. The marked reduction in the rate of seed softening in all 3 clover cultivars with increasing depth of burial established during the first 4 years of the experiment was maintained. After 12 years, 37% of the Nungarin clover seeds that had been buried at 10 cm were still present as hard seeds. All residual hard seeds germinated readily after nicking with a razor blade. Seeds of both medic cultivars, that were slower to soften than the clovers at the soil surface, continued to show little effect of burial at 2 cm, or of burial to 6 cm in the case of Cyprus barrel medic. Species differences in response to seed burial are explained in terms of the effects of soil temperatures on the 2-stage seed softening process. The absence of an effect of shallow burial on the softening of medic seeds appears to be attributable to a lower optimum temperature for the first stage of seed softening than is the case for subterranean clover. Unfavourable temperatures for the final stage of seed softening can result in the accumulation of latent soft seeds, particularly in subterranean clover. These latent soft seeds will soften during the first summer/autumn after their return to close to the soil surface as a consequence of tillage. Whereas increased seed longevity as a consequence of burial in crop years can be advantageous in terms of legume persistence, particularly of clover, it can also be distinctly disadvantageous when it comes to cultivar replacement.
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SAKANOUE, S. "Demography of red clover seeds in mixed-sown meadows". Journal of Agricultural Science 143, n.º 2-3 (junio de 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005204.
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To clarify the reproduction probability of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in meadows for herbage cutting, the demography of this legume was studied in a meadow in the central mountainous district of Japan. The present study shows the demography of deposited red clover seeds in a meadow, where timothy (Phleum pratense L.) predominated and herbage had been harvested for making hay or silage in early June and late August of a year. The densities of deposited seeds, buried seeds and seedlings were monitored to determine their survival. Deposited seeds were collected using seed traps, buried seeds were monitored seasonally by sampling them from topsoil and seedlings were counted in ten permanent 1×1 m quadrats. Many permeable and hard seeds of red clover were deposited on the soil surface of the meadow during the mechanical operation of the second haymaking in mid- to late August. Of the population of deposited permeable seeds, 0·16 germinated and 0·84 were lost in the present autumn. Conversely, of the population of deposited hard seeds, 0·11 germinated in the succeeding spring, 0·83 were lost and 0·06 remained as hard seeds until the succeeding autumn. The deposited permeable and hard seeds could contribute to the persistence of red clover population when their seedlings survived for seed setting in the meadow.
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Norman, Hayley C., Philip S. Cocks y Nick W. Galwey. "Annual clovers (Trifolium spp.) have different reproductive strategies to achieve persistence in Mediterranean-type climates". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, n.º 1 (2005): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03236.
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The aim of this work was to determine whether different species of annual clover (Trifolium spp.), obtained from the same environment, have different reproductive strategies (combinations of reproductive traits) to achieve ecological success. A better understanding of the traits that improve persistence should allow agronomists to narrow the selection criteria for new clover cultivars for ley-farming systems in southern Australia. Seeds of 18 annual clover species were obtained from 3 Australian and 6 Mediterranean sites and were subsequently grown in a common garden in Western Australia. Reproductive traits, including time of flowering, weight per seed, fecundity, pollen to ovule ratio, and pattern of seed softening, were observed. Accessions of different clover species from the same site of collection had different reproductive strategies. Across a range of collection sites, accessions of the same species demonstrated the same broad reproductive strategy; however, some traits, e.g. the timing of flowering, varied within species across collection sites. Principal component analysis suggested that there are 3 broad reproductive strategies demonstrated by these clover species. At one extreme were the relatively large-seeded clovers (T. subterraneum, T. clypeatum, and T. stellatum). The associated cost of these large seeds is reduced fecundity. The large-seeded clovers do not have high long-term hardseededness (the predominant form of seed dormancy in clovers). The relatively small-seeded clovers were all characterised by high fecundity. Many of the small-seeded clovers have high levels of long-term hardseededness, which allow the risk of failure to be spread across seasons (T. spumosum, T. hirtum, T. lappaceum, T. angustifolium, and T. tomentosum). Some of the small-seeded clovers (T. glomeratum, T. nigrescens, T. campestre, T. cernuum, and T. suffocatum) are generalists, producing as many seeds as possible in each season, with very little hardseededness. There are several possible explanations for the apparent success of such different reproductive strategies among clover accessions of different species at the same site. A plant may achieve the same goal by trading one reproductive trait for another. For example, it may either produce many small seeds to spread the risk of failure or produce fewer large seeds with an inherent competitive advantage. Alternatively, temporal and spatial variation may favour clovers with a number of different reproductive strategies. It is likely that a mixture of species with different reproductive strategies will maximise production and persistence of legume-based pastures in ley-farming systems.
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Santos, Lucian A. dos, Ivan R. Carvalho, Carolina C. Pinto, Vinícius J. Szareski, Jainara F. Netto, Letícia R. de Medeiros, Andréa B. N. Martins et al. "Electrical Conductivity Test for Measurement of White Clover Seeds Vigor". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, n.º 12 (31 de julio de 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n12p40.
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This study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance of white clover seed lots of different tegument colours, besides to analyses the electrical conductivity test methodology with different seeds number, water volume and soaking periods. The experiment was developed at the Seed Didactic Laboratory in the Agronomy College “Eliseu Maciel” at the Federal University of Pelotas, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. White clover seeds were manually separate, composing four lots of different coloured seeds: yellow, orange, brown and mixed. White clover seeds of yellow colour tend to present greater physiological potential through its germination and vigour. The electrical conductivity test was not efficient on identifying different vigour levels in white clover seed lots.
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Varis, E., U. Peltola y R. Kauppila. "Seed yield and seed quality of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in growing conditions of Finland". Agricultural and Food Science 62, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1990): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72928.
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Seed yield and overwintering of seeds of 22 Australian subterranean clover varieties were investigated in 1986 and 1987 at the Viikki Experimental Farm of the University of Helsinki. The seed yield varied remarkbly according to the variety and weather conditions of the two summers. Some varieties, such as Seaton Park, Woogenellup and Karridale, and during the summer of 1987 also the early variety Dalkeith, produced lots of seed. Some late varieties, e.g. Treeton, Tallarook and Esperance, produced very few seeds or no seeds at all. A considerable proportion of the seeds degenerated during the wet autumn conditions, by the end of October. Many seeds showed embryo dormancy, but complete dormancy or hard seeds were found only exeptionally. In spring 1988, some seedlings which had developed from overwintered burrs were found. There seems to be little hope of finding self-seeding subterranean clovers suitable for Finnish growing conditions.
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Soares, Gabriela Saldanha, Scarlet Neves Tuchtenhagen, Luiz Antonio de Almeida Pinto y Carlos Alberto Severo Felipe. "Isotermas de adsorção de umidade e cinética de secagem de sementes de trevo persa (Trifolium resupinatum L.) e trevo vesiculoso (Trifolium vesiculosum) ¬¬¬¬". REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (24 de diciembre de 2020): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.9935.
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The aim of this work was to obtain adsorption isotherms and to study the drying kinetics of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) seeds, in addition, fitting the experimental data by the predicted models of the literature. The equilibrium moisture content and the moisture adsorption behavior were found by isotherms curves at 40, 45 and 50 ºC, and the Peleg model was the most suitable. The drying kinetics was determined by thin layer assays in an air parallel flow dryer at all three temperatures. In addition, it was demonstrated the predominance of the falling drying rate period for the two species of seeds, and the critical moisture content values were approximately of 0.20 and 0.25 gwater gdry matter-1 for persian clover and arrowleaf clover seeds, respectively. The effective diffusivity values were estimated in ranges of values of 3.61×10-11 – 6.81×10-11 m² s-1 for persian clover and 6.76×10-11 – 1.15×10-10 m²s-1 for arrowleaf clover seeds and the temperature effect was expressed by an Arrhenius relation. Thus, drying kinetics confirmed the greater difficulty in moisture removal from the arrowleaf clover seeds, compared to the persian clover seeds drying, in agreement with the results obtained through adsorption isotherms.
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Gu, Chen, Alan D. Iwaasa y Mengli Zhao. "Purple prairie clover seed viability and germinability after passing through the digestive tracts of yearling steers". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2019): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0283.
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Endozoochory by cattle has been considered an important method for population self-regeneration; however, the effects of cattle digestive tracts on the viability and germinability of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.), a native North American species, remain understudied. The experiment was conducted at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Swift Current Research and Development Centre in the semiarid prairie of western Canada. Purple prairie clover seeds extracted from cattle dung pats were tested for germination and compared with uningested and scarified seeds from the same paddock. The germination percentage (within 200 d) of the ingested seeds was 16.5% ± 0.8%, two times higher after passing through digestive tracts than uningested seeds (8.3% ± 1.2%), while 76.6% ± 1.5% of ingested seeds remained dormant. As many as 92.4% ± 0.9% of purple prairie clover seeds survived digestion due to their high hard seed rate (90.5% ± 1.0%), which was lower than the uningested seeds by 6.9%. Therefore, cattle dispersing purple prairie clover seeds with high viability and germinability is a low-cost method to increase and rejuvenate purple prairie clover for late-season grazing pastures.
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Mammadyarova, K. A. y A. M. Asgarov. "RESEARCHES OF MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SEEDS OF TRIFOLIUM L. OF FLORA OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS (AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC,TALYSH) ON ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE (SEM) AND THEIR TAXONOMIC MEANING". Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), n.º 2 (2020): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-2-138-148.
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In monographs on Trifolium L., in «Atlas of seeds and fruits of the Central and East” as well as in articles published in prestigious journals the importance of seed characteristics in the taxonomy of clovers is pointed. Among the signs of seeds, the shape of the surface, the structure, size, and shape of their hilum are recorded. In addition, in many «Flora» and «Determinants» there is no data of the seeds, especially their micromorphological features in the description of the species of clover. Takinginto account the above, we studied the shape and structure of 8 species of clovers under an electron microscope. For the first time, micromorphological features of seeds of 8 species (T. angustifolium, T. pratense, T. lappaceum, T. subterraneum, T. resupinatum, T. tumens, T. campestre) of clovers (Trifolium L.) of the Talysh flora, collected from the Lankaran-Lerik region of the Azerbaijan Republic, belonging to 4 subgroups and 6 sections were studied on an electron microscope (SEM). The shape of the seeds, their size, color, surface structure, the shape of hilum and their sizes are important taxonomic features. The structure of seeds of the studied species refers to 4 types: seeds with granular surfaces; seeds with tuberculate surfaces; seeds, which have a surface with crystal-like ledges. Features of the structure of seeds can be used, when specifying the status of subgenera; and sections, the remaining morphological features — when determining species of the genus of clover.
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Hu, Xiaowen, Lingjie Yang, Zuxin Zhang y Yanrong Wang. "Differentiation of alfalfa and sweet clover seeds via multispectral imaging". Seed Science and Technology 48, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2020): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.1.11.
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It is hard to remove sweet clover seeds from alfalfa seed lots by conventional methods, affecting the purity of seed lots and resulting losses in for alfalfa hay production as well as seed yield. However, the discrimination of sweet clover seed contaminates in alfalfa seed lots is difficult without special training. In this study, multispectral imaging with object-wise multivariate image analysis was evaluated for its potential to separate sweet clover and alfalfa seeds. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), AdaBoost and support vector machine (SVM) methods were applied to classify seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa according to their morphological features and spectral traits or a combination thereof. The results showed that an excellent classification could be achieved based on a combination of morphological features and spectral data in a tested data set. Seed classification accuracy was up to 99.58% in a validation set with the LDA model, which was better than the PLSDA (68.19%), AdaBoost (96.95%) and SVM (98.47%) models. Thus, multispectral imaging together with chemometric multivariate analysis is a promising technique to identify sweet clover seeds in alfalfa seed lots with high efficiency.
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Bertoncelli, Douglas Junior, Sergio Miguel Mazaro, Pedro Valerio Dutra de Moraes, Jean Carlo Possenti, Adriano Lewandowski, Nean Locatelli Dalacosta, Guilherme Augusto Cito Alves, Gustavo Henrique Freiria y Felipe Favoretto Furlan. "Allelopathic Activity of Clover Species on Hairy Beggarticks’s Seeds". OALib 03, n.º 07 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102749.
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Zielinska, Magdalena, Piotr Zapotoczny, Ireneusz Białobrzewski, Krystyna Zuk-Golaszewska y Marek Markowski. "Engineering properties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds". Industrial Crops and Products 37, n.º 1 (mayo de 2012): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.002.
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Lancashire, J. A., M. P. Ralston y D. J. Scott. "CONTAMINATION OF WHITE CLOVER SEED CROPS BY BURIED SEEDS". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 2 (1 de enero de 1985): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.2.1985.3303.
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Thirty five certified seed lines of 'Grasslands Pitau' white clover produced under OECD rules showed marked variations in growth and morphological characteristics according to their region of origin. Of lines grown in Oamaru district, South Canterbury, 90% were significantly different from a Pitau breeders (pre-basic) line in winter growth scores, leaf size and picric acid scores. 90% of lines grown in Marlborough were similar to a Pitau breeders line. Buried white clover seed counts were 260/m' (2 kg/ha) in Marlborough and 1060/m (7.5 kg/ha) in Oamaru. Plants grown from buried seed collected in Canterbury generally had smaller leaves, less winter growth and lower picric acid scores than Pitau. The additional possibility that natural selection of genotypes occurred because some crops of Pitau have been grown under climates and/or managements to which it is not adapted, is also discussed. Preliminary studies of 43 commercial lines of 15 cultivars from 4 countries grown outside New Zealand indicated that 3540% showed significant differences in winter growth and leaf size between lines of the same cultivar. New Zealand grown commercial lines of Huia obtained overseas showed good uniformity. It appears that there is a world-wide problem of genetic contamination in white clover cultivars. High buried seed loads are a potential long term source of contamination which is being exaggerated by the increasing numbers of cultivars. New Zealand has already moved to implement tighter certification standards than those recommended by OECD. Keywords: Trifolium repens, 'Grasslands Pitau', buried seed, seed certification, OECD, genetic contamination.
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Rehms, Lisa y Nancy K. Osterbauer. "Detecting Orobanche minor Seeds in Soil Using PCR". Plant Health Progress 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-0701-01-hn.
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The federally regulated noxious weed small broomrape (Orobanche minor Smith) is a parasite of several plant species including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red and white clover (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L., respectively) (4). Because of its seed size (200 to 300 mm), it is difficult to detect in harvested clover seed and in soil (3). Recently, we reported a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that can detect small broomrape seed in clover seed (2). This paper reports the testing of this assay for its ability to detect small broomrape in soil. Accepted for publication 10 June 2003. Published 1 July 2003.
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Taylor, GB. "Effect of tillage practices on the fate of hard seeds of subterranean clover in a ley farming system". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n.º 3 (1985): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850568.
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In a rotation of 1 year pasture/l year crop, a subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Daliak) pasture was either left untilled or subjected to minimum or conventional tillage. One set of tillage treatments was imposed in each ofthree crop years while another set of treatments was imposed in only the first crop year. Regenerating clover plants were prevented from setting seed. In the first crop, 44% of the clover seeds were buried below 2 cm of soil by minimum tillage; this proportion was 65% in the conventional tillage treatment. In the first pasture regeneration year, seedling densities were highest in the no-tillage treatment. Conversely, there were more residual seeds in the tilled treatments and, in the second and third pasture regeneration years, this led to higher seedling densities than in the no-tillage treatment. The effects of tillage were more marked in the conventional than in the minimum-tillage treatment. Clover establishment was improved by repeat tillage operations which returned some of the buried seeds closer to the soil surface. Although more seedlings overall were obtained from the no-tillage treatment, the disadvantage of fewer seedlings in the tilled treatments was offset by the spread of seedling establishment over a number of pasture years. This spread, which would be more marked with harder-seeded cultivars, could be desirable in environments in which clover seed production is unreliable.
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Costa, Ana Sofia, Luís Silva Dias y Alexandra Soveral Dias. "Imbibition, Germination, and Early Seedling Growth Responses of Light Purple and Yellow Seeds of Red Clover to Distilled Water, Sodium Chloride, and Nutrient Solution". Sci 1, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1010010.v1.
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The seeds of red clover are heteromorphic and two color morphs can be visually recognized, light purple and yellow, resulting from heterozygosity and recessive homozygosity at two loci. Here, we report the responses of seed imbibition, seed germination, and early seedling growth of the two morphs to distilled water, sodium chloride, and complete nutrient solution. The sensitivity of red clover seeds to treatments increased with the stage of development in what seems to be a cumulative process. No differences were found in seed imbibition between morphs or between treatments. In seedling growth, on the contrary, treatments were always effective, but differences between morphs were only observed in seeds that were treated with nutrient solution, whereas in the intermediate stage of seed germination, the effects by treatments were observed together with the appearance of differences between morphs in distilled water and in the treatment by sodium chloride solution. Simultaneously, the superior performance of the yellow morph that was found in germination, which appears to be a trait stable across cultivars of red clover seeds, turned into a superior performance of the light purple morph in seedling growth.
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Costa, Dias y Dias. "Imbibition, Germination, and Early Seedling Growth Responses of Light Purple and Yellow Seeds of Red Clover to Distilled Water, Sodium Chloride, and Nutrient Solution". Sci 1, n.º 1 (21 de junio de 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1010032.
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The seeds of red clover are heteromorphic and two color morphs can be visually recognized, light purple and yellow, resulting from heterozygosity and recessive homozygosity at two loci. Here, we report the responses of seed imbibition, seed germination, and early seedling growth of the two morphs to distilled water, sodium chloride, and complete nutrient solution. The sensitivity of red clover seeds to treatments increased with the stage of development in what seems to be a cumulative process. No differences were found in seed imbibition between morphs or between treatments. In seedling growth, on the contrary, treatments were always effective, but differences between morphs were only observed in seeds that were treated with nutrient solution, whereas in the intermediate stage of seed germination, the effects by treatments were observed together with the appearance of differences between morphs in distilled water and in the treatment by sodium chloride solution. Simultaneously, the superior performance of the yellow morph that was found in germination, which appears to be a trait stable across cultivars of red clover seeds, turned into a superior performance of the light purple morph in seedling growth.
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Costa, Ana, Luís Dias y Alexandra Dias. "Imbibition, Germination, and Early Seedling Growth Responses of Light Purple and Yellow Seeds of Red Clover to Distilled Water, Sodium Chloride, and Nutrient Solution". Sci 1, n.º 2 (16 de agosto de 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1020051.
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The seeds of red clover are heteromorphic and two color morphs can be visually recognized, light purple and yellow, resulting from heterozygosity and recessive homozygosity at two loci. Here, we report the responses of seed imbibition, seed germination, and early seedling growth of the two morphs to distilled water, sodium chloride, and complete nutrient solution. The sensitivityof red clover seeds to treatments increased with the stage of development in what seems to be a cumulative process. No differences were found in seed imbibition between morphs or between treatments. In seedling growth, on the contrary, treatments were always effective, but differences between morphs were only observed in seeds that were treated with nutrient solution, whereas in the intermediate stage of seed germination, the effects by treatments were observed together with the appearance of differences between morphs in distilled water and in the treatment by sodium chloride solution. Simultaneously, the superior performance of the yellow morph that was found in germination, which appears to be a trait stable across cultivars of red clover seeds, turned into a superior performance of the light purple morph in seedling growth.
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Krnjaja, Vesna, Jelena Levic, Mirko Ivanovic, Zorica Tomic y Slavica Mrfat-Vukelic. "Incidence of fusarium species on red clover seed". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 20, n.º 1-2 (2004): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0402101k.
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Phytopathological investigation of seed of three commercial red clover cultivars - K9, K17 and NS Kolubara, and two pre-treatments of seeds rinsing and surface disinfection of seeds (T1) and surface disinfection of seeds (T2) have determined that frequency of species within the genus Fusarium varied from 0 to 13%. By use of T1 pre-treatment the presence of Fusarium species on the seed was observed in neither of examined cultivars. In this pre-treatment the presence of 1% Penicillium spp. was observed on seed of cultivar K17 only, while the seeds K9 and NS Kolubara were non-infected. By use of T2 pre-treatment, the frequency of Fusarium species varied from 1 to 13%, depending on cultivar. From the seeds of all three examined cultivars, Fusarium verticillioides (2-13%) and F. proliferatum (2-6%) were isolated and from the seed of cultivar K9, F. oxysporum (4%) F. solani (2%) and undetermined Fusarium species (3%) were isolated, while F. subglutinans (1%) was isolated only from the seed of NS Kolubara. Besides Fusarium species, by application of pre-treatment T2, in all examined cultivars the species from genera Cladosporium (6-14%), Alternaria (6-7%) and Acremonium (1-5%) were isolated, and Penicillium spp. (1%) from the seed of cultivar K17. The results obtained indicate that frequency of mycobiota on the seed of red clover depended more on the seed pre-treatment than on the examined cultivars. Considering the significant differences gained in health state of seed by application of T1 and T2 pre-treatments, further investigations should be directed towards the development of method which would show real health state of seed, that is, natural contamination of seed. In this case it is the use of pre-treatment T1.
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Stanisavljević, Rade, Dobrivoj Poštić, Ratibor Štrbanović, Violeta Oro, Marijenka Tabaković, Snežana Jovanović y Jasmina Milenković. "Variability and correlative interdependence of red clover and Italian ryegrass seed quality depending on varieties during the multi-year storage period". Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, n.º 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-30969.
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Seed quality is crucial for achieving the desired number of plants in the mixture, as well as the ratio of grass-legume components. Seeds of red clover and Italian ryegrass can be placed on the market with germination of 70 % and more. In this experiment, the seeds of six varieties of red clover and four varieties of Italian lily were examined. Seeds up to four years of age were tested. Seed quality was examined by monitoring the following parameters: germination energy, amount of hard-dormant seed, total germination and amount of abnormal seedlings. The tested varieties of red clover and Italian ryegrass seeds showed the best quality after one and two years of storage. After four years of storing seeds, out of six tested varieties of red clover, two did not meet the criteria for marketing in Serbia, according to the current rulebook on seed quality. In the case of Italian ryegrass, out of four tested varieties, two did not meet the criteria for placing seeds on the market.
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Brooks, J. T. "Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Transmitted by Chlorine-pretreated Clover Sprout Seeds". American Journal of Epidemiology 154, n.º 11 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 1020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.11.1020.
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Skalozub, О. M. "Influence of plant protection methods on weediness and seed yield of meadow clover varieties in Primorskiy region". Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), n.º 2 (13 de julio de 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-73-81.
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In the field of fodder production, in most cases, low-yielding, old-age grass stands are used. One of the reasons for this is the low availability of grass seeds. For example, over the past 20 years, the production of grass-clover seeds has reduced by 3.4 times. Therefore, priority should be given to the seed production of leguminous grasses (including meadow clover). A large infestation of the arable soil layer with seeds and buds of annual and perennial weeds in almost all arable land in the Primorskiy Region is the most critical factor in reducing the yield of cultivated crops. The development of practical techniques for clearing fields of weeds is one of the vital links in the technology of increasing the output of fodder crops. The research aims to establish the effect of agronomic practices of cultivation and means of protection on the seed yield of meadow clover in the natural and climatic conditions of the Primorskiy Region. Clover is a crop sensitive to herbicides, with a limited period of their application. Therefore, inter-row treatments were carried out before the rows were closed, and chemical treatments were applied before the budding phase to preserve wild pollinators and bees. The varieties Ogonek, SibNIIK-10 and regionalised Kommandor were evaluated. Experimental data on the impact of agronomic practices of meadow clover cultivation and plant protection methods on the weediness of its crops and the yield quality of seeds under the conditions of the Primorskiy region were obtained. The use of herbicides against the background of inter-row treatment during the second year of clover planting helped reduce the weed infestation from 58.3 to 70% and increase the seed yield by 1.1-1.3 times depending on the variety.
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Neetoo, Hudaa y Haiqiang Chen. "Pre-soaking of seeds enhances pressure inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on crimson clover, red clover, radish and broccoli seeds". International Journal of Food Microbiology 137, n.º 2-3 (febrero de 2010): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.026.
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Шабанова, И. А. y С. А. Бекузарова. "Chemical composition of red clover". Кормопроизводство, n.º 10,2020 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25685/krm.2020.10.69.001.
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Исследование по определению влияния микроэлементов почвы и семян на содержание азота и белка в клевере луговом является актуальным. В статье приводится оценка химического состава семян клевера лугового различных сортов и дикорастущих образцов, выращенных на почвах горной и предгорной зон Республики Северная Осетия-Алания, а также самих почв. Исследования проведены на экспериментальной базе Северо-Кавказского научно-исследовательского института горного и предгорного сельского хозяйства ВНЦ РАН. Показана зависимость урожайности сена клевера лугового от содержания азота, фосфора, калия в его семенах, а также от количества молибдена, белка и микроэлементов: меди, цинка, марганца, железа, кобальта, свинца и кадмия. Анализ семян исследуемых образцов клевера показал, что молибден в семенах содержится в пределах 0,110–0,240 мг/кг в предгорной зоне, на почвах горной Осетии — от 0,060 до 0,135 мг/кг. Большое количество фосфора находится в семенах клевера, привезённых из горной зоны Верхнего Згида, — до 8,59 г/кг и из Куртатинского ущелья — до 8,69 г/кг. Значительно меньше его содержится в горном образце из Даргавса — до 5,15 г/кг. Получены данные по содержанию аминокислот в семенах клевера. Выявлено, что сорта накапливают в семенах разное количество аминокислот, а преобладающими среди них являются лизин, аргинин, аланин, валин, глицин и аспарагиновая кислота. Сравнительный анализ сухой надземной массы и семенного потомства показал, что семена клевера содержат большее количество аминокислот. It is highly relevant to test the effect of soil and seed microelements on protein and nitrogen accumulation in red clover. This article reports on chemical compositions of soil as well as seeds of different clover genotypes growing in the Republic of Northern Ossetia-Alania. The experiment took place at the Northern Caucasus Research Institute of Hill and Foothill Agriculture. Hay yield was significantly affected by seed chemical composition: contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, molybdenum, protein, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, lead, and cadmium. Molybdenum concentration varied within 0.110–0.240 mg/kg in the foothill zone and 0.060–0.135 mg/kg — in the upland area. Seeds from Verkhniy Zgid and Kurtatinskoe ushchele were rich in phosphorus — up to 8.59 and 8.69 g/kg, respectively. Seeds from Dargavs accumulated significantly less P — up to 5.15 g/kg Even though genotypes differed in amino acid contents, the most prevalent were lysine, arginine, alanine, valine, glycine, and aspartic acid. High concentration of amino acids was observed in seed and dry mass.
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Taylor, GB y MA Ewing. "Effect of depth of burial on the longevity of hard seeds of subterranean clover and annual medics". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, n.º 1 (1988): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880077.
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Burrs of 3 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and 1 cultivar each of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) and barrel medic (M. truncatula), which had experienced 1 summer at the soil surface, were placed on the soil surface and at depths of 2, 6 and 10 cm in the soil. The numbers of residual hard seeds were determined each year for up to 4 years. There was a marked reduction in the rate of seed softening in all 3 clover cultivars with increasing depth of burial. Whereas <20% of the seeds of the hardest seeded clover cultivar, Nungarin, survived 3 years at the soil surface, there was no significant decline in seed numbers during 4 years of burial at 10 cm. Even with cv. Geraldton, in which only 5% of seeds remained after 1 year of placement at the soil surface, 75% of seeds survived 4 years of burial at 10 cm. Hard seeds of both medic varieties were considerably more resilient than clover seeds at the soil surface, particularly during the first summer following seed set. However, burial had much less effect on their longevity, with no significant effect of burial to 2 cm in either medic, or of burial to 6 cm in the case of barrel medic. These results support earlier findings which showed that tillage operations associated with crop establishment which result in the burial of substantial proportions of subterranean clover seeds can lead to useful soil seed reserves. The much lesser effect of burial on seed softening of the medics, compared with subterranean clover, suggests that tillage operations will be less advantageous to medic persistence in leys.
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Njeru, R., D. G. Ferris, R. A. C. Jones y M. G. K. Jones. "Studies on seed transmission of subterranean clover mottle virus and its detection in clover seed by ELISA and RT-PCR". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, n.º 3 (1997): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96075.
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Plants of 5 naturalised annual clover species that occur within subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pastures were infected with 3 isolates of subterranean clover mottle virus (SCMoV), their seed harvested and sown, and the seedlings tested for SCMoV presence by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seed transmission was detected in 3 species, but always occurred at low levels (0·1–0·5%). With T. cernuum, seed transmission was obtained with 3 isolates, but with T. campestre and T. tomentosum, it was detected only with one. Seed transmission rates in 3 subterranean clover cultivars were similar (0·1–0·4%). Together with subterranean clover, T. campestre, T. cernuum, and T. tomentosum probably play a role in persistence of the virus in annual pastures through the dry summer period via infection of dormant seed. ELISA was used to test both subterranean clover leaf samples and seed samples from SCMoV-infected swards for the virus. When leaf samples and whole seeds were tested, SCMoV was detected at dilutions up to 1/512 in leaf sap and 1/64 in seed extracts. When seeds were separated into seed coat and cotyledons/embryo components, the virus was detected in both. However, pre-treatment of seeds with trisodium phosphate before separation into the 2 components eliminated assayable SCMoV from the cotyledons/embryos, whilst the virus was then only detectable in extracts of seed coats if left undiluted. This suggests that most of the SCMoV in seeds is associated with the seed coat and is destroyed by pre-treatment with trisodium phosphate. Part of the genome of SCMoV was cloned and sequenced to develop primers specific for SCMoV for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR). Detection of 2 SCMoV isolates by the RT-PCR assay was confirmed by restriction analysis of the specific 596 base pair RT-PCR product. RT-PCR detected SCMoV at higher dilutions than ELISA in both leaf and whole seed extracts. The RT-PCR assay developed is suitable for sensitive routine testing of bulked seed samples of subterranean clover for presence of seed-borne SCMoV.
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Qiu, Amirkhani, Mayton, Chen y Taylor. "Biostimulant Seed Coating Treatments to Improve Cover Crop Germination and Seedling Growth". Agronomy 10, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020154.
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Biostimulant seed coating formulations were investigated in laboratory experiments for their potential to increase maximum germination, germination rate, germination uniformity, and seedling growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seeds. Red clover and perennial ryegrass seeds were coated with different combinations of soy flour, diatomaceous earth, micronized vermicompost, and concentrated vermicompost extract. Coated and non-coated seeds of red clover and perennial ryegrass were evaluated for germination and growth after 7 and 10 days, respectively. Red clover seed was maintained at a constant 20 °C with a 16/8 h photoperiod, whereas for perennial ryegrass seed, the germinator was maintained at 15/25 °C, with the same photoperiod as red clover. Coated treatments significantly improved germination rate and uniformity with no reduction in total germination, compared to the non-treated controls in red clover. In contrast, for perennial ryegrass, the total germination percentage of all coated seeds was reduced and displayed a delayed germination rate, compared with the non-treated controls. Shoot length, seedling vigor index, and dry weight of seedlings of coated seed treatments of both crops were significantly higher when compared to controls for both species. In addition to growth metrics, specific surface mechanical properties related to seed coating quality of seeds of both species were evaluated. Increasing the proportion of soy flour as a seed treatment binder in the coating blend increased the integrity and compressive strength of coated seeds, and the time for coatings to disintegrate. These data show that seed coating technologies incorporating nutritional materials and biostimulants can enhance seedling growth and have the potential to facilitate the establishment of cover crops in agriculture and land reclamation.
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Shikhova, I. V., E. V. Popova y E. G. Arzamasova. "Assessmentof seed productivity of complex hybrid populations of red clover". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, n.º 1 (17 de febrero de 2021): 47–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.1.47-56.
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In the conditions of the Kirov region, the productivity of seeds of four complex hybrid populations (SGP) of red clover was studied, including those formed against an infectious fusarium background (SGPF). The research was carried out in the nursery for evaluating the seed productivity of 2017 sowing in comparison with the standard (st.) Dymkovsky for 2 years of use (y.u.). The characteristics of the SGP and SGPF according to winter hardiness, the start of vegetation phases of development, plant height, structure of seedgrass stand, yield and quality of seed material are given. All studied varieties were more productive than the standard (1.97 c/ha). Reliably high seed yield on average for 2 years was shown by SGPF-158-3 – 2.48 c/ha, SGP-188 – 2.32 c/ha, SGPF-157-3 – 2.16 c/ha. According to fruiting indicators, in 2019SGPF-158-3 with small heads, but with the largest number of flowers and seeds (132.2 and 77.4 pcs., respectively), good seediness (58.8 %) and high seed weight per head (0.153 g) was selected. Also, high rates were noted in the populations of SGPF-157-3 and SGPF-160-3. A strong correlation between seed yield and fruiting rates was revealed: the number of flowers in the head (r = 0.92), the total number of seeds in the head (r = 0.92), the number of filled seeds in the head (r = 0.94), the seediness of the head (r = 0.90), the total weight of seeds in the head (r = 0.85), the mass of filledseeds in the head (r = 0.87). A close positive correlation was noted between the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) value and length (r = 0.86), width (r = 0.86) of the red clover head during the intergrowth period “regrowth - the beginning of flowering”. It has been established that the average daily air temperature and the sum of effective temperatures during the “beginning of flowering - ripening” period have a positive effect on the fruiting performance: “seediness of the heads” (r = 0.97 and r = 0.87) and “the number of seeds in the head” (r = 0.95 and r = 0.89, respectively). In the same interphase period, a close negative dependence of the indicated fruiting indices on the HTC values was revealed (r = -0.95 and r = -0.94). The sowing qualities of the seeds of the 2019 harvest were determined; it was found that all seed material corresponds to the category of “original and elite seeds”. As the result of the research, the populations of red clover SGPF-158-3, SGP-188 and SGPF-157-3, superior to st. Dymkovsky on seed productivity (by 0.51; 0.35 and 0.9 c/ha, respectively, LSD05 = 0.12 c/ha) and fruiting indicators, were selected.
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Đokić, Dragoslav, Dragan Terzić, Vera Rajičić, Sanja Živković, Violeta Oro, Jasmina Milenković y Ranko Koprivica. "The influence of impurities in natural seeds of alfalfa and red clover on the seed cleaning process". Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, n.º 1 (2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-30920.
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The paper presents the results of the cleaning process of five different lots of natural alfalfa seeds and five different lots of natural red clover seeds. Natural alfalfa and red clover seeds had 75 % to 77 % purity. The experiment was performed in the seed processing center of the Institute for Forage Crops Kruševac. Seed cleaning is performed on different machines that work on the principle of differences in the physical properties of seeds. Significant parameters that define the quality of seeds after processing on the cleaning equipment are the amount of pure seed, weed seed, the seed of other crops, inert matter, amount of pure processed seed, seed losses and processing output. The obtained results enable the correct adjustment of the equipment for the seed processing, depending on the amount and type of weeds and other impurities found in the natural seed of alfalfa and red clover.
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Fortune, JA, PS Cocks, CK Macfarlane y FP Smith. "Distribution and abundance of annual legume seeds in the wheatbelt of Western Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, n.º 2 (1995): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950189.
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The size and composition of pasture legume seedbanks were estimated from 2 surveys on a 460-km west-east transect of the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Survey 1 (in spring) sampled naturalised legumes, and survey 2 (in summer) measured the amount and botanical composition of legume seed from selected sites. Seedbanks were examined in greater detail on 2 farms in the higher rainfall part of the wheatbelt. Survey 2 revealed that mean seedbank size of the poorest 40% of sites (those with 5200 kg seed/ha) was 61 kg/ha, and that 72% of seeds were naturalised clovers. In contrast, the best 60% of sites (those with >200 kg seed/ha) averaged 533 kg seed/ha, of which only 35% was naturalised clover seed, the remainder in both surveys being mainly subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Mean seed bank size (kg/ha) varied from 359 (survey 2) to 587 (survey 1) and, in both surveys, was poorly correlated with long-term mean annual rainfall and a number of soil parameters. On the 2 farms, seedbank size ranged from 300 to 345 kg/ha (in spring) and from 650 to 740 kg/ha (in summer). Trifolium glomeratum (cluster clover) and subterranean clover were the most widespread species in both surveys. They were present at 35 and 30 of the 57 survey sites, respectively, and at both farms. Most of the subterranean clover collected was cv. Geraldton (22 of 30 sites), the next most frequent cultivar was Dwalganup (6 sites). The currently recommended cultivar, Dalkeith, was found at only 5 sites. Several other legumes including T. tomentosum (16 sites), T. suffocatum (8 sites), Medicago truncatula (7 sites), T. hirtum (4 sites), and M. minima (4 sites) were common, while M. littoralis, M. polymorpha, T. dubium, T. cernuum, T. cherleri, and T. carnpestre were found at single sites. With few exceptions, these are naturalised species and were characterised by flowering times about 20 days later than sown legume cultivars, and seed sizes < 1 mg. The value of these widespread annual legumes to agricultural productivity and sustainability needs to be quantified and their adaptation to wheatbelt farming systems assessed.
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Taylor, GB y MA Ewing. "Long-term patterns of seed softening in some annual pasture legumes in a low rainfall environment". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, n.º 3 (1992): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920331.
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Annual rates of seed softening were determined from 4 lines of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha), 1 barrel medic (M. truncatula), and 1 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) grown at Merredin in the 1 year. Measurements were also made on one of the lines of burr medic grown in 2 other environments, Gnowangerup and Eneabba, in the same year. Burrs were placed on the soil surface at Merredin and the numbers of residual hard seeds determined each year for up to 5 years in this one environment. Patterns of softening of seeds from the same seed populations were also determined in a laboratory oven with a diurnal temperature fluctuation of 60/15�C. In the field, the softening rates of the 5 medics grown at Merredin were similar, averaging 21% of the original seeds each year for the first 4 years. Seeds of the burr medic grown in a more favourable environment at Eneabba were much slower to soften (averaging 14%); hence, hardseededness in these medics was influenced more by the growing environment than by genotype. More than half of the seeds of subterranean clover softened in the field over the first summer, with declining annual proportions thereafter. There were clear differences between the clover and medics in both pattern and rate of seed softening. The lower seed-softening rate of medics than of subterranean clover was more favourable for ley systems involving frequent cropping, especially in low rainfall areas. Treatment of seeds at 60/15�C simulated field softening for subterranean clover well but produced misleading results for the medics.
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BURKOV, ALEKSANDR I. "DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE PNEUMATIC SEPARATING DEVICE OF A CLOVER THRESHER AND SCARIFIER". Agricultural engineering, n.º 4 (2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-4-9-13.
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The most labor-intensive stages of the post-harvest processing of grass seeds are their extracting and cleaning from impurities. For extracting seeds from the hull of clover and other leguminous and cereal grasses, as well as scarifi cation of solid seeds of leguminous grasses, the clover thresher and scarifi er KS-0.2 has been developed. It lacks a device for cleaning the extracted seeds from impurities, which makes it diffi cult to further clean them at subsequent stages of the processing line. To eliminate this disadvantage, a pneumatic separating device was fi tted for cleaning seeds from light impurities. The research aimed at experimental substantiation of the basic constructive and technological parameters of the pneumatic separating device of the clover thresher and scarifi er, ensuring cleaning from light impurities of more than 60%. The study was carried out according to conventional techniques using methods of planning a multi-factor experiment on a laboratory installation of a clover thresher when cleaning red clover seeds from light impurities. The study results have shown that the maximum eff ect of cleaning from light impurities reaches 96.7% with a minimum feed of source material of 200 kg/h, the angle of the grain board inclination of 42.85° and a maximum depth of the aspirating channel of 0.11 m. Based on design considerations and the maximum throughput of the clover thresher and scarifi er, the following combination of factors was chosen as the optimal one: a feed of the source material of 300 kg/h, an inclination angle of the grain board of 45° and a depth of the aspirating channel of 0.09 m. With this combination of factors, the eff ect of cleaning from light impurities meets the technical requirements and equals 75.2%. Thus, the study has determined the basic design and technological parameters of the pneumatic separating device of the clover thresher and scarifier.
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ĆWINTAL, MAREK y SYLWESTER GOLIASZ. "Influence of microelements and attractants on the elements of yield structure and yield of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seeds". Agronomy Science 73, n.º 3 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asx.2018.3.2.
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A field experiment with the cultivation of white clover for seeds (Barda cv.) was carried out in 2009–2012, in the Experimental Farm in Parczew (22°53'60"E, 51°37'59"N), on typical brown soil (bonitation class IVb), by the split-plot method, in four replicates. The studies included: foliar fertilization with microelements (B + Mo) and attractant – Pollinus. The number of heads per 1 m2, number of pods and seeds in the head as well as the seed yield were determined. Weather conditions had the decisive influence on the yield of seeds and main elements of its structure. The highest seed yield (305.4 kg·ha–1) was obtained in 2010 characterized by more favorable thermal conditions and rainfall in the generative clover sub-period, slightly lower in 2012 (287.7 kg·ha–1), and the lowest in 2011 (49.3 kg·ha–1). Fertilization with microelements (B + Mo) significantly increased the number of heads per 1 m2, the number of seeds in the head and the seed yield. The attractant used at the beginning and full flowering of clover significantly increased the yield of seeds by 35.2 and 78.0 kg·ha–1, respectively. The highest yield of white clover seeds (482.6 kg·ha–1) was obtained due to foliar fertilization with boron and molybdenum and using the attractant – Pollinus to fully flowering plants.
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Sethi, Renu y Navjyot Kaur. "Germination ecology of heteromorphic seeds of bur clover (Medicago denticulata willd.)". INDIAN JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE 53, n.º 1 (2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2021.00008.3.
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Liebman, Matt y David N. Sundberg. "Seed mass affects the susceptibility of weed and crop species to phytotoxins extracted from red clover shoots". Weed Science 54, n.º 02 (abril de 2006): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-54.2.340a.
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Residues of legume crops used to increase soil fertility may also serve as sources of phytotoxins that can suppress the germination and early growth of weed and crop species. To test the hypothesis that weed and crop susceptibility to extracts of red clover shoots would be inversely proportional to seed mass, we (1) identified 18 weeds and 44 crops whose 100-seed masses ranged from 20 to 26,250 mg; (2) exposed their seeds in petri dishes and filter paper to a 2% aqueous extract of ‘Marathon’ red clover shoots or distilled water; and (3) measured germination percentage and radicle length of germinated seeds after incubation for 4 days. In a second experiment, we assessed germination and radicle growth of four crop and four weed species after exposure to 1% extracts of Marathon or ‘Cherokee’ red clover or distilled water. Germination inhibition by red clover extracts was greatest for lighter seeds and least for heavier seeds in Experiment 1 (P = 0.0005), but was unrelated to seed mass in Experiment 2. Radicle inhibition by red clover extracts was inversely proportional to seed mass in both Experiment 1 (P < 0.0001) and Experiment 2 (P = 0.0047), and, in Experiment 1, was greater for monocots than dicots (P = 0.0002). Our findings corroborate the general relationship between seed mass and stress tolerance observed by other investigators and indicate that small-seeded monocots are most likely to be susceptible to phytotoxins contained in red clover shoots.
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Shmatkova, Alina. "STUDY AND ESTIMATION OF COLLECTION VARIETY-SAMPLES WHITE CLOVER". Adaptive Fodder Production 2020, n.º 1 (17 de abril de 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2020-1-15-22.
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New collection varieties of creeping clover (Trifolium repens L.) from the VIR collection of the 1970s were studied. Samples were evaluated according to the main morphological and biological characteristics, seed productivity and chemical indicators. After 50 years of storage under natural conditions, the samples had up to 71% of germinating seeds (31% of germinated + 40% of hard seeds). As a result of the study of collection variety samples, valuable sources for selection were identified, which allowed the best genotypes to be included in hybridization for the construction of hybrids with high feed and seed productivity. It is noted that in the State register of selection achievements, varieties of clover creeping foreign breeding make up 67%.
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Nori, H., D. P. Monks y D. J. Moot. "Seed development of arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clover". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (1 de enero de 2015): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.457.
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The development process from floral bud formation to seed maturity of four top flowering annual clovers was quantified from a field experiment across 10 sowing dates at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. For each species, a numeric reproductive scale was created as a field guide to document morphological changes as the bud progresses through reproductive development. The duration from bud visible to open flower was 341 °C days for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 215 °C days for 'Bolta' balansa, 196 °C days for 'Prima' gland and 186 °C days for 'Mihi' Persian clover. The inflorescence then required a further 274-689 °C days, 185 °C days , 256 °C days and 425 °C days for each respective species to reach physiological maturity. This was indicated when 50% of seeds had turned red/brown for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 100% pods turned yellow for 'Bolta' balansa, 100% of seeds were yellow and hard for 'Prima' gland, and pods turned brown with the first sign of colour change in seeds for 'Mihi' Persian clover. These results can be used to facilitate on farm decision making in relation to grazing management or seed set for subsequent regeneration. Keywords: floral development chart, harvest maturity, peak flowering, pollination, seed filling, thermal time, Trifolium vesiculosum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum, T. resupinatum
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Grauda, Dace, Lita Lapiņa, Biruta Jansone, Aldis Jansons y Isaak Rashal. "Recovering Genetic Resources of Some Legume Species of Latvian Origin by Plant Tissue Culture". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, n.º 3 (1 de octubre de 2013): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0039.
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Accessions with no germinating seeds are a common problem in plant gene banks and research institutions. Our goal was to elaborate and apply an in vitro method of germination and multiplication of old aged seeds of red and alsike clover and alfalfa. Eighteen clover and five alfalfa accessions were used for germination in vitro. Most of the accessions had produced seeds more than 20 years ago and the seeds did not germinate in soil. Seed pre-treatment with different concentrations of potassium permanganate, as well as addition of phytohormones, AgNO3 and activated carbon to germinating media were tested. Plantlets for all germinated accessions were obtained, even in the case when seeds were 44-year-old (alfalfa). Germination rate in vitro not always correlated with seed age and ranged from 2 to 72%. Pre-treatment with potassium permanganate was effective both for seeds sterilisation and germination stimulation. Most germinated seeds formed phenotypically normal seedlings with all organs. In vitro multiplication of obtained clover plants was performed. Best results were achieved by micropropagation of stem segments approximately 2 mm in length. Number of finally obtained plants depended not only on seed germination ability, but also on micropropagation ability in relation to genotype, and on acclimatization success in soil after in vitro cultivation
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Polyudina, R. I. "New cultivar of red clover Prima". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, n.º 3 (23 de julio de 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-3-5.
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The results of breeding work on creation of the new cultivar of red clover are presented. The hybrid population (15-10-D (2n)) was created by the method of crossbreeding and selection in the conditions of artifi cial climate. Selection of winterhardy high-yielding forms of this hybrid population was conducted in the forest-steppe zone of West Siberia. The population 15-10-D (2n) was tested in three cycles of competitive variety trial (crops of 2006, 2008 and 2010) and was submitted to the State variety testing under the name Prima. According to the results of the competitive variety trial during 2007–2013, the new early-ripening diploid cultivar Prima showed high winter hardiness of 97.0-99.0%. The duration of the growing season is 115 days (on the level of standard early-ripening tetraploid cultivar Meteor). The yield of green mass in two cuts is 19.6-58.7 t/ha, the yield of dry matter is 4.2-13.5 t/ha, the yield of seeds is 276-392 kg/ ha. The average yield of green mass in two cuts of the new cultivar is 38.8 t/ha, the average yield of dry matter is 8.7 t/ha, the average yield of seeds is 317 kg/ha, which exceeds standard cultivar Meteor by 52%. The seed content of Prima cultivar is 52%, Meteor – 38%. The crude protein content in dry matter is 16.1%, the fi ber content is 26.0%. Prima cultivar has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation to be grown in the West Siberian region since 2019. The copyright certifi cate and patent for the breeding achievement were received.
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WILMAN, D., F. OLMOS y R. S. HAMILTON. "The potential of seed-shedding and seedling development to contribute to the persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens) in grazed swards in Uruguay". Journal of Agricultural Science 143, n.º 6 (10 de octubre de 2005): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005654.
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The present study was conducted to investigate whether white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and whether sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make an important contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. Five sites, on which survival of white clover had been better than is usual in Uruguay, were studied in 1995–97. The sites had been sown with white clover 11–15 years previously and were managed mainly by cattle grazing. The number of white clover inflorescences/m2 was at least 18 at nearly half the counts in the study and the number of viable seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was at least 1500 at half the counts. The results for both the above variables suggest that all five sites had a supply of seed greater than a commercial seed rate at some times of the year. However, the number of seedlings/m2 was >100, a possible target in these conditions, at only one fifth of the counts, and the proportion of seedlings that survived from one recording date to the next (a period of 4–5 weeks) varied from >0·7 to zero. It seems, therefore, that, in these conditions, the failure of seeds to convert to established plants is likely to be a greater constraint than the production and shedding of seeds. There was considerable variability with time, and between and within sites at each stage of the reproductive cycle. On one site, competition from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) greatly reduced the number of white clover seedlings/m2. Overall, the results suggest that white clover in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and that sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make a significant contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. However, each year there is a risk of seedlings being killed in dry, hot weather.
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Petrauskas, Giedrius, Eglė Norkevičienė, Vaclovas Stukonis y Vilma Kemešytė. "Phenotypic traits for wild red clover seed yield under drought conditions". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 56, No. 4 (19 de octubre de 2020): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2019-cjgpb.
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Changes in the gene pool and homogeneity of red clover cultivars occur over time. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly renew the breeding material and foundation seed. Moreover, the market also prescribes a new demand. Based on the Natura 2000 habitats profile, we collected seeds from 39 locations across Lithuania in 2016. The phenotypic traits that affect the seed yield of red clover were analysed in 2018. The homogeneity of the populations with reference to the seed yield and 1 000 seed weight (TSW) were determined as well. Also, the possibility of obtaining two seed yields per season under drought conditions from wild genotypes of red clover was analysed. We found that the final seed yield mostly depends on the seed number per flower head (SN/FH), which strongly correlated with 1<sup>st</sup> component of PCA during first (r = 0.91) and second (0.92) harvest. Meanwhile, the cluster analysis showed that the typical wild red clover has a lower seed weight than the cultivars and could be clustered on the basis of seed homogeneity. Finally, based on the seed phenotype and harvest components, there were five prospective accessions (2177, 2871, 2876, 2898 and 2899) for a new cultivar prototype.
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A. B. Ospanov,, B. O. Kulzhanova, y Sh. D. Tolybayev. "RESEARCH OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF CLEANING CLOVER SEEDS BY COLOR SORTING". Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, n.º 77 (15 de octubre de 2020): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.26.
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The article presents the results of study to establish the design and technological parameters of an experimental sample of the color sorter, carried out within the framework of the grant project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP05130398. The regularities of the technological process of color sorting - cleaning of clover seeds from seeds of quarantine and hardseparable impurities and rational regimes providing high efficiency of processing of clover seed material - have been established. A constructive feature of the tray feeding the seed mixture is proposed, which allows reducing the massiveness of the separator while increasing the productivity, reducing the useful production area.
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Kasatkina, Nadezhda y Ildus Fatykhov. "Method and term for harvesting perennial legume herbs for seeds". Agrarian Bulletin of the 192, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-192-1-2-9.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the method and term of harvesting on seed yield, yield structure, sowing qualities of seeds in the harvest of Eastern galega Gale and meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik. Research methods. The field experimentation and the generalization of research results were performed in accordance with the requirements of methodology of experimental work. The analysis of sowing qualities of the obtained seed material was carried out in accordance with GOST 12038-84 and GOST 12042-80. Results. It was established that in dry weather during harvesting on aligned seed grass stand of perennial leguminous grasses, the main method is single-phase harvesting. This method contributed to the production of 288–299 kg/ha of Eastern galega Gale goat seeds (1995–1999) and 116–120 kg/ha of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik seeds (2013–2016). In wet years with high biomass of herbs, it is advisable to use single-phase harvesting with preliminary desiccation. A relatively high yield of galega seeds 331 kg/ha was obtained during desiccation of the grass stand, during the formation of the grass stand with the plant density – 51 pcs/m2, the number of beans on the stem – 47 pcs., the seeds in the bean – 1.77 pcs. The formation of the highest seed yield of meadow tetraploid clover 152 kg/ha during desiccation of crops occurred in connection with an increase in the number of seeds in the head to 9 pcs. and the mass of seeds in the head to 0.023 g. Desiccation of the seed grass stand of perennial grasses contributed to an increase in laboratory germination of the obtained galega seeds to 94 % and a mass of 1000 seeds to 7.55 g, meadow clover to 91 % and 2.53 g, respectively. Scientific novelty. In the conditions of the Middle Urals, the dependence of the method and term of harvesting on the state of the seed grass stand of perennial leguminous crops, weather conditions during the harvesting period is revealed, the influence of the method and term of harvesting on the sowing qualities of seeds is established.
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Martens, Helle, Henrik B. Jakobsen y Ole B. Lyshede. "Development of the strophiole in seeds of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)". Seed Science Research 5, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500002798.
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AbstractThe seed coat of Trifolium repens L. was studied with special emphasis on the development of the strophiole, which is the site for water entry during imbibition in leguminous seeds. The epidermal cells of the strophiole are longer than the cells in the remainder of the seed epidermis in the mature ovule. During seed development the median cells of the strophiolar epidermis divide periclinally into an outer layer of palisade cells and an inner layer of isodiametric cells. Prior to maturity a fissure is formed between some of the palisade cells in the centre of the strophiole. It is suggested that tension develops between the palisade cells and the iso-diametrical cells during later maturation stages causing the formation of the fissure which it is believed functions in water uptake. It is indicated that the ‘light line’ is caused by alteration of cellulose microfibrillar orientation in palisade cell walls. It is confirmed that removal of the epicuticular wax from hard seeds by rinsing in absolute alcohol or hexane does not induce water imbibition. Only when seed coats are mechanically abraded do hard seeds germinate.
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D'hondt, Bram, Rein Brys y Maurice Hoffmann. "The incidence, field performance and heritability of non-dormant seeds in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)". Seed Science Research 20, n.º 3 (2 de junio de 2010): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258510000152.
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AbstractMature seeds of many legume species are normally characterized by water-impermeable seed coats, a form of physical dormancy. However, observations have suggested that the incidence of mature but permeable (non-dormant) seeds is sometimes substantial. Yet, the ecological processes associated with this non-dormancy have received little attention by plant ecologists. In white clover (Trifolium repens), we therefore studied: (1) the occurrence of initially permeable seeds in wild populations; (2) the relative performance of non-dormant and dormant seeds in plant establishment and reproduction in a field-sown experiment; and (3) the extent to which the trait is affected by humidity and plant genotype in a greenhouse experiment. No less than 35% of all viable seeds from the wild populations proved to be water permeable at maturity. The proportion of permeable seeds within inflorescences ranged from 0 to 100%. In the field-sown experiment, autumn-germinated non-dormant seeds had almost equally good chances of establishing as spring-germinated dormant seeds. Due to a marked head start in growth, the former yielded more flowers (and thus seeds) in the first flowering season. However, the greenhouse experiment proved that variation in the proportion of permeable seed between inflorescences represented a plastic response to humidity conditions during seed ripening, rather than variation among clones (broad-sense heritability ≤ 0.025). Thus the trait is not easily subject to selection.
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Bogolyubova, E. V. y N. M. Konyaeva. "SEED QUALITY OF PREMIER CULTIVAR OF HUNGARIAN CLOVER IN THE CONDITIONS OF WESTERN SIBERIA". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, n.º 3 (25 de julio de 2018): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-3-5.
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The work presents the results of comparative study of the new fodder crop Premier cultivar of Hungarian clover Trifolium pannonicum Jacq., its seed quality and contamination with fungal infection, given that it is grown in different weather conditions, and harvested and stored by different methods. The research was carried out in two agroclimatic subzones of the forest-steppe zone of Novosibirsk region: moderately warm humid (GTK 1.2-1.4) and moderately warm insuffi ciently humid (GTK 1.0-1.2). In both subzones the mass of 1000 seeds in mid-humid and humid seasons varied from 4.0 to 4.6 g, and in extremely dry season it decreased to 3.7 g. A positive relation (r=0.96) between the seed mass and precipitation in the ripening phase was revealed. The infl uence of weather conditions on the unscarifi ed seed sowing qualities was most evident in the humid subzone, where a positive relation (r=0.83) between germinating ability and precipitation in the fl owering phase was revealed. In dry and insuffi ciently humid seasons, only in this phase hard seeds predominated in the seed material (77-90%) and their germinating ability in the laboratory conditions did not exceed 19%. In the year with excessive humidity, the share of germinating seeds increased to 75%. In the insuffi ciently humid subzone there were 4-6 times more germinating seeds (37- 60%), and the difference in their germinating adility by years was not so signifi cant. Combine harvesting, which causes partial seed scarifi cation, increased germinating ability by 13-20%. When these seeds were stored at room temperature, there was an annual reduction in seed hardness by 23-30% and an increase in barren seeds. Germinating ability of unscarifi ed seeds retained longer by years. Fungal infection in Premier cultivar of Hungarian clover seeds was detected. In the dry year fungi g. Cladosporium predominated, in the wet year – g. Alternaria, in the mid-humid years there were fungi of both genus and their mixtures.
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WERBY, R. A. "PERFORMANCE CLEANING UNIT FOR CLOVER SEEDS AFFECTING SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES". Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 27, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2010): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2010.107164.
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Werby, R. A. A. "PERFORMANCE CLEANING UNIT FOR CLOVER SEEDS AFFECTING SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES". Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 4, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2013.50543.
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