Tesis sobre el tema "Climat – Méthodes statistiques"
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Hannart, Alexis. "Développements en climatologie statistique pour la caractérisation des ruptures et des incertitudes : applications en Argentine". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066042.
Texto completoPhilippon, Nathalie. "Une nouvelle approche pour la prévision statistique des précipitations saisonnières en Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Est : méthodes, diagnostics (1968-1998) et applications (2000-2001)". Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOL015.
Texto completoA new approach for West and East African seasonal rainfall forecasting, based on continental and atmospheric forcing predictors and the 1968-1998 homogeneous period is developed. CRU and CRC precipitation databases, NCEP/NCAR reanalyses are used for diagnoses. The West African rainy seasons are preceded by Moist Static Energy field anomalies. An inter-season memory involving soil moisture, vegetation, then MSE over Guinea is found. The East African ones are related to atmospheric dynamics signals: Indian monsoon and Walker type circulation for the short rains, Congo basin air mass intrusion and subtropical stationary waves for the long rains. A 27% explained variance gain is obtained with multiple regression, discriminant analysis and neural networks models fed with these predictors. The 2000-2001 Sahelian rainy seasons real-time forecasts made with these models were correct
Jouan, David. "Evolution de la variabilité de la fréquence et de l'intensité des tempêtes en Europe de l'Ouest". Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20030.
Texto completoIn the context of global warming, this study focuses on the variation of the storm activity in term of intensity and frequency. In this work, a relationship is establish between wind speeds at ground level and parameters that characterize the structure of the vorticity fields at 850hPa level by using a PCA. The transfer's relationship is then found by applying a classical Multiple Regression. The Gumbel distribution is used to assess the 50-year return period. This downscaling model results and the return period of extreme winds results are in accordance with observation data in the North part of France, but are underestimated in the South part. These relations are then implemented to present climate scenario of ARPEGE, the Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) of Météo-France. Comparing results from present climate scenario and observations data indicates that the number and the intensity of cyclones are underestimated by the model, especially over the Mediterranean region, but the spatial pattern is in accordance with observations
Jalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26565.
Texto completoMateescu, Marcel. "Étude statistique des chroniques des paramètres climatiques en Europe dans la période instrumentale : l'analyse des cycles par la méthode fréquentielle ondelette". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2045.
Texto completoJézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Minvielle, Marie. "Méthode de désagrégation statistico-dynamique adaptée aux forçages atmosphériques pour la modélisation de l'Océan Atlantique : développement, validation et application au climat présent". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1239/.
Texto completoOcean plays a main role in climate regulation. Its good representation by climate models is necessary to have a correct estimation of mean state and variability of the climate system. However, some biases are present in the representation of the ocean by climate models. This is partly due to their too low horizontal resolution and a poor representation of the atmospheric variables at the ocean surface. In this thesis, a statistico-dynamical downscaling method is carried out. The objective is to obtain a better estimation of oceanic mean state and variability over the Atlantic basin, by reducing the systematic biases of climate models. First, the method consists in reconstructing the surface atmospheric variables by statistical relationship with the large scale atmospheric dynamic, estimated by weather regimes. The resulting forcing set is used afterward to force an oceanic model at a higher resolution than the classical resolution used for the ocean in climate models. Once this method built and validated with the observations over the second half 20th century, it is applied to the large scale atmospheric dynamic from the historical simulation of the CNRM-CM3 climate model. The analysis of the reconstructed forcing and its associated oceanic simulation emphasizes the efficiency of the method. In spite of some weaknesses, the method fully accomplishes its role in correcting climate models biases
Jézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055/document.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Francois, Bastien. "Multivariate statistical approaches for bias adjustment of climate simulations and compound events analysis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ018.
Texto completoClimate is a complex system resulting from various interactions between its different components and its multiple variables. This thesis aims to assess whether and how the use of multivariate statistical approaches for the study of climate simulations can contribute to a deeper understanding of climate change and high-impact climate events. To answer these questions, I propose and apply new multivariate statistical tools for, on the one hand, bias correction of climate simulations, and on the other hand, the investigation of changes in the probabilities of compound climate events. The work conducted pursues three main objectives: (i) to intercompare existing multivariate bias correction (MBC) methods, (ii) to develop a new MBC method for adjusting spatial dependencies of climate simulations, (iii) to assess the time of emergence of compound events probabilities, as well as to quantify the contribution of marginal and dependence properties to these changes of probabilities.The intercomparison of multivariate bias correction methods allowed, first, to better inform end-users of their advantages and disadvantages and, also, to identify avenues for the development of new methods. A new method, based on a Machine Learning technique named cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN), has been developed. It gives satisfactory results, thus showing the potential of Machine Learning techniques for multivariate bias correction. Assessing the time of emergence of compound events probabilities and quantifying the contribution of univariate and multivariate properties to these changes has proved to be relevant to better investigate compound events. It is found that non-stationarity in inter-variable dependence structures under climate change can play a significant role in future probabilities of compound events.The work carried out in this thesis opens up relevant perspectives in terms of methodology but also contributes to an improved understanding of the climate and its evolution. It provides new statistical tools that are adapted to the intrinsically multivariate nature of the climate system
Touron, Augustin. "Modélisation multivariée de variables météorologiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS264/document.
Texto completoRenewable energy production and electricity consumption both depend heavily on weather: temperature, precipitations, wind, solar radiation... Thus, making impact studies on the supply/demand equilibrium may require a weather generator, that is a model capable of quickly simulating long, realistic times series of weather variables, at the daily time step. To this aim, one of the possible approaches is using hidden Markov models : we assume that the evolution of the weather variables are governed by a latent variable that can be interpreted as a weather type. Using this approach, we propose a model able to simulate simultaneously temperature, wind speed and precipitations, accounting for the specific non-stationarities of weather variables. Besides, we study some theoretical properties of cyclo-stationary hidden Markov models : we provide simple conditions of identifiability and we show the strong consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator. We also show this property of the MLE for hidden Markov models including long-term polynomial trends
Cantet, Philippe. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les pluies extrêmes par l'utilisation d'un générateur stochastique de pluies". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20232.
Texto completoRecent studies showed difficulties to detect the trends on rainfall extreme phenomenon. That is why; an original approach is proposed to estimate the impacts of climate change on extreme rainfall by using an hourly rainfall stochastic generator. Climate evolution is detected from the generator parameterisation. Compared to usual methods, the generator parameters are estimated by average, and not by extreme, values of daily climatic characteristics. At the beginning, we focus on the modelisation of phenomena which influence the asymptotic behaviour of the generator. Based on the copula theory, the dependence between some generator variables is modelised and lead to a better regeneration of the extreme precipitation depth. Then a study shows the generator has a robust behaviour according to available data while it proposes a good estimation of rainfall quantiles. Simulations permit us to choose an adapted trend test and to show the modelisation of the studied phenomenon is of great importance in the relevance of the parameter stationarity rejection. A method is created to test a regional trend in a homogenous climatic zone from the construction of “regionalized” chronicles. From the daily information of 139 rain gauge stations, the stationarity of generator parameters was studied in metropolitan France between 1960-2003. Tests were performed from a local approach and from a regional one. A regional approach seems better to take into account a real change and to reduce the sampling problem. Changes observed on average rainfall characteristics are amplified when working with extreme events. The observed trends occur mainly between December and May when the rainfall occurrence increased during the four last decades in the most zones. Up to now, the taking into account of climate change does not lead to a big change in the quantiles estimation, when compared to their estimation under a hypothesis of stationary climate. However extreme rainfalls seem to be more frequent on the whole French territory except in the Mediterranean area. Besides, we propose an application by combining the climate model predictions and the rainfall generator. According to these results, it seems, for example, the heavy precipitation will increase in the Lorraine northern and in the Cevennes eastern during the 21st century
Briche, Élodie. "Changement climatique dans le vignoble de Champagne : modélisation thermique à plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070075.
Texto completoGlobal climatic change has already consequences on viticulture Worldwide and these modifications imply some questions about future. Evaluation of possible modifications in Champagne vineyard is necessary in terms of thermal extremes for vineyard as spring frost during budbreak and heat-waves. Indeed temperature influences phenological cycle and earlier phenological stages have already been observed. This vineyard is particularly interesting to study because of its northern location and thanks to a large network of weather stations since 20 years. To establish a prospective of thermal possible conditions, data of French climate models LMD and ARPEGE-Climate model, respectively at 300 km and 50 km of resolution, are validated and analyzed on a control period (1950 to 2000). They are also used to give an overview of bioclimatic and thermal future conditions (2001 to 2100) with three scenarios, currently used (A1B, Bl and A2). The control period shows cold biases within statistical distributions of climate models data in spring and summer, in terms of extremes frequencies estimation and better results with ARPEGE climate model. Data of this model are used to assess thermal and bioclimatic futures conditions. Summer extremes could increase in the future while cold spring extremes could decrease during budbreak. Budbreak could be earlier and spring cold extremes in Mardi could cause more severe frost of buds. Regional analysis is completed by a local analysis with RAMS meso-scale model, which downscales simulations at a resolution of 200m, taking into account local factors. The validation modeling is proceeded during the 2003 extreme climatic events (late spring frost and summer heat wave), this year is considered as exceptional and representative of the "future climate" which caused buds frost and berries warming. Simulated temperatures (200 m) for the Champagne vineyard were compared to recorded temperatures by weather stations located within the vineyards. The model reproduced the diurnal cycle of temperatures correctly with biases more or less marked depending dates
Riad, Souad. "Typologie et analyse hydrologique des eaux superficielles à partir de quelques bassins versants représentatifs du Maroc". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-Riad.pdf.
Texto completoTruc, Loïc. "Développement et application d'une méthode de reconstitution paléoclimatique quantitative basée sur des données polliniques fossiles en Afrique australe". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20200/document.
Texto completoLocated at the interface between tropical and temperate climate systems, southern Africa is a particularly sensitive region in terms of long-term climate change. However, few reliable paleoclimatic records exist from the region – largely as a result of the arid climate with precludes the preservation of wetland sequences - , and virtually no quantitative reconstructions are available.The aim of this thesis is to develop quantitative palaeoclimate reconstruction method based the relation between modern plant distributions and climate in southern Africa. We develop botanical-climatological transfer functions derived from probability density functions (pdfs), allowing for quantitative estimates of the palaeoclimatic variables to be calculated from fossil pollen assemblages. In addition, a species-selection method (SSM) based on Bayesian statistics is outlined, which provides a parsimonious choice of most likely plant species from what are otherwise taxonomically broad pollen-types. This method addresses limitations imposed by the low taxonomic resolution of pollen identification, which is particularly problematic in areas of high biodiversity such as many regions of southern Africa.This methodology has been applied to pollen record from Wonderkrater (South Africa). Results indicate that temperatures during both the warm and cold season were 6±2°C colder during the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas, and that rainy season precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum was ~50% of that during the mid-Holocene. Our results also imply that changes in precipitation at Wonderkrater generally track changes in Mozambique Channel sea-surface temperatures, with a steady increase following the Younger Dryas to a period of maximum water availability at Wonderkrater ~3-7 ka. These findings indicate that the northern and southern tropics experienced similar climatic trends during the last 20 kyr, and highlight the role of variations in sea-surface temperatures over the more popularly perceived role of a shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone in determining long-term environmental trends.This method has also been applied to a pollen record from Pakhuis Pass, in the Fynbos Biome (South Africa). Results show the limitations of quantitative methods, with only unrealistically low amplitude being reconstructed between the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene (~2°C). However, results indicate that the reconstructed temperature trends, if not amplitudes, are similar to trends observed in Antarctic ice core records. Further, in reconstructing past humidity, we show that over the last 18 kyr, cooler conditions appear to be generally wetter at the site. These results are consistent with Cockcroft model (1987), derived from equatorward shift of the westerlies resulting from expansions of the circum-polar vortex.This study shows the potential of using modern plant distributions to estimates past climate parameters in southern Africa, and the species selection method proves to be a useful tool in region with high biodiversity. This work provides a novel perspective in the region, where no quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions have been available. However, results from Pakhuis Pass highlight some of the limitations of this methodology, which will be subject of future work in this promising field of inquiry
Gitau, Wilson. "Diagnosis and predictability of intraseasonal characteristics of wet and dry spells over equatorial east Africa". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794889.
Texto completoAlbright, Anna Lea. "The trade-wind boundary layer and climate sensitivity". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS207.
Texto completoThe response of trade-wind clouds to warming remains uncertain, raising the specter of a large climate sensitivity. Decreases in cloud fraction are thought to relate to interplay among convective mixing, turbulence, radiation, and the large-scale environment. The EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of cloud-circulation coupling in climate) field campaign made extensive measurements that allow for deeper physical understanding and the first process-based constraint on the trade cumulus feedback.I first use EUREC4A observations to improve understanding of the characteristic vertical structure of the trade-wind boundary layer and the processes that produce this structure. This improved physical understanding is then applied to the evaluation of trade cumulus feedbacks. Ideas developed support new conceptual models of the structure of the trade-wind boundary layer and a more active role of clouds in maintaining this structure, and show little evidence for a strong trade cumulus feedback to warming
Vallot, Damien. "Le récit corallien : production, diffusion et cadrage des récits d'action publique de la disparition des Etats atolliens entre Tuvalu, Kiribati et la Nouvelle Zélande". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0465/document.
Texto completoIn the last 40 years, climate change has been increasingly taken intoaccount. Various observers have started to tell a story: the story of small Pacific atollisland states that might disappear beneath the rising seas. The argument developedin this thesis is that this story is a "public action narative" which aims at drawingattention towards those states and at inciting policy makers to prevent the risk or tofind a solution. Those "sinking island States narratives" display two particularcharacteristics: they are not linked to an existing policy and they are used by variousactors from the political sphere and the civil society.Building on the policy narratives literature, this thesis aims at analysing theproduction, the dissemination and the framing of the sinking island states narratives.It is based on mixed methods and combines a qualitative framework and a statisticalanalysis of textual data
Sun, Xun. "Analyse propabiliste régionale des précipitations : prise en compte de la variabilité et du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934476.
Texto completoGuin, Ophélie. "Méthodes bayésiennes semi-paramétriques d'extraction et de sélection de variables dans le cadre de la dendroclimatologie". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636704.
Texto completoBen, Abdallah Nadia. "Modeling sea-level rise uncertainties for coastal defence adaptation using belief functions". Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP1616.
Texto completoCoastal adaptation is an imperative to deal with the elevation of the global sealevel caused by the ongoing global warming. However, when defining adaptationactions, coastal engineers encounter substantial uncertainties in the assessment of future hazards and risks. These uncertainties may stem from a limited knowledge (e.g., about the magnitude of the future sea-level rise) or from the natural variabilityof some quantities (e.g., extreme sea conditions). A proper consideration of these uncertainties is of principal concern for efficient design and adaptation.The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for uncertainty analysis based on the theory of belief functions – an uncertainty formalism that offers greater features to handle both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties than probabilities.In particular, it allows to represent more faithfully experts’ incomplete knowledge (quantiles, intervals, etc.) and to combine multi-sources evidence taking into account their dependences and reliabilities. Statistical evidence can be modeledby like lihood-based belief functions, which are simply the translation of some inference principles in evidential terms. By exploiting the mathematical equivalence between belief functions and random intervals, uncertainty can be propagated through models by Monte Carlo simulations. We use this method to quantify uncertainty in future projections of the elevation of the global sea level by 2100 and evaluate its impact on some coastal risk indicators used in coastal design. Sea-level rise projections are derived from physical modelling, expert elicitation, and historical sea-level measurements. Then, within a methodologically-oriented case study,we assess the impact of climate change on extreme sea conditions and evaluate there inforcement of a typical coastal defence asset so that its functional performance is maintained
Charru, Marie. "LA PRODUCTIVITÉ FORESTIÈRE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT CHANGEANT : CARACTÉRISATION MULTI-ÉCHELLE DE SES VARIATIONS RÉCENTES À PARTIR DES DONNÉES DE L’INVENTAIRE FORESTIER NATIONAL (IFN) ET INTERPRÉTATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0027/document.
Texto completoGrowth trends have been reported in many regions of Europe over the twentieth century. However, an integrated assessment of productivity changes, including focus on a wide geographical scale, analysis of spatial heterogeneity, and the inter-specific diversity of growth responses is still lacking. The aim of this Ph.D work was to assess recent changes in forest productivity on a national, regional and local scale in France, and to investigate their potential environmental causes, based on statistical modeling approaches of stand basal area increment (BAI), and environmental indicators. We used the French NFI data for 8 species of contrasted ecological niches and distributions (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Picea abies, Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis), taken in pure and even-aged stands. We identified the main factors influencing tree species productivity on a national scale, and produced productivity maps suggesting that species distribution ranges are not always limited by environmental conditions. Between 1980 and 2005, the productivity trends reported were positive, modal or non-significant for all species, except the two Mediterranean species for which productivity decreased, highlighting inter-specific differences in these changes. We observed strong variations of productivity changes, both in intensity and sign, on a regional and intra-regional scale. These results question the relevance of wide-scale average assessments and highlight their context-dependence. The role of recent climatic warming in featuring the BAI trends was highlighted. This work provides an enriched scale- and species-dependent assessment of tree species reaction to a changing environment. We emphasized the species- and context dependence of productivity changes, due to differences in species autecology and spatial variations in the limiting factors. Further focus on the effect of environmental factors and their complex interactions is needed for the prediction of species future productivity
Heidelk, Tillmann. "Education, labor markets, and natural disasters". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/304527.
Texto completoDoctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished