Artículos de revistas: "Citrus Genetics"

1

Lyrene, Paul M. "Citrus: Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1932a—1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1932a.

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2

Gmitter, Frederick G. "Contemporary Approaches to Improving Citrus Cultivars." HortTechnology 4, no. 3 (July 1994): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.3.206.

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Traditional genetic manipulation methods have proven ineffective or irrelevant for many citrus breeding objectives. Alternative approaches to Citrus genetic improvement are now available as a result of technological developments in genetics and tissue culture. For example, mapping DNA marker polymorphisms should lead to identifying markers closely linked to important loci, thereby facilitating early selection and minimizing costs associated with plant size and juvenility. Genetic transformation methods allow trait-specific modification of commercial cultivars. By selecting beneficial variants from sectored fruit chimeras and the recovering plants via somatic embryogenesis, the problems of nucellar embryony and the hybrid nature of commercial cultivar groups can be avoided. Induced mutagenesis from mature vegetative buds may overcome these problems, as well as juvenility. Ploidy level manipulation in vitro can increase the number and diversity of tetraploid breeding parents, leading to the development of seedless Citrus triploids and mitigating sterility, incompatibility, and nucellar embryony.

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3

Talon, Manuel, and Fred G. Gmitter. "Citrus Genomics." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (May 19, 2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/528361.

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Citrus is one of the most widespread fruit crops globally, with great economic and health value. It is among the most difficult plants to improve through traditional breeding approaches. Currently, there is risk of devastation by diseases threatening to limit production and future availability to the human population. As technologies rapidly advance in genomic science, they are quickly adapted to address the biological challenges of the citrus plant system and the world's industries. The historical developments of linkage mapping, markers and breeding, EST projects, physical mapping, an international citrus genome sequencing project, and critical functional analysis are described. Despite the challenges of working with citrus, there has been substantial progress. Citrus researchers engaged in international collaborations provide optimism about future productivity and contributions to the benefit of citrus industries worldwide and to the human population who can rely on future widespread availability of this health-promoting and aesthetically pleasing fruit crop.

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4

Gmitter, Frederick G. "CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO CITRUS CULTIVAR IMPROVEMENT." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 699b—699. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.699b.

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Traditional methods of genetic manipulation have proven ineffective or irrelevant for many citrus breeding objectives. Alternative approaches to genetic improvement of citrus are now available as a result of technological developments in genetics and tissue culture. Mapping DNA markers on the Citrus genome should lead to identification of markers closely linked to important loci, thereby facilitating early selection and minimizing costs associated with plant size and juvenility. Genetic transformation methods provide opportunities for trait-specific modification of commercial cultivars. The selection of beneficial variants from sectored fruit chimeras, and the recovery of plants via somatic embryogenesis, can overcome the problems of nucellar embryony and the hybrid nature of commercial cultivar groups. Induced mutagenesis, using mature vegetative buds, may overcome size and juvenility, as well as nucellar embryony and hybridity. Ploidy level manipulation in vitro provides methods to overcome sterility, incompatibility, and nucellar embryony, and it can increase the number and diversity of tetraploid breeding parents available for development of seedless citrus triploids.

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5

Omura, Mitsuo, and Takehiko Shimada. "Citrus breeding, genetics and genomics in Japan." Breeding Science 66, no. 1 (2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.66.3.

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6

Donmez, Dicle, Ozhan Simsek, Tolga Izgu, Yildiz Aka Kacar, and Yesim Yalcin Mendi. "Genetic Transformation inCitrus." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/491207.

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Citrus is one of the world’s important fruit crops. Recently, citrus molecular genetics and biotechnology work have been accelerated in the world. Genetic transformation, a biotechnological tool, allows the release of improved cultivars with desirable characteristics in a shorter period of time and therefore may be useful in citrus breeding programs.Citrustransformation has now been achieved in a number of laboratories by various methods.Agrobacterium tumefaciensis used mainly in citrus transformation studies. Particle bombardment, electroporation,A. rhizogenes, and a new method called RNA interference are used in citrus transformation studies in addition toA. tumefaciens. In this review, we illustrate how different gene transformation methods can be employed in different citrus species.

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7

Elleuch, Amine, Fattouma Djilani Khouaja, Imen Hamdi, Nabiha Bsais, Jean-Pierre Perreault, Mohamed Marrakchi, and Hatem Fakhfakh. "Sequence analysis of three citrus viroids infecting a single Tunisian citrus tree (Citrus, reticulata, Clementine)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 29, no. 4 (2006): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572006000400020.

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8

Gmitter, Fred G., Chunxian Chen, Marcos A. Machado, Alessandra Alves de Souza, Patrick Ollitrault, Yann Froehlicher, and Tokurou Shimizu. "Citrus genomics." Tree Genetics & Genomes 8, no. 3 (April 26, 2012): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-012-0499-2.

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9

Brune, Andreas, Mathias Müller, Lincoln Taiz, Pedro Gonzalez, and Ed Etxeberria. "Vacuolar Acidification in Citrus Fruit: Comparison between Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and Sweet Lime (Citrus limmetioides) Juice Cells." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 2 (March 2002): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.2.171.

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Vacuolar acidification was investigated in `Palestine' sweet (Citrus limmetioides Tanaka) and `Persian' acid lime [(Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] (vacuolar pHs of 5.0 and 2.1, respectively) using tonoplast vesicles isolated from juice cells. The ATPase activity of tonoplast-enriched vesicles from sweet limes was strongly inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and NO3-, but was unaffected by vanadate. In contrast, the ATPase activity in acid lime membranes was only slightly inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and NO3- and was strongly inhibited by high concentrations of vanadate. The vacuolar origin of the acid lime vesicles was confirmed by immunoblotting. After solubilization and partial purification of the two enzymes by gel filtration, their inhibitor profiles were largely unchanged. Based on equal ATPase activities, vesicles from sweet and acid limes were able to generate similar pH gradients. However, in tonoplast vesicles from sweet limes, the maximum ΔpH was reached four times faster than in those from acid limes. Addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to chelate Mg+2 after the maximal ΔpH was attained resulted in collapse of the pH gradient in vesicles from sweet limes, whereas no change in ΔpH was observed in vesicles from acid limes, indicating a less H+ permeable membrane. Vacuolar ATPases from both cultivars exhibited identical pH optima and showed similar Mg+2 dependence, but only the acid lime ATPase activity was inhibited by Ca+2. These data confirm that the vanadate-sensitive form of the V-ATPase found in lemon and acid limes is specific to hyperacidifying tissues rather than to citrus juice cells. Sweet lime vacuoles bear the classical V-ATPase also found in vegetative plant tissues.

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10

Yu, Yuan, Chunxian Chen, Ming Huang, Qibin Yu, Dongliang Du, Matthew R. Mattia, and Frederick G. Gmitter. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Citrus Germplasm with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 6 (November 2018): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04394-18.

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Citrus (Citrus sp.) germplasm collections are a valuable resource for citrus genetic breeding studies, and further utilization of the resource requires knowledge of their genotypic and phylogenetic relationships. Diverse citrus accessions, including citron (Citrus medica), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), pummelo (Citrus maxima), papeda (Papeda sp.), trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), kumquat (Fortunella sp.), and related species, have been housed at the Florida Citrus Arboretum, Winter Haven, FL, but the accessions in the collection have not been genotyped. In this study, a collection of 80 citrus accessions were genotyped using 1536 sweet orange–derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, to determine their SNP fingerprints and to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships, and thereby to test the efficiency of using the single genotype-derived SNP chip with relatively low cost for these analyses. Phylogenetic relationships among the 80 accessions were determined by multivariate analysis. A model-based clustering program detected five basic groups and revealed that C. maxima introgressions varied among mandarin cultivars and segregated in mandarin F1 progeny. In addition, reciprocal differences in C. maxima contributions were observed among citranges (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata vs. P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) and may be caused by the influence of cytoplasmic DNA and its effect on selection of cultivars. Inferred admixture structures of many secondary citrus species and important cultivars were confirmed or revealed, including ‘Bergamot’ sour orange (Citrus aurantium), ‘Kinkoji’ (C. reticulata × Citrus paradisi), ‘Hyuganatsu’ orange (Citrus tamurana), and palestine sweet lime (Citrus aurantifolia). The relatively inexpensive SNP array used in this study generated informative genotyping data and led to good consensus and correlations with previously published observations based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. The genotyping data and the phylogenetic results may facilitate further exploitation of interesting genotypes in the collection and additional understanding of phylogenetic relationships in citrus.

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11

Bernet, G. P., C. Margaix, J. Jacas, E. A. Carbonell, and M. J. Asins. "Genetic analysis of citrus leafminer susceptibility." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 110, no. 8 (April 16, 2005): 1393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-1943-6.

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12

Liu, Qiyan, Song Zhang, Shiqiang Mei, Yan Zhou, Jianhua Wang, Guan-Zhu Han, Lei Chen, Changyong Zhou, and Mengji Cao. "Viromics unveils extraordinary genetic diversity of the family Closteroviridae in wild citrus." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e1009751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009751.

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Our knowledge of citrus viruses is largely skewed toward virus pathology in cultivated orchards. Little is known about the virus diversity in wild citrus species. Here, we used a metatranscriptomics approach to characterize the virus diversity in a wild citrus habitat within the proposed center of the origin of citrus plants. We discovered a total of 44 virus isolates that could be classified into species Citrus tristeza virus and putative species citrus associated ampelovirus 1, citrus associated ampelovirus 2, and citrus virus B within the family Closteroviridae, providing important information to explore the factors facilitating outbreaks of citrus viruses and the evolutionary history of the family Closteroviridae. We found that frequent horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication, and alteration of expression strategy have shaped the genome complexity and diversification of the family Closteroviridae. Recombination frequently occurred among distinct Closteroviridae members, thereby facilitating the evolution of Closteroviridae. Given the potential emergence of similar wild-citrus-originated novel viruses as pathogens, the need for surveillance of their pathogenic and epidemiological characteristics is of utmost priority for global citrus production.

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13

Burns, Jacqueline K., Luis V. Pozo, Covadonga R. Arias, Brandon Hockema, Vidhya Rangaswamy, and Carol L. Bender. "Coronatine and Abscission in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 3 (May 2003): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.3.0309.

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Coronatine is a polyketide phytotoxin produced by several plant pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. The effect of coronatine on abscission in Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck `Hamlin' and `Valencia' orange fruit, leaves, fruitlets, and flowers was determined. Coronatine at 200 mg·L-1 significantly reduced fruit detachment force of mature fruit, and did not cause fruitlet or flower loss in `Valencia'. Cumulative leaf loss was 18% with coronatine treatment. Coronafacic acid or coronamic acid, precursors to coronatine in Pseudomonas syringae, did not cause mature fruit abscission. Ethylene production in mature fruit and leaves was stimulated by coronatine treatment, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) and 12-oxo-phytodienoate reductase (12-oxo-PDAR) gene expression was upregulated. A slight chlorosis developed in the canopy of whole trees sprayed with coronatine, and chlorophyll content was reduced relative to adjuvant-treated controls. Leaves formed after coronatine application were not chlorotic and had chlorophyll contents similar to controls. Comparison of coronatine to the abscission compounds methyl jasmonate, 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-pyrazole and ethephon indicated differences in ethylene production and ACO and 12-oxo-PDAR gene expression between treatments. Leaf loss, chlorophyll reduction and low coronatine yield during fermentation must be overcome for coronatine to be seriously considered as an abscission material for citrus.

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14

Lea-Cox, John D., and James P. Syvertsen. "Nitrogen Uptake by Citrus Leaves." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 3 (May 1995): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.3.505.

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We studied whether foliar-applied N uptake from a single application of low-biuret N-urea or K NO to citrus leaves was affected by N source, leaf age, or whole-shoot N content. In a glasshouse experiment using potted 18-month-old Citrus paradisi (L.) `Redblush' grapefruit trees grown in full sun, 2- and 6-month-old leaves on single shoots were dipped into a 11.2 g N/liter (1.776% atom excess N-urea) solution with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-77. Two entire trees were harvested 1.5,6,24, and 48 hours after N application. Uptake of N per unit leaf area was 1.6- to 6-fold greater for 2-month-old leaves than for older leaves. The largest proportion of N remained in the treated leaf, although there was some acropetal movement to shoot tips. In a second experiment, 11.2 g N/liter (3.78% atom excess) urea-15N and 3.4 g N/titer (4.92% atom excess) KNO solutions of comparable osmotic potential were applied to 8-week-old leaves on 5-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit field-grown trees of differing N status. Twenty-four percent of the applied N-urea was taken up after 1 hour and 54% after 48 hours. On average, only 3% and 8% of the K NO was taken up after 1 and 48 hours, respectively. Urea increased leaf N concentration by 2.2 mg N/g or 7.5% of total leaf N after 48 hours compared to a 0.5 mg N/g increase (1.8% of total leaf N) for KNO. Foliar uptake of N from urea, however, decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing total shoot N content after 48 hours (r = 0.57).

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15

Marin, M. L., and N. Duran-Vila. "Conservation of Citrus Germplasm in Vitro." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 4 (July 1991): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.4.740.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of in vitro techniques for genetic conservation of citrus. A tissue culture system was developed using explants of juvenile `Pineapple' sweet orange. It consisted of: a) establishment of primary cultures from nodal stem segments followed by the recovery of plants in vitro; and b) successive cycles of secondary cultures consisting of the culture of nodal stem segments from in vitro-grown plants, rooting of shoots obtained from nodal stem segments, and recovery of whole plantlets. Two parameters, K and K', based on the multiplication factors of the different stages of primary and secondary cultures are proposed to monitor the system as a potential tool for genetic conservation of citrus. The system also can be successfully used for the conservation of juvenile tissues of two sweet orange varieties [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Mexican lime [C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing.], and `Eureka' lemon [C. limon (L.) Burro. f.]. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA); α- naphtbaleneacetic acid (NAA).

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16

Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Marinês Bastianel, Eliane C. Locali-Fabris, Valdenice M. Novelli, Ana Carla Silva-Pinhati, Ana Carolina Basílio-Palmieri, Maria Luisa P. N. Targon, and Marcos A. Machado. "Differentially expressed stress-related genes in the compatible citrus-Citrus leprosis virus interaction." Genetics and Molecular Biology 30, no. 3 suppl (2007): 980–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572007000500026.

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17

Jude W. Grosser, Frederick G. Gmitter Jr., Manjul Dutt, Milica Calovic, Paul Ling, and Bill Castle. "HIGHLIGHTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, CITRUS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER'S COMPREHENSIVE CITRUS BREEDING AND GENETICS PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1065 (January 2015): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1065.50.

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18

Zou, Xiuping, Meixia Du, Yunuo Liu, Liu Wu, Lanzhen Xu, Qin Long, Aihong Peng, Yongrui He, Maxuel Andrade, and Shanchun Chen. "CsLOB1 regulates susceptibility to citrus canker through promoting cell proliferation in citrus." Plant Journal 106, no. 4 (March 23, 2021): 1039–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15217.

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19

Taylor, K. C., and H. L. Geitzenauer. "5-kD Zinc-binding Protein Accumulation in Macrophylla-decline-affected Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 3 (May 1998): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.3.357.

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Macrophylla-decline (MD)-affected citrus display apparent nutrient deficiencies in a sectorial pattern within the citrus tree canopy. The status of several elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn) was assessed in MD and healthy citrus selected from the same citrus orchards. Leaf and phloem tissues were sampled from mature, reproductive trees. Levels of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn were unaffected by the disorder in leaf or phloem tissues. Zinc was diminished in the leaves of MD citrus, and elevated in the whole phloem tissue (2.57-fold on a dry mass basis). Calcium and Cu were sufficient, while Mg, Fe, and Mn were slightly diminished in the leaf tissue, but phloem levels of these elements were not significantly different from that present in the phloem of healthy trees. Since Zn appeared to be redistributed to the phloem tissue from the leaves, the accumulation of the phloem specific, 5-kD Zn-binding protein (ZBP) was assessed in Macrophylla decline trees relative to healthy trees. The 5-kD ZBP was 4.77-fold greater in the phloem of MD citrus relative to healthy. This appears to account for the 2.4-fold greater level of Zn (on a fresh mass basis) found in the crude phloem extracts of the decline-affected citrus relative to healthy. In the purified ZBP fraction from decline-affected citrus, there was 4.73-fold greater Zn than in the ZBP purified from healthy. However, the ratios of Zn to ZBP were equivalent between MD citrus and healthy citrus, suggesting that phloem Zn accumulation in MD citrus is associated with the 5-kD ZBP.

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20

Tisserat, Brent, Danny Jones, and Paul D. Galletta. "Natural Branching in Citrus Juice Vesicles." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 6 (November 1988): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.6.957.

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Abstract Juice vesicles in several Citrus species and cultivars differentiate additional vesicle apex primordia. Four distinct types of juice vesicles were described and quantified in citrus fruits: solitary (single stalk/single vesicle body/single apex primordium), dual-tipped (single stalk/single vesicle body/dual apex primordia), multiple-tipped (single stalk/single vesicle body/multiple apex primordia) and branched (single-stalk/multiple vesicle bodies/multiple apex primordia). The type and frequency of branching varies considerably among species and within cultivars. Branching was found in grapefruit, mandarin, pummelo, and tangelo, but not in blood orange, citron, lemon, lime, navel orange, rough lemon, sour orange, sweet orange, Valencia orange, and several other species. ‘Kao Panne’ pummelo [Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Merrill] exhibited one of the highest rates of vesicle branching, with 72% of its vesicles exhibiting this condition. The average number of branching vesicles produced per stalk was 3.7 for this cultivar. The frequency of branching was below 50% in other branched groups (e.g., grapefruit, mandarin, and tangelo).

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21

Achor, D. S., H. Browning, and L. G. Albrigo. "Anatomical and Histochemical Effects of Feeding by Citrus Leafminer Larvae (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) in Citrus Leaves." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 6 (November 1997): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.6.829.

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Young expanding leaves of `Ambersweet' [Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata) × C. sinensis (L) Osb.] with feeding injury by third larval stage of citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) were examined by light and electron microscopy for extent of injury and tissue recovery over time. Results confirmed that injury is confined to the epidermal layer, leaving a thin covering over the mine tunnel that consisted of the cuticle and outer cell wall. Wound recovery consisted of two possible responses: the production of callus tissue or the formation of wound periderm. The production of callus tissue developed within 3 days of injury when the uninjured palisade or spongy parenchyma below the injured epidermis produced callus tissue through periclinal or diagonal cell divisions. After 1 month, the entire epidermis was replaced by callus tissue. In the absence of secondary microbial invasion, this callus tissue developed a thick cuticle, followed by development of a covering of platelet wax after 4 months. Alternatively, wound periderm formed if the outer cuticular covering was torn before the cuticle had developed sufficiently to prevent the exposed cells from being desiccated or invaded by fungi, bacteria, or other insects. The wound periderm consisted of a lignified layer of collapsed callus cells, a suberized phellem layer, and a multilayered phelloderm-phellogen. Since there were always cellular collapse or fungi and bacteria associated with wound periderm formation, it was determined to be a secondary effect, not a direct effect of leafminer feeding.

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22

Ahmad, Riaz, Darush Struss, and Stephen M. Southwick. "Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 4 (July 2003): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.4.0584.

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We evaluated the potential of microsatellite markers for use in Citrus genome analysis. Microsatellite loci were identified by screening enriched and nonenriched libraries developed from `Washington Navel' Citrus. Microsatellite-containing clones were sequenced and 26 specific PCR primers were selected for cross-species amplification and identification of cultivars/clones in Citrus. After an enrichment procedure, on average 69.9% of clones contained dinucleotide repeats (CA)n and (CT)n, in contrast to <25% of the clones that were identified as positive in hybridization screening of a nonenriched library. A library enriched for trinucleotide (CTT)n contained <15% of the clones with (CTT)n repeats. Repeat length for most of the dinucleotide microsatellites was in the range of 10 to 30 units. We observed that enrichment procedure pulled out more of the (CA)n repeats than (CT)n repeats from the Citrus genome. All microsatellites were polymorphic except one. No correlation was observed between the number of alleles and the number of microsatellite repeats. In total, 118 putative alleles were detected using 26 primer pairs. The number of putative alleles per primer pair ranged from one to nine with an average of 4.5. Microsatellite markers discriminated sweet oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) osb], mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.], and citrange (hybrids of trifoliate orange and sweet orange), at the species level, but individual cultivars/clones within sweet oranges, mandarins and grapefruit known to have evolved by somatic mutation remained undistinguishable. Since these microsatellite markers were conserved within different Citrus species, they could be used for linkage mapping, evolutionary and taxonomic study in Citrus.

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23

Bordignon, Rita, Herculano Penna Medina-Filho, Walter José Siqueira, and Joaquim Teófilo Sobrinho. "The genetics of tolerance to tristeza disease in citrus rootstocks." Genetics and Molecular Biology 27, no. 2 (2004): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572004000200013.

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Khalil, Ashraf T., Galal T. Maatooq, and Khalid A. El Sayed. "Limonoids from Citrus reticulata." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2003): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-3-403.

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The seeds of Citrus reticulata afforded the new limonoid derivative, isolimonexic acid methyl ether, in addition to the the previously isolated limonin, deacetylnomilin, obacunone and ichangin. The structure elucidation was achieved primarily through 1D and 2-D-NMR analyses. The marginal antimalarial activity of isolimonexic acid methyl ether is reported.

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Lyu, Shiheng, Ying Yu, Shirong Xu, Weiwei Cai, Guixin Chen, Jianjun Chen, Dongming Pan, and Wenqin She. "Identification of Appropriate Reference Genes for Normalizing miRNA Expression in Citrus Infected by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri." Genes 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010017.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is one of the most common methods used for quantification of miRNA expression, and the levels of expression are normalized by comparing with reference genes. Thus, the selection of reference genes is critically important for accurate quantification. The present study was intended to identify appropriate miRNA reference genes for normalizing the level of miRNA expression in Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus reticulata Blanco infected by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, which caused citrus canker disease. Five algorithms (Delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder) were used for screening reference genes, and two quantification approaches, poly(A) extension RT-qPCR and stem-loop RT-qPCR, were used to determine the most appropriate method for detecting expression patterns of miRNA. An overall comprehensive ranking output derived from the multi-algorithms showed that poly(A)-tailed miR162-3p/miR472 were the best reference gene combination for miRNA RT-qPCR normalization in citrus canker research. Candidate reference gene expression profiles determined by poly(A) RT-qPCR were more consistent in the two citrus species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic comparison of two miRNA quantification methods for evaluating reference genes. These results highlight the importance of rigorously assessing candidate reference genes and clarify some contradictory results in miRNA research on citrus.

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Catalano, Chiara, Angelo Ciacciulli, Fabrizio Salonia, Maria Patrizia Russo, Paola Caruso, Marco Caruso, Giuseppe Russo, Gaetano Distefano, and Concetta Licciardello. "Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Citrus and Related Genera." Genes 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070807.

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Background: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of Citrus and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: Citrus germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmentation of tissues never before considered, including stamen, style and stigma, and of young leaves, petals, rind and flesh of 28 genotypes belonging to 14 species. Citrus genotypes encompassed citron, lemon, sweet orange, lime, and Citrus relatives included Microcitrus, Murraya, and Severinia. A relative qRT-PCR analysis was carried out on the structural and regulatory genes: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3′-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl-transferase (UFGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Ruby and Noemi. Image analysis and a genomic approach were employed to evaluate how the red pigmentation is inherited among tissues and species. Results: Pigmentation of young leaves and petals is specific to citron and its hybrids. Ruby controls the pigmentation of petals, but not of leaves. The red color of the rind and flesh is a trait that particularly characterizes a diversity of sweet oranges, citron hybrids and Citrus relatives. Color expression depends on external factors and also on developmental stage. The coloration of stamen and style is citron-specific, while a red stigma is exclusive to Moro orange and its hybrids. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that there is a relationship among Citrus species and genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation.

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27

Tipu, Mohammad Monirul Hasan, MD Mashiur Rahman, Md Mynul Islam, Ferdous-E. Elahi, Raunak Jahan, and Md Rashidul Islam. "Citrus greening disease (HLB) on Citrus reticulata (Mandarin) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Bangladesh." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 112 (December 2020): 101558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2020.101558.

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28

Lewinsohn, Efraim, Lothar Britsch, Yehuda Mazur, and Jonathan Gressel. "Flavanone Glycoside Biosynthesis in Citrus." Plant Physiology 91, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.4.1323.

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29

Koch, Karen E., and Wayne T. Avigne. "Postphloem, Nonvascular Transfer in Citrus." Plant Physiology 93, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.93.4.1405.

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30

Jourdan, Pablo S., Elmar W. Weiler, and Richard L. Mansell. "Naringin Levels in Citrus Tissues." Plant Physiology 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.77.4.896.

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31

Jourdan, Pablo S., Cecilia A. McIntosh, and Richard L. Mansell. "Naringin Levels in Citrus Tissues." Plant Physiology 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.77.4.903.

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32

Gmitter, Frederick G., and Xubai Ling. "Embryogenesis in Vitro and Nonchimeric Tetraploid Plant Recovery from Undeveloped Citrus Ovules Treated with Colchicine." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 2 (March 1991): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.2.317.

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A method was developed to produce nonchimeric, autotetraploid Citrus plants via in vitro somatic embryogenesis in the presence of colchicine. Undeveloped ovules from immature fruit of `Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb.) and `Orlando' and `Minneola' tangelos (Citrus reticulata Blanco × Citrus × paradisi Macf.) were held on Murashige and Tucker medium with 500 mg malt extract/liter and 0.0090, 0.01%, or 0.10% colchicine for 21 days. Embryogenesis from tangelo ovules was suppressed by 0.10% colchicine, but no such effect was observed among sweet orange ovules. Colchicine treatments had no subsequent effect on embryo germination. The numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells showed that both tetraploid and diploid `Valencia' and `Orlando' plants were recovered from colchicine treatments. `Minneola' cultures produced only diploid plants. Tetraploid plant morphology was typical for Citrus tetraploids. Examination of chromosome numbers in root tip, shoot, and leaf meristems indicated that the regenerants were nonchimeric. Such nonchimeric tetraploids will be useful parents for interploid hybridization directed toward development of seedless triploid Citrus scion cultivars.

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33

MATSUURA, Yasushi. "Limit to the deesterification of citrus pectin by citrus pectinesterase." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 51, no. 6 (1987): 1675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.51.1675.

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34

Stover, Ed, Richard R. Stange, T. Gregory McCollum, Jesse Jaynes, Michael Irey, and Erik Mirkov. "Screening Antimicrobial Peptides In Vitro for Use in Developing Transgenic Citrus Resistant to Huanglongbing and Citrus Canker." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 2 (March 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.2.142.

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Huanglongbing {HLB [associated with Candidatus Liberibacter sp. (CLas)]} and asiatic citrus canker {ACC [causal organism Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (XCC)]} are bacterial diseases that seriously threaten sustainability of the Florida citrus (Citrus sp.) industry. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) are highly susceptible to ACC and improvement through conventional breeding is a long-term process, making transgenic solutions attractive. No strong HLB resistance has been identified within cultivated citrus scion types: creation of transgenic citrus that would permit economic citrus production where HLB is endemic is a high priority. Little is known about the HLB pathosystem and thus broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been the focus for current work, and identification of safe and effective transgenes is essential to our efforts. In vitro assessment of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 44 AMPs was conducted using Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens as surrogates for the unculturable CLas because they are closely related alpha proteobacteria (class Alphaproteobacteria). XCC is also a gram-negative bacterium and was included in these analyses in anticipation that HLB and ACC resistance can be achieved with the same AMP transgene if expressed using non-tissue-specific promoters. Twenty AMPs from diverse sources were initially tested. AMPs with the lowest MICs included tachyplesin I from horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus), SMAP-29 from sheep (Ovis aries), D4E1 and D2A21 (which are synthetic AMPs derived through evaluation of critical amino acid residues in AMPs, overall peptide structure, and AMP effectiveness), the human (Homo sapiens) LL-37, and the honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom AMP melittin. These AMPs inhibited growth of all three test bacterial species at 1 μM or less. An additional 20 synthetic AMPs were designed based on structures of the most effective AMPs and seven of these showed effectiveness at 1 μM or less across all three test bacteria. Most AMPs were comparable in effectiveness across the three bacterial species, but some species × AMP interactions were observed. Hemolytic activity was assessed by exposure of porcine erythrocytes (from Sus scrofa) to the AMPs. Hemolysis from most AMPs was not significantly different from water, whereas melittin was highly hemolytic.

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35

Nolte, Kurt D., Andrew D. Hanson, and Douglas A. Gage. "Proline Accumulation and Methylation to Proline Betaine in Citrus: Implications for Genetic Engineering of Stress Resistance." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.8.

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Proline and various betaines can function as osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants when accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells. Genetic engineering can raise levels of these compounds and thereby improve stress resistance; Citrus species are potential candidates for this. Before attempting such engineering, it is necessary to characterize the natural osmoprotectants of Citrus and related genera. We therefore surveyed 55 cultivated and wild species of the Aurantioideae, analyzing proline and betaines in leaves of mature trees. Some citrus relatives accumulated proline alone; others accumulated proline and proline betaine, as did all Citrus species studied. The levels of these two compounds ranged from about 20 to 100 μmol·g-1 dry mass, and were significantly inversely correlated. Proline betaine is known to be synthesized from proline and to be a better osmoprotectant. Because Citrus species all have more proline than proline betaine, there is scope for engineering more of the latter. Many species had small amounts of hydroxyproline betaine; other betaines were essentially absent. The lack of other betaines means that it would also be rational to engineer the accumulation of glycine betaine or similar compounds.

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36

Oliveira, Roberto Pedroso de, Carlos Ivan Aguilar-Vildoso, and Marcos Antônio Machado. "Selection processes in a citrus hybrid population using RAPD markers." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (November 2003): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2003001100007.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the processes of selection in a citrus hybrid population using segregation analysis of RAPD markers. The segregation of 123 RAPD markers between 'Cravo' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and 'Pêra' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was analysed in a F1 progeny of 94 hybrids. Genetic composition, diversity, heterozygosity, differences in chromosomal structure and the presence of deleterious recessive genes are discussed based on the segregation ratios obtained. A high percentage of markers had a skeweness of the 1:1 expected segregation ratio in the F1 population. Many markers showed a 3:1 segregation ratio in both varieties and 1:3 in 'Pêra' sweet orange, probably due to directional selection processes. The distribution analysis of the frequencies of the segregant markers in a hybrid population is a simple method which allows a better understanding of the genetics of citrus group.

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37

Chaturvedi, H. C., and A. K. Sharma. "Androgenesis in Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) swingle." Planta 165, no. 1 (1985): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392223.

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38

Trainin, Taly, Alexander Lipsky, Avraham A. Levy, and Doron Holland. "Prolonged Somatic Transposition in Citrus: The Autonomous Ac Transposable Element Remains Active in the Citrus Genome for Several Years." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 1 (January 2005): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.1.95.

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The maize transposable element Activator (Ac) has been shown to be active in a number of dicots, including arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.], tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). However, no information is available on somatic transposition in any plant during several years of growth and development. It is not known how transposition affects genetic variability among vegetative parts that have developed during a long period of growth. In order to explore the possibility of using somatic Ac transposition for gene tagging and mutagenesis in fruit trees, a derivative of the maize Ac transposable element was introduced into `Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Towns.) Conn.-mediated stable transformation. Genetically identical 4-year-old sibling trees were established by grafting one of the transformants on Troyer citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbec. × Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Ras.] rootstocks. We demonstrated that the Ac element was active upon transformation in citrus (Citrus L.) trees and that transposition can create genetic variability among tree siblings and among leaves collected from different parts of the same tree. Ac was still active among propagated plants 4 years after transformation, clearly indicating that it is capable of maintaining itself in citrus trees for a long period of time. The observation of different integration patterns in different parts of the same tree and within tree siblings originating from the same transformant suggests that an Ac-based mutagenesis system could be very useful in creating somatic mutations in citrus trees.

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39

Tan, Fui-Ching, and Stephen M. Swain. "Functional characterization of AP3, SOC1 and WUS homologues from citrus (Citrus sinensis)." Physiologia Plantarum 131, no. 3 (November 2007): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00971.x.

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40

Hartmond, Ulrich, Rongcai Yuan, Jacqueline K. Burns, Angela Grant, and Walter J. Kender. "Citrus Fruit Abscission Induced by Methyl-jasmonate." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 5 (September 2000): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.5.547.

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Methyl jasmonate (MJ) was tested as a potential abscission chemical to enhance mechanical harvest of `Hamlin' and `Valenica' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]. In field experiments, a solution of 1, 5, 10, 20, or 100 mm MJ was applied either as a stem wrap to individual fruit or as a spray to entire trees or canopy sectors. Solutions of 10, 20, and 100 mm MJ resulted in significant and consistent reduction of fruit detachment force and caused fruit drop within 7 to 10 days. Fruit loosening was preceded by an increase in the internal ethylene concentration of fruit similar to that of other experimental abscission compounds. While concentrations of 10 mm and less caused no or negligible phytotoxicity, solutions exceeding 10 mm MJ induced unacceptable levels of leaf abscission.

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41

Louzada, E. S., H. S. del Rio, D. Xia, and J. M. Moran-Mirabal. "Preparation and Fusion of Citrus sp. Microprotoplasts." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 4 (July 2002): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.4.484.

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Large-scale production of microprotoplasts from `Ruby Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and from the Citrus L. sp. relative Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr., was performed after treatment of suspension cells with APM. An average of 75.2% of the microprotoplasts contained a single chromosome, followed by 17.1% with two, 4.6% with three, and 2.0% with four. Only 1.1% had more than five chromosomes. Maximum chromosome number observed was eight and the average yield was 2 × 106 of total microprotoplasts per gram of suspension cells. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed low DNA content. The polyethylene glycol fusion method was used to fuse microprotoplasts from `Ruby Red' grapefruit with protoplasts of `Succari' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], and microprotoplasts from S. glutinosa with protoplasts from sour orange (C. aurantium L.). Embryos or suspension cells from the recipient species with a few additional chromosomes were obtained; however, embryogenesis of the fusion products was reduced or inhibited. Chemical name used: amiprophos-methyl (APM).

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42

Maust, B. E., and J. G. Williamson. "Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Citrus Nursery Plants." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (March 1994): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.195.

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Experiments were conducted with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) or Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedling rootstocks to determine minimum container solution N concentrations required for optimum growth and fertilizer uptake efficiency at various growth stages. Plants were fertigated daily with 1 liter of N solution at either 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 or 0, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 dissolved in a complete nutrient solution, respectively. Percentage of N in the mature plant tissues increased as N concentration in the medium solution increased. Shoot length and leaf area increased as N concentrations increased up to a critical concentration of 15 to 19 mg·liter-1. The critical N concentration for root, shoot, and total plant dry weight was ≈18 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Cleopatra mandarin nursery plants and 15 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Carrizo nursery plants. The critical N concentration for relative total plant dry weight accumulation (percentage) for the two experiments was 16.8 mg·liter-1. In a separate experiment, plants were given labeled fertilizer N (FN) (15NH415NO3) at one of five growth stages: A) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the third flush, B) immediately following the cessation of the third flush shoot extension but during leaf expansion, C) immediately following leaf expansion, D) before the fourth flush, or E) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the fourth flush. Labeled FN recovery increased during rapid shoot extension of the fourth scion flush compared to the other labeling periods. FN uptake per gram of total plant dry weight was greatest during rapid shoot extension (A and E) and lowest during the intermediate labeling periods (B-D). FN supplied 21% to 22% of the N required for new growth during rapid shoot extension.

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43

Garcia-Luis, A., F. Fornes, and J. L. Guardiola. "Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.222.

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The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.

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44

Petracek, Peter D., D. Frank Kelsey, and Craig Davis. "Response of Citrus Fruit to High-pressure Washing." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.661.

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The effect of high-pressure washing (HPW) on the surface morphology and physiology of citrus fruit was examined. Mature white (Citrus paradisi Macf. `Marsh') and red (Citrus paradisi Macf. `Ruby Red') grapefruit, oranges (Citrus sinensis L. `Hamlin'), and tangelos (Citrus reticulata Blanco × Citrus paradisi Macf. `Orlando') were washed on a roller brush bed and under a water spraying system for which water pressure was varied. Washing white grapefruit and oranges for 10 seconds under conventional low water pressure (345 kPa at cone nozzle) had little effect on peel wax fine structure. Washing fruit for 10 seconds under high water pressure (1380 or 2760 kPa at veejet nozzle) removed most epicuticular wax platelets from the surface as well as other surface debris such as sand grains. Despite the removal of epicuticular wax, HPW did not affect whole fruit mass loss or exchange of water, O2, or CO2 at the midsection of the fruit. Analysis of the effect of nozzle pressure (345, 1380, or 2760 kPa), period of exposure (10 or 60 seconds), and wax application on internal gas concentrations 18 hours after washing showed that increasing nozzle pressure increased internal CO2 concentrations while waxing increased internal ethylene and CO2 concentrations and decreased O2 concentrations. An apparent wound ethylene response was often elicited from fruit washed under high pressures (≥2070 kPa) or for long exposure times (≥30 seconds).

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45

Fang, D. Q., C. T. Federici, and M. L. Roose. "A High-Resolution Linkage Map of the Citrus Tristeza Virus Resistance Gene Region in Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf." Genetics 150, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.2.883.

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Abstract Resistance to citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was evaluated in 554 progeny of 10 populations derived from Poncirus trifoliata. A dominant gene (Ctv) controlled CTV resistance in P. trifoliata. Twenty-one dominant PCR-based DNA markers were identified as linked to Ctv by bulked segregant analysis. Of the 11 closest markers to Ctv, only 2 segregated in all populations. Ten of these markers were cloned and sequenced, and codominant RFLP markers were developed. Seven RFLP markers were then evaluated in 10 populations. Marker orders were consistent in all linkage maps based on data of single populations or on combined data of populations with similar segregation patterns. In a consensus map, the six closest marker loci spanned 5.3 cM of the Ctv region. Z16 cosegregated with Ctv. C19 and AD08 flanked Ctv at distances of 0.5 and 0.8 cM, respectively. These 3 markers were present as single copies in the Poncirus genome, and could be used directly for bacterial artificial chromosome library screening to initiate a walk toward Ctv. BLAST searches of the GenBank database revealed high sequence similarities between 2 markers and known plant disease resistance genes, indicating that a resistance gene cluster exists in the Ctv region in P. trifoliata.

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46

Killiny, Nabil, Faraj Hijaz, Scott J. Harper, and William O. Dawson. "Effects of Citrus tristeza closterovirus infection on phloem sap and released volatile organic compounds in Citrus macrophylla." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 98 (April 2017): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2017.03.003.

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47

Dentali, Steven J. "Comment on Citrus aurantium Minireview." Experimental Biology and Medicine 230, no. 2 (February 2005): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020523000203.

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48

Distefano, Gaetano, Giuseppina Las Casas, Stefano La Malfa, Alessandra Gentile, Eugenio Tribulato, and Maria Herrero. "Pollen Tube Behavior in Different Mandarin Hybrids." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 6 (November 2009): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.6.583.

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Seedlessness is an important trait in the evaluation of commercial mandarin for fresh consumption. However, in the last decade, the presence of seeds in fruit of cultivars considered as seedless has become a problem in different citrus-growing areas because the commercial value is depreciated. Seeds have appeared concomitantly with the introduction of new cultivars that appear to be cross-compatible. To overcome this problem, different strategies have been explored, but a definitive answer is still elusive. The search for alternatives contrasts with how little is known about the basis of the problem: the pollen-pistil incompatibility reaction in mandarin, and the intercompatibility relationship between different cultivars. In this work, we characterized the pollen-pistil incompatibility in the two commonly grown mandarin cultivars Fortune and Nova, and evaluated the intercompatibility relationship between six cultivars with different genetic origins; these cultivars included Fortune (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. × Citrus reticulata Blanco), Nova [(Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata) × C. clementina), Comune Clementine (C. clementina), Avana apireno (C. reticulata), Primosole (Citrus unshiu Marcov. × C. reticulata), and Simeto (C. unshiu × Citrus deliciosa Ten.). Following the controlled hand pollination in the field, we evaluated pollen tube performance after self- and cross-pollination, as well as intercultivar compatibility by observing pollen tube growth. The results show the self-incompatibility of these cultivars with the pollen tube having been arrested in the style, which explains their seedless condition when planted in solid blocks. The study of intercompatibility indicates a different pollen tube behavior depending on the genotype, as well as on the cross combinations. These results provide a basis to evaluate self- and intercompatibility in citrus, and the effect of close planting of some cultivars.

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49

Kijas, J. M. H., J. C. S. Fowler, and M. R. Thomas. "An evaluation of sequence tagged microsatellite site markers for genetic analysis within Citrus and related species." Genome 38, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-045.

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Microsatellites, also called sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMSs), have become important markers for genome analysis but are currently little studied in plants. To assess the value of STMSs for analysis within the Citrus plant species, two example STMSs were isolated from an intergeneric cross between rangpur lime (Citrus × limonia Osbeck) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.). Unique flanking primers were constructed for polymerase chain reaction amplification both within the test cross and across a broad range of citrus and related species. Both loci showed length variation between test cross parents with alleles segregating in a Mendelian fashion to progeny. Amplification across species showed the STMS flanking primers to be conserved in every genome tested. The traits of polymorphism, inheritance, and conservation across species mean that STMS markers are ideal for genome mapping within Citrus, which contains high levels of genetic variability.Key words: citrus, microsatellites, sequence-tagged site, STS.

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50

Duhan, Naveen, Manish Meshram, Cristian D. Loaiza, and Rakesh Kaundal. "citSATdb: Genome-Wide Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Marker Database of Citrus Species for Germplasm Characterization and Crop Improvement." Genes 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121486.

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Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are popular co-dominant markers that play an important role in crop improvement. To enhance genomic resources in general horticulture, we identified SSRs in the genomes of eight citrus species and characterized their frequency and distribution in different genomic regions. Citrus is the world’s most widely cultivated fruit crop. We have implemented a microsatellite database, citSATdb, having the highest number (~1,296,500) of putative SSR markers from the genus Citrus, represented by eight species. The database is based on a three-tier approach using MySQL, PHP, and Apache. The markers can be searched using multiple search parameters including chromosome/scaffold number(s), motif types, repeat nucleotides (1–6), SSR length, patterns of repeat motifs and chromosome/scaffold location. The cross-species transferability of selected markers can be checked using e-PCR. Further, the markers can be visualized using the Jbrowse feature. These markers can be used for distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) tests of variety identification, marker-assisted selection (MAS), gene discovery, QTL mapping, and germplasm characterization. citSATdb represents a comprehensive source of markers for developing/implementing new approaches for molecular breeding, required to enhance Citrus productivity. The potential polymorphic SSR markers identified by cross-species transferability could be used for genetic diversity and population distinction in other species.

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