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Xiao, Xu, Yaonan Wang y Yiming Jiang. "End-Effectors Developed for Citrus and Other Spherical Crops". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 15 (8 de agosto de 2022): 7945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157945.
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Citrus harvesting is time-intensive and labor-intensive, relying mainly on manual harvesting. The automatic harvesting of fruit and vegetable crops can not only reduce the physical labor of fruit farmers in the harsh field environment but also greatly improve the harvesting efficiency. Based on the principle of manual citrus picking, an end-effector with three-finger grasping is designed in this study. First, the structure of the end-effector was designed to achieve the function of stable grasping and effective cutting of citrus fruits, and then the working process and key parameters of the end-effector were explained in detail. Finally, a picking test was conducted without considering robot vision. The test results show that the end-effector has a picking success rate of 95.23% for citrus with a diameter of 30–100 mm and an average picking time of 4.65 s for a single fruit. This end-effector can realize the picking function for citrus of different sizes and shapes and has the advantages of high adaptability, stable gripping and no damage to the fruit.
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Hanif, Zainuri y Hasim Ashari. "Post-harvest losses of citrus fruits and perceptions of farmers in marketing decisions". E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602059.
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Citrus is a non-climacteric fruit that breaks easily. Poor postharvest handling methods have resulted in severe losses to farmers. This research was conducted in 2017 at Dau Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, using a purposive sampling method to understanding the losses of citrus fruits and perceptions of farmers in marketing decisions. A total of 177 citrus farmers participated in this study. Citrus farmers experienced food loss and waste is 34% in total all activity. From the value chain activities carried out by most citrus farmers: production and harvesting, handling and storage, processing, and packaging, as well as distribution and markets, farmers experience food loss and waste of 13%, 10%, 4%, and 7% respectively. Postharvest losses were influenced by farmers' perceptions of selling citrus fruits, especially prices, cash payments and the frequency of delivery of citrus fruits. By knowing the critical point most detrimental, farmers can take action to minimize losses.
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Deng, Jianxun. "Analysis and Recognition Based on Citrus Color Grading Model considering Computer Vision Technology". Advances in Multimedia 2021 (8 de diciembre de 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6426163.
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With the continuous advancement of smart agriculture, the introduction of robots for intelligent harvesting in modern agriculture is one of the crucial methods for the picking of fruits, vegetables, and melons. In this paper, three different illuminations, including front lighting, normal lighting, and back lighting, are first applied to citrus based on the computer vision technology. Secondly, the image data of the fruits, fruit stems, and leaves of the citrus are collected. The color component distributions of citrus based on different color models are analyzed according to the corresponding characteristic values, and an exploratory data analysis process for the image data of citrus is established. In addition, 300 citrus images are selected, and the citrus fruits are segmented from the background through the simulation experiment. The results of the study indicate that the recognition rate for the maturity of citrus has exceeded 98%, which has proved the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.
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Ortiz, Coral, Antonio Torregrosa y Sergio Castro-García. "Citrus Fruit Movement Assessment Related to Fruit Damage during Harvesting with an Experimental Low-Frequency–High-Amplitude Device". Agronomy 12, n.º 6 (31 de mayo de 2022): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061337.
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The profitability of fresh citrus crops outlines the possibility of using mechanical systems to reduce the high cost of the manual harvesting operation. In this line, an experimental light shaker with low frequency and high amplitude and a hydraulic arm was developed. This device had been successfully used for harvesting ornamental citrus trees. In previous studies, it was proven that the removal percentage was adequate, but the percentage of slightly damaged fruit increased compared to a traditional fruit trunk shaker. Visualizing the fruit movements in high-speed video recording images during harvesting, a higher impact level was observed due to the higher amplitude. The aim of this study was to analyze the fruit movement during the vibration with the experimental shaker compared to the movement when vibrating with an orchard tractor mounted trunk shaker related to the increase of slightly damaged fruit when using the experimental shaker. Fruit movement parameters (fruit distance, fruit displacement, speed and acceleration) when using the two harvesting systems (experimental shaker and trunk shaker) were compared analyzing the high-speed video recordings. Results showed that the higher vibration amplitude produced a maximum distance experienced by the fruits (maximum displacement of 0.135 m with the experimental shaker compared to 0.078 m with the trunk shaker) that could cause a higher damage level (74% of slightly damaged fruits using the experiemntal shaker compared to 14% using the trunk shaker).
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Lu, Jun, Nong Sang, Ren Yuan Liang y Lin Chai. "Detection Citrus Fruits with Shadow within Tree Canopy by Image Fusion Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (septiembre de 2013): 1330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1330.
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In order to guide the robots for harvesting citrus fruits, method based on normalized RGB model and chromatic aberration map was developed to detect citrus fruits with shadow within tree canopy. Several images of natural citrus-grove scene were photoed, and the color properties of target objects were analyzed. A rule for segmenting citrus fruits from background was put forward by fusing the segmented results of the normalized R channel map and the chromatic aberration map of R and B channels. The results show that the fruits with shadow can be detected integrally using the proposed method.
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Chen, Hong, Greg McCollum, Elizabeth Baldwin y Jinhe Bai. "Impacts of Huanglongbing Symptom Severity on Fruit Detachment Force and Mechanical Properties of Sweet Oranges (Citrus sinensis)". HortScience 51, n.º 4 (abril de 2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.356.
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This study evaluated the effects of huanglongbing (HLB) symptom severity on fruit detachment force (FDF) and fruit mechanical properties in sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) as indicators of potential HLB-influenced preharvest fruit drop and postharvest damage and breakdown. FDF for fruit from HLB-asymptomatic trees (AS) was substantially greater than for fruits from HLB-symptomatic trees or branches. Fruit hardness, resilience, springiness, and cohesiveness values, measured by texture profile analysis (TPA), represent various aspects of fruit firmness and recovery capacity once compressed, and were lower in HLB-symptomatic fruits in comparison with AS fruits. On the other hand, puncture force, toughness, and deformation values, measured by a puncture test and representing peel toughness, were higher in HLB-symptomatic fruits than in the AS fruits. The results indicate that fruits from severely HLB-symptomatic sweet orange trees are more likely to have problems with preharvest fruit drop, and postharvest pressure damage and breakdown, but may have less puncture damage in harvesting, transportation, packing, and juice processing.
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FUJIOKA, Yoshihiro, Yohei SAITO y Masatsugu IRIBE. "Development of an assist robot for harvesting citrus fruits". Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2018 (2018): 1A1—C01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2018.1a1-c01.
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FUJIOKA, Yoshihiro, Yohei SAITO, Hiroki HOMMA y Masatsugu IRIBE. "Development of an assist robot for harvesting citrus fruits". Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 1A1—E07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.1a1-e07.
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FUJIOKA, Yoshihiro, Yohei SAITO, Hiroki HOMMA y Masatsugu IRIBE. "Development of an assist robot for harvesting citrus fruits". Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2020 (2020): 1P1—A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2020.1p1-a12.
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Kirinus, Marines Batalha Moreno, Keilor da Rosa Dorneles, Pricila Santos Silva, Caroline Farias Barreto, Roberto Pedroso Oliveira y Marcelo Barbosa Malgarim. "Application of chemical compounds during pre-harvesting to control post-harvesting green mold in citrus". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, n.º 4 (20 de mayo de 2021): 2135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2135.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of system-acquired resistance inducing compounds applied during the pre-harvest of ‘Navelina’ orange and ‘Ortanique’ tangor in controlling post-harvest disease caused by Penicillium digitatum. The products applied were acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM), imidacloprid (IMI), methyl jasmonate (MeJa), sodium selenite, potassium silicate, and thiamethoxam (TMT). Sterile distilled water was used as the control. The applications were administered 45, 30, and 15 days before harvesting. In 2015 and 2016, 840 fruits were randomly collected, and when they reached commercial maturation, they were sanitized, half were pierced with a needle in the equatorial region. The fruits were inoculated with a 10 μL spore suspension (1 × 106 conidia mL-1) of P. digitatum, in the equatorial region. The experiment was performed with three replicates, each comprising 10 fruits and repeated over two consecutive crop seasons. Disease incidence was evaluated on pierced (at 72 and 144 h after inoculation [hai]) and unperforated (at 360 hai) fruits. For pierced fruits, lesion expansion rate (rL), disease severity, expansion rate of sporulating area (rE), and sporulating area were evaluated. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the area under the sporulating area progress curve were calculated. Both cultivars were susceptible; however, the rL and rE had lower values for ‘Ortanique’. The tested products reduced the disease incidence in both cultivars. Potassium silicate reduced rL and rE, whereas sodium selenite reduced rE. The disease severity was reduced by potassium silicate, sodium selenite, and ASM. AUDPC was reduced by sodium selenite and potassium silicate treatments. Among the tested products, potassium silicate and sodium selenite applied during the pre-harvest of ‘Navelina’ orange and ‘Ortanique’ tangor had the highest reductions for disease incidence (ranging from 14% to 37%, respectively) and severity (60% and 70%, respectively), rE (50% for both compounds), and total sporulating area (55% and 56%, respectively), reducing the green mold in postharvested fruits caused by P. digitatum.
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Sriwichai, Trid, Taepin Junmahasathien, Phumon Sookwong, Nuttha Potapohn y Sarana Rose Sommano. "Evaluation of the Optimum Harvesting Maturity of Makhwaen Fruit for the Perfumery Industry". Agriculture 9, n.º 4 (17 de abril de 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040078.
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Harvesting makhwaen (Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f) fruits at the appropriate maturity is the key to ensure that the essential oil quality meets the need of consumers. In common practice, the fruits are usually harvested when their pericarps start to open and fruits are greenish-red in colour depending on the judgment of the farmers. This leads to inconsistencies in the essential oil quality. This research aims at characterising the aromatic profiles of makhwaen essential oil thereby for consumers to choose the quality that best fits their need and eventually identify the optimum harvesting index of the fruits. The effects of maturity states viz. 15, 36, 45 and 60 (MK15-60) days after fruiting on chemical and sensorial quality of the essential oil was evaluated. Fruit sizes ranged from ~3.3–3.7 mm and fruits appeared to dry initially when they reached 45 days. Essential oils were extracted from these fruits after they had been oven dried (60 °C) to the same moisture content, about 10%. The chemical profiles of the essential oil were different. L-limonene and sabinene were evaluated as key components for good quality essential oil and they were found to be higher in MK45 and MK60 (max = 139.04 µg·mL−1 and max = 146.27 respectively). NIR spectral patterns of pure extracted oil for every different harvesting time (of every different harvesting time of MK60 and MK36) were similar. Sensorial descriptive analysis by semi-trained panellists defined six terms for characteristics (woody, citrus, herb, sweet, pine and spice). The panels provided the highest rating score (15 numeric scale) of citrus and pine scents at MK45, while sweet and woody aromas were the highest at MK15. The spice scent was maximum when the fruits were harvested at 36 days after fruiting. From this study we suggest that the optimum harvesting index for the distinctive aroma of essential oil ought to be at late harvesting (45–60 days after fruiting). The findings contribute to our understanding of the harvesting maturity, which can also provide significant benefit for the perfumery industry, i.e., the optimum harvesting stage that imparts the essential oil with highest quality.
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Torregrosa, Antonio, José María Molina, Montano Pérez, Enrique Ortí, Pilar Xamani y Coral Ortiz. "Mechanical Harvesting of Ornamental Citrus Trees in Valencia, Spain". Agronomy 9, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120827.
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Citrus trees are used as ornamental plants in several Spanish cities. They give a nice color to the streets and a nice scent in the flowering stage, but when the fruits fall, they dirty the roads and pavements, and can cause accidents; this is the reason why gardeners must detach and collect the fruits. This task is being done manually, but it is quite inefficient and expensive. In this study, three types of machines have been used to mechanize this task: a trunk shaker with umbrella, a trunk shaker hitched to an orchard tractor, and an experimental smaller sized shaker that can be attached to small and pedestrian tractors. The shaking patterns used by each equipment, detachment percentages, mobility constraints, and tree damage have been measured, and reduction costs have been estimated. After three years of study, the system has been fully accepted by both gardeners and citizens.
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Morelli, Marilia, Fernando Alves de Azevedo, Ana Julia Borim de Souza, Rodrigo Martinelli y Patrícia Marluci da Conceição. "Physiological Quality of Swingle Citrumelo Seed after Refrigerated Storage of Fruits and Seeds". Agriculture 11, n.º 12 (9 de diciembre de 2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121243.
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For citrus, there is no definition of the ideal fruit harvesting point for seed extraction. Some studies have shown the positive effect of postharvest refrigerated storage of fruits to obtain quality seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the fruit maturation stage on the germination of Swingle citrumelo (CS) seeds after the refrigerated storage of fruits and seeds. CS fruits were harvested at 180 days after anthesis (DAA); 210 DAA and 240 DAA. Fruits and seeds were stored in cold chamber for 0, 15, 30, and 45 days. Physicochemical analyses were performed on fruits (colour, soluble solids, acidity and ratio) and seeds (water content, germination, and emergence). Germination of seeds extracted from fruits harvested at 180, 210, and 240 DAA, without refrigerated storage, showed a positive correlation with colour index. The refrigerated storage of fruits and seeds extracted from fruits harvested at 210 DAA, increased the seed germination rate. Peel colour (IC) was correlated positively with the germination of Swingle citrumelo seeds. The results of this study revealed that the absence of refrigerated storage, harvesting Swingle citrumelo fruits, with ripe characteristics (end of harvest), results in a high seed germination rate. On the other hand, refrigerated storage of fruits and seeds extracted from fruits harvested at mid-harvest increases the seed germination rate.
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Liu, Xiaoyu, Guo Li, Wenkang Chen, Binghao Liu, Ming Chen y Shenglian Lu. "Detection of Dense Citrus Fruits by Combining Coordinated Attention and Cross-Scale Connection with Weighted Feature Fusion". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 13 (29 de junio de 2022): 6600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136600.
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The accuracy detection of individual citrus fruits in a citrus orchard environments is one of the key steps in realizing precision agriculture applications such as yield estimation, fruit thinning, and mechanical harvesting. This study proposes an improved object detection YOLOv5 model to achieve accurate the identification and counting of citrus fruits in an orchard environment. First, the latest visual attention mechanism coordinated attention module (CA) was inserted into an improved backbone network to focus on fruit-dense regions to recognize small target fruits. Second, an efficient two-way cross-scale connection and weighted feature fusion BiFPN in the neck network were used to replace the PANet multiscale feature fusion network, giving effective feature corresponding weights to fully fuse the high-level and bottom-level features. Finally, the varifocal loss function was used to calculate the model loss for better model training results. The results of the experiments on four varieties of citrus trees showed that our improved model proposed to this study could effectively identify dense small citrus fruits. Specifically, the recognized AP (average precision) reached 98.4%, and the average recognition time was 0.019 s per image. Compared with the original YOLOv5 (including deferent variants of n, s, m, l, and x), the increase in the average accuracy precision of the improved YOLOv5 ranged from 7.5% to 0.8% while maintaining similar average inference time. Four different citrus varieties were also tested to evaluate the generalization performance of the improved model. The method can be further used as a part in a vision system to provide technical support for the real-time and accurate detection of multiple fruit targets during mechanical picking in citrus orchards.
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Deogirikar, A. A., P. U. Shahare, K. G. Dhande y R. V. Powar. "Development of manually operated sapota harvester". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 13, n.º 2 (15 de octubre de 2020): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/13.2/220-226.
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The manually operated PVC made citrus harvester is usually used by the sapota growers in Konkan region for harvesting the sapota fruits. It is very light in weight and easy to fix with bamboo or pipe. Though the penetration of the harvester in the plant canopy is better, finding and plucking out the fruit through it is difficult due to its visibility issue. As the harvester is made up of opaque PVC material, the fruits can not be seen through it when used beyond some angle of inclination with the ground. The fruits may get popped up out of the harvester at particular inclination. Due to this restrictions of the inclinations, the picker (person) may develop some strains in neck and shoulder. Considering this, a sapota harvester made up of 6 mm circular MS rod was developed with better visibility through it and to have better angle of inclination with horizontal (0 to 90O) for harvesting the fruits without letting it popped out of the harvester. A. The developed sapota harvester met the requirements and found comfortable for sapota harvesting. The picker (person) can operate the harvester at wide range of angle of inclination with the horizontal.
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Sari, Warsani Purnama. "Training on the Utilization of Citrus Fruits in Making Dodol to Improve the Welfare of Citrus Farmers in Lau Riman Village, Tanah Karo Regency". Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 3, n.º 1 (13 de febrero de 2020): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v3i1.813.
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Citrus fruit is one of the typical Indonesian fruits that is cheap and easy to obtain, as well as one of the daily dessert fruit of the community. One of the Citrus fruit producer locations in North Sumatra is Tanah Karo Regency, where the Citrus orchards are the main livelihood of the community. Citrus Fruit itself was developed in the era of 1990 in Tanah Karo which is able to eradicate poverty and improve the education of Tanah Karo youths. Lau Riman Village, Tiga Panah Sub-district, within +/- 17 km from Kabanjahe, is a producer of Citrus orchards in besides the Merek and Munthe areas. The Citrus orchard in Lau Riman Village surrounds the village with a total of approximately eighty eight Family Heads. Siamese honey citrus or Karo itself is known as a famous sweet citrus, has a sweet smell or aroma, rough citrus flesh, rind that is easy to peel and the appearance of the fruit is quite attractive. The purpose of Community Partnership Program activities is to assist partners in improving the skills and innovation of citrus to packaging technology so that it is expected to create economic independence and increase business income. Based on observations of partners, there are several problems encountered, including: 1) There is no innovation in citrus crop yields, 2) Conventional marketing that is only awaiting the arrival of buyers, 3) Skills and limited knowledge of the utilization of citrus crops. Specific targets in the Community Partnership Program activities that result; 1) Fruit Dodol innovation 2) Marketing Strategy 4) scientific articles published in ISSN journals. The method used to achieve the Community Partnership Program activity goals is the method of education, production training, and packaging and marketing assistance. This activity was carried out for citrus fruit farmers in Lau Riman Village, Tiga Panah Sub-district, Tanah Karo Regency, which is approximately 75 km from the University of Medan Area. The choice of location is because in the village there are communities that depend on the economic life of citrus farming and there has been no innovation to citrus fruits other than just planting, harvesting, and selling fresh citrus fruits.
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HAMAM, ATEF S., MAHMOUD E. EL-IRAQI, YOUSSEF F. SHARIBIM y TAHER R. AWAIS. "DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PICKING HEADS FOR CITRUS FRUITS HARVESTING". Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 89, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2011): 1545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2011.179529.
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Cubero, S., E. Moltó, A. Gutiérrez, N. Aleixos, O. García-Navarrete, F. Juste y J. Blasco. "Real-time inspection of fruit by computer vision on a mobile harvesting platform under field conditions". Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 6, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.6.2010.1.
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The best alternative for reducing citrus production costs is mechanization. Machine vision is a reliable technology for the automatic inspection of fresh fruits and vegetables that can be adapted to harvesting machines. In these, fruits can be inspected before sending them to the packinghouse and machine vision provides important information for subsequent processing and avoids spending further resources in non-marketable fruit. The present work describes a computer vision system installed on a harvesting machine developed jointly by IVIA and a Spanish enterprise. In this machine, hand pickers directly drop the fruit as they collect it, which results in an important increase of productivity. The machine vision system is placed over rollers in order to inspect the produce, and separate those that can be directly sent to the fresh market from those that do not meet minimal quality requirements but can be used by the processing industry, based on color, size and the presence of surface damages. The system was tested under field conditions.
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Ferreira, Marcos D., Augusto C. Sanchez, Oscar A. Braunbeck y Eduardo A. Santos. "HARVESTING FRUITS USING A MOBILE PLATFORM: A CASE STUDY APPLIED TO CITRUS". Engenharia Agrícola 38, n.º 2 (abril de 2018): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v38n2p293-299/2018.
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Morgan, Kelly T., Smita Barkataky, Davie Kadyampakeni, Robert Ebel y Fritz Roka. "Effects of Short-term Drought Stress and Mechanical Harvesting on Sweet Orange Tree Health, Water Uptake, and Yield". HortScience 49, n.º 6 (junio de 2014): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.6.835.
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One of the primary reasons for the slow adoption of mechanical harvesting by Florida citrus growers is the physical injuries associated with it, including loss of leaves, twigs, flowers, and young fruits, limb breakage, and injuries to the bark and root. However, it has been shown that well-managed trees are capable of tolerating defoliation, limb loss, and root and bark injury caused by mechanical harvesting. Irrigation management is one of the most crucial factors that influence citrus tree health. A multiple-year field study was conducted on ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees in a commercial citrus grove near Immokalee, FL, to determine the effect of initial tree canopy density and short-term drought stress on tree health, water uptake, and productivity of mechanically harvested trees. Three blocks were based on canopy density and overall appearance and indicated as low, moderate, and high canopy density. The experiment was laid in a split-plot design with four replications of six-tree plots of hand-harvested or mechanically harvested trees, taking drought stress or full irrigation as main treatments. The experimental design was repeated with trees in each plot of one of the three canopy density categories. After harvest, each six-tree plot was split into two three-tree subplots, where one subplot was drought-stressed and the other was fully irrigated. Harvesting was conducted in the Spring of 2010, 2011, and 2012 with the same experimental design and data collection procedures. The effects of short-term drought on water use and stem water potential were masked by heavy rains in Spring 2010 and thus no differences in the irrigation treatments were observed. In 2011 and 2012, stem water potential was unaffected by harvesting method. Water use was unaffected by harvesting method across the 3 years. Drought stress significantly increased pull force required to remove fruit and stem water potential after harvest. Although mechanically harvested trees lost leaf mass, with no rain before harvest, results from Spring 2011 and 2012 indicated that short-term drought stress had no effect on citrus leaf area irrespective of harvest method. Drought stress significantly increased fruit detachment force in low and moderate density but not in high-density trees resulting in increased force required to remove fruit from trees with moderate- to low-density canopies. Yield increased from 2010 to 2011 for mechanically harvested trees compared with hand-harvested for low-canopy density trees by 17% and moderate-canopy density trees by 8%, whereas high-density plots indicated similar yield after mechanical harvesting. Comparatively, yield in 2012 decreased in the low and moderate densities compared with yield in 2011 but increased in the high density by 14% and 53% in hand- and machine-harvested trees, respectively. Despite finding 2- to 3-fold more debris in the mechanically harvested trees than the hand-harvested trees, yields and other measured parameters were unaffected suggesting that mechanical harvesting of citrus trees did not have an adverse effect on growth and production of well-watered citrus trees.
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Ortiz, Coral, Antonio Torregrosa y Sergio Castro-García. "Comparison of a Lightweight Experimental Shaker and an Orchard Tractor Mounted Trunk Shaker for Fresh Market Citrus Harvesting". Agriculture 11, n.º 11 (4 de noviembre de 2021): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111092.
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A designed lightweight experimental shaker successfully used to collect ornamental oranges has been tested to harvest fresh market citrus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiency and operational times of this experimental device compared to an orchard trunk shaker. Three different collecting systems were studied. ‘Caracara’ citrus trees were tested. Removal efficiency, vibration parameters, fruit and tree damages, and fruit quality were measured. A high-speed camera was used to record operational times and determine cumulative removal percentage over vibration time. The canvases on the ground reduced the severe fruit damages but were not useful to protect against light damages. The experimental shaker produced a higher percentage of slightly damaged oranges. No significant differences in removal efficiency were found between the two harvesting systems. However, removal efficiency using the experimental device could be reduced by 40 percent and working time increase by more than 50 percent when access to the main branches was difficult. In agreement with previous results, the curve representing the branch cumulative removal percentage in time followed a sigmoidal pattern. A model was built showing that during the first 5 s more than 50 percent of the fruits were detached.
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Khatri, Shailendra, Shreemat Shrestha y Keshab Prasad Pokharel. "EVALUATION OF MANUAL FRUIT HARVESTERS AND STORABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF HARVESTED SWEET ORANGE UNDER ORDINARY ROOM STORAGE CONDITION". Sustainability in Food and Agriculture 2, n.º 2 (24 de mayo de 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/sfna.02.2021.84.91.
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Harvesting is considered as one of the crucial and critical activities in fruit production, handling and storage and market cycle. Traditional harvesting and post-harvest technique are responsible for deteriorating the fruit quality and shortening the postharvest shelf-life. Hand-picking by climbing tree, tree shaking and stick biting are most common practices for majority of the fruit orchards in Nepal that is risky, labour and time-intensive practices as well as affects market quality and nutritive value of the fruits. Therefore, there is a need for simple manual fruit harvesting tools suitable for smallholder farmers to replace the manual picking of citrus. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different available models of manual fruit harvester along with the evaluation of post-harvest quality (physiological loss of weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, acidity and rot incidence) and shelf-life assessment of those harvested fruits during storage under ordinary room condition for 26 days. Nine harvesting treatments were investigated as follows: a) Farmer practice-hand-picking (FPground), b) Farmer practice tree climbing (FPclimb), c) Hand-shaking of the tree branch (TS), d) Secateurs (SEground), e) Secateur + tree climb (SEClimb), f) Pole mounted cut and hold type picking shears (CH), g) Telescopic Long reach fruit picker (LRF), h) Fruit picker harvester with basket and cushion (PHB), i) Metal fruit picker with cotton bag (PC). The harvesting capacity of FPground, FPclimb, SEground, SEClimb, LRF, CH, PHB, PC and TS methods were 98.4±5.84, 57.52±12.43, 94.7±38.14, 49.05±5.73, 79.14±6.15, 75.08±12.44, 49.88±17.48, 52.27±11.47 and 63.12±22.27 kg/hr, respectively.. The harvesting output of CH and LRF type harvester was 29.03 (591 nos/hr) and 15.93% (531 nos/hr) higher than FPclimb practice (458 nos/hr) and that of PHB and PC method was 20.96 (362 nos/hr) and 6.11% (430 nos/hr) lower than FPclimb. Regarding storability characteristics, shelf-life was found better in SEground, SEClimb, CH, LRF than TS and FP practices.SE and CH method found effective in prolonging the average shelf-life and maintaining the quality of sweet orange compared to TS and FP. The button or calyx on the harvested fruit in SE, CH and LRF method help to control and delay the sap oozing, physiological loss of weight and lateral infection that maintain fruit firmness, prolong the shelf-life and minimize the fruit damage and rot incidence during ordinary storage. Based on our findings, hand-held secateur, cut and hold type harvester and long reach fruit picker (twist and turn) are recommended as appropriate harvesting tools for sweet orange fruit picking.
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Chen, Wenkang, Shenglian Lu, Binghao Liu, Guo Li y Tingting Qian. "Detecting Citrus in Orchard Environment by Using Improved YOLOv4". Scientific Programming 2020 (25 de noviembre de 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859237.
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Real-time detection of fruits in orchard environments is one of crucial techniques for many precision agriculture applications, including yield estimation and automatic harvesting. Due to the complex conditions, such as different growth periods and occlusion among leaves and fruits, detecting fruits in natural environments is a considerable challenge. A rapid citrus recognition method by improving the state-of-the-art You Only Look Once version 4 (YOLOv4) detector is proposed in this paper. Kinect V2 camera was used to collect RGB images of citrus trees. The Canopy algorithm and the K-Means++ algorithm were then used to automatically select the number and size of the prior frames from these RGB images. An improved YOLOv4 network structure was proposed to better detect smaller citrus under complex backgrounds. Finally, the trained network model was used for sparse training, pruning unimportant channels or network layers in the network, and fine-tuning the parameters of the pruned model to restore some of the recognition accuracy. The experimental results show that the improved YOLOv4 detector works well for detecting different growth periods of citrus in a natural environment, with an average increase in accuracy of 3.15% (from 92.89% to 96.04%). This result is superior to the original YOLOv4, YOLOv3, and Faster R-CNN. The average detection time of this model is 0.06 s per frame at 1920 × 1080 resolution. The proposed method is suitable for the rapid detection of the type and location of citrus in natural environments and can be applied to the application of citrus picking and yield evaluation in actual orchards.
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Xu, Fangjie, Haishan An, Jiaying Zhang, Zhihong Xu y Fei Jiang. "Effects of Fruit Load on Sugar/Acid Quality and Puffiness of Delayed-Harvest Citrus". Horticulturae 7, n.º 7 (10 de julio de 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070189.
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Delayed harvesting technology is believed to improve the citrus fruit flavor, but improper tree fruit load under delayed harvest might cause puffiness and reduce fruit quality. In order to find out an optimum tree fruit load level to obtain better flavor quality as well as reduce puffiness in delayed-harvest citrus under protected cultivation, experiments were conducted in the present study between 2019 and 2020 to determine the effect of different fruit loads and fruit-bearing per single branch on the soluble sugars and organic acids metabolism in the peel and flesh, the anatomical structure of the matured fruit peel, and fruit texture-related indexes. The results suggested significant negative correlations between leaf N level and flesh sucrose and glucose contents, and between branch P level and flesh citric acid contents; no significant correlation between NPK levels and flesh texture; relatively lower leaf N and branch P under relatively higher load can increase flesh sucrose and glucose accumulation and slow down citric acid degradation to the greater extent, thus optimizing the sugar/acid ratio of fruits during delayed harvest. The lignification of parenchyma cells closely around peel secretory cavities due to ascorbic acid deficiency might be the primary cause for puffiness under low-load treatments.
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Hervalejo, Aurea, Juan M. Arjona-López, José L. Ordóñez-Díaz, Estefanía Romero-Rodríguez, Rocío Calero-Velázquez, José M. Moreno-Rojas y Francisco J. Arenas-Arenas. "Influence of Harvesting Season on Morphological and Sensory Quality, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Three Late-Season Orange Cultivars ‘Barberina’, ‘Valencia Midknight’ and ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’". Agronomy 11, n.º 4 (2 de abril de 2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040673.
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The genus Citrus amounts to one of the most relevant fruit crops in the world. This work assays overall fruit quality information in order to ascertain the optimal harvest timing of three late-season orange cultivars (‘Barberina’, ‘Valencia Midknight’ and ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’) during two consecutive growing seasons. Thus, morphological and physicochemical parameters, organic acids, polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) were analyzed. ‘Barberina’ yielded the highest morphological (large and heavy fruits, albeit with lower fruit color index) and physicochemical (high juice content and intermediate but optimal acidity) fruit quality, with April providing the optimal harvest timing. By contrast, ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’ offered the smallest fruits, while ‘Valencia Midknight’ reported the lowest physicochemical juice quality (low juice content and earlier sensory depreciation). Nevertheless, both ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’ and ‘Valencia Midknight’ had higher functional quality than ‘Barberina’, which could be interesting for the industry in terms of obtaining higher added value products. Thus, ‘Valencia Midknight’ fruits recorded the highest organic acids concentration, especially in citric acid, while ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’ fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid concentration. In addition, while March-April emerged as the optimal harvest timing in terms of the highest organic acids concentration and antioxidant activity, it was February the optimal harvest timing for polyphenols content. Finally, the 2017/2018 growing season proposed better response of color index, density, polyphenols and antioxidants, but lower results of total organic acids.
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Méndez, Valeriano, Antonio Pérez-Romero, Rubén Sola-Guirado, Antonio Miranda-Fuentes, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Antonio Zapata-Sierra y Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana. "In-Field Estimation of Orange Number and Size by 3D Laser Scanning". Agronomy 9, n.º 12 (13 de diciembre de 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120885.
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The estimation of fruit load of an orchard prior to harvest is useful for planning harvest logistics and trading decisions. The manual fruit counting and the determination of the harvesting capacity of the field results are expensive and time-consuming. The automatic counting of fruits and their geometry characterization with 3D LiDAR models can be an interesting alternative. Field research has been conducted in the province of Cordoba (Southern Spain) on 24 ‘Salustiana’ variety orange trees—Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck—(12 were pruned and 12 unpruned). Harvest size and the number of each fruit were registered. Likewise, the unitary weight of the fruits and their diameter were determined (N = 160). The orange trees were also modelled with 3D LiDAR with colour capture for their subsequent segmentation and fruit detection by using a K-means algorithm. In the case of pruned trees, a significant regression was obtained between the real and modelled fruit number (R2 = 0.63, p = 0.01). The opposite case occurred in the unpruned ones (p = 0.18) due to a leaf occlusion problem. The mean diameters proportioned by the algorithm (72.15 ± 22.62 mm) did not present significant differences (p = 0.35) with the ones measured on fruits (72.68 ± 5.728 mm). Even though the use of 3D LiDAR scans is time-consuming, the harvest size estimation obtained in this research is very accurate.
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Plá, F., F. Juste, F. Ferri y M. Vicens. "Colour segmentation based on a light reflection model to locate citrus fruits for robotic harvesting". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 9, n.º 1 (agosto de 1993): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1699(93)90029-z.
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Azevedo, Fernando Alves, Evandro Henrique Schinor, Patrícia Marluci Conceição, Camilla De Andrade Pacheco, José Dagoberto De Negri y Mariângela Cristofani-Yaly. "Physicochemical quality of early-maturing ‘Navel’ sweet oranges". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p35.
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The cultivation of new types of oranges can be a good alternative for citrus growers because there is a growing domestic market and good export prospects. Due to these expectations, it is essential to search for new cultivars for use in the fresh fruit industry. Therefore, the aim of this work was to physicochemically characterize the fruits of new cultivars of ‘Navel’ oranges, seeking alternatives with good characteristics, such as earliness, lack of seeds, good color and organoleptic characteristics desired by the consumer market. The fruits of five new cultivars of ‘Navel’ orange were evaluated, namely, ‘Bahia Valente’ (CN 28), ‘Golden Nugget Navel’ (CN 41), ‘‘Robertson Navel’’ (CN 39), ‘Washington Navel’ (CV 27) and ‘Washington Navel I’ (CN 34), during two harvest seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). The following physicochemical variables were quantified: mass, peel color, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and ratio. The cultivars studied were compared to the commercial cultivar ‘Bahia Cabula’ (CV 25). The new cultivars produced fruit with standards that met consumer expectations, with fruit mass suitable for sale of the fresh fruit, good yield juice and early maturation (March), which enables harvesting ‘Bahia Cabula’ in the off-season period. Thus, it is concluded that there are navel orange cultivars with acceptable physicochemical qualities and early maturation.
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Obayelu, Oluwakemi Adeola, David Olusegun Dairo y Olukemi Olumuyiwa Olowe. "What Factors Explain Postharvest Losses of Orange Fruit (Citrus sinensis) from Farm to Fork in the Tropics?" Agricultura 19, n.º 1 (19 de junio de 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/agricultura.19.1.7-15.2022.
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Demand for citrus fruit has increased over the years in Nigeria. However, post-harvest loss of tropical fruits is high in developing nations owing to poor handling and storage facilities along the supply chain. The study therefore assessed levels and correlates of postharvest losses of fresh oranges along the orange supply chain. Primary data collected from marketers and producers of orange were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordered logit. Orange farming was dominated by male (68.4%) while orange marketing was dominated by females. Most of the producers (63.16%) and wholesalers (65.38%) experienced postharvest loss of 6-10%, while 46.79% of the retailers experience a postharvest loss of less than 5%. Being a male farmer that harvested oranges in the afternoon increased the likelihood of postharvest losses among the farmers while having a large household size reduced it. However, education, smallholding marketing and use of storage facilities reduced the likelihood of postharvest loss among orange marketers. Postharvest training for farmers and marketers on fruit harvesting and storage methods will help to minimise postharvest loss from producers to retailers.
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B. S. Lee y U. A. Rosa. "Development of a Canopy Volume Reduction Technique for Easy Assessment and Harvesting of Valencia Citrus Fruits". Transactions of the ASABE 49, n.º 6 (2006): 1695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22286.
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da Silva-de Paula, Michele Corpolato Maia, Deived Uilian de Carvalho, Maria Aparecida da Cruz, Talita Vigo Longhi, Zuleide Hissano Tazima, Franklin Behlau, Sérgio Alves de Carvalho y Rui Pereira Leite. "Agronomic Performance of Sweet Orange Genotypes under the Brazilian Humid Subtropical Climate". Horticulturae 8, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030254.
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The diversification of Citrus spp. orchards, for both scion and rootstock genotypes, is essential to prevent outbreaks of insects and diseases, improve yield and fruit quality, and extend harvesting and industrial juice processing. Furthermore, this enables growers to obtain higher off-season profits. Citrus plantings were prohibited in most regions of the state of Paraná in the past due to the spread of citrus canker disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of distinct early- and mid-season sweet orange cultivars (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) regarding vegetative growth, fruit quality, and yield under the Brazilian humid subtropical climate in order to select new alternatives of sweet orange for the industrial and fresh fruit markets. The experimental orchard was planted in 2012 with 15 sweet orange cultivars (early-maturing: Bahia Cabula, Diva, Cadenera, Marrs, Midsweet, Paulista, Rubi, and Westin; mid-season maturing: Berna Peret, Jaffa, Khalily White, Fukuhara, Seleta do Rio, Seleta Tardia, and Shamouti) grafted on Rangpur lime (C. limonia (L.) Osbeck). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates and five trees per plot, analyzed between each maturation group. Data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the early-season cultivars, Diva had the tallest trees with largest canopy diameter and volume, differing from Marrs, which had the smallest trees. Shamouti and Khalily White trees were greatly different from all other mid-season cultivars and produced low fruit load over the evaluated period. The early-season Midsweet scored the highest yield and technological index, similar to the mid-season Berna Peret, producing fruits of high juice quality. These genotypes are more effective under the current situation faced by the citrus industry, as the economic life of orchards has been reduced due huanglongbing (HLB). Altogether, Midsweet and Berna Peret genotypes, previously reported as being less susceptible to citrus canker under the same soil–climate condition, are precocious and exhibit higher agronomic potential to be planted in humid subtropical climates, including Brazil and other similar areas around the world.
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Liu, Tian-Hu, Reza Ehsani, Arash Toudeshki, Xiang-Jun Zou y Hong-Jun Wang. "Experimental Study of Vibrational Acceleration Spread and Comparison Using Three Citrus Canopy Shaker Shaking Tines". Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9827926.
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The goal of this article is to experimentally study how the vibrational acceleration spreads along the branch shaken by PVC tine, steel tine, and nylon tine for citrus canopy shaking harvesting and to compare the difference. PVC tine and steel tine have potential to be used as shaking rod for citrus canopy shaking harvesting. Nylon tine is a commonly used shaking rod. A tractor-mounted canopy shaker was developed to do the trial. The shaking frequency was set at 2.5 and 5 Hz. Experimental results showed that the vibrational acceleration at the shaking spot is not the highest. Spreading from shaking spot to the stem, it increases evidently. When spreading from stems of the outside subbranch to stems of the nearest inside subbranch, its average decrease percentage is 42%. The overall vibrational acceleration of shaking at 5 Hz is 1.85 times as high as shaking at 2.5 Hz. The overall vibrational acceleration exerted by straight PVC tine and steel tine is 1.77 and 1.97 times as high as that exerted by straight nylon tine, respectively. It is indicated that replacing nylon tine with steel tine or PVC tine helps remove the fruits inside the canopy. Replacing with steel tine is more effective than with PVC tine.
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Lestari, Dian Indah, Retno Purwandari y Alfid Tri Afandi. "Description of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work Position in Citrus Farmers at Sukoreno Village, Umbulsari District, Jember". Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan (Journal of Nursing Science) 9, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jik.2021.009.01.3.
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Musculoskeletal disorder has related to ergonomics. Musculoskeletal disorders are caused by the habit of working position of farmers in carrying out their activities such as lifting or carrying heavy loads, doing repetitive movements and habits of wrong positions at work. The study purposed to identify the percentage of musculoskkeletal disorders and work position on citrus farmers in Sukoreno village, Umbulsari district, Jember. This study used a quantitative approach with 116 farmers using simple random sampling method. The questionnaire used in this study was the Nordic body map to determine musculoskeletal disorders and the Upper Extermity Work Demand Scale Revision (UEWD-R) to determine the habits of farmer's work position. The results showed that 60 farmers (51.7%) had high levels of musculoskeletal disorders and work position when harvesting citrus fruits had the highest average of 70.95% with a maximum value of 24. musculoskeletal disorders felt by Citrus farmers were caused by the work done manually with a long duration of time and requires excessive physical ability so that the impact of muscles that contract during work will caused pain in some of limbs.
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Dewi, Karina Citra, Gusti Rusmayadi y Dewi Erika Adriani. "HUBUNGAN TEKNIS AGRONOMI PELIBURAN TANAMAN JERUK SIAM BANJAR (Citrus reticulata) DENGAN WAKTU PEMATANGAN BUAH BERDASARKAN TIPE LUAPAN DI KABUPATEN BARITO KUALA". EnviroScienteae 17, n.º 2 (18 de septiembre de 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v17i2.11501.
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Peliburan is a term, that raised up the mud from the channels to the mound (called tukungan/guludan in local language) or raise beds as one of agronomic technics based on local indigenous of tidal swamplands farmers in South Kalimantan. Peliburan has many benefits for Siam Banjar citrus plant, namely creating a suitable microclimate so that it might be used to determine the appropriate time for ripening and harvesting of citrus fruits. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine the effect of peliburan on ripening time of Siam Banjar citrus fruit based on the type of overflow in Barito Kuala Regency, 2) Determine the joint or simultaneous effect, and partial effect of peliburan on ripening time of the Siam Banjar citrus fruit in Barito Kuala Regency 3) Determine the direct effect of peliburan on ripening time of Siam Banjar citrus fruit in Barito Kuala Regency. The recent study used survey and observation methods. The research location was chosen in purposive sampling method by considering the type of overflow and farmers as respondents in the selected villages with high productivity of Siam Banjar citrus. The study was conducted in four district in Barito Kuala Regency, namely Mandastana District, Belawang District, Cerbon District and Barambai District. The data analysis used to determine the effect of Peliburan was multiple regression analysis with a dummy variable consisted of 7 variables, namely X1 : time of peliburan, X2 : shape of peliburan, X3 : diameter of peliburan (cm), X4 : height of peliburan (cm), X5 : spacing between peliburan (population), X6 : age of peliburan (years) and X7 : Soil temperature (oC). The results showed that agronomic technics that is shape of peliburan, height of peliburan, spacing between peliburan and soil temperature had an effect on ripening time of Siam Banjar citrus fruit both at type A and type B overflow in Barito Kuala Regency. Simultaneously, all independent variables of peliburan had a significant linear relationship with the dependent variable that is ripening time of Siam Banjar citrus fruit in Barito Kuala Regency. Partially, at type A overflow, time of peliburan, diameter of peliburan, spacing between peliburan , height of peliburan, and soil temperature had a significant effect, whereas at type B overflow, time of peliburan, diameter of peliburan, height of peliburan, spacing between peliburan and age of peliburan had a significant effect on ripening time of Siam Banjar citrus fruit. The dominant direct effect of peliburan at type A and type B overflow was the soil temperature and height of peliburan.
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Nie, Zhengpeng, Chunpeng Wan, Chuying Chen y Jinyin Chen. "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Postharvest Antioxidant Capacity of Majiayou Pomelo Harvested at Different Maturities Based on PCA". Antioxidants 8, n.º 5 (17 de mayo de 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050136.
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Majiayou pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck, MP) is a famous local red pulp pomelo from the Jiangxi province in China that is rich in natural active substances. In order to investigate the postharvest antioxidant capacities of MP pulp and determine the optimal harvesting time, fruits that were harvested at three different maturities (185, 200, and 215 days after full bloom) were observed for 180 days of preservation at ambient temperature. An abundance of ascorbic acid and lycopene in the MP pulp was found during storage, and in Harvest I, these substances were significantly higher than in Harvest II and Harvest III fruit (p < 0.05). The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalases (CAT) in Harvest I and Harvest II were far higher after 90 days. The radical scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical (O2−•), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in Harvest I and Harvest II were higher. There was a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the antioxidant components (ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoids, total phenols, and total flavonoids), enzyme activity, and radical scavenging ability. The comprehensive scores determined by principal component analysis (PCA) in Harvest I and II were higher than those in Harvest III. Therefore, the optimal harvesting period of MP for each year is determined to be early November. The study provides a theoretical basis for the maintenance of the postharvest fruit value and the regulation of fruit functional components.
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Ahmed, Wassem, Rafa Azmat, Ayaz Mehmood, Rasheed Ahmed, M. Liaquat, Sami Ullah Khan, Abdul Qayyum y Shah Masauad Khan. "Comparison of storability and seasonal changes on new flavonoids, polyphenolic acids and terepene compounds of Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) cv. shamber through advance methods". Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 15, n.º 4 (12 de febrero de 2021): 2915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-00815-y.
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AbstractThe significance of grapefruit is laying in its unique medicinal values and health related compounds. This article discusses the influence of seasonal variations and storage periods on the synthesis and accumulation of new polyphenolic compounds, terpenes, flavonoids and sugars profiling of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) cv. shamber juice were evaluated under advance techniques. The individual sugar profiling of (total sugar, fructose, glucose and sucrose) individual phenolic acids and essential groups of terpene compounds measured at five harvesting times, from early to late stages and compare to storage days of (0, 15, 30, 35, 45 and 65). The higher contents of flavonoids were obtained in December harvested fruits while in comparison the 45 and 65 days the contents were reduced however in others days the contents were maintained the higher contents of Limonene, Quercetin, Perillyl alcohol and Monoterpenes were measured in December harvested fruits the 35 day of storage periods showed the constant contents of terpenes and little reduction of terepene at 45 and 65 days of storage. It may conclude that the mid date was best for good health fruits while the all of these compounds were present in higher amount at 35 day of storage.
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Torregrosa, A., C. Ortiz, B. Martin, R. Moreno, E. Moltó y P. Chueca. "MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF CITRUS FRUITS FOR FRESH MARKET WITH A TRUNK SHAKER AND A HAND-HELD PETROL SHAKER". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 965 (noviembre de 2012): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.965.3.
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Karetsos, Sotirios, Constantina Costopoulou, Nefeli Gourdomichali y Maria Ntaliani. "A Mobile App for Supporting Citrus Fruit Growers in Greece". Electronics 11, n.º 20 (17 de octubre de 2022): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203342.
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Crop management is a challenging and time-consuming task that involves many different data and farming activities. Data regarding the plots, the crop, and seasonal farming activities, are important for improving crop management for different cultivations. Specifically, citrus fruits are significant cultivations for Greece. Citrus cultivation is mainly practiced in small-sized, dispersed, family-owned plots and requires cumulative knowledge and experience regarding various activities. Such knowledge has to be easily registered and be made accessible ubiquitously, and should cover various activities for each plot, such as plowing, planting, pruning, spraying, irrigating, harvesting, and the purchase of agricultural supplies. Usually, farmers keep an archive of farming activities on paper, in a non-structured form, from which it is difficult and time consuming to retrieve and use information. The objective of this article is the deployment of a mobile app for citrus management that supports the recording and retrieving of farming data. The app design was based on the requirements of two hundred farmers and its implementation was based on the Android platform. The usability test evaluation shows that the app meets citrus farmers’ requirements. Limitations of this study include the small evaluation sample and the exclusive use of the Greek language. Future work focuses on the development of localized apps for specific crops, combined with other functionalities, such as location-based services, alerts, and cloud data storage, to help farmers with their specific needs in practice.
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NASCIMENTO, FÁDIA SAMARA SANTOS, VALTEMIR GONÇALVES RIBEIRO, DÉBORA COSTA BASTOS, JUCIENY FERREIRA DE SÁ y PEDRO HENRIQUE DIAS NASCIMENTO. "THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF CITRUS FRUITS GRAFTED ONTO ROOTSTOCKS IN THE LOW-MIDDLE REGION OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER BASIN". Revista Caatinga 31, n.º 2 (junio de 2018): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n209rc.
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ABSTRACT To understand the production cycle of a particular cultivar in a given region, it is necessary to obtain information related to its phenology and the accumulated degree days. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenological cycle of citrus species grafted onto two rootstocks and grown in the Low-Middle Region of the São Francisco River Basin, in particular with respect to accumulated degree days. The experiment was conducted using ‘Rubi’ and ‘Pera D-12’ oranges and ‘Page’ mandarins. Two rootstocks were used, namely ‘Cravo’ and ‘Volkameriano’ lemon species that were drip irrigated in the Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, an experimental field owned by Embrapa Semiárido. ‘Page’ mandarins with ‘Cravo’ or ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks exhibited a subperiod (0-10) of 183.32 and 181.24 days, respectively. Meanwhile, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with ‘Cravo’ rootstocks had values of 249.57 and 178.58 days, respectively, while those with ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks had values of 226.35 and 200.41 days, respectively. The accumulated degree days were measured from the initial sprouting to harvesting, which took place when the fruits presented a soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio equal to or greater than 12. ‘Page’ mandarins required 2,720 degree days, whereas ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges required approximately 3,390 and 2,280 degree days, respectively. Finally, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with either rootstock presented cycles characterized as mid-season and precocious, respectively, while ‘Page’ mandarins had precocious cycles.
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Darwin, Bini, Pamela Dharmaraj, Shajin Prince, Daniela Elena Popescu y Duraisamy Jude Hemanth. "Recognition of Bloom/Yield in Crop Images Using Deep Learning Models for Smart Agriculture: A Review". Agronomy 11, n.º 4 (27 de marzo de 2021): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040646.
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Precision agriculture is a crucial way to achieve greater yields by utilizing the natural deposits in a diverse environment. The yield of a crop may vary from year to year depending on the variations in climate, soil parameters and fertilizers used. Automation in the agricultural industry moderates the usage of resources and can increase the quality of food in the post-pandemic world. Agricultural robots have been developed for crop seeding, monitoring, weed control, pest management and harvesting. Physical counting of fruitlets, flowers or fruits at various phases of growth is labour intensive as well as an expensive procedure for crop yield estimation. Remote sensing technologies offer accuracy and reliability in crop yield prediction and estimation. The automation in image analysis with computer vision and deep learning models provides precise field and yield maps. In this review, it has been observed that the application of deep learning techniques has provided a better accuracy for smart farming. The crops taken for the study are fruits such as grapes, apples, citrus, tomatoes and vegetables such as sugarcane, corn, soybean, cucumber, maize, wheat. The research works which are carried out in this research paper are available as products for applications such as robot harvesting, weed detection and pest infestation. The methods which made use of conventional deep learning techniques have provided an average accuracy of 92.51%. This paper elucidates the diverse automation approaches for crop yield detection techniques with virtual analysis and classifier approaches. Technical hitches in the deep learning techniques have progressed with limitations and future investigations are also surveyed. This work highlights the machine vision and deep learning models which need to be explored for improving automated precision farming expressly during this pandemic.
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Huang, Wen-Shin, Hung-Yu Kuo, Shi-Yuan Tung y Han-Shen Chen. "Assessing Consumer Preferences for Suboptimal Food: Application of a Choice Experiment in Citrus Fruit Retail". Foods 10, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010015.
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Amid the trend of sustainable development, reducing food waste is a global concern and campaigns to reduce food waste have been launched. For example, the term “food sharing” has originated from Germany and promotes sharing food instead of wasting. “The Guerilla Kitchen”, which originated from Netherlands, is an organization that also promotes avoiding wasting food. Consequently, more and more people are paying attention on this issue and we think it is necessary to understand people’s acceptance of suboptimal food, as discarded suboptimal food represents a significant proportion of food waste. Additionally, at least one-third of the food globally produced each year is classified as suboptimal and cannot be sold in the market because of a poor appearance, damaged packaging, or near expiration date, thus presenting challenges for environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Previous studies on suboptimal food have focused more on appearances and packaging dates and less on investigating traceable agricultural and price discounts, which is where food classified as suboptimal entails a discount. Moreover, citrus product attributes such as appearance, size, freshness indicators, traceable agricultural products, and price discounts were determined in terms of consumer preference through pre-measurement here, then using a choice experiment method to clarify which attributes consumers care about most (N = 485 respondents). Conditional logistic regression and a random parameter logit model (RPL) are employed to examine the various properties of a marginal willingness to pay (WTP). RPL was also used to deduce the respondents’ choices based on differences in appearance and freshness indicator. The results showed that consumers place greater emphasis on the freshness indicators (harvesting/packaging date labels) and appearance of suboptimal citrus fruits but do not focus on the size. Consumers are willing to purchase citrus fruit with a flawed appearance, although the price needs to be reduced from the original price. Although suboptimal food does not reduce health, people may still not buy it and this result in food wastage. As a result, it is essential to increase awareness regarding suboptimal foods and reduce food waste to support sustainable development.
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Peet, M. M. "Fruit Cracking in Tomato". HortTechnology 2, n.º 2 (abril de 1992): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.2.216.
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The environmental and physiological causes of cracking or splitting of soft fruits and citrus as they ripen are not well understood. This paper explores factors contributing to radial cracking in tomatoes, gives suggestions for prevention of cracking, and suggests directions for future research. Fruit cracking occurs when there is a rapid net influx of water and solutes into the fruit at the same time that ripening or other factors reduce the strength and elasticity of the tomato skin. In the field, high soil moisture tensions suddenly lowered by irrigation or rains are the most frequent cause of fruit cracking. Low soil moisture tensions reduce the tensile strength of the skin and increase root pressure. In addition, during rain or overhead irrigation, water penetrates into the fruit through minute cracks or through the corky tissue around the stem scar. Increases in fruit temperature raise gas and hydrostatic pressures of the pulp on the skin, resulting in immediate cracking in ripe fruit or delayed cracking in green fruit. The delayed cracking occurs later in the ripening process when minute cracks expand to become visible. High light intensity may have a role in increasing cracking apart from its association with high temperatures. Under high light conditions, fruit soluble solids and fruit growth rates are higher. Both of these factors are sometimes associated with increased cracking. Anatomical characteristics of crack-susceptible cultivars are: 1) large fruit size, 2) low skin tensile strength and/or low skin extensibility at the turning to the pink stage of ripeness, 3) thin skin, 4) thin pericarp, 5) shallow cutin penetration, 6) few fruits per plant, and 7) fruit not shaded by foliage. Following cultural practices that result in uniform and relatively slow fruit growth offers some protection against fruit cracking. These practices include maintenance of constant soil moisture and good Ca nutrition, along with keeping irrigation on the low side. Cultural practices that reduce diurnal fruit temperature changes also may reduce cracking. In the field, these practices include maintaining vegetative cover. Greenhouse growers should maintain minimal day/night temperature differences and increase temperatures gradually from nighttime to daytime levels. For both field and greenhouse tomato growers, harvesting before the pink stage of ripeness and selection of crack-resistant cultivars probably offers the best protection against cracking. Areas for future research include developing environmental models to predict cracking and exploring the use of Ca and gibberellic acid (GA) sprays to prevent cracking.
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Vu D.K, O. Ya Solenaya y A. L. Ronzhin. "Over-view of robotic grippers for physical manipulation with agricultural products". Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, n.º 12 (15 de diciembre de 2017): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66363.
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An overview of agro-grips used to control weeds and harvesting is presented. The relevance of the study is justified by the possibility of improving the quality of fresh fruit and vegetable products, reducing production costs, decreasing the labor shortage by developing and introducing agricultural robots. The classification of the grippers, which are installed on robotic agricultural machines for manipulating fruits, weeds and other objects, is compiled. There are 22 types of grip depending on 6 selected criteria: drive type, the presence of the drive in the grip, the number of fingers, the type of grip movement, the type of mechanism, the type of sensors. In this classification, we mainly consider the characteristics of the gripper, which is installed at the end of the manipulator and is responsible for physical contact with the object. Therefore, the main attention is paid to problems requiring direct capture of objects by the agro robot. The problems of direct spraying of weeds or pruning of branches and leaves, in which manipulators also participate, but the objects of influence are not captured by the robot are mentioned. Examples of existing agricultural research robots equipped with combined grippers according to the proposed classification, referring to different types: vacuum gripper with a video camera for capturing tomatoes, six-finger pneumatic gripper with a video camera, a two-fingered gripper with pressure and collision sensors for picking up an apple, three-fingered capture with a video camera for capturing citrus fruits and others are shown. Further work will be devoted to the study of the problems of physical interaction of agro robots with processed objects, differing in weight, density, geometry, surface roughness and other parameters. The issue of joint interaction of a group of heterogeneous terrestrial and airborne robots in the performance of the target agrarian task in an autonomous mission will also be investigated.
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Suttisansanee, Uthaiwan, Parunya Thiyajai, Parisut Chalermchaiwat, Khanitha Wongwathanarat, Kanchana Pruesapan, Somsri Charoenkiatkul y Piya Temviriyanukul. "Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food". Plants 10, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2021): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081563.
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed the consumption of fruits and vegetables because they are rich in phytochemicals that sustainably ameliorate the occurrence of NCDs. Thai food contains many spices and vegetables with recognized health benefits. Quality control of plant samples encountered a bottleneck in the field and comparative studies of plant control origins including species or cultivar identification, growing area and appropriate harvesting time are limited. To address this issue, all plant samples used in this study were cultivated and controlled by the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand. The samples were phytochemically screened and determined their health-promoting bioactivities via antioxidant activities and inhibition of NCD-related enzymes including lipase (obesity), α-amylase and α-glucosidase (diabetes), angiotensin-converting enzyme (hypertension), as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and β-secretase (Alzheimer’s disease). The non-enzymatic reaction toward glycation was also evaluated. The results showed that Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger, Citrus hystrix DC. and Solanum melongena ‘Kermit’ extracts exhibited high antioxidant activities. Moreover, Citrus hystrix DC. extract was a potent inhibitor against lipase, angiotensin-converting enzyme and butyrylcholinesterase, while Coriandrum sativum L. and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. were potent anti-diabetic agents and Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, and Seigler & Ebinger was a potent anti-glycation agent. Our data provide a comparative analysis of ten vegetables to encourage healthy food consumption and development to control NCDs in Thailand in the future.
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Harrell, R. C., P. D. Adsit, R. D. Munilla y D. C. Slaughter. "Robotic picking of citrus". Robotica 8, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700000308.
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SUMMARYA prototype robot for picking citrus is described which utilized real-time, color machine vision to vision-servo the robot on a targeted fruit. A programming technique is presented which simplified development of the task-level, robot control program. An economic evaluation of robotic harvesting in Florida determined that robotic harvesting would be approximately 50 percent more expensive than conventional hand harvesting. Harvest inefficiency was identified as the most influential factor affecting robotic harvesting economics. Field trial performance is summarized and the potential of commercial robotic harvesting discussed.
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D. M. Bulanon, T. F. Burks y V. Alchanatis. "Fruit Visibility Analysis for Robotic Citrus Harvesting". Transactions of the ASABE 52, n.º 1 (2009): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25933.
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Zamora, Everardo, Santiago Ayala, Cosme Guerrero, Damián Martínez y Francisco Rivas. "(19) The Dry Piquin Chili as a Potential and Natural Industry in Sonora, Mexico". HortScience 41, n.º 4 (julio de 2006): 1064E—1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1064e.
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The piquin chili (Capsicum annuum L.), a type of high-pungency small-ball chili fruit, is traditional among Sonoran people and is consumed as paprika and dry fruit in some regional dishes. Also, the high prices obtained in domestic and oversea markets every year, mainly through piquin dry fruit sales, have encouraged this small informal and seasonal industry. In some Sonoran Mountain ranges, where piquin chili plants grow wild, a latent, informal industry has been maintained by people who harvest piquin chilies as fresh and dry fruits for sale. Enough precipitation, good environment conservation, and other conditions maintain the natural preservation of this chili plant, so that the piquin chili industry is maintained without cultivation, and has become a natural and ecological chili industry. During harvest time (September through November), low-income people harvest by hand dry piquin chili fruits for sale in several cities in Sonora. After harvesting, fresh red piquin chili fruits must be dried over several days. The fruit is spread out over a fabric during sunny days and removed at nights, and the small piquin red fruits dry in just a few days. Usually dry piquin chili presentations are sold in liter (0.25-lb) or kilogram (2-lb) lots. Throughout the 2005 dry piquin chili harvesting season, sales reached prices close to $18 and $82 (U.S. dollars) per liter or kilogram, respectively. Although the dry piquin chili is exported to the United States, fresh fruit sales are still limited to the domestic Sonoran market. The piquin chili harvesting season offers temporary employment and represents, in part, an important source of family income.
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Fucik, John E. "Harvesting and the Incidence of Green Mold on Texas Grapefruit". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 604e—604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.604e.
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The harvest of Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was “intercepted” at three stages: 1) unpicked fruit, 2) picked and carried to pallet box trailer, and 3) picked, carried, dumped in the pallet box and transported to the packing shed. Three harvesters picked fruit from four canopy locations on two trees each. At each intercept, half the fruit was dipped into a spore solution of green mold (Penicillium digitatum) and half left nontreated as controls. Intercept 1 fruit was dipped and left unpicked on the tree. After 10 days incubation, the rate of green mold infection and its location on the fruit was determined. Tests were run in May 1995 and Feb. and Apr. 1996. The rate of infection increased with each intercept, and treated fruit had 15 times the infection rate of the controls. The highest infection rate, 1.3%, occurred in May 1995 followed by Feb. (0.8%), and April (0.5%). Most infection sites appeared above and below the fruit's equator, rather than on its top or bottom exclusively. There were no effects associated with harvesters or the location of the fruit in the canopy.
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Gairhe, Biwek, Peter Dittmar, Davie Kadyampakeni, Ozgur Batuman, Fernando Alferez y Ramdas Kanissery. "Effects of Glyphosate Application on Preharvest Fruit Drop and Yield in ‘Valencia’ Citrus". HortScience 57, n.º 8 (agosto de 2022): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16508-22.
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The use of glyphosate as a post-emergent weed management tool is crucial in Florida citrus production. However, extensive and nonjudicious application of glyphosate has drawn increasing concerns about its inadvertent effects on citrus, mainly linked to its possible impacts on preharvest fruit drop. Our study investigated the effect of applying glyphosate in the tree rows near the fruit harvesting window on fruit drop and yield in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange. Field trials were conducted at Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL. The experiments had a randomized complete block design with four replications. Three different doses of glyphosate within the labeled range of rates in citrus (i.e., low, medium, and high at 0.84, 2.10, and 4.20 kg acid equivalents of glyphosate per hectare, respectively) along with a water control treatment were sprayed in ‘Valencia’ citrus tree rows close to the harvesting period and assessed for their effects on preharvest fruit drop and yield. Our findings show that glyphosate application near the harvesting window may influence the fruit detachment force (FDF) in Valencia citrus; however, no significant effect on increasing fruit drop or reducing yield was observed during this 2-year study.
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Brown, Galen K. "New Mechanical Harvesters for the Florida Citrus Juice Industry". HortTechnology 15, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0069.
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Hand picking, by snapping each fruit from its stem, has been the traditional method of harvesting Florida oranges (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (C. paradisi) for processing. A harvest mechanization program was active from about 1960 to 1985, but mechanical methods were not adopted. In July 1994, a new harvesting research and development program was initiated by the Florida Department of Citrus. The growers are taxed about $0.01/field box of production to fund the program. An industry Advisory Council oversees the program, and recommends projects and funding. The new program has provided training videos to improve hand harvest management/productivity, developed several methods for mechanical harvesting, and discovered/evaluated several fruit abscission agents. Mechanical harvesting use is increasing, and about 6880 of the 237,498 ha (17,000 of the 586,859 acres) of oranges were mechanically harvested during the 2002-03 season. Two mechanical systems can increase labor productivity by 5 to 15 times and reduce unit harvesting cost by 50% or more. Such savings are essential for effective competition in free-trade markets and for operation with resident labor. Many old-style plantings will need to be replaced over the next 10 years. The harvesting program accomplishments are discussed.