Tesis sobre el tema "Citrus fibers"

Негай, В. О. Розробка технології хлібобулочних виробів з використанням плодів журавлини та цедри плодів цитрусових : дипломна робота : 181 – Харчові технології / В. О. Негай ; керівник роботи Н. П. Буяльська ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра харчових технологій. – Чернігів, 2020. – 114 с.
У кваліфікаційній роботі проведений літературний огляд щодо перспективності використання плодів журавлини та цедри плодів цитрусових у харчових технологіях, а саме у технології хлібобулочних виробів. Вивчено вплив плодів журавлини та харчових цитрусових волокон Herbacel AQ Plus на реологічні властивості тіста, протікання процесів бродіння, якість випечених виробів та процес черствіння. В представленій роботі наведені розрахунки продуктивності технологічної лінії для виробництва хліба пшеничного вищого сорту з додаванням харчових цитрусових волокон, розраховано виробничу рецептуру, підібрано технологічне обладнання, описано технологічну схему виробництва запропонованого виробу, розроблено план впровадження системи НАССР у виробництво запропонованого асортименту.
In the qualification work, a literature review was conducted on the prospects for the use of cranberries and citrus peels in food technology, namely in the technology of bakery products. The influence of cranberry fruits and dietary citrus fibers Herbacel AQ Plus on the rheological properties of the dough, the course of fermentation processes, the quality of baked goods and the process of hardening was studied. The paper presents calculations of the productivity of the technological line for the production of premium wheat bread with the addition of dietary citrus fibers, calculates the production recipe, selects technological equipment, describes the technological scheme of production of the proposed product, developed a plan to implement the HACCP system in the proposed range.

Les agrumes sont la culture la plus importante dans la production mondiale de fruits, avec une production mondiale d'environ 104 millions de tonnes en 2022. La plupart des fruits produits sont utilisés pour la production de jus, ce qui entraîne une quantité énorme de sous-produits correspondant à 50 à 60% du poids initial du fruit entier. Les biopolymères sont les principaux constituants de ces déchets agro-industriels et présentent de nombreuses propriétés qui les rendent intéressants pour des applications telles que la durabilité, le faible coût, la biodégradabilité, l'écologie et la recyclabilité. Les poudres de fibres d'agrumes (CF), fabriquées à partir de l'extraction de pectine des sous-produits de l'industrie des jus de citron, se caractérisent par leur capacité à retenir l’eau et à stabiliser les émulsions, et pourraient avoir de nombreuses applications alimentaires dans les produits de boulangerie, les viandes, les produits laitiers, les sauces et les assaisonnements. Les fibres sont séchées pour faciliter leur distribution et commercialisation en tant qu'ingrédient alimentaire. La qualité de la poudre déshydratée est influencée par les conditions de traitement et de stockage. Cette étude visait à investiguer les mécanismes responsables de l’instabilité des CF observée pendant le stockage et dont l’origine est jusque-là mal comprise. Des échantillons ont été stockés dans différentes conditions de température et d'humidité pendant 12 mois. La gélification (suivie au travers du module de rigidité G’), la capacité de rétention d'eau et la capacité de gonflement lors de l’hydratation ont été utilisées pour évaluer l'effet du stockage sur les propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, la composition de la surface de la poudre, les propriétés chimiques, la distribution de l'humidité dans la matrice et l'impact de l'humidité et de la température sur la mobilité moléculaire des fibres d'agrumes, ont été étudiées pour comprendre la modification des propriétés physico-chimiques pendant le stockage. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les propriétés liées à la capacité de rétention d'eau, à la gélification et à la réhydratation diminuaient avec le temps de vieillissement. La perte de fonctionnalité a été accélérée à 40 °C et 75% HR par rapport à 25 °C et 30% HR. Ces modifications pourraient être liées à plus d'un mécanisme opérant au sein des fibres d’agrumes : la réorganisation et l'agrégation de molécules semblent être affectées par l'eau et/ou l'humidité, et la réticulation entre les molécules et les cations au sein des fibres d'agrumes montrant une indépendance par rapport aux conditions de température et d'humidité testées
Citrus is the most important crop in global fruit production, with worldwide production of around 104 million tons in 2022. Most of the fruits produced are used for juice production, which results in a huge quantity of by-products corresponding to 50-60% of the original whole fruit weight. Biopolymers are the main constituents of these agro-industrial wastes and present many properties that make them interesting for applications such as sustainability, inexpensive, biodegradability, friendly to the environment, and recyclability. Citrus fiber (CF) powders, manufactured from pectin extraction of lemon juice industry by-products, are characterized by an ability to retain moisture and to stabilize emulsion, and could have many food applications in baked products, meats, dairy products, sauces, and dressings. The fibers are dried to facilitate distribution and commercialization as a food ingredient. The quality of the dehydrated powder is influenced by the processing and storage conditions. However, the mechanism of the storage induced modifications of the powders functional properties (especially rehydration properties) were not fully understood. This study aimed at investigating the mechanisms responsible for CF evolution upon storage. Samples were stored in different conditions of temperature and humidity for 12 months. Gelation, water holding capacity, and swelling capacity were used to evaluate the effect of storage on functional properties. In addition, powder surface composition, chemical properties, the moisture distribution in the matrix and the impact of humidity and temperature on the molecular mobility of citrus fibers were studied to understand the modification of physicochemical properties during storage. The results highlighted the properties related to moisture retention, emulsifying stability, and rehydration decreased with increasing aging time. The loss in functionality was accelerated at 40 °C and 75% RH compared to 25 °C and 30% RH. These modifications might be linked to more than one mechanism operating within the citrus fibers: reorganization and aggregation of molecules within the citrus fibers which seems to be appears to be affected by water and/or temperature, and crosslinking between molecules and cations within the citrus fibers showing independence from the tested temperature and humidity conditions

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A citricultura brasileira destaca-se mundialmente, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo o maior produtor citrícola do país. A produção de mudas é o alicerce da citricultura atual e a adubação um dos principais entraves do processo. A deficiência de cobre em mudas cítricas tornou-se um sério problema para os viveiristas. A fim de se detectar a melhor forma de fornecimento de cobre às mudas cítricas aliado a diferentes substratos utilizados por viveiristas realizou-se um experimento em viveiro comercial na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Foram utilizados substratos comerciais à base de fibra de coco (Amafibra) e de casca de pinus (Lupa e Eucatex) e cinco tratamentos: testemunha; Recop (1,8g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Cobre Stoller (0,04 mL L-I) e Sulfato de Cobre (2,5 g L-I). O experimento foi instalado no mês de julho de 2006 onde as sementes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck)foram semeadas em canteiros. Após quatro meses, as plantas foram transplantadas para sacolas com capacidade de 4 L em bancadas e foram dispostas intercalando-se os substratos. Aproximadamente quatro meses depois do transplante as plantas receberam os enxertos de laranjeira 'Valência' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). As avaliações eram mensais a partir de Fevereiro/2007 quando estavam com aproximadamente 90 dias após o transplante. Tomou-se medida dos parâmetros a altura média das plantas (em), o diâmetro médio do porta-enxerto (mm), número médio de folhas por planta, massa de matéria seca 2 da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, atividade da enzima peroxidase (H202 consumido g-l m.f.) e teor total de fenóis (mg de ácido gálico g-I amostra). O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela principal as formas de aplicação de cobre e as subparcelas os diferentes substratos, perfazendo um total de...
The Brazilian citrus industry is worldwide known with emphasis on the State of Sao Paulo, the largest producer of citrus in Brazil. The production of seedlings is the foundation of the current citrus and fertilization one of the main barriers of the processo The deficiency of copper in citrus nurseries has become a serious problem for the nurserymen. In order to detect the best way of supply of copper to citrus nurseries allied to different substrates used by nurserymen we carried out experiments in commercial nursery in the city of Botucatu, Brazil. It was used commercial-based substrates fibers from coconut (Amafibra) and the bark of pine (Lupa and Eucatex) and five treatments: control; Recop (1.8 g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Copper Stoller (0.04 mL L-I) and copper sulfate (2.5 g L-I). The experiment was installed in the month of July 2006 where the seeds of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were sown on benches. After four months the plants were transplanted into bags with a capacity of 4L on benches and were willing to intercalate the substrates. Approximately four months after the transplant the plants receivedthe grafts of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). The evaluations were monthly from February/2007 when they were approximately with 90 days after the transplant. It took measure of the parameters of the average plant height (cm), the average diameter of the root stock (mm), average number of leaves per plant, dry matter from leafs and roots, activity of the enzyme peroxidase (H202 consumed g-l ct) and total phenol content (mg acid gálico g-I sample). The statistical design applied was subdivided plots, and the main plot way of application of copper and sub-plots of the different substrates, giving a total of fifteen treatments with six repetitions. Each plot was composed of twenty plants. It was verified that the...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Viotto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a secagem do resíduo sólido industrial proveniente da fabricação de suco de frutas cítricas em um equipamento de leito fixo e de jorro, com a finalidade de produzir fibra dietética, como ingrediente alimentício. Para isso, foi utilizado como matéria-prima o limão da variedade siciliano para obtenção do resíduo sólido o qual foi produzido em escala piloto por método padronizado (extratora, moinho e prensa) e armazenado a 10°C. As isotermas de dessorção do resíduo sólido foram determinadas com a finalidade de se conhecer os valores de umidade de equilíbrio, e foram obtidas através do método gravimétrico estático utilizando soluções salinas saturadas, nas temperaturas de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados a diversos modelos sendo que o modelo de GAB foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste nesta faixa de temperatura. Para a secagem em leito fixo foi realizado um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 22 onde as variáveis independentes estudadas foram: velocidade do ar de 0,5, 0,75 e 1m/s e temperatura do ar de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados ao modelo de Fick e os valores de difusividade efetiva obtidos variaram na faixa de 4,72 a 14,6.10-10m/s2, foi ajustado também o modelo exponencial e os valores da constante de secagem variaram na faixa de 6,49 a 20,90.10-4s-1. As respostas do planejamento em relação às propriedades tecnológicas de: índice de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água, índice de absorção de óleo e volume de intumescimento não apresentaram diferenças significativas ao nível de significância de 5%. Para a secagem no equipamento de leito de jorro foram determinadas as curvas de secagem do resíduo com um conteúdo inicial de umidade de cerca de 40%, em base úmida, fixando-se uma vazão total de ar de 78,53m3/h, que corresponde à uma velocidade de 3,89m/s para a região do jorro e de 1,01m/s para a região do ânulo, altura de leito fixo de 15cm e temperatura do ar de secagem de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais obtidos no secador de leito de jorro foram ajustados ao modelo de Fick e os valores de difusividade efetiva observados variaram na faixa de 2,64 a 4,26.10-9m/s2, foi ajustado também o modelo exponencial e os valores da constante de secagem variaram na faixa de 3,5 a 5,4.10-3 s-1
Abstract: This work investigated the drying of by-products of citrus juice manufacture in a convective vertical tray dryer and spouted bed dryer with the purpose of producing dietary fiber as a food ingredient. The raw material used was lemon from the sicilian variety, which solid residue was produced in pilot scale by standardized method (extractor, mill and press) and stored at 10°C. Measurement and modeling of sorption isotherms were used to determine equilibrium moisture content. The isotherms were obtained at three different temperatures (60, 75 and 90°C) using the static method with saturated salt solutions. Experimental data was fitted by several models (BET, GAB, Henderson, Peleg and Oswin). The best fitting was obtained with GAB model. The drying in tray dryer was delineated according to a central composite experimental design (22) using as factors: air velocity (0,5, 0,75 and 1m/s) and air temperature (60, 75 and 90°C). The drying kinetics experimental data were fitted using diffusional model and the effective diffusivities values were between 4,72 and 14,6.10-10 m/s2, presenting good fit to the exponential model, and drying constant varied from 6,49 to 20,90.10-4s-1. The experimental design responses evaluated were related to fibres tecnological properties: water-holding capacity, water solubility, oil-holding capacity and swelling. According to the results, they did not show significant differences at 5% of significance level. In the spouted bed, drying curves were obtained with the material at 40% (wet base), fixing total air flow rate of 78,53 m3/h, which corresponds to an air velocity of 3,89m/s in spout region and 1,01m/s in downcomer, height of fixed bed of 15cm at 60, 75 and 90°C. The experimental data was fitted using diffusional model and the obtained effective diffusivities varied from 2,64 to 4,26.10-9m/s2 to spouted bed, showing a good fit to the exponential model, and drying constant varied in the range of 3,5 to 5,4.10-3 s-1
Mestrado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Bibliography: leaves 107-130. This study evaluates quality of fermentation of the silage and also its nutritive value to ruminants on the basis of "in vitro" and "in sacco" digestability. Animal response to the silage is also evaluated in an "in vivo" digestability and nitrogen balance trial with Australian Merino sheep. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the opportunities for utilising citrus pulp and poultry litter to improve the nutritive value of wheat straw.

Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: José Eduardo Crespe
Resumo: A citricultura brasileira destaca-se mundialmente, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo o maior produtor citrícola do país. A produção de mudas é o alicerce da citricultura atual e a adubação um dos principais entraves do processo. A deficiência de cobre em mudas cítricas tornou-se um sério problema para os viveiristas. A fim de se detectar a melhor forma de fornecimento de cobre às mudas cítricas aliado a diferentes substratos utilizados por viveiristas realizou-se um experimento em viveiro comercial na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Foram utilizados substratos comerciais à base de fibra de coco (Amafibra) e de casca de pinus (Lupa e Eucatex) e cinco tratamentos: testemunha; Recop (1,8g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Cobre Stoller (0,04 mL L-I) e Sulfato de Cobre (2,5 g L-I). O experimento foi instalado no mês de julho de 2006 onde as sementes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck)foram semeadas em canteiros. Após quatro meses, as plantas foram transplantadas para sacolas com capacidade de 4 L em bancadas e foram dispostas intercalando-se os substratos. Aproximadamente quatro meses depois do transplante as plantas receberam os enxertos de laranjeira 'Valência' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). As avaliações eram mensais a partir de Fevereiro/2007 quando estavam com aproximadamente 90 dias após o transplante. Tomou-se medida dos parâmetros a altura média das plantas (em), o diâmetro médio do porta-enxerto (mm), número médio de folhas por planta, massa de matéria seca 2 da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, atividade da enzima peroxidase (H202 consumido g-l m.f.) e teor total de fenóis (mg de ácido gálico g-I amostra). O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela principal as formas de aplicação de cobre e as subparcelas os diferentes substratos, perfazendo um total de ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico baixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian citrus industry is worldwide known with emphasis on the State of Sao Paulo, the largest producer of citrus in Brazil. The production of seedlings is the foundation of the current citrus and fertilization one of the main barriers of the processo The deficiency of copper in citrus nurseries has become a serious problem for the nurserymen. In order to detect the best way of supply of copper to citrus nurseries allied to different substrates used by nurserymen we carried out experiments in commercial nursery in the city of Botucatu, Brazil. It was used commercial-based substrates fibers from coconut (Amafibra) and the bark of pine (Lupa and Eucatex) and five treatments: control; Recop (1.8 g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Copper Stoller (0.04 mL L-I) and copper sulfate (2.5 g L-I). The experiment was installed in the month of July 2006 where the seeds of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were sown on benches. After four months the plants were transplanted into bags with a capacity of 4L on benches and were willing to intercalate the substrates. Approximately four months after the transplant the plants receivedthe grafts of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). The evaluations were monthly from February/2007 when they were approximately with 90 days after the transplant. It took measure of the parameters of the average plant height (cm), the average diameter of the root stock (mm), average number of leaves per plant, dry matter from leafs and roots, activity of the enzyme peroxidase (H202 consumed g-l ct) and total phenol content (mg acid gálico g-I sample). The statistical design applied was subdivided plots, and the main plot way of application of copper and sub-plots of the different substrates, giving a total of fifteen treatments with six repetitions. Each plot was composed of twenty plants. It was verified that the...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da polpa cítrica e do farelo de girassol em substituição ao feno de alfafa e farelo de soja, como fontes de fibra e proteína, respectivamente. O feno de alfafa foi substituído pela polpa cítrica em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. O farelo de soja foi substituído pelo farelo de girassol em 0, 16, 25,5, 32,3 e 40%. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 coelhos com 35 dias de idade submetidos a 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Nas análises de desempenho, parâmetros de carcaça e avaliação econômica foram utilizados 40 coelhos dos 35 aos 75 dias de idade. Para tratamentos que continham polpa cítrica foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta além de proporcionar melhor peso final e ganho de peso. Para tratamentos com o farelo de girassol não houve problemas com a digestibilidade dos ingredientes além de proporcionar resultados positivos de peso e características de carcaça
The objective was to evaluate the use of citrus pulp and sunflower meal in replacement of alfalfa hay and soybean meal as sources of fiber and protein, respectively. The alfalfa hay was replaced by citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The soybean meal was replaced by sunflower meal at 0, 16, 25.5, 32.3 and 40%. For the digestibility trials were used twenty with 35 days old rabbits subjected to five treatments and four replications. In the analysis of performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation were used 40 rabbits from 35 to 75 days old. For treatments containing citrus pulp differences were observed for the digestibility coefficients of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein as well as providing a better final weight and weight gain. For treatments with sunflower meal there were no problems with the digestibility of ingredients in addition to providing positive results in weight and carcass traits

The general objective of this study was to analyse freeze-drying (FD) and spray- drying (SD) and to select the best process to obtain a grapefruit powder of high nutritional, functional and sensorial quality. With this objective in mind, the optimization of each dehydration process was carried out using the response surface methodology. As variables of the processes, in both cases, the concentration of gum arabic (GA) and bamboo fibre (BF), added as carriers, were considered, as well as the feed inlet moisture (Xw) in the case of FD or air inlet temperature (T) in SD. The properties of the obtained products analyzed were the water content, hygroscopicity, porosity, color, bioactive compounds (vitamin C, total carotenoids, total phenols) and antioxidant activity (AOA). In addition, the drying yield and product yield of SD were considered. The obtained results, duly validated, allow to propose for FD, the addition of 4.2g GA and 0.58g BF per 100g of grapefruit pulp and bringing the sample to 90g water/100g feed mixture. In the case of SD, the best product is obtained with T in the equipment is of 120 °C and the addition of 4g AG and 2g BF/100g liquidized grapefruit. The comparison of both products allows us to propose FD as being a better technique than spray-drying. In addition, the powder yield of FD is much higher compared to SD and far fewer by-products are generated. A specific study was carried out to confirm the encapsulating power of the two solutes used. The results obtained confirm the benefit of the joint addition of GA and BF, especially against the spray-drying temperature, offering a greater protection against the degradation of bioactive compounds and AOA, than when solutes are added separately. The characterization of the different bioactive compounds and their correlation with the AOA carried showed that the phenolic compounds contribute significantly to the free radical scavenging activity and the inhibition of the discoloration of ß -carotene, while ascorbic acid and ¿- tocopherol contribute to an increase in reducing power. In addition, the stability of the optimized powders during storage at 4 and 20 °C and different surrounding relative humidities has been studied. The modeling of the water sorption data together with the variation in the glass transition temperature (Tg) that takes place in line with the water content of the samples permits the determination of the critical values of water content and water activity that ensure the glassy state of the powdered product. In this sense, what is recommended when storing the powders is to maintain the products under refrigeration and with a surrounding relative humidity in the order of 10%. As soon as the grapefruit powder begins the Tg, the degradation of the bioactive compounds begins, with carotenoids being the most sensitive. In less restrictive storage conditions than those mentioned above, in just one month of storage there are already significant losses in the studied compounds, fewer in the FD product than in the SD. In order to detect any problems of caking in the free-flowing powders or changes in color, a larger quantity of the product must have changed to the rubbery state. In this sense, for the purposes of relating the loss in bioactive compounds, the change in the mechanical properties and the color change with the glass transition, the onset temperature, the midpoint or the end point of the Tg, respectively, should be taken into consideration. Finally, a sensory evaluation of the rehydrated powdered products was carried out in order to evaluate consumer acceptance of the juices obtained and their probability of purchase. In general, grapefruit juice, even the natural or commercial ones, did not enjoy a good level of consumer acceptance due to its astringency and high acidity. The penalty analysis showed that if the sweetness of the samples is improved and their astringency is reduced, their level of consumer acceptance will rise.
El objetivo general de este estudio fue seleccionar el mejor proceso entre la liofilización y la atomización para la obtención de pomelo en polvo de alta calidad nutritiva, funcional y sensorial. Para ello se llevó a cabo la optimización de ambos procesos, usando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Como variables independientes se consideraron, en ambos casos, la cantidad de goma arábiga (GA) y de fibra de bambú (FB) incorporadas, y la cantidad de agua de la muestra (Xw) en la liofilización o la temperatura de atomización (T). Las propiedades analizadas a los productos obtenidos fueron la humedad, higroscopicidad, porosidad, color, vitamina C, carotenoides totales, fenoles totales y la actividad antioxidante (AOA). Además se consideró el rendimiento en producto de la atomización. Los resultados obtenidos, debidamente validados, permiten proponer, para la liofilización, la adición de 4.2g de GA y 0.58g de FB por cada 100 g de pomelo triturado y una Xw de 90 gagua/100gmezcla. En el caso de la atomización, el mejor producto se obtiene cuando la T es de 120 °C y al pomelo licuado se añaden 4g GA y 2g de FB por cada 100g. Al comparar ambos productos se propone a la liofilización como una mejor tecnología de secado que la atomización. Además, se llevó a cabo un estudio para confirmar el poder encapsulante de los dos solutos utilizados. Los resultados confirmaron el beneficio de la adición conjunta de GA y FB especialmente frente a la temperatura de atomización, ofreciendo una mayor protección de la degradación de los compuestos bioactivos y de la AOA que cuando se añaden por separado. Por su parte, la caracterización de los diferentes compuestos bioactivos y su correlación con la AOA realizada en esta parte del estudio, mostró que los compuestos fenólicos contribuyen de manera significativa a la actividad captadora de radicales libres y a la inhibición de la decoloración de ß-caroteno, mientras que el ácido ascórbico y el ¿-tocoferol contribuyen a incrementan el poder reductor. Además se estudió la estabilidad de los polvos optimizados durante el almacenamiento, a 4 y a 20 °C y a diferentes humedades relativas (HR). La modelización conjunta de los datos de sorción de agua y de variación de la temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg) con la humedad de las muestras permite establecer los valores críticos de humedad y actividad del agua que aseguran el estado vítreo del producto en polvo. En este sentido, para su almacenamiento se recomienda la refrigeración y mantener la HR del entorno del orden del 10 %. En cuanto en el pomelo en polvo se inicia la Tg, comienza la degradación de los compuestos bioactivos, siendo los carotenoides los más sensibles. En condiciones de almacenamiento menos restrictivas a las comentadas, en tan sólo un mes de almacenamiento ya se observan pérdidas importantes de los compuestos estudiados, que son menores en el producto liofilizado que en el atomizado. Por otra parte, para que en el almacenamiento empiecen a detectarse problemas de apelmazamiento del polvo suelto o cambios de color, es necesario que una mayor cantidad de producto haya pasado a estado gomoso. En este sentido, para el estudio de la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos, del cambio en las propiedades mecánicas y del cambio de color se recomienda considerar la temperatura inicial, la del punto medio o la del punto final de la Tg, respectivamente. Finalmente se realizó un análisis sensorial de los productos en polvo rehidratados para evaluar el grado de aceptación de los zumos así obtenidos y su probabilidad de compra. En general el zumo de pomelo, no mostró una buena aceptación por parte del consumidor debido a su astringencia y elevada acidez. El análisis de penalización mostró que si se mejora el dulzor de las muestras y se disminuye su astringencia podrían mejorar los productos y cambiar su grado de aceptación.
L'objectiu general d'este estudi va ser seleccionar el millor procés entre la liofilització (LIO) i l'atomització (ATO) per a l'obtenció de pomelo en pols d'alta qualitat nutritiva, funcional i sensorial. Amb este objectiu es va dur a terme l'optimització de cada procés de deshidratació usant la metodologia de superfície de resposta. Com a variables dels processos es van considerar, en ambdós casos, la quantitat de goma aràbiga (GA) i de fibra de bambú (FB) incorporades com coadjuvants dels processos, així com la quantitat d'aigua de la mostra en el cas de la LIO o la temperatura d'ATO. Les propietats analitzades als productes obtinguts van ser la humitat, higroscopicidad, porositat, color, compostos bioactivos (vitamina C, carotenoides totals, fenols totals) i l'AOA. A més es va considerar el rendiment en producte de l'atomització. Els resultats obtinguts, degudament validats, permeten proposar, per a la LIO, la incorporació de 4.2g de GA i 0.58g de FB per cada 100g de pomelo triturat i portar a la mostra abans del seu processat fins una humitat de 90g agua/100g mezcla. En el cas de l'ATO, el millor producte s'obté quan la T en l'equip és de 120 °C i al liquat de pomelo s'afigen 4g de GA i 2g de FB per cada 100g. La comparació d'ambdós productes permet proposar a la LIO com una millor tecnologia d'assecat que l'ATO. A més el rendiment en producte de la LIO és molt major que el de l'ATO i els subproductes generats molt menors. D'altra banda, es va dur a terme un estudi específic per a confirmar el poder encapsulant dels dos soluts utilitzats. Els resultats permeten confirmar el benefici de l'addició conjunta de GA i FB especialment enfront de la temperatura d'ATO, que oferixen una major protecció de la degradació de compostos bioactivos i AOA que quan s'afigen per separat. La caracterització dels diferents compostos bioactivos i la seua correlació amb l'AOA realitzada en esta part de l'estudi, va mostrar que els compostos fenòlics contribuïxen de manera significativa a l'activitat captadora de radicals lliures i a la inhibició de la decoloració del ¿-caroteno, mentres que l'àcid ascòrbic i el ¿-tocoferol contribuïxen a incrementen el poder reductor. A més s'ha estudiat l'estabilitat de les pols optimitzats durant l'emmagatzemament, a 4 i 20 °C i a diferents humitats relatives (HR) de l'entorn. La modelització de les dades de sorción d'aigua i de variació de la temperatura de transició vítria (Tg) amb la humitat de les mostres permet establir els valors crítics d'humitat i activitat de l'aigua que asseguren l'estat vitri del producte en pols. En este sentit, per al seu emmagatzemament es recomana la refrigeració i mantindre la HR de l'entorn de l'orde del 10 %. En quant en el pomelo en pols s'inicia la Tg, comença la degradació dels compostos bioactivos. En condicions menys restrictives a les comentades, en tan sols un mes d'emmagatzemament ja s'observen pèrdues importants dels compostos estudiats, que són menors en el producte LIO que en l'ATO. D'altra banda, perquè en l'emmagatzemament comencen a detectar-se problemes d'atapeïment de la pols solta o canvis de color, és necessari que una major quantitat de producte haja passat a estat gomós. En este sentit, per a l'estudi de la pèrdua de compostos bioactivos, del canvi en les propietats mecàniques i del canvi de color es recomana considerar la temperatura inicial, la del punt mitjà o la del punt final de la Tg, respectivament. Finalment es va realitzar una anàlisi sensorial dels productes en pols rehidratats per a avaluar el grau d'acceptació dels sucs així obtinguts i la seua probabilitat de compra. En general el suc de pomelo, inclús el natural o el comercial, no va mostrar una bona acceptació per part del consumidor a causa de la seua astringència i elevada acidesa. L'anàlisi de penalització va mostrar que si es millora la dolçor de les mostres i es disminuïx la seua astringència podrien millorar els produc
Agudelo Sterling, CM. (2017). SELECCIÓN DEL MEJOR PROCESO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE POMELO EN POLVO (Citrus Paradisi) DE ALTA CALIDAD NUTRITIVA, FUNCIONAL Y SENSORIAL [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80695
TESIS

As fibras de coprodutos da produção de sucos, néctar e refrescos possuem propriedade funcional, envolvidas no metabolismo fermentativo da microbiota intestinal, com benefícios potenciais á saúde dos cães. O emprego de coprodutos alimentícios humano no desenvolvimento de petfood apresentam vantagens de sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica. O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de dietas extrusadas com inclusão fixa de 3,5% de celulose (CEL), farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAR), polpa cítrica (PCT) e polpa de maçã (PMA) como fontes de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes (CDA), respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais e produtos de fermentação nas fezes. O experimento foi realizado com oito cães adultos hígidos, peso médio de 15,0±5,0kg e idade média de 5,0±2,0 anos, distribuídos em delineamento em dois quadrados latino 4x4. Após 7 dias de adaptação dos animais, realizou-se coleta de fezes nos dias 5º-10º para determinar CDA das dietas, entre 12º ao 15º dia mensurados pH, produção de ácido lático, AGCC, AGCR e aminas biogênicas (AB) das fezes, seguidos pelas coletas de sangue para determinação das respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós-prandiais nos 16º e 17º dias. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) no CDA da matéria orgânica (MO) e matéria mineral (MM), entretanto, houve efeito (p<0,05) nos CDAs da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEHA), fibra bruta (FB) e extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN). O tratamento CEL apresentou maior CDA da PB e menor CDA da FB. O CDA dos ENN não apresentou diferença entre PMA e CEL. Em relação às características fecais, observou-se maior MS no tratamento CEL. Os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em pH das fezes inferior aos tratamentos CEL e FAR e sem diferenças entre si. O tratamento PMA resultou em maior escore fecal e menor produção de fezes por cão/dia na MS, contrário ao tratamento PCT, que resultou em maior produção de fezes cão/dia, na MO e MS. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) nas concentrações fecais de lactato e AB. O tratamento PCT resultou em maior produção de acetato, propionato e butirato que o tratamento CEL (p<0,05), enquanto que os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em produção de AGCR mais elevados que FAR (p<0,05). Não houve efeito das fontes de fibras estudadas nas respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais (p<0,05).
The coproducts of fiber production of juice, nectar and soft drinks have functional property, involved in fermentative metabolism of intestinal microbiota, with potential benefits to health of dogs. The use of co-products of human food industry in the development of petfood has advantages of environmental and economic sustainability. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded diets with fixed inclusion of 3.5% cellulose (CEL), defatted rice bran (FAR), citrus pulp (PCT) and apple pulp (PMA) as sources of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on dog total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients (ADC), glycemic and insulin postprandial responses, and fermentation products in the stool. The experiment was carried out on eight healthy adult dogs of mean weight of 15.0 ± 5,0kg and a mean age of 5,0 ± 2,0 years allotted to a 4 x 4 Latin square two. After 7 days of adjustment of the animals to the diets, there was feces collection in the days 5th-10th to determine CDA diets, between 12th to 15th measured pH, lactic acid production, AGCC, AGCR and biogenic amines (BA) of the stool, followed by blood samples for determination of glucose and insulin responses postprandial in 16 and 17 days. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in the ADC of organic matter (OM) and mineral matter (MM), however, was no effect (p <0.05) in CDAs of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract acid hydrolysis (EEHA), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The CEL treatment obtained higher ADC of CP and lower ADC of FB. The ACD of NFE no difference between PMA and CEL. For fecal characteristics, there was a higher DM in CEL treatment. PCT treatments and PMA resulted in fecal pH lower than the CEL and FAR treatments and without differences. The PMA treatment resulted in greater fecal score and lower production of faeces per dog / day in DM, contrary to the PCT treatment, which resulted in increased production of dog feces / day in MO and DM. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in fecal concentrations of lactate and AB. The PCT treatment resulted in increased production of acetate, propionate and butyrate that CEL treatment (p <0.05), while the PCT and PMA treatments resulted in higher production AGCR that FAR (p <0.05). There was no effect (p <0.05) of sources of fiber studied for glycemic and insulin curves, area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin, increasing blood glucose and insulin.

Orientador: Jeffrey Frederico Lui
Banca: Atushi Sugohara
Banca: Renato Gonçalves Ferreira
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da polpa cítrica e do farelo de girassol em substituição ao feno de alfafa e farelo de soja, como fontes de fibra e proteína, respectivamente. O feno de alfafa foi substituído pela polpa cítrica em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. O farelo de soja foi substituído pelo farelo de girassol em 0, 16, 25,5, 32,3 e 40%. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 coelhos com 35 dias de idade submetidos a 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Nas análises de desempenho, parâmetros de carcaça e avaliação econômica foram utilizados 40 coelhos dos 35 aos 75 dias de idade. Para tratamentos que continham polpa cítrica foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta além de proporcionar melhor peso final e ganho de peso. Para tratamentos com o farelo de girassol não houve problemas com a digestibilidade dos ingredientes além de proporcionar resultados positivos de peso e características de carcaça
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the use of citrus pulp and sunflower meal in replacement of alfalfa hay and soybean meal as sources of fiber and protein, respectively. The alfalfa hay was replaced by citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The soybean meal was replaced by sunflower meal at 0, 16, 25.5, 32.3 and 40%. For the digestibility trials were used twenty with 35 days old rabbits subjected to five treatments and four replications. In the analysis of performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation were used 40 rabbits from 35 to 75 days old. For treatments containing citrus pulp differences were observed for the digestibility coefficients of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein as well as providing a better final weight and weight gain. For treatments with sunflower meal there were no problems with the digestibility of ingredients in addition to providing positive results in weight and carcass traits
Mestre

[EN] Sustainability is nowadays an investment for the future of any economic activity. The current situation of crisis has had an adverse impact in most industries, including the agri-food sector. However, this industry has been relatively the least affected when compared with other industrial sectors. This is mainly attributed to the fact that food products continue to be basic for consumers despite the economic downturn. Therefore, the agri-food sector is a key element in the European economy and can play a crucial role in the achievement of the objectives set in the EU's strategy for 2020: ensuring a sustainable framework of growth of a more competitive economy. The European agri-food industry has focused on energy efficiency and on reducing greenhouse gases emissions, along with better management of their resources as a way to improve its industrial competitiveness. In this sense, the search for solutions to transform the by-products generated in high value-added ingredients, is a priority. In this context, the juice industry, as fundamental sub-sector within the food sector, and large waste generator, must exploit the opportunity to transform their by-products into useful and profitable products for society. This transformation presents some difficulties which impede the profitability of the process. These difficulties are associated with the by-product, such as its compositional variability and its seasonality, and current techniques of transformation as the high energy cost in dehydration processes. This thesis represents an innovative and sustainable solution for overcoming the disadvantages associated with the high costs of stabilization, turning this by-products into high value-added ingredients, from both, nutritional and technological, points of view. The aim is to develop a microwave coupled with hot air drying technique allowing maximizing profits by using the following strategy: reducing time and operational costs, producing a new ingredient rich in dietary fiber, with interesting technological properties for the development of healthy foods, studying the proposed comprehensive process and analyzing the new generated by-products. The methodological approach of the thesis been focused, on the one hand, on studying phenomena that govern the internal transport of water and energy through the orange peel during its dehydration applying thermodynamics. On the other hand, the energy consumption of the drying process, the technological and sensory properties of the fiber obtained and its potential use as a fat substitute have been compared with the conventional hot air drying method. Finally, the integrated process, including both the combined drying technique and the pretreatments needed for colour and bitter compounds extraction, is proposed as a new route of valorization, in which the new by-products obtained, polyphenols and carotenoid rich extracts, are analysed. This study has analyzed the microwave coupled with hot air process, developing tools that allow the adequate upscaling of the drying operation by adapting it to the best standards of quality of the final product. A monitoring system that ensures these standards has been designed. The quality and the energy consumption of the dietary fiber production process has been improved. The properties associated with its inclusion in food matrices have been optimized. An innovative and sustainable process for the stabilization of industrial by-products and for their further conversion into dietary fiber and other bioactive compounds, applying microwave coupled with hot air drying, has been developed.
[ES] La sostenibilidad es una de las apuestas de futuro en cualquier actividad económica. La situación de crisis ha tenido un impacto adverso en la mayoría de las industrias, incluyendo las de ámbito agroalimentario. Sin embargo, ésta ha sido relativamente la menos afectada cuando se compara con otros sectores industriales. Esto se atribuye al hecho de que los productos alimenticios continúan siendo básicos para los consumidores a pesar de la desaceleración económica. Por lo tanto, esta industria es un pilar fundamental en la economía europea y puede jugar un papel crucial en la consecución de los objetivos marcados en la Estrategia de la UE para 2020: asegurar un marco sostenible de crecimiento de una economía más competitiva. La industria agroalimentaria europea ha apostado por la eficiencia energética y la reducción de emisiones de gases invernadero, junto con una mejor gestión de sus recursos como vía para la mejora de su competitividad industrial. La búsqueda de soluciones para transformar los subproductos generados en ingredientes de alto valor añadido, es una de las prioridades. En este contexto, la industria productora de zumos, como subsector fundamental dentro del sector alimentario, y gran generador de residuos, tiene la oportunidad de transformar sus subproductos en productos útiles y rentables para la sociedad. Esta transformación presenta algunas dificultades que impiden la rentabilidad del proceso. Estas dificultades están asociadas al subproducto, como su variabilidad composicional o su estacionalidad, y a las técnicas actuales de transformación como el elevado coste energético en procesos de deshidratación. Esta tesis se plantea como una solución innovadora y sostenible para, más allá de superar los inconvenientes asociados a los altos costes de estabilización, transformar este subproducto en un ingrediente de alto valor añadido, tanto nutricional como tecnológico. Para ello se propone desarrollar una técnica de secado combinado por aire caliente y microondas que permita maximizar beneficios mediante la siguiente estrategia: reducir el tiempo y el coste energético de la operación, produciendo un nuevo ingrediente rico en fibra dietética con propiedades tecnológicas de interés para el desarrollo de alimentos más saludables, estudiando el proceso integral propuesto y analizando los nuevos subproductos generados. El enfoque metodológico de la tesis ha estado dirigido, por una parte, a estudiar los fenómenos que gobiernan el transporte interno de agua y energía a través de la piel de naranja durante su deshidratación, aplicando termodinámica. Por otra parte, el consumo energético del proceso de secado, las propiedades tecnológicas y sensoriales de la fibra obtenida y su potencial uso como ingrediente sustituto de grasa, se han comparado con el método de secado convencional por aire caliente. Finalmente, el proceso integrado, incluyendo tanto el secado combinado como las etapas previas de extracción de color y compuestos amargos, se propone como una nueva ruta de valorización, en la que se analizan posibles subproductos de interés tales como extractos ricos en polifenoles y carotenoides. En este estudio se ha analizado el proceso combinado de secado con aire caliente y microondas, desarrollando herramientas que permiten dimensionar adecuadamente la operación de secado adaptándola a los estándares óptimos de calidad del producto final. Se ha diseñado un sistema de monitorización que asegure dichos estándares. Se ha mejorado el proceso de obtención de fibra alimentaria respecto a su calidad y a su gasto energético. Se han optimizado las propiedades asociadas a su inclusión en matrices alimentarias. Se ha desarrollado un proceso innovador y sostenible para la estabilización de subproductos vegetales de origen industrial y para su posterior conversión en fibra dietética y otros compuestos bioactivos, aplicando la tecnología de secado por aire caliente y
[CAT] La sostenibilitat és una de les apostes de futur en qualsevol activitat econòmica. L'actual situació de crisi ha tingut un impacte advers en la majoria de les indústries, incloent les d'àmbit agroalimentari. No obstant això, la indústria agroalimentària ha sigut relativament la menys afectada quan es compara amb altres sectors industrials. Açò s'atribuïx principalment al fet de que els productes alimentaris continuen sent bàsics per als consumidors a pesar de la desacceleració econòmica. Per tant, esta indústria és un pilar fonamental en l'economia europea i pot jugar un paper crucial en la consecució dels objectius marcats en l'Estratègia de la UE per a 2020: assegurar un marc sostenible de creixement d'una economia més competitiva. La indústria agroalimentària europea ha apostat per l'eficiència energètica i la reducció d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, junt amb una millor gestió dels seus recursos com a via per a la millora del seu vaig competirtu En este sentit, la busca de solucions per a transformar els subproductes generats en ingredients d'alt valor afegit, és una de les prioritats. En este context, la indústria productora de sucs, com subsector fonamental dins del sector alimentari, i gran generador de residus, té el deure i l'oportunitat de transformar els seus subproductes en productes útils i rendibles per a la societat. Esta transformació presenta algunes dificultats que impedixen la rendibilitat del procés. Estes dificultats estan associades al subproducte, com la seua variabilitat composicional o la seua estacionalitat, i a les tècniques actuals de transformació com l'elevat cost energètic en processos de deshidratació. Esta tesi es planteja com una solució innovadora i sostenible per a, més enllà de superar els inconvenients associats als alts costos d'estabilització, transformar este subproducte en un ingredient d'alt valor afegit, tant nutricional com tecnològic. Per a això es proposa desenvolupar una tècnica de'assecat combinat per aire calent i microones que permeta maximitzar beneficis per mitjà de l'estratègia següent: reduir el temps i el cost energètic de l'operació, produint un nou ingredient ric en fibra dietètica amb propietats tecnològiques d'interés per al desenvolupament d'aliments més saludables, estudiant el procés integral proposat i analitzant els nous subproductes generats. L'enfocament metodològic de la tesi ha estat dirigit, d'una banda, a estudiar els fenòmens que governen el transport intern d'aigua i energia a través de la pell de taronja durant la seua deshidratació, aplicant termodinàmica. D'altra banda, el consum energètic del procés de d'assecat, les propietats tecnològiques i sensorials de la fibra obtinguda i el seu potencial ús com a ingredient substitut de greix, s'han comparat amb el mètode d'assecat convencional per aire calent. Finalment, el procés integrat, incloent tant l'assecat combinat com les etapes prèvies d'extracció de color i compostos amargs, es proposa com una nova ruta de valoració, en la que s'analitzen possibles subproductes d'interés com ara extractes rics en polifenoles i carotenoides. En este estudi s'ha analitzat el procés combinat d'assecat amb aire calent i microones, desenvolupant ferramentes que permeten dimensionar adequadament l'operació d'assecat adaptant-la als estàndards òptims de qualitat del producte final. S'ha dissenyat un sistema de monitorització que assegure els dits estàndards. S'ha millorat el procés d'obtenció de fibra alimentaria respecte a la seua qualitat i al seu consum energètic. S'han optimitzat les propietats associades a la seua inclusió en matrius alimentàries. S'ha desenvolupat un procés innovador i sostenible per a l'estabilització de subproductes vegetals d'origen industrial i per a la seua posterior conversió en fibra dietètica i altres compostos bioactius, aplicant la tecnologia d'assecat por aire calent i microones.
Talens Vila, C. (2015). DESARROLLO DE TÉCNICAS COMBINADAS DE SECADO CON AIRE CALIENTE Y MICROONDAS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE FIBRA ALIMENTARIA A PARTIR DE SUBPRODUCTOS CÍTRICOS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54114
TESIS

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de dietas contendo diferentes ingredientes fibrosos (farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica, este ultimo avaliado em dois níveis de inclusão) sobre o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, as digestibilidades da proteína e da energia, o desempenho, a composição corporal, os parâmetros bioquímicos, os índices organométricos e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Os peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelos de girassol tiveram os melhores resultados de digestibilidade e desempenho, sem apresentar alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas. A inclusão casca de soja na dieta atrasou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou a digestibilidade da proteína e da energia, prejudicou o desempenho, diminuiu as proteínas totais sangüíneas e aumentou a porcentagem de lipídeo muscular. A dieta contendo 45% polpa cítrica acelerou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou o desempenho, provocou alterações na composição corporal e na morfometria intestinal. Cada ingrediente fibroso, em função de sua composição de fibras alimentares e carboidratos complexos, altera o funcionamento do sistema digestório e o aproveitamento de nutrientes, com conseqüências sobre a fisiologia, o metabolismo e o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu
This study aim was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different fiber sources (soybean meal, soybean hulls, sunflower meal and citrus pulp, this last evaluated at two inclusion levels) on gastrointestinal transit time, protein and energy digestibility of protein, performance, body composition, biochemical parameters, organometric index and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish fed diets containing soybean meal and sunflower meal had best digestibility and performance results, with no physiological and metabolic diseases. The inclusion of soybean hulls in the diet delayed gastrointestinal transit time, decreased the digestibility of protein and energy, worsened performance, reduced total blood proteins and increased the percentage of muscle lipid. Diet containing 45% citrus pulp accelerated gastrointestinal transit time, worsened performance, led to changes in body composition and affects the intestinal morphology. Each fibrous ingredient, depending on dietary fiber and complex carbohydrates composition, differently affects the digestive system functioning and nutrient use, with consequences on physiology, metabolism and performance of juvenile pacu

Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein
Banca: Antônio Cleber da Silva Camargo
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de dietas contendo diferentes ingredientes fibrosos (farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica, este ultimo avaliado em dois níveis de inclusão) sobre o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, as digestibilidades da proteína e da energia, o desempenho, a composição corporal, os parâmetros bioquímicos, os índices organométricos e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Os peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelos de girassol tiveram os melhores resultados de digestibilidade e desempenho, sem apresentar alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas. A inclusão casca de soja na dieta atrasou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou a digestibilidade da proteína e da energia, prejudicou o desempenho, diminuiu as proteínas totais sangüíneas e aumentou a porcentagem de lipídeo muscular. A dieta contendo 45% polpa cítrica acelerou o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, piorou o desempenho, provocou alterações na composição corporal e na morfometria intestinal. Cada ingrediente fibroso, em função de sua composição de fibras alimentares e carboidratos complexos, altera o funcionamento do sistema digestório e o aproveitamento de nutrientes, com conseqüências sobre a fisiologia, o metabolismo e o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu
Abstract: This study aim was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different fiber sources (soybean meal, soybean hulls, sunflower meal and citrus pulp, this last evaluated at two inclusion levels) on gastrointestinal transit time, protein and energy digestibility of protein, performance, body composition, biochemical parameters, organometric index and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish fed diets containing soybean meal and sunflower meal had best digestibility and performance results, with no physiological and metabolic diseases. The inclusion of soybean hulls in the diet delayed gastrointestinal transit time, decreased the digestibility of protein and energy, worsened performance, reduced total blood proteins and increased the percentage of muscle lipid. Diet containing 45% citrus pulp accelerated gastrointestinal transit time, worsened performance, led to changes in body composition and affects the intestinal morphology. Each fibrous ingredient, depending on dietary fiber and complex carbohydrates composition, differently affects the digestive system functioning and nutrient use, with consequences on physiology, metabolism and performance of juvenile pacu
Doutor

Este trabalho, buscou comparar a biodisponibilidade do β-caroteno sintético e de fonte natural (couve-manteiga), e verificar os efeitos da fibra alimentar (pectina cítrica) sobre a biodisponibilidade do β-caroteno, dentro de 2 experimentos diferentes (ratos e coelhos). No Experimento I (ratos), um grupo de animais recebeu ração com β-caroteno e isenta de pectina cítrica (GC) e outro recebeu ração com β-caroteno e adição de pectina cítrica (GE). No Experimento II (coelhos), um grupo de animais recebeu ração com β-caroteno sintético (GCP), outro recebeu β-caroteno de fonte natural (couve-manteiga) (GV) e ainda outro não recebeu de β-caroteno (GCN); todos os grupos de coelhos receberam pectina cítrica. Após 30 dias de experimento, os animais foram sacrificados para determinações plasmáticas e hepáticas de vitamina A e β-caroteno, por HPLC. Dos resultados obtidos no estudo em ratos pode-se verificar que o grupo de animais que recebeu pectina (GE), apresentou menor (p<0,05) concentração hepática total de vitamina A (µg/peso de fígado) (retinol: GC =47,61 ± 24,24 e GE =23,44 ± 9,68 e palmitato de retinila: GC =935,30 ± 428,19 e GE =282,34 ± 98,86) e β-caroteno (µg/peso de fígado) (GC =9,64 ± 3,07 e GE =1,01 ± 0,66) que o grupo que não recebeu pectina (GC). E dos resultados obtidos no experimento em coelhos, verificou-se que o grupo que recebeu β-caroteno de fonte natural (GV), obteve concentração hepática total de vitamina A (mg/peso de fígado) (retinol: GV = 2,30 ± 0,67, GCP =2,07 ± 0,57 e GCN = 0,11 ± 0,08; palmitato de retinila: GV =4,42 ± 2,17, GCP =2,77 ± 0,73 e GCN =0,04 ± 0,02) e β-caroteno (mg/peso de fígado) (GV =0,04 ± 0,01, GCP =0,03 ± 0,01 e GCN =não detectado), maior (p<0,05) que o grupo que recebeu β-caroteno sintético (GCP). Conclui-se que no Experimento I (ratos), a pectina cítrica provavelmente interferiu na absorção do p-caroteno, e no Experimento II (coelhos), que o β-caroteno de fonte natural (GV), foi melhor absorvido comparando-se com o β-caroteno sintético, na presença de pectina cítrica.
This work, looked for to compare the bioavailability of synthetic p-carotene and of natural source (kale), and to verify the effects of the alimentary fiber (citrus pectin) on the bioavailability of β-carotene, inside of 2 different experiments (rats and rabbits). In the Experiment I (rats), a group of animals received diet with β-carotene and it exempts of citrus pectin (CG) and another received diet with β-carotene and addition of citrus pectin (EG). In the Experiment II (rabbits), a group of animals received diet with synthetic β-carotene (PCG), another received β-carotene of natural source (kale) (VG) and still another didn\'t receive from β-carotene (NCG); all the groups of rabbits received citrus pectin. After 30 days of experiment, the animals were sacrificed for determinations plasmatics and vitamin liverworts A and β-carotene, by HPLC. Of the results obtained in the study in rats it can be verified that the group of animals that received pectin (EG), it presented smaller (p <0,05) concentration hepatic vitamin total A (liver mg/weight) (retinol: CG = 47.61 ± 24.24 and EG = 23.44 ± 9.68 and retinyl palmitate: CG = 935.30 ± 428.19 and EG = 282.34 ± 98.86) and β-carotene (liver mg/weight) (CG = 9.64 ± 3.07 and EG = 1.01 ± 0.66) that the group that didn\'t receive pectin (CG). And of the results obtained in the experiment in rabbits, it was verified that the group that received β-carotene of natural source (VG), obtained concentration hepatic vitamin total A (liver mg/weight) (retinol: VG = 2.30 ± 0.67, PCG = 2.07 ± 0.57 and NCG = 0.11 ± 0.08; retinyl palmitate: VG = 4.42 ± 2.17, PCG = 2.77± 0.73 and NCG = 0.04 ± 0.02) and β-carotene (liver mg/weight) (VG = 0.04 ± 0.01, PCG = 0.03 ± 0.01 and NCG = not detected), larger (p <0,05) that the group that received synthetic β-carotene (PCG). Ended that in the Experiment I (rats), the citrus pectin probably interfered in the absorption of the p-carotene, and in the Experiment II (rabbits), the β-carotene of natural source (VG), it was absorbed being compared with the synthetic β-carotene better, in the presence of citrus pectin.

[ES] La citricultura española produce unos 7 millones de toneladas de cítricos al año siendo nuestro país uno de los principales productores a nivel mundial, pero sobre todo es reconocido por ser el principal exportador de cítricos de mesa. De hecho, más del 52% del volumen anual producido se exporta para consumo en fresco. El actual marco normativo establece estrictas normas de comercialización al sector por el cual cada año, se generan entre un 10 y 20% de destríos que no pueden comercializarse para consumo en fresco por presencia de defectos como son calibres inapropiados o defectos de color en la piel. En las últimas décadas, ha surgido una industria de transformación, principalmente de zumos, que procesa estos volúmenes de destríos y que, a su vez, debe de dar salida al momento por el carácter perecedero de la fruta. No obstante, de todo el volumen de cítricos que se recepciona en la industria de transformación, más del 50% es biomasa formada por cortezas y membranas que se destinan al sector de piensos sin obtener apenas valor económico. Este volumen de biomasa es rico en compuestos de gran interés tanto para la industria alimentaria por su riqueza en nutrientes como la fibra dietética, así como para el sector farmacéutico por su riqueza en flavonoides. En base a esto, el objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral fue investigar la posible valorización de las corrientes de biomasa generadas en los procesos de fabricación de zumos cítricos. Para ello, el primer paso fue la caracterización de los flavonoides cítricos de mayor interés en las distintas corrientes de biomasa que resultan de la industria de fabricación de zumos, y que son, el propio zumo, las cortezas y las membranas del endocarpio. Los flavonoides seleccionados fueron la hesperidina, narirutina, diosmina, nobiletina, tangeretina y sinensetina y se cuantificaron en 6 variedades de naranja y otras 6 de mandarina. De esta caracterización se concluyó que la flavanona hesperidina era la más abundante, representando más del 60% de los flavonoides cuantificados en todas las variedades cítricas estudiadas. Además, más del 70% de esta flavanona se concentra en la corteza del fruto. Asimismo, otro resultado obtenido fue que las flavonas polimetoxiladas sinensetina, nobiletina y tangeretina presentaron una concentración mucho más alta en las variedades de mandarina híbridas Nadorcott, Ortanique y Orri que en el resto de las variedades de naranja y mandarina estudiadas. A continuación, se procedió a ensayar dos procedimientos de recuperación de hesperidina a partir de la corriente de cortezas generadas tras el exprimido industrial de zumos. Ambos se basaban en una extracción sólido-líquido, el primero utilizaba una relación corteza agua 1:2 y el segundo 1:0,25. De los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que, si bien el primer procedimiento se recuperaba mayor cantidad de extracto y de mayor pureza, al calcular el rendimiento del proceso como masa de hesperidina pura recuperada por unidad de masa de corteza, se comprobó que no había diferencias significativas. Asimismo, el estudio de viabilidad económica de ambos procedimientos confirmó que los costes asociados al mayor consumo de agua del primer procedimiento así como los derivados de la depuración de los vertidos generados lo hacían inviable. Finalmente, se realizó un ensayo de aplicación de fibra procedente de la corteza de cítricos a un zumo de naranja hasta aumentar su contenido en fibra dietética de 0,2% a 1,4%. Se realizó un ensayo clínico con voluntarios para comprobar la respuesta metabólica del zumo enriquecido con fibra frente al placebo, a través de un estudio del metabolismo hidrocarbonado y de tests de saciedad. De este ensayo se comprobó una mejor respuesta en las curvas de glucosa e insulina de los voluntarios al inicio en la fase de absorción del zumo enriquecido con la fibra. Asimismo, las pruebas demostraron un efecto significativo en la contribució
[CA] La citricultura espanyola produeix uns 7 milions de tones de cítrics a l'any, situant al nostre país entre els 5 o 6 principals productors del món, però sobre tot és reconeguda per ser el principal exportador de cítrics mundial. De fet més del 52 % del volum produït anualment és exportant en fresc. L'actual marc normatiu estableix unes estrictes normes de comercialització al sector pel qual cada any es generen entre un 10% i 20% de rebuig que no pot ser comercialitzat en fresc a causa de la presència de defectes com poden ser calibres inadequats o defectes de coloració a la pell. A les últimes dècades, ha sorgit una industria de transformació que processa estos volums de fruita de rebuig i que al mateix temps, se'ls ha de donar eixida immediata. No obstant, de tot el volum de cítrics que es rep a la industria, més del 50% és biomassa formada per les corfes i membranes que generalment s'acaben destinant al sector de pinsos obtenint-ne escàs valor econòmic. Este volum de biomassa és ric en compostos de interès tant per a la industria alimentaria per la seua riquesa en nutrients com la fibra dietètica, així como pel sector farmacèutic per la alta riquesa en flavonoides. En base a això l'objectiu general d'esta tesi doctoral va consistir en la valorització dels distints corrents de biomassa generats als processos de fabricació de sucs cítrics. Per a abordar este objectiu, el primer pas va ser la caracterització dels flavonoides cítrics de interès als distints corrents de biomassa que resulten de la industria de transformació, i que són el propi suc, les corfes i les membranes de l'endocarp. Els flavonoides seleccionats van ser la hesperidina, narirutina, diosmina, nobiletina, tangeretina y sinensetina i es quantificaren en 6 varietats de taronja i 6 de mandarina. D'esta caracterització es va arribar a la conclusió que la hesperidina era la més abundant, representant més del 60% dels flavonoides quantificats a les varietats cítriques estudiades. A més, més d'un 70% d'esta flavanona es concentra a la corfa del fruit. Així mateix, un altre resultat destacable dels treballs de caracterització va ser el fet de que les flavones polimetoxiladas sinensetina, nobiletina i tangeretina presentaren una concentració molt més alta a les varietats de mandarines híbrides Nadorcott, Ortanique i Orri que a la resta de varietats de taronja i mandarina estudiades. A continuació es va procedir a assajar dos procediments de recuperació d'hesperidina a partir del corrent de corfes generades amb l'operació d'exprimit de suc industrial. Tots dos es basaven en una extracció del tipus sòlid-líquid, al primer del quals es requeria una relació corfa:aigua del 1:2, mentre que el segon de 1:0,25- Dels assajos realitzats es va concloure que si be el primer procediment donava com a resultat una major quantitat d'extracte recuperat i de major puresa, no obstant això, al calcular el rendiment del procés com a masa d'Hesperidina pura obtinguda per unitat de masa de corfa, es va comprovar que no hi havia diferències significatives. A més a més, l'estudi de viabilitat econòmica d'ambdós procediments va confirmar que els costos associats al major consum d'aigua així com els derivats de la depuració dels abocaments el feien inviable. Finalment, es va realitzar un assaig d'aplicació de fibra procedent de la corfa de cítrics a un suc de taronja fins a augmentar el seu contingut en fibra dietètica des de 0,2% fins a 1,4%. Es va realitzar un assaig clínic amb voluntaris per a comprovar la resposta metabòlica del suc enriquit amb la fibra front al placebo, a través d'un estudi del metabolisme hidrocarbonat i de tests de sensació de sacietat. A este assaig es va comprovar una millor resposta a les corbes de glucosa i insulina dels voluntaris a l'inici de la fase d'absorció del suc enriquit amb fibra. Així mateix, les probes demostraren un efecte significatiu a la contribució de la sensació de sacietat
[EN] The Spanish citrus sector produces about 7 million tons of citrus per year. This figure places our country among the main producers worldwide, but the most important fact is that Spain is recognized as the main exporter of citrus for fresh consumption. In fact, more than 52% of the annual volume produced is exported to third countries. The current legal framework establishes strict marketing standards for the fresh fruit sector. Because of this, between 10 and 20% of the total citrus fruits produced do not meet those market standards and are rejected. This kind of fruits cannot be marketed for fresh consumption due to the presence of defects, such as inappropriate sizes or colour defects on the skin. In recent decades, a transformation industry has emerged, that processes these volumes of rejects. However, more than 50% of the entire volume of fruits that are received in the processing sites, is represented by the biomass formed by endocarp membranes and fruit peels that generally ends up being destined for the animal feed at a very residual economical value. This volume of biomass is rich in chemical compounds of great interest both for the food industry, due to its richness in certain nutrients such as dietary fiber, as well as for the pharmaceutical sector, due to its high richness in flavonoids. Based on this, the general objective of this Doctoral Thesis was to investigate the recovery options of certain substances of the different biomass streams generated during the citrus transformation at the fruit juice industry. To accomplish this objective, the first step was the characterization of the citrus flavonoids of greatest interest, in the different biomass streams that result from the manufacture of juices, and that are, the juice itself, the membranes of the endocarp and the peels. The selected flavonoids were hesperidin, narirutin, diosmin, nobiletin, tangeretin and sinensetin and were quantified in 6 varieties of orange and another 6 of mandarin. From this characterization, it was concluded that hesperidin flavanone was by far, the most abundant representing more than 70% of the total flavone content and, in addition it is concentrated in the rind of the fruit. Likewise, another remarkable result of the characterization work was the fact that the polymethoxylated flavones sinensetin, nobiletina and tangeretin presented a much higher concentration the hybrid mandarin varieties Nadorcott, Ortanique and Orri. Then, two hesperidin recovery processes were tested from the rind stream generated after industrial juicing. Both procedures were based on a solid-liquid extraction, the first one using a 1: 2 peel-to-water ratio and the second 1: 0.25. From the results obtained it was concluded that, although the first procedure lead to a greater quantity of recovered extract with higher purity, when calculating the yield of the process as mass of pure hesperidin recovered per unit mass of processed peel, it was found that there were no significant differences. Likewise, the economic feasibility study of both procedures confirmed that the costs associated with the higher consumption of water in the first procedure as well as those derived from the treatment of the wastewater generated, made it unviable. Finally, an application trial of fiber from citrus peel to an orange juice was carried out until its dietary fiber content increased by 0.2 % to 1.4%. A clinical trial was carried out with volunteers to verify the metabolic response of the fiber-enriched juice compared to placebo, through a study of carbohydrate metabolism and tests fulness feeling. From this test, a better response was found in the glucose and insulin curves of the volunteers at the beginning of the absorption phase of the fiber-enriched juice. Likewise, the tests showed a significant effect on the contribution to the feeling of satiety and fullness after the intake of the fiber-enriched juice.
Marqués Cardete, R. (2020). Valorización de la biomasa resultante del exprimido de la fruta en la industria de zumos cítricos. Recuperación del flavonoide hesperidina y aplicación de la fibra para alimentación humana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159934
TESIS

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do tratamento da dentina radicular com clorexidina a 2% e ácido cítrico a 10% na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimento resinoso RelyX Ultimate (3M ESPE) associado a um adesivo autocondicionante Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE). Quarenta e cinco dentes humanos unirradiculares foram selecionados e seccionados na junção cemento-esmalte, padronizando-os com 14 mm de comprimento. Após tratamento endodôntico, as raízes foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=15) de acordo com o tratamento prévio do conduto radicular: G1, nenhum tratamento; G2, aplicação de gel de clorexidina a 2% (Rioquímica®) por 60 segundos; G3, aplicação de ácido cítrico a 10% (Idem per Idem Farmácia de Manipulação Ltda) por 60 segundos. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o adesivo nos condutos e nos pinos de fibra de vidro (White Post, FGM) e estes foram cimentados com cimento resinoso (RelyX Ultimate - 3M ESPE), sendo fotopolimerizados por 40 segundos. As raízes foram seccionadas axialmente em discos de 2 mm e os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de push-out. As médias dos valores obtidos (MPa) foram analisadas por meio dos testes one-way ANOVA e Tukey (α=0,05) e os tipos de falhas analisadas em estereomicroscópio com aumento de 8,0X. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entres os grupos avaliados, assim como quando comparados os terços radiculares em cada grupo (p>0,05), entretanto resultados significantes foram encontrados entre os grupos G1 e G2 na região cervical (p=0,045). Falhas mista e adesiva entre cimento e dentina foram mais prevalentes. Pôde-se concluir que o uso da clorexidina a 2% no conduto radicular pode interferir na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro e que o ácido cítrico não influenciou nos resultados.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of root dentine treatment with 2% chlorhexidine and 10% citric acid on bond strength of fiberglass post cemented with self-etching cement. Forty five human single-rooted teeth were selected and sectioned in the cement-enamel junction, standardizing them with 14 mm length. After endodontic treatment the roots were randomly divided in 3 groups (n=15) according to the previous treatment of the root canal: G1, no treatment; G2, application of 2% chlorhexidine (Rioquímica®) for 60s; G3, application of 10% citric acid (Idem per Idem - Farmácia de Manipulação Ltda) for 60s. Subsequently, the self-etching adhesive Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE) was applied in the canals and on the fiberglass post (White Post, FGM) and these ones were cemented with resin cement (RelyX Ultimate - 3M ESPE), and light polymerized for 40s. The roots were sectioned transversely in slides of 2 mm thickness and the push-out test was performed. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05) and the types of failures were analyzed under stereomicroscopy (8.0X). The results show that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups, as well as when comparising bond strength in root thirds in each group (p>0.05), however, significant results were found between groups G1 and G2 in the cervical third (p=0.045). Mixed and adhesive failures between cement and dentine were predominant. It can be concluded that the use of 2% chlorhexidine in the root canal can interfere in the fiberglass posts bond strength.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
102
Orang (Citrus sinensis L. cv.) and calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bonge) are important agricultural crops in Taiwan. After processing, a great quantity of pomace was produced. Pomace is rich in dietary fiber. It is worthwhile to deeply investigate the development and utilization of the pomace by different processing. The study was to investigate the optimization of extruded pomace derived from orange and calamondin using response surface methodology. Tested extrusion variables were barrel temperature (115C, 125C, 135C), moisture contents (10, 14, 18 g/100 g) and screw speed (230, 290, 350 rpm). Soluble dietary fiber content in each treatment group serves as an evaluable index to obtain optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the effect of extrusion processing on physicochemical properties of extrudates as well as in vitro physiological tests such as glucose absorption, cholesterol micelle solubility capacity and bile acid binding capacity of extrudates were also evaluated. Finally, the use of optimal extrusion conditions would further develop a high-fiber bakery product with nutritional function, and investigate its quality. The results showed that soluble dietary fiber content of extrudates was significantly influenced by above three variables. From calculation of regression equation, it showed that optimal extrusion condition: barrel temperature, moisture content, and screw speed of extruded orange pomace is 131.6C, 16 g/100 g and 304.8 rpm, respectively; while barrel temperature, moisture content, and screw speed of extruded calamondin pomace is 128.5C, 15.6 g/100 g , 298.1 rpm, respectively. The soluble dietary fiber contents of orange and calamondin pomace were 17.3% and 24.6%, respectively before extrusion. Processing conditions increased soluble dietary fiber content up to 29.8% and 40.0%, respectively for orange pomace and calamondin pomace. These pomace processed by single extruder significantly (P < 0.05) change the physicochemical properties such as bulk density, water-retention capacity, swelling property, cation-exchange capacity, water solubility index, dispersibility, emulsification activity, and gelation property in which they had higher properties than those before extrusion. The results of In vitro experiments indicate that orange and calamondin extrudates than the cellulose and non-extruded pomaces could effectively retard glucose absorption. Orange and calamondin pomace after extrusion was found to significantly (P < 0.05) decrease the amount of intact cholesterol-micelle than those without extrusion processing. Increased addition of extruded pomace into bread formulation resulted in decreases of total area and specific volume as well as increases of cell area and hardness. The substitution of extrude pomace into bread formulation at the level of 5% significantly (P < 0.05) influences the bread color, but sensory evaluation has indicated that the bread product are acceptable to the target audience. In conclusion, oranges and calamondin pomace by extrusion processing than those without extrusion, had good physicochemical properties and physiological functions in vitro.

碩士
東海大學
畜產與生物科技學系
93
The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effects of different concentrations of citrus fiber (CF) and potato fiber (PF) on flavor and shelf life of Chinese-style sausages(1 % or 2 %) and frankfurters (1 %, 2 % and 3 %,) in 8 weeks of storage at 4℃. Completely randomized design with split plot treatment arrangement was used. For Chinese-style sausages, the results showed that all of the different dietary fiber addition had no effects on proximate composition, yield, water activity and microorganism（P＞0.05）. CF and PF had lower pH value, the increase of concentration decreased pH（P＜0.05）. Chinese-style sausages with CF 2 % and PF 2 % addition decreased TBA value significantly（P＞0.05）. CF and PF had lower residual nitrite level than control（P＜0.05）. In sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis, no significant difference（P＞0.05）was found among treatments, but PF 2 % had the highest score in total acceptability . For frankfurters, the results also showed that all of the different dietary fiber addition had no effects on proximate composition, yield, water activity and microorganism. Frankfurters with CF and PF addition had increased emulsion stability and water holding capacity, and the effect was significant when addition concentration over 2 %. Frankfurters with CF and PF additions had decreased TBA value significantly（P＜0.05）. CF and PF had lower residual nitrite level than control, but only in CF 2 % and CF 3 % had significantly different（P＜0.05）. In sensory evaluation, all treatments except CF 3 % had higher score than control in total acceptability. In texture profile analysis, no significant difference（P＞0.05）was found among treatments. In conclusion, meat products with citrus fiber or potato fiber had no side effects on quality and flavor. Furthermore, fiber addition had functional claim, and provided more variety and suitable products for consumers.

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐飲創新研發碩士學位學程
101
In recent years, high fiber, low fat and low calorie are the major research trends In recent years, high fiber, low fat and low calorie are the major research trends in baking industry. Decreasing the content of saturated fatty acids in baking products could lower the risk of obesity, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and colon cancer. In this study, citrus fiber was used to replace baking lipids for the development of baking products, and we aimed (1) to evaluate the effects of baking lipids on the physical properties of breads; (2) to investigate the physicochemical properties and texture of breads with fat replacer citrus fiber or fat before and after baking; and (3) to develop bread and muffin products using fat replacer citrus fiber. The physical properties of breads with different lipid compositions (0％, 5％, 10％, 15％ and 20％ of fat or oil) were evaluated. Results indicated that the best baking lipid was fat, and compared with 15% oil, dough with 15% fat showed significantly better agitating quality, bread specific volume, color and hardness, but the breads with 20% fat or oil showed adverse effects on bread quality. The physicochemical properties and texture of breads with 0％, 2％, 4％, 6％ and 8％ fat replacer citrus fiber or fat before and after baking were evaluated. Results indicated that the bread quality would decrease when the citrus fiber content increased. Compared with 8% fat, bread with 8% fat replacer citrus fiber showed significantly lower agitating quality, color, volume and hardness but higher moisture content; besides, bread with 8% citrus fiber also could lower the hardness increasing rate and the product volume was acceptable. Therefore, for the similar quality as using fat, the optimal citrus fiber replacing ratios were 2% and 4%.   The potential of fat replacer citrus fiber applied in the development of bread and muffin products with different replacing ratios was investigated. Results showed that for both bread and muffin products, the product quality would decrease when the citrus fiber replacing ratio increased. The sensory evaluation indicated that there was no significant difference in products with fat only and fat replaced with 2% and 4% citrus fiber; besides, fat replaced with 2%, 4% and 6% citrus fiber were acceptable for evaluators. In conclusion, fat was the best baking lipid, and the product with higher citrus fiber content possessed a relative smaller volume, which might adversely affect the consumer buying behavior; however, citrus fiber could lower the hardness increasing rate and had a significantly higher moisture content than fat. Therefore, using fat replacer citrus fiber to replace fat could not only reduce the use of fat but also increase the intake of dietary fiber, which corresponds to the trend of baking industry to produce healthy products, suggesting that the fat replacer citrus fiber has the potential to be applied in the bread-related products.

This study evaluates quality of fermentation of the silage and also its nutritive value to ruminants on the basis of "in vitro" and "in sacco" digestability. Animal response to the silage is also evaluated in an "in vivo" digestability and nitrogen balance trial with Australian Merino sheep. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the opportunities for utilising citrus pulp and poultry litter to improve the nutritive value of wheat straw
Thesis (M.App.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, 1997

MSCAGR (Animal Science)
Department of Animal Science
The study evaluated the nutritive value of orange pulp- buffalo grass (OPBG) silage as a po-tential pig feed. In experiment 1, OPBG was ensiled in 58 one-litre jars, split into Reno-zyme® enzymes (containing α-amylases and β-endo 1, 3; 1, 4 beta glucanase) (denoted OPBGE) and 18 without enzyme (denoted OPBG). Samples were collected from the lab on days 7, 15 and 30 in a three by two factorial design (period by treatment). In Experiment 2, 12 South African Windsnyer-type (SAWIP) (27.2±3.9 kg) and 12 Large White- Landrace crosses (LW x LR) (28±9.8 kg) were fed diets containing different levels of bulk-ensiled OPBG ad libitum for 30 days, in a 2 X 3 (breed by level of OPBG (control, low (15% OPBG) and high (30% OPBG))) factorial arrangement. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the pigs was measured during week 3 of feeding. The average body gain ABG average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), average gain to feed ratio (AG: F) were measured weekly. Serum glucose (GLU) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREAT), cholesterol, (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured during week 4 of the experiment. The levels of CP, EE, NDF, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) and pH were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 7. However the OPBGE concentra-tions of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, HEMI, WSC, LA and pH were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. The OPBGE was lower (P<0.05) on EE and ADF, compared to OPBG on day 7. The levels of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, ADF, HEMI, LA and WSC were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 30. However the OPBGE levels of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, LA and WSC were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. ASH, EE and HEMI were lower (P<0.05) on day 30. There were significant diets x day interactions (P<0.05) for DM, ASH, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HEMI, WSC, and LA, but not for pH. The aerobic stability study was inconclusive. The digestibility levels of OM and NDF were different (P<0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP, where LW x LR ATTD on OM and NDF was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. The LW x LR ADG was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. There was a diet x breed interaction effect (P <0.05) on ADG whereby the BUN and CREAT were different (P <0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP. The SAWIP BUN was higher (P<0.05), but the CREAT and TG were lower (P<0.05) compared to LW x LR for all diets fed. In conclusion, OPBG inclu-sion in pig feed enhanced the quality of feed, digestibility, performance and blood metabo-lites profile.
NRF

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of man-made chemicals with many uses from fire-fighting foams to surface coatings and other industrial applications. In recent years, PFAS have gained considerable attention within the scientific community and the global media alike. Due to their strong chemical bonds, PFAS are inherently non-biodegradable and therefore persist in the environment. Listed in the Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants, these chemicals have been linked to various health issues in both humans and animals, lately, which are resulting in millions of dollars’ worth of expenses in health care and compensation for the governments of affected countries every year. In addition, the cost of cleaning up PFAS from the environment along with these human costs exceeds $50 billion in Europe alone. There is an urgent need for a portable sensing system to detect PFAS in the environment, including the most common types, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). At present, the methods available to accurately measure the concentration of PFAS in contaminated samples involve field sampling followed by laboratory-based, time consuming analytical techniques, such as liquid/gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry that are unsuitable for real-time field measurements. Existing portable systems have not yet attained the precision of the analytical methods and face challenges in field tests due to various limitations, including lack of specificity, cross sensitivity to environmental conditions and generation of toxic waste. Therefore, this research has focused on providing a proof of principle of a Fabry- Perot Interferometry (FPI) based optical fibre sensor for in situ detection of PFOA in aqueous solution. It has aimed at characterizing the potential of the envisioned PFAS sensing technique to obtain accurate and real time measurements. The proposed research capitalised on the numerous practical advantages offered by optical fibre sensors and the ability of an integrated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) coating at the fibre end-face to respond to the presence of PFOA. To the best of the author’s knowledge, PVDF was experimentally shown to respond to the emerging contaminants for the first time in this work. A novel approach of forming a thin PVDF film (or Fabry-Perot etalon) on an optical fibre end-face was developed and thoroughly characterized. The thermoplastic polymer PVDF, known for its many useful characteristics such as hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance and ferroelectricity, was considered a robust sensor material based on its performance related to water filtration membranes and other engineering applications. This work has reported the synthesis of optimized coating on optical fibres through the immersion precipitation technique and has discussed subsequent experiments with the fabricated PFAS detector that demonstrated reproducible changes in the FPI spectrum in the presence of PFOA. Successful detection of analytes or their change in concentration was denoted by spectral shifts on the obtained FPI reflection spectra. A variation in the optical path difference (OPD) determined through numerical modelling provided a measure of sensitivity of the FPI based system to the different PFOA solutions. Analytical tests confirmed that PVDF adsorbs PFOA by measuring the concentration of PFOA in solution before and after a PVDF film was immersed for several hours. Visual evidence in the form of scanning electron microscopic images also displayed differences in the surface structures of PVDF thin films that were exposed to PFOA. These results supported the inference that the changes in OPD were due to the adsorption of PFOA on the PVDF coated optical fibre. In addition to the solutions containing known amounts of PFOA, real industrial solutions containing residual fire-fighting foam from fire trucks were tested and showed successful detection at low levels. In this case, the solutions contained a mixture of PFOA and PFOS with a range of other PFAS compounds that are typically used in these foam formulations. Further investigation involving alternative optical methods employing refractive index- based measurement utilizing an etched fibre Bragg grating (EFBG) and also a bare optical fibre, showed spectral response to change in PFOA concentration in solution. A shift in the EFBG spectrum due to change in PFOA concentration in the solution in which PVDF membranes had been soaked indicated that the analyte was adsorbed by the polymer. Similarly, a change in the reflection intensity of the signal obtained by a bare fibre end-face in the PFOA solution due to a change in its refractive index, indicated the adsorption of the fluoro surfactant on the PVDF thin film. Following the confirmation of PFOA uptake by PVDF, functionalization of the polymer was also investigated, which revealed that the incorporation of zeolites into PVDF enables more PFOA from aqueous solution to be adsorbed onto the thin film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to highlight structural differences in the doped coatings, whereas energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy was used to show compositional differences between the doped and non-doped PVDF thin films. Thus, this research contributed to the prospect of developing a functionalized sensor for more efficient detection of PFAs while also creating opportunities for further research in water treatment. A temperature characterization test, which was undertaken to eliminate possible signal cross-sensitivity effects, also indicated that the PVDF coated fibre can be considered for thermometric applications due to its good repeatability and linearity of the measurements over a specified temperature range. More importantly, information gathered from the undertaken characterization test was used to optimize the PFOA sensing protocol in order to obtain reliable results. This research has provided experimental evidence to support that a PVDF coated optical fibre can be used as a potential portable PFAS detector. It has demonstrated a novel and simple thin film fabrication and optimization process for selective detection of the emerging contaminant PFOA. Furthermore, by combining an interferometry type optical fibre sensing technology with aqueous PFAS detection this research has established the foundation for future studies that can lead to commercialisation of a portable PFAS sensor for wide-ranging environmental and engineering applications.

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a separation process driven by the vapour pressure difference established across hydrophobic membrane. In order to combine the advantages of conventional MD configurations, Permeate Gap Membrane Distillation (PGMD) modules were developed. The objectives of this study were to systematically evaluate the performance of several new hollow fibre PGMD modules. This study consisted of four components. First of all, the membrane was systematically characterized. The membrane dimension and morphology were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The membrane porosity was measured using the wetting method. The membrane hydrophobicity was determined by measuring the contact angles of the inner and outer hollow fiber surfaces. Finally, Liquid Entry Pressure (LEP) was investigated. Based on the membrane characterization, it was confirmed that the employed hollow fibre membrane was suitable for MD application. Next, a single PGMD module was built with 8 gap channels and 1 hollow fibre within each gap channel. This module was operated in different modes (PGMD, DCMD and SGMD) to compare their performance. The results showed that the maximum flux of hollow fiber PGMD was 27% and 1.6% lower than the maximum flux of DCMD and SGMD respectively. This phenomenon was due to the higher coolant velocity for DCMD and applied air flow in the gap channel for SGMD. The mass transfer coefficient was also used as an indicator to compare performance. For PGMD, the mass transfer coefficient increased initially at the lower feed inlet temperature and then decreased when the feed inlet temperature was higher than 60˚C, which could be attributed to the combined effects of transverse vapor flux and temperature non-uniformity of the bulk flow. On the contrary, the global mass transfer coefficients of DCMD and SGMD decreased slightly as a function of feed inlet temperature. Compared to other studies, our results demonstrated that PGMD has the potential to effectively combine the advantages of different conventional MD processes. Afterwards, we have investigated the impacts of different PGMD module designs on water productivity and energy efficiency. The results showed that module with lower hollow fibre packing density or gap channel density had a higher flux and better energy efficiency, while modules with higher hollow fibre packing density or gap channel density exhibited more energy efficient use of the membrane surface area and higher productivity. Additionally, the module with a more conductive cooling plate had a higher flux and lower Specific Thermal Energy Consumption (STEC), which was mainly attributed to the lower thermal resistance of the cooling plate. Due to the nearly stagnant velocities within the gap and coolant channels, the impact of cooling plate material on PGMD performance was greater than that of hollow fibre packing density and gap channel density. The Gain Output Ratio (GOR) obtained for the hollow fibre PGMD module was relatively low compared to other MD studies, however, the PGMD module performance cannot be assessed purely based on GOR. A trade-off exists between GOR and flux for MD modules, and the flux obtained from our hollow fibre PGMD module was relatively high. Finally, a set of mathematical models were developed to simulate the mass and heat transfers phenomenon in hollow fibre PGMD process. The validated model was employed to evaluate the impacts of important MD design parameters on module performance. The modelling results showed that coolant velocity and coolant temperature had less impact on flux compared to those of DCMD, because the coolant of DCMD contacts with membrane directly. The model also suggested that increasing the cooling plate thermal conductivity resulted in a higher flux. However, when the cooling plate thermal conductivity was higher than 5 W/m.K, further increases in the thermal conductivity of the cooling plate had a negligible impact on flux. A sensitivity study was undertaken to analyze the combined effects of gap channel inner/outer diameters and gap channel thermal conductivity on flux. It is concluded that the gap thermal conductivity played a more important role in PGMD performance compared to the hydrodynamic flow in permeate and coolant channels. To further improve hollow fibre PGMD performance, six recommendations are provided for the future work.