Artículos de revistas: "Chu kingdom"

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Caldwell, Ernest. "PROMOTING ACTION IN WARRING STATES POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: A FIRST LOOK AT THE CHU MANUSCRIPTCAO MIE'S BATTLE ARRAYS". Early China 37 (11 de junio de 2014): 259–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2013.4.

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AbstractRecent excavations of Chinese bamboo manuscripts have so far yielded a wealth of information about classical philosophical debates, but conspicuously absent have been contemporary manuscript copies of texts on the most prevalent socio-political issue of the aptly named Warring States Period, namely warfare. Recently, however, the Shanghai Museum began publishing several Warring States bamboo manuscripts from the kingdom of Chu, which it acquired in 1994. Among them is the manuscript of a previously unknown Warring States text titledCao Mie's Battle Arrays. Through a lengthy dialogue between Duke Zhuang of Lu and his advisor Cao Mie, this manuscript offers new insight into statecraft methods designed to ensure the viability of a small kingdom surrounded by larger bellicose neighbors. While many contemporary philosophical schools considered the welfare of a kingdom or army to be linked to the power of both virtue and the will of Heaven, Cao Mie gives precedence to the real-world efficacy of the ruler's actions and the subsequent response of the populace and soldiers. In this paper I offer an introductory codicological analysis of the manuscript, followed by a study of Cao Mie's central theme of personal action— which requires the ruler to be a visible, decisive, and active participant in handling mundane affairs of the kingdom and in commanding the military.

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Kravtsova, Marina E. y Anton E. Terekhov. "An Analysis of the “Reading the Verses of Chu” Article by Hu Shi". Oriental Studies 19, n.º 10 (2020): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-74-87.

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The paper presents an attempt to analyze Hu Shi's “Reading the Verses of Chu” which is considered one of the basic theoretic works for the “discussion on rejecting the historicity of Qu Yuan”. It spread in the first decades following the formation of the Republic of China (1911–1945) and gave birth to the to the estimation that the famous chuci (verses of Chu) poetic tradition, was firmly considered in the course of the previous centuries to be originated by the creative activities of Qu Yuan (4th – 3rd century BC), a stateman of the ancient Chinese Chu Kingdom (11th – 3rd century BC), derived in fact from an ancient anonymous cantos. It is widely considered nowadays that it was precisely Hu Shi who first stated the fictionality of Qu Yuan. However, close reading of the work shows that its content is not limited to discussing this issue. Recognizing the possibility of the existence of such a Chu poet and his authorship of a number of poetic pieces attributed to him, Hu Shi called for the abandonment of the formulaic interpretations of Qu Yuan’s image and the chuci poetry, which arouse on the basis of further legends about Chu and being under the influence of Confucian views on literary activities and personally on Qu Yuan. Thus, Hu Shi outlined a fundamentally new methodological approach to the study of the verses of Chu, which was based on examining the texts as well as their historical and cultural context. This is his true theoretical contribution to the Chinese humanities of the 20th century.

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Nwagu, Umunna, Henry Onoriode y Charles Chinonso Edeh. "An Assessment of the Banking Sector Development in Economic Performance: A Case of Selected Countries". Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Administrative Sciences 4, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jareas.v4i1.596.

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Purpose: The study examines economic growth and banking sector development in some G8 countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and Germany) and three African countries (Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa). Approach/Methodology/Design: Study objectives include filling the gap occasioned by a lack of literature on this topic, especially as it concerns the selected countries. As a check for stationarity, we used the Levin-Lin-Chu and Im-Peseran-Shun unit root tests. In addition to Pedroni, long-run relationships between variables are also tested. Because the study is a cross-country study, it was necessary to perform the Hausman test to determine if random effect panel analysis is consistent and effective and to test long-run cointegration using the ARDL Bound test. Findings: According to the results, banking sector development, and exchange rate contribute positively to economic growth while CPI contributes negatively. In contrast, the results indicate a long-run relationship between economic growth, banking, and other determinants. Originality/value: The study recommends that G8 countries and most African countries consider improving their banking sector and incorporating it into their economic development as one of the determinants.

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Xiang, Wu. "The Heaven-and-Man Oneness Concept and the Style of Funerary Plastic Art During the Han Dynasty". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, n.º 4 (10 de septiembre de 2022): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-4-10-31.

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The article analyses the Heaven-and-Man Oneness concept, which appeared during Emperor Wu of Liang's reign (汉武帝) and was important for the art of ancient China during the Han Dynasty. On its basis, the ideological thinking based on the Confucian view was formed. This philosophical concept explains the desire for a harmonious coexistence of man and heaven, where man and nature merge and mutually influence each other. The author emphasises that it is necessary to consider that during the long period of Confucian, Taoist and other teachings development, they constantly intertwined and mixed. Such a merger led to the fact that the Han Dynasty Confucian ideas, which combined the rituals of a strict social hierarchy and Taoist metaphysics, actively strengthened the consolidation of social stratification and the divine origin of the ruling class. Therefore, Confucianism was recognised and fully used by those in power. The Confucian teaching of the Han Dynasty, led by its primary representative Dong Zhongshu (1), exalted the Heaven-and-Man Oneness concept（天人合一), implying that man and Heaven are one. Sculptures in mausoleums are a product of the funerary culture. They bear the ideas of ancient people about life, death and the universe, at the same time being an essential part of the ancient China sculpture, which reflects the achievements and aesthetic aspirations characteristic of the ancient China art. Under the influence of the Heaven-and-Man Oneness concept and the cultures of small-numbered peoples from the north and the kingdom of Chu（楚国) from the south, a unique style of stone carving was formed. The era of the Han Dynasty is the period of the emergence of funerary plastics. This historical period is divided into Western and Eastern Han. Until now, only stone sculptures erected in front of the tombs of officials have survived. The sculptures from the burial of Huo Qubing（霍去病）are an example of stone sculptures of Western Han tombs. Here, attention was paid to the original texture and shape of the stone; processing was minimal; the imagery technique was used （意象）through which the ideological approach of the harmonious unity of man and nature with the heaven-and-man oneness（天人合一) was expressed. At the same time, funerary plastic art was influenced by the traditions of the nomadic peoples of Northern China. Such features as naturalness and roughness of the image were formed. In stone sculptures in front of the tombs of the Eastern Han, man's fantasies about heaven were expressed, as well as the desire to gain immortality after death. At the same time, the stone sculptures were aesthetically influenced by the mystical and romantic realm of Chu. funerary plastic art was influenced by the traditions of the nomadic peoples of Northern China. Such features as naturalness and roughness of the image were formed. In stone sculptures in front of the tombs of the Eastern Han, man's fantasies about heaven were expressed, as well as the desire to gain immortality after death. At the same time, the stone sculptures were aesthetically influenced by the mystical and romantic realm of Chu.

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Dai, Yue. "Secular Dimensions of the Aśoka Stūpa from the Changgan Monastery of the Song Dynasty". Religions 12, n.º 11 (21 de octubre de 2021): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12110909.

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In 2008, in the course of excavating the site of the pagoda foundations of the former Nanjing Da Bao’en Monastery 南京大報恩寺, archaeologists discovered Buddhist relics enshrined in nested reliquaries along with some two hundred offering objects. The most impressive finding was a specially designed, richly decorated reliquary stūpa, known as the Seven-Jeweled Aśoka Stūpa 七寶阿育王塔, created in the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE). This paper begins with the history of the site where a series of famous Buddhist structures had been built since the Wu Kingdom (222–280 CE), and which has long been associated with the cult of King Aśoka and relic worship. It then goes on to examine the form and features of the reliquary stūpas prevalent in the Wuyue period (907–978). Through comparisons between the Aśoka stūpas commissioned by Wuyue King Qian Chu 錢俶 (929–988) and those by laypeople around the same time, I will demonstrate that the Seven-Jeweled Aśoka Stūpa is distinct in its secular features. It is not a Buddhist reliquary that strictly conforms to the conventions of reliquary-making in terms of scale, inscription, and functionality; besides relic worship, it also features a remarkable manifestation of laypeople’s beliefs and expectations, sacred or secular. Viewed in its historical context, in which the Song emperors imposed political control over religious affairs and Buddhism became increasingly secular, the stūpa was a product of negotiation between the political authorities and local Buddhist communities in the Song Dynasty.

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Mubing, Qiu. "Statues of Warriors and War Horses of the Han Dynasty". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 15, n.º 4 (10 de diciembre de 2019): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2019-15-4-63-81.

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Terracotta statues of warriors and war horses represent a type of sculpture from ancient burials. They are an important part of the system of objects buried together with the deceased during the Han dynasty (the so-called Mintsi). Yun, the most characteristic funeral figurines which archaeologists find especially in the region of the Chu kingdom of the pre-Qin period, began to appear during the Chunqiu and the Warring States periods. The burial of statues of soldiers together with the deceased carried an authentic meaning connected with the burial of living warriors during the Shang dynasty. Terracotta statues of warriors and war horses in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang were completed in a very short time and mainly reproduced the figures of people and soldiers on high alert before the start of a military campaign. Despite the fact that the Han Dynasty succeeded the Qin Dynasty in the administrative system, it also drew some lessons, to varying degrees, regarding martial arts, as evidenced by the location combinations of the terracotta statues and horses. In 1965, a large burial place of the ancestor of Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Han dynasty, was discovered in the Shaanxi province north of Xianyang in Yangjiawan village. In history, it was known as Zhoushitsuy or Mound of Zhou Ancestors. The size and Ill. 1. National architectural monument. Han Dynasty. Mausoleum Han Yang Ling. Ill. 2. Grave pits in the Hanyangling Museum depth of the pits are not the same, the number of ceramic statues found is also various and of different shapes and sizes; however, most of the statues have a bright colour and a perfectly regular shape. These excavations of the Han terracotta statues have historical significance due to the fact that this is the first finding of terracotta statues of the Han period since the founding of New China.

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Böse, Fanny y Christian von Hirschhausen. "Economics of new nuclear power plants – assessment of investments into Generation III, small modular reactors and non-light-water reactors". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6 de septiembre de 2023): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-207-2023.

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Abstract. Given the need to combat climate change, as recently stressed again within the IPCC (2023) report, and the recent energy price increases for electricity and natural gas through the war in Ukraine (ECB, 2022), investments into new nuclear power plants are a considered option for future energy systems in some countries. In this paper, we discuss economic aspects of such investments, differentiating between three different types of reactor technology, as described in the following: i. At present, the only viable option for an investment would be “Generation III” reactors, i.e., light-water reactors with high capacities (in the range of or above 1000 MW). The most recent projects of that type have been very expensive, though, and there is a controversy about whether future ones will become competitive (Wealer et al., 2021; Duan et al., 2022). Economic questions relate to economies of scale and the differences in costs between western reactors (USA, Europe) and those in Russia and China.ii. In some countries, the development of and subsequent investments in light-water reactors of small power rating (<300 MW) are pursued (e.g., in the US, Canada and the UK). These are sometimes called “small modular reactors” in the recent literature (Chu, 2010; IAEA, 2022). These concepts are surrounded by high uncertainty, and the paper proposes a methodology for economic analysis, based on previous literature (Rothwell, 2016; Roulstone et al., 2020; Boarin et al., 2021).iii. A third option for newly built reactors is represented by non-light-water reactors, amongst which the classical sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor (“fast breeder”) is the most advanced type as well as high-temperature reactors and molten-salt reactors. With the establishment of the GenIV International Forum in 2001, 14 member states, including the USA, China, Russia, the EURATOM states, and the United Kingdom, have joined forces with the shared objective of further developing non-light-water reactor concepts. The paper provides a methodology to assess the competitiveness of fast reactors and extends it to other non-light-water reactors. The paper concludes with an assessment of the economics of new nuclear power plants going forward. Particular consideration is given to the aspects of decommissioning from the very outset, i.e., the planning of the new reactor. In that context, the paper will address the interdependencies between technology choices and storage issues, for example volume composition.

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Roe, Jae Shik. "Chinese View of the Samuel Wells Williams in The Middle Kingdom". CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 120 (30 de junio de 2019): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.120.127.

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Beattie, Pauline y Moses Bockarie. "THE NINTH FORUM OF THE EUROPEAN & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CLINICAL TRIALS PARTNERSHIP". BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (abril de 2019): A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.1.

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The EDCTP community meets biennially to share research findings, plan new partnerships and collaborations, and discuss maximising impact from EDCTP-funded research. In 2018, the Ninth EDCTP Forum took place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 17–21 September 2018. The Lisbon meeting was the largest international conference focusing on clinical research on poverty-related infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. It started with a strong commitment, from European and African EDCTP member countries, for a successor programme to EDCTP2 (2014–2024). It provided a platform for the presentation of project results and discussion of progress in clinical research and capacity strengthening in sub-Saharan Africa.The theme of the Ninth Forum was ‘Clinical research and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa: the impact of North-South partnerships’. This reflected not only the broader scope of a larger EDCTP research programme but also the growing awareness of the need for global cooperation to prepare for public health emergencies and strengthen health systems. The theme highlighted the impact of Europe-Africa partnerships supporting clinical research and the clinical research environment, towards achieving the sustainable development goals in sub-Saharan Africa.A central topic of the Forum was the discussion of the character and scope of an EDCTP successor programme, which should start in 2021 under the next European Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon Europe. On 17 September, a high-level meeting on this topic took place immediately before the opening of the Forum1. On 19 September, the plenary session continued this discussion through a panel of representatives of strategic partners. There was consensus on the added value of the programme for Europe and the countries in sub-Saharan Africa and political commitment to a successor programme. Poverty-related infectious diseases and a partnership approach will remain central to the programme. There was also a general awareness that all participating countries would need to engage more strongly with a successor programme, both in its governance and in their financial contributions to its objectives.The Forum hosted 550 participants from more than 50countries. The programme consisted of keynote addresses by policy makers, research leaders, and prominent speakers from Europe and Africa in 5 plenary presentations. There were 9 symposia, 45 oral presentations in parallel sessions, and 74 electronic poster presentations. Abstracts of the plenary, oral and poster presentations are published in this supplement to BMJ Global Health.EDCTP is proud of its contribution to strengthening clinical research capacity in Africa, with more than 400 postgraduate students and 56 EDCTP fellows supported under the first EDCTP programme. The second programme developed a comprehensive fellowship scheme. More than 100 EDCTP fellows (former and current) participated in a one-day pre-conference to discuss the further development of our Alumni Network launched in 2017. The Forum also offered scholarships to many early and mid-career researchers from sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. With the support of the European Union, EDCTP member countries and sponsors, they were able to present results of their studies and meet colleagues from Africa and Europe.The Forum also provided the appropriate platform for recognising individual and team achievements through the four EDCTP 2018 Prizes. With the support of the European Union, EDCTP recognised outstanding individuals and research teams from Africa and Europe. In addition to their scientific excellence, the awardees made major contributions to the EDCTP objectives of clinical research capacity development in Africa and establishing research networks between North and South as well as within sub-Saharan Africa.Dr Pascoal Mocumbi Prize Professor Souleyman Mboup (Professor of Microbiology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar; Head of the Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory of CHU Le Dantec, Dakar; and President of IRESSEF, Senegal) was recognised for his outstanding achievements in advancing health research and capacity development in Africa.Outstanding Research Team Prize The prize was awarded to the team of the CHAPAS (Children with HIV in Africa – Pharmacokinetics and acceptability of simple antiretroviral regimens) studies, led by Professor Diana Gibb (MRC Clinical Trials Unit, United Kingdom).Outstanding Female Scientist Prize The prize was awarded to Professor Gita Ramjee (Chief Specialist Scientist and Director of the HIV Prevention Research Unit of the South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa) for her outstanding contributions to her field.Scientific Leadership Prize The prize was awarded to Professor Keertan Dheda (Head of the Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity and Head of the Division of Pulmonology at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, South Africa) for his research contributions and leadership.Partnership is at the core of the EDCTP mission. In the year before the Forum, Nigeria and Ethiopia were welcomed as the newest member countries of the EDCTP Association, while Angola became an aspirant member. Partnership was also demonstrated by the many stakeholders who enriched the programme by organising scientific symposia, collaborative sessions and workshops. We thank our sponsors Novartis, Merck, the European Union, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Institute of Health Carlos III (Spain), the National Alliance for Life Sciences and Health (France), the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), the Swedish International Development Agency (Sweden), ClinaPharm (African CRO), the Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung (Germany), The Global Health Network (United Kingdom), PATH, and ScreenTB. We gratefully acknowledge the support of our partners and hosts of the Forum, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.The tenth EDCTP Forum will take place in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020.

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Đỗ, Trường Giang, Tomomi Suzuki, Văn Quảng Nguyễn y Mariko Yamagata. "Champa Citadels: An Archaeological and Historical Study". Asian Review of World Histories 5, n.º 2 (4 de octubre de 2017): 70–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340006.

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Abstract From 2009 to 2012, a joint research team of Japanese and Vietnamese archaeologists led by the late Prof. Nishimura Masanari conducted surveys and excavations at fifteen sites around the Hoa Chau Citadel in Thua Thien Hue Province, built by the Champa people in the ninth century and used by the Viet people until the fifteenth century. This article introduces some findings from recent archaeological excavations undertaken at three Champa citadels: the Hoa Chau Citadel, the Tra Kieu Citadel in Quang Nam Province, and the Cha Ban Citadel in Binh Dinh Province. Combined with historical material and field surveys, the paper describes the scope and structure of the ancient citadels of Champa, and it explores the position, role, and function of these citadels in the context of their own nagaras (small kingdoms) and of mandala Champa as a whole. Through comparative analysis, an attempt is made to identify features characteristic of ancient Champa citadels in general.

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Atterbury, R. J., E. Dillon, C. Swift, P. L. Connerton, J. A. Frost, C. E. R. Dodd, C. E. D. Rees y I. F. Connerton. "Correlation of Campylobacter Bacteriophage with Reduced Presence of Hosts in Broiler Chicken Ceca". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, n.º 8 (agosto de 2005): 4885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4885-4887.2005.

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ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter-specific bacteriophage were enumerated from broiler chicken ceca selected from 90 United Kingdom flocks (n = 205). C. jejuni counts in the presence of bacteriophage (mean log10 5.1 CFU/g) were associated with a significant (P < 0.001) reduction compared to samples with Campylobacter alone (mean log10 6.9 CFU/g).

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Seo, Kwang Suk. "After the Fall of the Koguryo Dynasty, Reconstruct Koguryo Kingdom in Liaodong". CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 114 (30 de junio de 2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.114.1.

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WILLIS, CAROLINE, JIM McLAUCHLIN, CORINNE AMAR, LORRAINE SADLER-REEVES, NICOLA ELVISS, HEATHER AIRD, ANDREW FOX y MOIRA KAYE. "Assessment of the Microbiological Safety of Precut Fruit from Retail and Catering Premises in the United Kingdom". Journal of Food Protection 79, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2016): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-460.

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ABSTRACT Fresh fruit has been associated with a number of foodborne outbreaks in recent years. In particular, a large outbreak of listeriosis in the United States in 2011 was associated with consumption of cantaloupe melon, and an outbreak of Salmonella Newport in the United Kingdom and Europe (also in 2011) was linked to watermelon consumption. A study of precut fruit products from catering and retail premises in the United Kingdom was, therefore, carried out to assess their microbiological safety. Between January and March 2012, samples (1,188) of ready-to-eat precut fruit were collected from retail and catering premises in the United Kingdom, and 99% were of satisfactory microbiological quality. However, four samples (0.3%) were of an unsatisfactory quality (one with 800 CFU/g Listeria monocytogenes and three with >100 CFU/g Escherichia coli), and five samples (0.4%) were of a borderline quality owing to the presence of E. coli (two samples with a level of 20 CFU/g), Staphylococcus aureus (two samples with levels of >50 CFU/g), or L. monocytogenes (one sample with a level of 80 CFU/g). L. monocytogenes or other Listeria species were detected in a further 54 samples (4.5%) at levels below the threshold considered to be borderline or unsatisfactory. A significantly larger proportion of samples from one national supermarket chain was contaminated with L. monocytogenes than other supermarkets, and two types were, in this study, unique to this supermarket. This study shows that overall, the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat precut fruit was good. However, the presence of Listeria species in 5% of samples highlights the need for good hygiene during preparation and satisfactory temperature and time control during storage of these food products.

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Knust, Michaela, Olaf Zawacki-Richter y Anke Hanft. "Organisation and Management of Continuing Higher Education: Findings of a Comparative Study in Six Countries from a German Perspective". Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 14, n.º 2 (noviembre de 2008): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jace.14.2.3.

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An international comparison study investigated the organisation and management of continuing higher education (CHE) in Germany, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Austria and the United States of America. CHE is compared on the system level (boundaries between traditional study programmes and CHE, linking of CHE and vocational training, accessibility openness of the HE system, and recognition of prior learning), the institutional level (type of organisation, cooperation between centralised and decentralised units, and implementation of lifelong learning), as well as on the programme level (use of ECTS-credit points, duration of courses, e-learning, and corporate programmes) in order to derive potentials for CHE and to identify decisive factors of success. The main results are reported in this article.

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Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur, Syed Masiur Rahman, Mohammad Shahedur Rahman, Md Arif Hasan, Syed Abu Shoaib y Sayeed Rushd. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid Waste Management in Saudi Arabia—Analysis of Growth Dynamics and Mitigation Opportunities". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (16 de febrero de 2021): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041737.

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The continuous growth in population, urbanization, and industrial development has been increasing the generation of solid waste (SW) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is also following an increasing trend. The collection and use of greenhouse gases emitted from solid waste management practices are still limited. A causality analysis examined the driving factors of the emissions from solid waste management. The methane (CH4) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) increased with an increase in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and urban population, and an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and literacy rate was likely to reduce CH4 emissions from municipal solid waste and vice versa. The CH4 emission generated from industrial solid wastes was found to be positively related to GDP per capita, urban population, and FDI inflows. However, a decrease in the unemployment rate was likely to increase CH4 emissions from industrial solid wastes. The future greenhouse gas emissions were projected under different possible socio-economic conditions. The scenario analysis based on different variations of population and GDP growth revealed that methane emission from total waste would increase at an average annual rate of 5.13% between 2020 and 2050, and is projected to reach about 4000 Gg by the end of the year 2050. Although the Kingdom has been taking some initiatives towards climate change mitigation, it has significant opportunities to adopt some of the best practices in solid waste management including reduction, recycling, composting and waste-to-energy, and carbon capture and utilization. This study also put emphasis on developing appropriate policy approaches for climate change mitigation based on the circular economy which is gaining momentum in the Kingdom.

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Takayama, Hiroshi. "The great administrative officials of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily". Papers of the British School at Rome 58 (noviembre de 1990): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200011697.

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GLI ALTI FUNZIONARI AMMINISTRATIVE DEL REGNO NORMANNO IN SICILIAL'articolo riprende in esame la letteratura esistente riferita ai funzionari delle finanze nel regno normanno in Sicilia e descrive le responsabilità di questi alti ufficiali nella duana basata su una nuova interpretazione di questa organizzazione finanziaria e amministrativa. Il ad-diwan al-ma'mur, l'ufficio centrale predisposto per il lavoro generale e di routine a Palermo, era diretto dal ciambellano principale del palazzo reale, affiancato da due ciambellani subordinati. La duana de secretis, l'ufficio che a Palermo sovraintendeva agli speciali dazii riguardanti l'amministrazione della terra, era diretta da uno dei due ciambellani del palazzo reale. I suoi alti ufficiali erano chiamati magistri duane de secretis, ashab diwan at-tahqiq al-mἁ mur, οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου σεκρέτου (οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ σεκρέτου), O οἱ ἂρχοντες τοῦ σεκρέτον. La duana baronum, un ufficio distaccato a Salerno che doveva soddisfare l'ampia varietà di necessità amministrative locali della penisola, fu diretta dapprima dall'altro ciambellano della corte reale e successivamente dall'ammiraglio. Gli alti funzionari di questo ufficio erano chiamati magistri duane baronum oppure οἱ ἐπὶ τοû σεκρέτου τῶν ἀποκοπῶν.

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Starke, Ian. "Global challenges in continuing medical education and continuing professional development in the United Kingdom". Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 28 (2008): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chp.207.

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MELDRUM, R. J., P. W. ELLIS, P. T. MANNION, D. HALSTEAD y J. GARSIDE. "Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods Sampled from the Point of Sale in Wales, United Kingdom". Journal of Food Protection 73, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2010): 1515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1515.

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A survey of Listeria in ready-to-eat food took place in Wales, United Kingdom, between February 2008 and January 2009. In total, 5,840 samples were taken and examined for the presence of Listeria species, including L. monocytogenes. Samples were tested using detection and enumeration methods, and the results were compared with current United Kingdom guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods. The majority of samples were negative for Listeria by both direct plating and enriched culture. Seventeen samples (0.29%) had countable levels of Listeria species (other than L. monocytogenes), and another 11 samples (0.19%) had countable levels of L. monocytogenes. Nine samples (0.15%) were unsatisfactory or potentially hazardous when compared with United Kingdom guideline limits; six (0.10%) were in the unsatisfactory category (>100 CFU/g) for Listeria species (other than L. monocytogenes), and three (0.05%) were in the unacceptable or potentially hazardous category (>100 CFU/g) for L. monocytogenes. All three of these samples were from sandwiches (two chicken sandwiches and one hamand-cheese sandwich). The most commonly isolated serotype of L. monocytogenes was 1/2a. This survey was used to determine the current prevalence of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods sampled from the point of sale in Wales.

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Kang, Weixi y Antonio Malvaso. "Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)". Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020307.

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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the main cardiovascular diseases that can cause disability and death across the globe. Although previous research explored the links between CHD and cognitive deficits, only a subset of cognitive abilities was analyzed and a small clinical sample size was used. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess how CHD can affect the cognitive domains of episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, fluid reasoning, and numerical ability in a large cohort of participants from the United Kingdom. Results revealed that episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, fluid reasoning, and numerical ability are negatively affected by CHD. Prevention and intervention should be developed to preserve cognitive abilities in people with CHD, but more studies should explore specific ways of doing so.

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RIOTTE, TORSTEN. "The House of Hanover: A Reassessment (1)The Kingdom of Hanover and the Marienburg Sale". Court Historian 12, n.º 1 (junio de 2007): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cou.2007.12.1.003.

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NICHOLS, G. L., C. L. LITTLE, V. MITHANI y J. de LOUVOIS. "The Microbiological Quality of Cooked Rice from Restaurants and Take-Away Premises in the United Kingdom". Journal of Food Protection 62, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1999): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.8.877.

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The microbiological quality of 4,162 samples of cooked rice from restaurants and take-away premises in the United Kingdom was examined, including ready-to-eat rice purchased at point-of-sale and rice that was stored precooked for reheating on demand. The majority of point-of-sale cooked rice samples (1,855 of 1,972; 94%) were of acceptable microbiological quality, but 15 (1%) samples were of unacceptable quality (Bacillus spp. and B. cereus, ≥105 CFU/g; Escherichia coli, ≥104 CFU/g), indicating a potential risk to health. The prevalence of Bacillus spp., B. cereus, and E. coli was significantly greater in precooked stored rice than in point-of-sale cooked rice (P < 0.005 to 0.0005). Bacillus spp. (≥104 CFU/g), B. cereus (≥104 CFU/g), and E. coli (≥102 CFU/g) were present in 7%, 2%, and 9% of precooked stored samples, respectively, compared to 2%, 0.5%, and 1%, respectively in point-of-sale samples. Although final heating at the point of sale reduces the levels of microorganisms present in rice it will not inactivate the B. cereus emetic toxin if present. Rice from Indian premises was of poorer microbiological quality than that from Chinese and other premises. Although most point-of-sale cooked rice samples (94%) were of an acceptable microbiological quality, evidence from this study indicates that the microbiological quality of cooked rice sold from certain outlets in the UK is of concern.

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Seror, R., G. Baron, M. Camus, D. Cornec, E. Perrodeau, S. J. Bowman, M. Bombardieri et al. "OP0286 DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY VALIDATION OF THE SJÖGREN’S TOOL FOR ASSESSING RESPONSE (STAR): A CONSENSUAL COMPOSITE SCORE FOR ASSESSING TREATMENT EFFECT IN PRIMARY SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (23 de mayo de 2022): 189.2–190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.2583.

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BackgroundToday, there are still no DMARDs licensed for primary Sjögren Syndrome (pSS) patients. Among the explanations, are the limitations of current outcome measures used as primary endpoints: e.g; high placebo response rate, evaluation of either symptoms or systemic activity, and important features not being assessed. The NECESSITY consortium (https://www.necessity-h2020.eu/), including pSS experts from academia, pharmaceutical industry and patient groups formed to develop a new composite responder index, the Sjögren’s Tool for Assessing Response (STAR) that solve the issues of current outcome measures in pSS and is intended for use in clinical trials as an efficacy endpoint.ObjectivesTo develop a composite responder index in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS): the STAR.MethodsTo develop the STAR, the NECESSITY consortium used data-driven methods, based on 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and consensus techniques, involving 78 experts and 20 patients. Based on reanalysis of rituximab trials (TRACTISS and TEARS) and literature review, the Delphi panel identified a core set of domains to include in the STAR, with their respective outcome measures. STAR options combining these domains were designed and proposed to the panel to select and improve them. For each STAR option, sensitivity to change was estimated by the C-index (derived from Effect size) in all 9 RCTs. Delphi rounds were run for selecting STAR among these options. The Delphi panel also voted to classify trials as positive, negative or “in between” in regards to primary but also key secondary endpoints. For the options remaining before the final vote, meta-analyses of the RCTs were performed separately for positive and “in between” trials together, and for negative trials.ResultsThe Delphi panel identified 5 core domains (systemic activity, patient symptoms, lachrymal gland function, salivary gland function and biological parameters), and 227 STAR options, combining these domains, were selected to be tested for sensitivity to change. After two Delphi rounds, meta-analyses of the 20 remaining options were performed. The candidate STAR was selected by a final vote based on metrological properties and clinical relevance. In positive/in between trials, candidate STAR detected a difference between arms (OR 3.29, 95%-CI [2.07;5.22], whereas it did not in negative trials (OR 1.53, 95%-CI [0.81;2.91]).ConclusionThe candidate STAR is a composite responder index, including in a single tool all main disease features, and is designed for use as a primary endpoint in pSS RCTs. Its rigorous and consensual development process ensures its face and content validity. The candidate STAR showed good sensitivity and specificity to change. The candidate STAR will be prospectively validated in a dedicated three arms RCT of the NECESSITY consortium that will evaluate combination of synthetic DMARDs (hydroxychloroquine + lefunomide or hydroxychloroquine + mycophenolate vs placebo). We encourage the use of STAR in any ongoing and future trials.Table 1.Candidate STARDomainPointDefinition of responseSystemic activity3Decrease of clinESSDAI ≥ 3Patient reported outcome3Decrease of ESSPRI ≥ 1 point or ≥ 15%Lachrymal gland function1Schirmer:If abnormal score at baseline: increase ≥ 5 mm from baselineIf normal score at baseline: no change to abnormalOrOcular Staining Score:If abnormal score at baseline: decrease ≥ 2 points from baselineIf normal score at baseline: no change to abnormalSalivary gland function1Unstimulated Whole Salivary Flow:If score > 0 at baseline: increase ≥ 25% from baselineIf score is 0 at baseline: any increase from baselineorUltrasound:Decrease ≥ 25% in total Hocevar score from baselineBiological1Serum IgG levels: decrease ≥ 10%orRheumatoid Factor levels: decrease ≥ 25%Candidate STAR responder≥ 5 pointsESSDAI: EULAR Sjögren syndrome disease activity index; ESSPRI: EULAR Sjögren syndrome patient reported index; IgG: Immunoglobulin G;AcknowledgementsNECESSITY WP5 STAR development participants: Suzanne Arends (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Francesca Barone (Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK), Albin Björk (Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Coralie Bouillot (Association Française du Gougerot Sjögren et des Syndromes Secs, France), Guillermo Carvajal Alegria (University of Brest, Inserm, CHU de Brest, LBAI, UMR1227, Brest, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Centre de Référence Maladies Autoimmunes Rares CERAINO, CHU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France), Wen-Hung Chen (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA), Kenneth Clark (GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom), Konstantina Delli (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands), Salvatore de Vita (Rheumatology Clinic, University Hospital of Udine, Italy), Liseth de Wolff (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Jennifer Evans (Novartis Pharmaceuticals corporation USA), Stéphanie Galtier (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Saviana Gandolfo (Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical area, University of Udine, ASUFC, 33100 Udine, Italy), Mickael Guedj (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Dewi Guellec (CHU de Brest, Service de Rhumatologie, Inserm, CIC 1412, Brest, France), Safae Hamkour (Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 GA, Netherlands), Dominik Hartl (Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland), Malin Jonsson (Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway), Roland Jonsson (Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway), Frans Kroese (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Aike Albert Kruize (University Medical Center Utrecht, Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands), Laurence Laigle (Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes Cedex, France), Véronique Le Guern (AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, service de médecine interne, Paris, France), Wen-Lin Luo (Department of Biometrics and Statistical Science, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey), Esther Mossel (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Wan-Fai Ng (Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK), Gaëtane Nocturne (Department of Rheumatology, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184: Centre for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France), Marleen Nys (Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium), Roald Omdal (Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway), Jacques-Olivier Pers (LBAI, UMR1227, University of Brest, Inserm, Brest, France and CHU de Brest, Brest, France), Maggy Pincemin (Association Française du Gougerot Sjögren et des Syndromes Secs, France), Manel Ramos-Casals (Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona Institut Clinic de Medicinai Dermatologia, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain), Philippe Ravaud (Centre d’Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France), Neelanjana Ray (Global Drug Development - Immunology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA), Alain Saraux (HU de Brest, Service de Rhumatologie, Univ Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, Inserm, LabEx IGO, Brest, France), Athanasios Tzioufas (Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical area, University of Udine, ASUFC, 33100 Udine, Italy), Gwenny Verstappen (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands), Arjan Vissink, Marie Wahren-Herlenius (Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). We thank the following experts: Esen Karamursel Akpek, Alan Baer, Chiara Baldini, Elena Bartoloni, Marí-Alfonso Begona, Johan Brun, Vatinee Bunya, Laurent Chiche, Troy Daniels, Paul Emery, Robert Fox, Roberto Giacomelli, John Gonzales, John Greenspan, Robert Moots, Susumu Nishiyama, Elizabeth Price, Christophe Richez, Caroline Shiboski, Roser Solans Laque, Muthiah Srinivasan, Peter Olsson, Tsutomu Takeuchi, Frederick Vivino, Paraskevi Voulgari, Daniel Wallace, Ava Wu, Wen Zhang. We thank the anonymous patients from the NECESSITY Patient Advisory Group and the Sjögren Foundation for their valuable contribution to the Delphi process. We thank EW StClair and AN Baer who generated the baminercept data and made them publicly available.Disclosure of InterestsRaphaèle Seror Consultant of: GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, Janssen and Novartis, Grant/research support from: GlaxoSmithKline and Amgen, Gabriel Baron: None declared, Marine Camus: None declared, Divi Cornec Consultant of: GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Amgen, Pfizer and Roche, Elodie Perrodeau: None declared, Simon J. Bowman Consultant of: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Galapagos and Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Michele Bombardieri Consultant of: UCB, Amgen/Medimmune, Janssen, and GlaxoSmithKline, Grant/research support from: Amgen/Medimmune, Janssen, and GlaxoSmithKline, Hendrika Bootsma: None declared, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg Consultant of: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Novartis, MSD, CSL-Behring and Genzyme, Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb, Benjamin Fisher Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen and Servier, Grant/research support from: Servier, Galapagos and Janssen, Wolfgang Hueber Shareholder of: Novartis Pharma, Employee of: Novartis Pharma, Joel van Roon: None declared, Valerie Devauchelle-Pensec: None declared, Peter Gergely Shareholder of: Novartis Pharma, Employee of: Novartis Pharma, Xavier Mariette Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Grant/research support from: Ose Pharmaceuticals, Raphaël Porcher: None declared

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Williams, Craig A., Lucy Gowing, Richard Horn y Alan Graham Stuart. "A survey of exercise advice and recommendations in United Kingdom paediatric cardiac clinics". Cardiology in the Young 27, n.º 5 (16 de enero de 2017): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951116002729.

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AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity and exercise have important health benefits for children and adolescents with CHD. The objective of this study was to survey the provision of advice and recommendations in United Kingdom paediatric CHD clinics.MethodsA three-page questionnaire was sent out to paediatric cardiac consultants in the United Kingdom, paediatric consultants with expertise in cardiology, and nursing staff (Paediatricians with Expertise in Cardiology Special Interest Group), as well as all members of the British Congenital Cardiovascular Association. The aim of this questionnaire was to determine the extent and scope of current information provision and to assess the importance that clinicians place on this advice.ResultsThere were 68 responses in total, and the data showed that, of these, 24 (36%) clinicians had never provided paediatric CHD patients with written advice about exercise. Only 27 (39%) clinicians provided physical activity advice at every appointment. Lack of time during consultation (n=39, 56.9%), lack of training (n=38, 55.2%), and uncertainty about appropriate recommendations (n=38, 55.2%) were identified as the main factors preventing clinicians from providing patients with advice about physical activity.ConclusionAlthough healthcare providers consider physical activity to be very important, the provision of clear, specific advice and recommendations is underutilised; therefore, more education and provision of resources to support the promotion of exercise need to be provided to clinicians and their support teams.

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Todd, Lisa M. "Kingdom of Night: Witnesses to the Holocaust. Mark Celinscak". Canadian Historical Review 104, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-104-3-rev12.

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GONZALES-BARRON, URSULA, GRAINNE REDMOND y FRANCIS BUTLER. "Modeling Prevalence and Counts from Most Probable Number in a Bayesian Framework: An Application to Salmonella Typhimurium in Fresh Pork Sausages". Journal of Food Protection 73, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2010): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1416.

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Prevalence and counts of Salmonella Typhimurium in fresh pork sausage packs at the point of retail were modeled by using Irish and United Kingdom retail surveys' data. A methodology for modeling a second-order distribution for the initial Salmonella concentration (λ0) in pork sausage at retail was presented considering the uncertainty originated from the most-probable-number (MPN) serial dilutions. A conditional probability of observing the tube counts given true Salmonella concentration in a contaminated pack was built from the MPN triplets of every sausage tested. A posterior distribution was then modeled under the assumption that the counts from each of the portions of sausage mix stuffed into casings (and subsequently packed) are Poisson distributed. In order to model the variability of λ0 among contaminated sausage packs, MPN uncertainties were propagated to a predefined lognormal distribution. Because the sausage samples from the Irish survey were frozen prior to MPN analysis (which is expected to cause reduction in viable cells), the resulting distribution for λ0 appeared greatly underestimated (mean: 0.514 CFU/g; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02 to 2.74 CFU/g). The λ0 distribution produced with the United Kingdom survey data (mean: 69.7 CFU/g; 95% CI: 15 to 200 CFU/g) was, however, more conservative, and is to be used along with the fitted distribution for prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in pork sausage packs in Ireland (gamma[37.997, 0.0013]; mean: 0.046; 95% CI: 0.032 to 0.064) as the main inputs of a stochastic consumer-phase exposure assessment model.

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Bao, Jianhang, Xinyan Huang, Yan Zeng, Tong Tong Wu, Xingyi Lu, Gina Meng, Yanfang Ren y Jin Xiao. "Dose-Dependent Inhibitory Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on Streptococcus mutans-Candida albicans Cross-Kingdom Microorganisms". Pathogens 12, n.º 6 (20 de junio de 2023): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060848.

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Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are two major pathogens associated with dental caries. Several recent studies revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits S. mutans and C. albicans in biofilms and in a rodent model of dental caries. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent effect of L. plantarum against S. mutans and C. albicans in a planktonic model that simulated a high-caries-risk clinical condition. Mono-, dual-, and multi-species models were utilized, with five doses of L. plantarum (ranging from 1.0 × 104 to 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL). Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of the virulence genes of C. albicans and S. mutans and the genes of L. plantarum. Student’s t-tests and one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc tests, were employed to compare the cell viability and gene expression among groups. A dose-dependent inhibition on C. albicans and S. mutans was observed with increased dosages of L. plantarum. L. plantarum at 108 CFU/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial and antifungal inhibitory effect in the dual- and multi-species models. Specifically, at 20 h, the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans was suppressed by 1.5 and 5 logs, respectively (p < 0.05). The antifungal and antibacterial effects were attenuated in lower doses of L. plantarum (104–107 CFU/mL). The expression of C. albicans HWP1 and ECE 1 genes and S. mutans lacC and lacG genes were significantly downregulated with an added 108 CFU/mL of L. plantarum (p < 0.05). The addition of 108 CFU/mL L. plantarum further inhibited the hyphae or pseudohyphae formation of C. albicans. In summary, L. plantarum demonstrated dose-dependent antifungal and antibacterial effects against C. albicans and S. mutans. L. plantarum emerged as a promising candidate for the creation of novel antimicrobial probiotic products targeting dental caries prevention. Further research is warranted to identify the functional metabolites produced by L. plantarum at different dosages when interacting with C. albicans and S. mutans.

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Thote, Alain. "Lacquer Craftsmanship in the Qin and Chu Kingdoms: Two Contrasting Traditions (late 4th to Late 3rd Century BC". Journal of East Asian Archaeology 5, n.º 1 (2003): 337–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852303776172926.

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Lim, Sang Sun. "A Study on the Topics of the Relationship between Balhae Kingdom and Khitan(Liao) and the Further Direction". CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 106 (28 de febrero de 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.106.1.

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Reilly, Jacqui S., Lesley Price, Sue Lang, Chris Robertson, Francine Cheater, Kirsty Skinner y Angela Chow. "A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of 6-Step vs 3-Step Hand Hygiene Technique in Acute Hospital Care in the United Kingdom". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, n.º 6 (7 de abril de 2016): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.51.

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OBJECTIVETo evaluate the microbiologic effectiveness of the World Health Organization’s 6-step and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 3-step hand hygiene techniques using alcohol-based handrub.DESIGNA parallel group randomized controlled trial.SETTINGAn acute care inner-city teaching hospital (Glasgow).PARTICIPANTSDoctors (n=42) and nurses (n=78) undertaking direct patient care.INTERVENTIONRandom 1:1 allocation of the 6-step (n=60) or the 3-step (n=60) technique.RESULTSThe 6-step technique was microbiologically more effective at reducing the median log10 bacterial count. The 6-step technique reduced the count from 3.28 CFU/mL (95% CI, 3.11–3.38 CFU/mL) to 2.58 CFU/mL (2.08–2.93 CFU/mL), whereas the 3-step reduced it from 3.08 CFU/mL (2.977–3.27 CFU/mL) to 2.88 CFU/mL (−2.58 to 3.15 CFU/mL) (P=.02). However, the 6-step technique did not increase the total hand coverage area (98.8% vs 99.0%, P=.15) and required 15% (95% CI, 6%-24%) more time (42.50 seconds vs 35.0 seconds, P=.002). Total hand coverage was not related to the reduction in bacterial count.CONCLUSIONSTwo techniques for hand hygiene using alcohol-based handrub are promoted in international guidance, the 6-step by the World Health Organization and 3-step by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study provides the first evidence in a randomized controlled trial that the 6-step technique is superior, thus these international guidance documents should consider this evidence, as should healthcare organizations using the 3-step technique in practice.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:661–666

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Helfter, Carole, Neil Mullinger, Massimo Vieno, Simon O'Doherty, Michel Ramonet, Paul I. Palmer y Eiko Nemitz. "Country-scale greenhouse gas budgets using shipborne measurements: a case study for the UK and Ireland". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n.º 5 (11 de marzo de 2019): 3043–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3043-2019.

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Abstract. We present a mass balance approach to estimate the seasonal and annual budgets of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) of the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) and the Republic of Ireland from concentration measurements taken on a ferry along the east coast of the United Kingdom over a 3-year period (2015–2017). We estimate the annual emissions of CH4 to be 2.55±0.48 Tg, which is consistent with the combined 2.29 Tg reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the individual countries. The net CO2 budget (i.e. including all anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks of CO2) is estimated at 881.0±125.8 Tg, with a net biogenic contribution of 458.7 Tg (taken as the difference between the estimated net emissions and the inventory value, which accounts for anthropogenic emissions only). The largest emissions for both gases were observed in a broad latitudinal band (52.5–54∘ N), which coincides with densely populated areas. The emissions of both gases were seasonal (maxima in winter and minima in summer), strongly correlated with natural gas usage and, to a lesser extent, also anti-correlated with mean air temperature. Methane emissions exhibited a statistically significant anti-correlation with air temperature at the seasonal timescale in the central region spanning 52.8–54.2∘ N, which hosts a relatively high density of waste treatment facilities. Methane emissions from landfills have been shown to sometimes increase with decreasing air temperature due to changes in the CH4-oxidising potential of the topsoil, and we speculate that the waste sector contributes significantly to the CH4 budget of this central region. This study brings independent verification of the emission budgets estimated using alternative products (e.g. mass balance budgets by aircraft measurements, inverse modelling, inventorying) and offers an opportunity to investigate the seasonality of these emissions, which is usually not possible.

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Yangutov, Leonid E. y Marina V. Orbodoeva. "On Early Translations of Buddhist Sutras in China in the Era the Three Kingdoms: 220–280". Herald of an archivist, n.º 2 (2019): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2019-2-331-343.

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The paper discusses the early days of translation in China which began with the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Chinese. The article addresses one of the most difficult and dramatic periods in the history of translation activities, the era of Three Kingdoms (220-280). First efforts of the Buddhist missionaries in translating the Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Chinese are poorly studied in the Russian science. The article aims to fill the gap. This goal sets the following tasks: (1) to analyze the translation activities in the kingdoms of Wei (220–265) and Wu (222–280) during Three Kingdoms period; (2) to show the place and role of the translators of these kingdoms in the development of the translation tradition in China; (3) to consider the quality of the Buddhist texts translations and their contribution to the development of Buddhism in China. The study shows that Buddhist missionaries who came to China from India and the countries of Central Asia during the Three Kingdoms period played an important role in the spreading of Buddhism. Their search for methods and tools to give the sense of Sanskrit texts in Chinese, which experience had had no experience of assimilation before Buddhism, prepared a fertile ground for the emergence in China of such translations of Buddhist literature that were able to convey the exact meaning of Buddhist teachings. The activities of the Three Kingdoms Buddhist texts translators reflected the rise of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and its texts formation. The article draws on bibliographic works of medieval authors: Hui Jiao’s “Gao Sen Zhuan” (“Biography of worthy monks”), Sen Yu’s “Chu San Zang Ji Ji” (“Collection of Translation Information about Tripitaka”), Fei Changfang’s “Li Dai San Bao Ji” (“Information about the three treasuries [during] historical epochs”), which figure prominently in Buddhist historiography. Also the authors draw on the latest Chinese research summarized in the monograph: Lai Yonghai (ed.). “Zhongguo fojiao tongshi” [General History of Chinese Buddhism]. Nanjing, 2006.

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Zeng, Jingjing y Chuanmao Tian. "Translating the Three Kingdoms Cultural Attractions in Jingzhou and Xiangyang: Problems and Solutions". IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526) 5, n.º 2 (3 de diciembre de 2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v5.n2.p5.

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<em>With the rapid development of globalization, the trans-cultural communication has become more and more frequent. Tourism has become more popular with people as one of the ways in trans-cultural communication. In travelling, people cannot only spread their own culture, but also study other cultures. However, it is the transnational tourism that makes all kinds of languages encounter and gives rise to the differences among these languages. Thus, translation is one important way to solve this problem. As one of the ways in trans-cultural communication, tourism translation has its vital function. Therefore, a number of researches have been done by many famous experts and scholars. However, my literature search indicates that the researches about tourism translation abroad are relatively few, even though there are many at home. As far as China as a whole is concerned, Hubei Province boasts rich and abundant cultural relics. The cultural resources of Hubei Province are heterogeneous yet diversified, including Chu culture, Three Kingdoms culture, “Red Culture” related to the revolution under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and so on. Most cities, towns and villages in Hubei Province are endowed with these cultural resources among which the Three Kingdoms culture is one of the main cultural resources in the province. The Three Kingdoms cultural tourism is concentrated in the cities of Jingzhou and Xiangyang where there are currently many problems with the translations of the scenic areas or spots. This paper firstly discusses the significant role of the Three Kingdoms culture in the construction and development of cultural tourism in Hubei Province. Then, referring to the present translation situation in the Three Kingdoms cultural attractions in Jingzhou City and Xiangyang City, it analyzes the problems existing in the Three Kingdoms cultural tourism translation in Hubei Province. According to the analysis, it puts forward the countermeasures, strategies, methods and principles to solve the problems.</em>

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Archer, Julian y Sam Regan de Bere. "The United Kingdomʼs Experience With and Future Plans for Revalidation". Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 33, Suppl. 1 (2013): S48—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chp.21206.

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Yew, Sheng Qian, Yook Chin Chia y Michael Theodorakis. "Assessing 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Malaysians With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Framingham Cardiovascular Versus United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Equations". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, n.º 7 (19 de septiembre de 2019): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519873487.

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In this study, we evaluated the performance of the Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk equations to predict the 10-year CVD risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Malaysia. T2DM patients (n = 660) were randomly selected, and their 10-year CVD risk was calculated using both the Framingham CVD and UKPDS risk equations. The performance of both equations was analyzed using discrimination and calibration analyses. The Framingham CVD, UKPDS coronary heart disease (CHD), UKPDS Fatal CHD, and UKPDS Stroke equations have moderate discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic [aROC] curve = 0.594-0.709). The UKPDS Fatal Stroke demonstrated a good discrimination (aROC curve = 0.841). The Framingham CVD, UKPDS Stroke, and UKPDS Fatal Stroke equations showed good calibration ( P = .129 to .710), while the UKPDS CHD and UKPDS Fatal CHD are poorly calibrated ( P = .035; P = .036). The UKPDS is a better prediction equation of the 10-year CVD risk among T2DM patients compared with the Framingham CVD equation.

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35

ROYDEN, ALEXANDRA, ROBERT CHRISTLEY, TREVOR JONES, AMELIA WILLIAMS, FAEZ AWAD, SAM HALDENBY, PAUL WIGLEY, STEVEN P. RUSHTON y NICOLA J. WILLIAMS. "Campylobacter Contamination at Retail of Halal Chicken Produced in the United Kingdom". Journal of Food Protection 84, n.º 8 (5 de marzo de 2021): 1433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-428.

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ABSTRACT Campylobacter is the leading cause of human bacterial diarrheal disease worldwide, and poultry meat products account for the majority of human cases. Based on recent surveys, the Food Standards Agency has estimated the Campylobacter prevalence in fresh retail chicken in the United Kingdom to be 41.2%. However, such surveys have not distinguished between broiler chickens produced for different consumer demographic groups, such as the Halal market. Campylobacter colonization of broilers is difficult to prevent, especially during routine partial depopulation of flocks. Broilers produced for the Halal market may undergo multiple depopulation events, which may increase the risk of Campylobacter colonization and subsequent contamination of chicken meat. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and levels of Campylobacter contamination in chicken meat produced for the Halal market in the United Kingdom. Campylobacter was identified and enumerated from the neck skin and outer packaging of 405 Halal chickens. Culture isolates were assigned to species via PCR assays, and disk diffusion assays were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for Campylobacter contamination, the level of Campylobacter contamination among positive carcasses, and antimicrobial resistance. Campylobacter spp. were confirmed in 65.4% of neck skin samples and 17.1% of packaging samples. Neck skin samples had the highest level of contamination; 13.8% of samples had >1,000 CFU/g. Large birds had a significantly higher number of samples with >1,000 CFU/g (P < 0.001). and as chicken carcass weight increased, birds were more likely to be Campylobacter positive (P < 0.05). A high prevalence of resistance was seen to ciprofloxacin (42.0% of samples), and 38.5% of samples contained at least one multidrug-resistant Campylobacter isolate. This study revealed that Halal chicken has a higher Campylobacter prevalence than does non-Halal chicken. Interventions should be introduced to reduce this public health risk. HIGHLIGHTS

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36

Baykovskaya, N. A. y O. V. Rubtsova. "International Symposium: “Scientific School of L.S. Vygotsky: Traditions and Innovations” and International ISCAR Summer University for PhD Students". Cultural-Historical Psychology 12, n.º 3 (2016): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2016120317.

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The article represents a brief report on the work of the International Symposium: «Scientific School of L.S. Vygotsky: Traditions and Innovations» and VI th International ISCAR Summer University for PhD Students and young scholars, that were held in Moscow State University of Psychology & Education on June, 28 — July, 3 in 2016 in commemoration of the 120th anniversary of the great Russian psychologist L.S. Vygotsky. The main goals of the events organised by MSUPE include: analysis of the basic principles and the system of concepts of L.S. Vygotsky’s scientific school, discussion of the current state and the prospect for the development of the cultural-historical theory in Russia and abroad, integration of the ideas of the cultural-historical psychology and activity approach in various kinds of social and educational practices, as well as conducting research in the international scientific space. Symposium gathered the world’s leading experts and young scholars in the field of cultural-historical theory and activity approach from 19 countries, including United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, Greece, Brasil and USA.

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37

Reid, John. "A Life in History: Making the Team". Canadian Historical Review 103, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2022): 130–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-2021-0001.

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This article traces the author’s path from early life in the United Kingdom to graduate school in Newfoundland and New Brunswick and then to a series of faculty positions – ultimately, at Saint Mary’s University. Early work in the seventeenth-century history of northern New England gave way to a more broadly comparative approach to this era and, eventually, to an effort to coordinate imperial, colonial, and Indigenous history in northeastern North America. A variety of career uncertainties and evolutions also led to involvement in the history of higher education, the history of Atlantic Canada, and the history of sport. Through it all, collaborative work developed as a recurrent approach, with Atlantic Canada themes frequently underpinning responses to a variety of historiographies.

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38

LITTLE, C. L., N. J. BARRETT, K. GRANT y J. McLAUCHLIN. "Microbiological Safety of Sandwiches from Hospitals and Other Health Care Establishments in the United Kingdom with a Focus on Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria Species". Journal of Food Protection 71, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2008): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.309.

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In the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2004, there were four outbreaks of Listeria monocytogenes infection associated with sandwiches purchased from or provided in hospitals. Elderly or immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to infection; therefore, the focus of this study was on sandwiches served in health care establishments. Of 3,249 sandwich samples collected between April 2005 and March 2006, 3.3% were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality because of high levels of Enterobacteriaceae (2.0%; ≥104 CFU/g for sandwiches not containing salad), Escherichia coli (0.8%; ≥102 CFU/g), Staphylococcus aureus (0.6%; ≥102 CFU/g), and/or Listeria spp. (0.1%; two samples with L. welshimeri at 1.8 × 102 and 7.4 × 103 CFU/g and one sample with L. seeligeri at 1.8 × 103 CFU/g). Overall, 7.6% of sandwiches were contaminated with Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes was detected in 2.7% (88) of samples: 87 samples at <10 CFU/g and 1 sample at 20 CFU/g. More frequent contamination with Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes was found in sandwiches collected from hospital cafeterias, shops, or wards and in sandwiches stored and/or displayed at temperatures higher than 8°C. The presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes also was associated with sandwiches that (i) were supplied from outside the establishment, (ii) were prepacked, (iii) had a main sandwich filling of poultry meat, or (iv) contained salad ingredients, soft cheese, and/or mayonnaise. Control of L. monocytogenes in sandwich manufacturing and within health care establishments is essential to minimize the potential for consumption of this bacterium at levels hazardous to health. The findings from this study support the proposal that manufacturers supplying sandwiches to health care establishments should follow the British Sandwich Association recommended guidelines of complete absence of L. monocytogenes in sandwiches at the point of production.

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39

LEWIS, H. C., C. L. LITTLE, R. ELSON, M. GREENWOOD, K. A. GRANT y J. MCLAUCHLIN. "Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria Species in Butter from United Kingdom Production, Retail, and Catering Premises". Journal of Food Protection 69, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2006): 1518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1518.

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Two recent listeriosis outbreaks involving butter prompted this first cross-sectional study on the prevalence, levels, and types of Listeria species in 3,229 samples of butter from production, retail, and catering premises in the United Kingdom during May and June 2004. When the criteria of the Microbiological Guidelines were used, 99.4% of samples were found to be of satisfactory microbiological quality, 0.5% were of acceptable quality, and 0.1% were of unsatisfactory quality as a result of high levels (>100 CFU/g) of Listeria spp. The butter samples with Listeria spp. present at more than 100 CFU/g were negative for L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was detected in 0.4% (n = 13) of samples, all at levels of less than 10 CFU/g, and were therefore of acceptable quality. Butter was contaminated more frequently with Listeria spp., including L. monocytogenes, when packed in plastic tubs, when in pack sizes of 500 g or less, when stored or displayed above 8°C, when a hazard analysis system was not in place, and when the manager had received no food hygiene training. This study demonstrates that although butter is regarded as a low-risk product, it may provide an environment for the persistence and growth of Listeria spp., including L. monocytogenes. The control of L. monocytogenes in food processing and supply systems is critical in order to minimize the potential for this bacterium to be present in foods at the point of consumption at levels hazardous to health.

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40

Jeong, Myeon. "Trade and diplomacy between Liang(梁) dynasty and several kingdoms of ‘the south sea(海南)’ area". CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 142 (28 de febrero de 2023): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.142.1.

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41

Payne, Lisa. "So how are we doing? A review of the concluding observations of the UN committee on the rights of the child: United Kingdom". Children & Society 17, n.º 1 (2002): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chi.755.

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Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, Chunjing Qiu, Matthew J. McGrath, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson et al. "The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2019". Earth System Science Data 15, n.º 3 (21 de marzo de 2023): 1197–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023.

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Abstract. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their temporal variability as well as flux attribution to natural and anthropogenic processes is essential to monitoring the progress in mitigating anthropogenic emissions under the Paris Agreement and to inform its global stocktake. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and UK (EU27 + UK) and updates earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021). The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven sector model results and inverse modeling estimates, and it extends the previous period of 1990–2017 to 2019. BU and TD products are compared with European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) reported by parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2021. Uncertainties in NGHGIs, as reported to the UNFCCC by the EU and its member states, are also included in the synthesis. Variations in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), arise from diverse sources including within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing NGHGIs with other approaches, the activities included are a key source of bias between estimates, e.g., anthropogenic and natural fluxes, which in atmospheric inversions are sensitive to the prior geospatial distribution of emissions. For CH4 emissions, over the updated 2015–2019 period, which covers a sufficiently robust number of overlapping estimates, and most importantly the NGHGIs, the anthropogenic BU approaches are directly comparable, accounting for mean emissions of 20.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 (EDGARv6.0, last year 2018) and 18.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 (GAINS, last year 2015), close to the NGHGI estimates of 17.5±2.1 Tg CH4 yr−1. TD inversion estimates give higher emission estimates, as they also detect natural emissions. Over the same period, high-resolution regional TD inversions report a mean emission of 34 Tg CH4 yr−1. Coarser-resolution global-scale TD inversions result in emission estimates of 23 and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 inferred from GOSAT and surface (SURF) network atmospheric measurements, respectively. The magnitude of natural peatland and mineral soil emissions from the JSBACH–HIMMELI model, natural rivers, lake and reservoir emissions, geological sources, and biomass burning together could account for the gap between NGHGI and inversions and account for 8 Tg CH4 yr−1. For N2O emissions, over the 2015–2019 period, both BU products (EDGARv6.0 and GAINS) report a mean value of anthropogenic emissions of 0.9 Tg N2O yr−1, close to the NGHGI data (0.8±55 % Tg N2O yr−1). Over the same period, the mean of TD global and regional inversions was 1.4 Tg N2O yr−1 (excluding TOMCAT, which reported no data). The TD and BU comparison method defined in this study can be operationalized for future annual updates for the calculation of CH4 and N2O budgets at the national and EU27 + UK scales. Future comparability will be enhanced with further steps involving analysis at finer temporal resolutions and estimation of emissions over intra-annual timescales, which is of great importance for CH4 and N2O, and may help identify sector contributions to divergence between prior and posterior estimates at the annual and/or inter-annual scale. Even if currently comparison between CH4 and N2O inversion estimates and NGHGIs is highly uncertain because of the large spread in the inversion results, TD inversions inferred from atmospheric observations represent the most independent data against which inventory totals can be compared. With anticipated improvements in atmospheric modeling and observations, as well as modeling of natural fluxes, TD inversions may arguably emerge as the most powerful tool for verifying emission inventories for CH4, N2O and other GHGs. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7553800 (Petrescu et al., 2023).

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Anne Schwabe, Melanie. "Work in Progress Homage By Effigy: Relations Between The Kingdoms Of Portugal And Ceylon In The Sixteenth Century". Court Historian 4, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1999): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cou.1999.4.3.005.

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44

Stanley, Timothy J. "The Ku Klux Klan in Canada: A Century of Promoting Racism and Hate in the Peaceable Kingdom. Allan Bartley". Canadian Historical Review 102, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2021): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.102.3.br07.

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45

Chen, Hsueh Chu y Qian Wang. "The effects of Hong Kong L2 English speakers’ phonological features on listeners’ cognitive and affective perceptions". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 42, n.º 1 (4 de julio de 2019): 84–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.18010.che.

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Abstract This study explores the most perceivable phonological features of Hong Kong (HK) L2 English speakers and how they affect the perception of HK L2 English speech from the perspective of both native and non-native English listeners. Conversational interviews were conducted to collect speech data from 20 HK speakers of English and 10 native speakers of English in the United Kingdom. Phonological features of 20 HK speakers of English were analyzed at both segmental and suprasegmental levels. Forty listeners with different language backgrounds were recruited to listen and rate the speech samples of the 20 HK speakers of English in terms of the cognitive perception of foreign accentedness and comprehensibility and affective perception of likability and acceptability. This study identifies the phonological variables that contribute significantly to listeners’ perception of accentedness, comprehensibility, likability, acceptability, and overall impression of HK speakers’ English speech.

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46

HUTCHISON, M. L., M. A. TCHÓRZEWSKA, D. HARRISON, R. H. MADDEN y J. E. L. CORRY. "Consequences of Using Two Types of Skin Samples from Chilled Chicken Broiler Carcasses To Measure the Degree of Contamination by Campylobacter spp." Journal of Food Protection 82, n.º 7 (18 de junio de 2019): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-559.

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ABSTRACT Because of concerns regarding the prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken meat, member countries in the European Union (EU) undertook a surveillance program to determine Campylobacter levels on chicken carcasses. A sample mass of 25 g principally composed of neck skin was used, although breast skin could also be used if there were insufficient neck skin to meet the required sample mass. The aim was to establish a baseline for Campylobacter contamination of carcasses against which future interventions could be assessed. However, in the United Kingdom researchers wanted to explore whether different ratios of neck to breast skin in samples could affect the results obtained. A comparison of the Campylobacter levels on neck and breast skin samples obtained from the same chilled chicken carcasses was undertaken at four chicken slaughterhouses. The neck skins were significantly more heavily contaminated (P < 0.05) with Campylobacter than was breast skin. Statistical analyses revealed no relationship that would allow a conversion between levels obtained on the two skin types. Ongoing surveillance of Campylobacter for 6 years was funded by United Kingdom poultry processors using samples consisting solely of neck skin, and the results of this surveillance (2011 to 2016) are reported here. Given the higher Campylobacter levels on a sample exclusively consisting of neck skin, this protocol could yield results with which the poultry industry would find it more difficult to achieve the contamination reduction target. The contamination reduction target for the United Kingdom (≤10% of chicken carcasses exceeding neck skin Campylobacter levels of 1,000 CFU/g) was not met by the end of 2015, the date stipulated by the United Kingdom government. HIGHLIGHTS

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47

SMITH, MADELEINE, SHAKIR HUSSAIN y JENNY MILLWARD. "Effect of the Licensing Process on Hygiene in Retail Butchers' Premises in the West Midlands, United Kingdom". Journal of Food Protection 65, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2002): 1428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1428.

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As the result of a change in legislation, all retail butchers in England were required to be licensed by 1 November 2000. A fully implemented hazard analysis critical control point plan was a condition of the license. This longitudinal study assessed the effect of licensing on hygiene in a group of retail butchers in the West Midlands, England. A hygiene audit and environmental sampling were used to determine if the licensing process improved hygiene in the study group. At the end of the study, 30% of the original group were no longer trading as they had been, having either altered the product they were selling or ceased to trade. The remaining butchers showed a significant improvement in the hygiene of their premises, both in the audit scores and in the environmental sampling. The mean audit score for the group had improved from an initial score of 47.54 to 54.95 (P < 0.02). The contamination with Enterobacteriaceae on equipment used for cooked meat had also improved, decreasing from mean contamination levels of 1.38 log CFU/cm2 before licensing to mean contamination levels of −0.11 log CFU/cm2 after licensing (P < 0.00001).

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48

Marino, Luise V., Mark J. Johnson, Nigel J. Hall, Natalie J. Davies, Catherine S. Kidd, M. Lowri Daniels, Julia E. Robinson, Trevor Richens, Tara Bharucha y Anne-Sophie E. Darlington. "The development of a consensus-based nutritional pathway for infants with CHD before surgery using a modified Delphi process". Cardiology in the Young 28, n.º 7 (29 de abril de 2018): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118000549.

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AbstractIntroductionDespite improvements in the medical and surgical management of infants with CHD, growth failure before surgery in many infants continues to be a significant concern. A nutritional pathway was developed, the aim of which was to provide a structured approach to nutritional care for infants with CHD awaiting surgery.Materials and methodsThe modified Delphi process was development of a nutritional pathway; initial stakeholder meeting to finalise draft guidelines and develop questions; round 1 anonymous online survey; round 2 online survey; regional cardiac conference and pathway revision; and final expert meeting and pathway finalisation.ResultsPaediatric Dietitians from all 11 of the paediatric cardiology surgical centres in the United Kingdom contributed to the guideline development. In all, 33% of participants had 9 or more years of experience working with infants with CHD. By the end of rounds 1 and 2, 76 and 96% of participants, respectively, were in agreement with the statements. Three statements where consensus was not achieved by the end of round 2 were discussed and agreed at the final expert group meeting.ConclusionsNutrition guidelines were developed for infants with CHD awaiting surgery, using a modified Delphi process, incorporating the best available evidence and expert opinion with regard to nutritional support in this group.

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49

Riddick, Stuart N., Denise L. Mauzerall, Michael Celia, Neil R. P. Harris, Grant Allen, Joseph Pitt, John Staunton-Sykes et al. "Methane emissions from oil and gas platforms in the North Sea". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n.º 15 (2 de agosto de 2019): 9787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9787-2019.

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Abstract. Since 1850 the concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, has more than doubled. Recent studies suggest that emission inventories may be missing sources and underestimating emissions. To investigate whether offshore oil and gas platforms leak CH4 during normal operation, we measured CH4 mole fractions around eight oil and gas production platforms in the North Sea which were neither flaring gas nor offloading oil. We use the measurements from summer 2017, along with meteorological data, in a Gaussian plume model to estimate CH4 emissions from each platform. We find CH4 mole fractions of between 11 and 370 ppb above background concentrations downwind of the platforms measured, corresponding to a median CH4 emission of 6.8 g CH4 s−1 for each platform, with a range of 2.9 to 22.3 g CH4 s−1. When matched to production records, during our measurements individual platforms lost between 0.04 % and 1.4 % of gas produced with a median loss of 0.23 %. When the measured platforms are considered collectively (i.e. the sum of platforms' emission fluxes weighted by the sum of the platforms' production), we estimate the CH4 loss to be 0.19 % of gas production. These estimates are substantially higher than the emissions most recently reported to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) for total CH4 loss from United Kingdom platforms in the North Sea. The NAEI reports CH4 losses from the offshore oil and gas platforms we measured to be 0.13 % of gas production, with most of their emissions coming from gas flaring and offshore oil loading, neither of which was taking place at the time of our measurements. All oil and gas platforms we observed were found to leak CH4 during normal operation, and much of this leakage has not been included in UK emission inventories. Further research is required to accurately determine total CH4 leakage from all offshore oil and gas operations and to properly include the leakage in national and international emission inventories.

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WILLIS, C., J. McLAUCHLIN, H. AIRD, F. JØRGENSEN, S. LAI y L. SADLER-REEVES. "Assessment of the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Unpasteurized Milk Cheese for Sale in England between 2019 and 2020". Journal of Food Protection 85, n.º 2 (20 de octubre de 2021): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-21-247.

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ABSTRACT Cheese made with unpasteurized milk has been associated with outbreaks of illness. However, there are limited data on the prevalence of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in these products and a lack of clarity over the significance of E. coli as a general indicator of hygiene in raw milk cheeses. The aim of this study was to provide further data to address both of these issues, as well as assessing the overall microbiological quality of raw milk cheeses available to consumers in England. A total of 629 samples of cheese were collected from retailers, catering premises, and manufacturers throughout England. The majority (80%) were made using cow's milk, with 14% made from sheep's milk and 5% from goat's milk. Samples were from 18 different countries of origin, with the majority originating from either the United Kingdom (40%) or France (35%). When interpreted against European Union microbiological criteria and United Kingdom guidance, 82% were considered to be of satisfactory microbiological quality, 5% were borderline, and 12% were unsatisfactory. Four samples (0.6%) were potentially injurious to health due to the isolation of STEC from one, >104 CFU/g of coagulase-positive staphylococci in two, and >100 CFU/g of Listeria monocytogenes in the fourth sample. Indicator E. coli and Listeria species were detected more frequently in soft compared with hard cheese. Higher levels of indicator E. coli were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of detecting Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and/or stx2). HIGHLIGHTS

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