Tesis: "Chronotype"

1

Böhm, Stephanie. "Sleep and chronotype in adolescents". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-141907.

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Juda, Myriam. "The Importance of Chronotype in Shift Work Research". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-118146.

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3

Kohlhoff, Enno Ole. "Circadiane Variationen von Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen bei extremen Chronotypen". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-154780.

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Die Leistungsfähigkeit vieler kognitiver Funktionen zeigt tageszeitliche Schwankungen, welche auf dem Zusammenspiel der im 2-Prozess-Modell der Schlafregulation beschriebenen Prozes- se basieren: dem homöostatischen Schlafdruck (Prozess S) sowie dem circadianen Schrittma- cher (Prozess C). Darüberhinaus existieren verschiedene Chronotypen, welche oftmals einen synchrony-effect, also eine bessere Leistung zu für sie optimalen Tageszeiten im Vergleich zu nicht-optimalen Tageszeiten, zeigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, in- wieweit die Leistungsfähigkeit der mittels des Attention Network Task (ANT) gemessenen Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen tonische und phasische Alertness, Orientierung und exekutive Aufmerksamkeit aufgrund homöostatischer und circadianer Faktoren bei extremen Chrono- typen tageszeitabhängige und/oder chronotypabhängige Variationen unter synchronisierten Bedingungen (also einem normalen Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus) mit selbstgewählten Schlafzeiten zeigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden je 20 ausgeprägte Morgen- bzw. Abendtypen zu fünf ver- schiedenen Uhrzeiten (9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00 und 21:00 Uhr) in randomisierter Reihenfolge getestet. Phasische Alertness, Orientierung sowie die exekutive Aufmerksamkeit zeigten sich bei beiden Chronotypen im Tagesverlauf stabil. Die in einer ähnlichen Studie gefundenen Schwankungen der phasischen Alertness der Morgen-/Neutraltypen sowie der exekutiven Auf- merksamkeit bei beiden Chronotypen konnten nicht repliziert werden, was wahrscheinlich auf eine unterschiedliche Einteilung in Chronotypgruppen sowie ein unterschiedliches Studiende- sign zurückzuführen ist. Möglicherweise kann dies aber auch darauf hinweisen, dass es sich bei der Chronotyp-Dimension auf behavioraler Ebene nicht um ein Kontinuum handelt. Wäh- rend die tonische Alertness bei den Morgentypen gleich blieb, zeigte sich bei den Abendtypen ein synchrony-effect, d.h. sie zeigten eine Verbesserung der Leistung im Tagesverlauf, wobei nicht auszuschließen ist, dass neben der nicht-optimalen circadianen Phase der Abendtypen am Morgen auch sleep inertia sowie partielle Schlafdeprivation zu diesem Verlauf beigetragen haben können. Darüberhinaus zeigten die Morgentypen unabhängig von der Tageszeit eine generell schlechtere Orientierungsfunktion als die Abendtypen, was die Hypothese einer ver- schiedenartigen hemisphärischen Dominanz bei den verschiedenen Chronotypen unterstützt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie unterstützen die These, dass verschiedene kognitive Prozesse selektiv durch homöostatische und circadiane Prozesse moduliert werden, da selbst so ähnliche Funktionen wie die tonische und die phasische Alertness unterschiedliche Ver- läufe zeigen und in einer früheren Studie Schwankungen der phasischen Alertness und der exekutiven Aufmerksamkeit bei moderaten Morgen-/Neutraltypen bzw. moderaten Abendty- pen beschrieben wurden. Ob die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse der vorliegenden und früherer Studien tatsächliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Chronotypen reflektieren oder Un- terschieden des jeweiligen Studiendesigns geschuldet sind, ist in weiterführenden Studien zu untersuchen.

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4

Shawa, Nyambura. "Chronotype in the South African population: the influence of longitudinal location". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13321.

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Most human beings experience the pull of three different daily timers, the solar clock, their endogenous circadian clock and the societal clock. Solar time is generated by the Earth’s revolution on its axis, resulting in its surface being alternately exposed to and shielded from the sun every 24 hours. The endogenous clock, or circadian oscillator, is driven by a network of transcriptional translational feedback loops, and has a period of close to 24 hours. The circadian oscillator is synchronised to the 24 hour light-dark cycle of the solar clock. The third timer is the standardised societal clock that organises and schedules work, school, transport, appointments and free time in a 24 hour period. The way an individual’s endogenous clock synchronises to the solar clock, through advances or delays relative to sunrise and sunset, results in a phenomenon known as diurnal preference or chronotype. A person may have a morning-chronotype, where they enjoy rising and being active early in the day, an evening-chronotype where they prefer to be active later in the day into the late night, retiring in the early morning hours, or have no strong preference for early or late rising. This renders it easy for some to cope with the demands of the societal clock and others to struggle. Chronotype has both genetic and environmental influences. As society’s schedule is governed by the standardised clock, it was hypothesised that chronotype may be influenced by one’s longitudinal location within a time zone. South Africa presents an interesting case because although it uses just one time zone, in the most Easterly regions of the country, the sun rises and sets up to an hour earlier than in the most Westerly regions throughout the year. Sunrise times have an impact on the way the endogenous clock synchronises to the solar clock. It was hypothesised firstly, that South Africans living in the East of the country may have a greater preference for mornings (more morningchronotypes) than those living in the West; and secondly, that this difference would not be due to genetic differences in the populations, particularly two gene polymorphisms previously shown to influence chronotype. Therefore the aims of this study were to describe and compare the distribution of chronotype in Eastern (n=222) and Western (n=205) sample populations with the use of a validated tool, the Horne–Östberg Morningness, Eveningness Questionnaire. Secondly to describe the genotype and allelic frequency distributions of the PER2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) G3853A (rs934945) in the Eastern (n= 184) and Western (n=186) populations, and the PER3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the Eastern (n=143) and Western (n=176) populations from buccal cell samples. There was a significantly higher proportion of morning-types in the Eastern population (60.6%) than in the Western population (40.5%) (p<0.001). Whereas there were higher proportions of neither-types and evening-types in the Western population (50.8% and 8.7% respectively) than in the Eastern population (35.1% and 4.3% respectively) (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in distribution of the PER2 genotype (p=0.121) and allele frequencies (p=0.051) between the Eastern and Western populations nor in the PER3 genotype (p=0.879) and allele (p=0.075) frequencies. Although previous studies have shown associations between chronotype and PER2 G3853A and PER3 VNTR genotypes, no significant associations were observed in either the Eastern (PER2 p=0.769; PER3 p=0.221) or the Western (PER2 p=0.584; PER3 p=0.733) populations. These findings indicate that, in South African populations, longitude influences chronotype independently of genotype. Factors that may contribute to this may be the difference in the rising times of the sun, which is exacerbated to some extent by the study areas being at dissimilar latitudes and thus experiencing slight differences in climate. The impact of the differences in chronotype but the maintenance of the same societal temporal organisation in the Eastern and Western regions were not assessed. However, they may be revealed by investigating certain general health indicators in such as quality of sleep and prevalence of depressive symptoms which are affected when there is incongruence between societal time and endogenous time.

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5

Couto, Diana Almeida. "Questionário de cronótipo em crianças: adaptação portuguesa do Children's Chronotype Questionnaire". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7488.

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Mestrado em Psicologia - Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde
Os Ritmos Circadianos apresentam uma complexa e organizada hierarquia (Borisenkov, 2010; Hofstra, & de Weerd, 2008), têm uma periodicidade próxima de um dia e esta designação foi primeiramente utilizado por Franz Halberg em 1959, para descrever ritmos endógenos com um período próximo de 24h. O estabelecimento da fase circadiana por parte do relógio biológico constitui uma estratégia adaptativa importante (Marques, & Menna-Barreto, 2003). O Tipo Diurno tem a ver com um padrão individual de distribuição dos parâmetros circadianos pelo nictómero (Gomes, 2005); é uma característica individual relativamente estável, especificamente relacionada com a acrofase dos ritmos circadianos. Hörne e Ostberg (1976, cf. Evans, 2010) definiram 5 categorias de Tipos Diurnos, distribuídas ao longo de um continuum, em que cada categoria apresenta características distintivas. O Questionário de Cronótipo em Crianças (QCTC) constitui uma adaptação portuguesa do Children’s Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ), publicado em 2009 por H. Werner, M. K. LeBourgeois, A. Geiger e O. Jenni. O CCTQ é um questionário composto por 27 itens, destina-se a ser respondido por pais e encarregados de educação de crianças entre os 4 e os 11 anos de idade e permite determinar 3 medidas: Ponto Médio de Sono em Dias Livres (e o Ponto Médio de Sono corrigido em Dias Livres), Matutinidade/Vespertinidade e Cronótipo. Inicialmente foram pedidas autorizações à entidade portuguesa responsável pela administração de questionários em meio escolar, bem como aos Agrupamentos de Escolas onde se pretendia recolher a amostra. Foi elaborada uma primeira tradução, que foi submetida à análise de diversos peritos; com base nas suas sugestões, foi criada uma nova versão, que foi administrada num conjunto de pais para “Reflexão Falada” (Almeida & Freire, 2008). Finalmente, com base nos seus comentários, foi concebida a versão experimental portuguesa e administrada em dois Agrupamentos de Escolas. A amostra foi constituída por 397 crianças, 187 (47,1%) do sexo masculino e 209 (52,6%) do sexo feminino, dos 4 aos 11 anos de idade, que frequentavam desde o Jardim de Infância até ao 6º ano de escolaridade Apresentam-se e discutem-se os resultados encontrados no nosso estudo e a sua comparação com os resultados obtidos por Werner e colaboradores, assim como as principais limitações encontradas e sugestões para futuros trabalhos.
Circadian Rhythms show a complex and organized hierarchy (Borisenkov, 2010; Hofstra, & de Weerd, 2008), have a frequency close to one day and this designation was first used by Franz Halberg in 1959 to describe endogenous rhythms with a period near to 24h. The establishment of the circadian phase by the biological clock is an important adaptive strategy (Marques, & Menna-Barreto, 2003). Diurnal Preference is related with the pattern of distribution of individual circadian parameters on the light/dark cycle (Gomes, 2005); more exactly, it is a relatively stable individual characteristic, defined by the acrophase of the circadian rhythms. Hörne and Östberg (1976, cf. Evans, 2010) defined five categories of Diurnal Preference, distributed along a continuum, in which each class has distinctive categories. The Questionário de Cronótipo em Crianças (QCTC) is an adaptation to the Portuguese population of the Children’s Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ), published in 2009 by H. Werner, M. K. LeBourgeois, A. Geiger and O. Jenni. The CCTQ is a questionnaire comprising 27 items, answered by parents of 4- to 11-year-old children, and consists of 3 scales: Midsleep Point on Free Days (and Corrected Midsleep Point on Free Days), Morningness/Eveningness and Chronotype. Firstly it was requested permission to the responsible Portuguese entity for administration of questionnaires in schools, as well as to school clusters where it was intended to collect the sample. A first translation was prepared, which was analyzed by various experts; based on their suggestions, it was created a new version, which, in turn, was given to a group of parents. Finally, based on their comments, the Portuguese experimental version was prepared and administered in two school clusters. The sample included 397 children, 187 (47,1%) males and 209 (52,6%) females, aged 4 to 11 years-old, who attended school from kindergarten to 6th grade. Comparisons between the results obtained by Werner and colleagues and the results obtained in this study are presented, as well as the main constraints encountered and suggestions for future studies.

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6

Nechytailo, Y. M. "Blood pressure in children and its biorithmological features depending on the child chronotype". Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19152.

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7

Böhm, Stephanie [Verfasser] y Till [Akademischer Betreuer] Roenneberg. "Sleep and chronotype in adolescents : a chronobiological field study / Stephanie Böhm. Betreuer: Till Roenneberg". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022318624/34.

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8

Simon, Tarek. "Impact du chronotype sur les paramètres du sommeil en fonction de l'horaire de travail". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26002.

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Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016
Le présent mémoire vise à évaluer l’association entre le chronotype et les difficultés de sommeil en lien avec l’horaire de travail. À cette fin, 116 travailleurs du réseau de la santé de la ville de Québec ont complété le questionnaire de chronotype de Horne et Ostberg (MEQ; 1976) en plus de remplir quotidiennement un agenda du sommeil sur une période de 2 semaines. Les participants ont été comparés selon leur horaire de travail (travailleurs de jour n = 43; travailleurs de nuit n = 73) et selon leur chronotype (du matin n = 37; neutre n = 59; du soir n = 20) pour déterminer les effets indépendants et interactifs de ces variables sur la durée du sommeil durant la période de sommeil principale, la durée du sommeil sur une période de 24 heures et la somnolence après le travail. Tel que postulé initialement, les résultats indiquent que le chronotype et l’horaire de travail ont un effet sur la période de sommeil principale, mais pas sur le sommeil au cours de 24 heures, de sorte que les travailleurs de nuit ont une période de sommeil principale qui est significativement plus courte que celle des travailleurs de jour. De plus, le raccourcissement de la période de sommeil principale après le travail de nuit semble principalement observable chez les travailleurs avec un chronotype du matin ou un chronotype neutre, un patron de résultats qui concorde avec les connaissances actuelles sur le rythme circadien et qui corrobore plusieurs études antérieures. Le fait que tous les travailleurs ont obtenu une durée du sommeil équivalente sur une période de 24 heures suggère qu’il est possible de compenser pour une période de sommeil principale écourtée, en prenant des siestes. Ainsi, les résultats obtenus dans le présent mémoire mettent en évidence l’importance des siestes chez les travailleurs de nuit, surtout ceux et celles avec une prédisposition matinale. Enfin, l’absence de différence entre les groupes quant au niveau de somnolence après le travail suggère que la somnolence excessive n’est pas un problème qui se limite au travail de nuit.

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9

Thomas, J. Matthew. "CIRCADIAN RHYTHM PHASE SHIFTS CAUSED BY TIMED EXERCISE VARY WITH CHRONOTYPE IN YOUNG ADULTS". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/64.

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The circadian system controls 24-hour cycles of behavior and physiology, such as rest-activity and feeding rhythms. The human circadian system synchronizes with, or entrains to, the light/dark cycle (sunrise/sunset) to promote activity and food consumption during the day and rest at night. However, strict work schedules and nighttime light exposure impair proper entrainment of the circadian system, resulting in chronic circadian misalignment. Numerous studies have shown that chronic circadian misalignment results in poor health. Therefore, therapeutic interventions that could shift circadian rhythms and alleviate circadian misalignment could broadly impact public health. Although light is the most salient time cue for the circadian system, several laboratory studies have shown that exercise can also entrain the internal circadian rhythm. However, these studies were performed in controlled laboratory conditions with physically-active participants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether timed exercise can phase advance (shift earlier) the internal circadian rhythm in sedentary subjects in free-living conditions. Fifty-two young, sedentary adults (16 male, 24.3±0.76 yrs) participated in the study. As a marker of the phase of the internal circadian rhythm, we measured salivary melatonin levels (dim light melatonin onset: DLMO) before and after 5 days of timed exercise. Participants were randomized to perform either morning (10h after DLMO) or evening (20h after DLMO) supervised exercise training for 5 consecutive days. We found that morning exercisers had a significantly greater phase advance than evening exercisers. Importantly, the morning exercisers had a 0.6h phase advance, which could theoretically better align their internal circadian rhythms with the light-dark cycle and with early-morning social obligations. In addition, we also found that baseline DLMO, a proxy for chronotype, influenced the effect of timed exercise. We found that for later chronotypes, both morning and evening exercise advanced the internal circadian rhythm. In contrast, earlier chronotypes had phase advances when they exercised in the morning, but phase delays when they exercised in the evening. Thus, late chronotypes, who experience the most severe circadian misalignment, may benefit from exercise in the morning or evening, but evening exercise may exacerbate circadian misalignment in early chronotypes. Together these results suggest that personalized exercise timing prescriptions based on chronotype could alleviate circadian misalignment in young adults.

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10

Henst, Rob. "The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131.

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Introduction: Our circadian rhythms are internal biological rhythms of approximately (circa) 24 - hours (dies) allowing us to synchronize our internal biological “clock” with external time cues. Many innate biological functions are dependent on time-of-day, such as secreting adrenaline and cortisol in the mornings and melatonin in the evenings. The time-of-day at which these and other physiological functions are active, change or reach a certain level may influence a person’s diurnal preference, i.e. preference for mornings (morning-types) or evenings (evening-types), and is referred to as ‘chronotype’. Many different factors may affect a person’s chronotype, including age, sex, physical activity, ethnicity and geographical location. Certain clock-related genotypes have also been shown to be associated with chronotype. For example, some studies have found that the 5-repeat allele of the PER3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism (PER35) is associated with a preference for mornings. Recent research has shown a high prevalence of morning-types and PER35VNTR allele carriers in trained South African runners, cyclists and triathletes. It was proposed that the early morning start-times of these endurance events might select people with a preference for mornings, since morning-types may cope better with rising early and being physically active in the early morning. Alternatively, the habitual early waking for training or endurance events may have conditioned the athletes to adapt to become morning-types. However, the geographical location of South Africa (i.e. climate and day length) and the fact that each group was physically active may also have contributed to this finding. Comparison of South African and Dutch runners would allow us to explore the effects of race start time and geography on this observation, since marathons in The Netherlands on average start at 11:41, and since the two countries differ significantly in latitude and as such have noticeable differences in daylight exposure. Aims: The aims of this study were 1) to compare the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype distribution of South African and Dutch recreational marathon runners and active but non-competitive controls; 2) to investigate the relationship between the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype in both the Dutch and South African samples; and 3) to determine whether marathon race time is associated with chronotype and PER3VNTR genotype in Dutch and South African marathon Methods: Ninety-five trained South African male marathon runners, 97 South African male active but non-competitive controls, 90 trained Dutch male marathon runners and 98 Dutch male active but non-competitive controls completed a questionnaire capturing demographics, training and race history, including personal best and most recent full and half-marathon race time (if applicable) and the Horne-Östberg morningness-eveningness personality questionnaire (HÖ-MEQ, a tool to assess a person’s chronotype). Each participant provided a buccal cell swab from with total genomic DNA was extracted to determine his PER3VNTR polymorphism genotype. The official race time from each runner who completed the designated marathons in South Africa or the Netherlands was collected from the event websites. Results: The South African and Dutch runners were more morning-orientated than their respective control groups and the South African runners were more morning-orientated than the Dutch runners. The PER3 VNTR polymorphism distribution was similar between the four groups and was not associated with chronotype. The marathon performance of the morning-type South African runners was better than the evening-types, and a higher HÖ-MEQ score (morningness) correlated with better personal best and most recent half-marathon race time. Similar observations were not found in the Dutch runners. Discussion: Since a higher prevalence of morning-types in South African marathon runners compared to Dutch marathon runners was found, it is proposed that the early marathon start-times in South Africa may favour morning-types, who are able to cope with those early morning start times. Alternatively, one could argue that through repetitive early-morning racing (i.e. participating in competitive running events), the chronotype of South African runners may be conditioned to that of a morning-type over time. It is proposed that this ability to cope with early morning marathon start times may lead to better marathon performances for morning-types than neither-types and evening-types in the South African running group. This effect does not occur in the Netherlands, where marathons start later in the morning and do thus not favour a certain chronotype. The difference in daylight exposure between the two countries as a function of latitude does not seem to affect chronotype, since the active but non-competitive control groups did not differ significantly between South Africa and the Netherlands. Unlike the findings from a previous study, the PER35allele was not more prevalent among the South African runners, but rather the distribution wasi n line with what has been described in most, but not all, other populations. No association between the PER35VNTR xpolymorphism and chronotype was found in any of the four groups. Since the four groups investigated in this study comprised physically active individuals, it is proposed that this lack of association may be due to the habituation effects of physical activity and early morning start times of marathon events(for only the South African runners). Conceivably,this habituation may even shift the diurnal preference of those with the PER34/5 and PER34/4VNTR genotypes towards morningness, disassociating any relationship between chronotype and the PER3VNTR genotype. Conclusion: The early morning start time of South African marathon events may favour morning-types, due to their ability to cope with being physically active in the early morning. We propose that the PER3VNTR genotype cannot solely explain the higher prevalence of morning-types in the South African runners in this study, however, it is very likely that the PER3VNTR genotype does play an important role in the chronotype distributions found in the study of Kunorozva et al.(2012). Since the PER3VNTR genotype was not associated with chronotype in any of the four groups, it is proposed that habituation to early-morning marathon racing may be the causal effect of the high number of morning-types in the South African runners group, and the apparent disassociation between chronotype and the PER3VNTR genotype. We also propose that the habituation effect of physical activity and training time-of-day on chronotype in the other groups may dissociate the PER3VNTR genotype with chronotype in a similar manner to which the early-morning start times of South African endurance events dissociates the two. No effect of geographical location on chronotype was found when comparing the Dutch and the South African groups. The morning-orientated South African runners seem to perform better in marathon running than the more evening-orientated runners do, which may be caused by their ability to cope with these early-morning marathon events. Further studies may explore whether marathon performance in later chronotypes can be improved by training-based habituation.

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11

Taylor, Audrey I. "Time in the secondary world fantasies of Patricia A. McKillip". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/579919/1/AITthesis.pdf.

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This thesis seeks to examine time in the secondary world fantasies of Patricia A. McKillip. Very little work has been done previously on McKillip, and none examines such a broad range of her works. Taking a strict definition of secondary world, I investigate McKillip’s fantasy books that fit within this parameter to see whether there is a unifying principal behind time, in all its forms, in her work. Although time has been examined in fantasies that are obviously about time, very little has been done in the style of Mark Currie or Paul Riceour, who examine time in books that contain time but do not seem to be about time. I investigate time in terms of an overall chronotope, and argue that this seems to be one of the past. I argue that McKillip’s works and other fantasy books like hers have a grammar of the past, and that everything in their works is influenced, to a degree, by this grammar. Thematically organised chapters examine sixteen of McKillip’s immersive fantasies. The thesis begins with an investigation of the overall chronotope of McKillip’s books and the influence this has on her works. It then examines “active time”: time which is used in an active way to undo and heal wrongs of the past. McKillip’s use of legends to add depth and age to her stories is explored. Her pastoral works, those with a nostalgic connection with nature, are examined. The sometimes counterpoint of the pastoral, cities, are then investigated and found to be places of influenced by time passing in the form of age and political era. Lastly, several of McKillip’s characters are examined to show how time has affected them and affected their interactions with those around them.

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12

Taylor, Audrey I. "Time in the secondary world fantasies of Patricia A. McKillip". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/579919/.

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This thesis seeks to examine time in the secondary world fantasies of Patricia A. McKillip. Very little work has been done previously on McKillip, and none examines such a broad range of her works. Taking a strict definition of secondary world, I investigate McKillip’s fantasy books that fit within this parameter to see whether there is a unifying principal behind time, in all its forms, in her work. Although time has been examined in fantasies that are obviously about time, very little has been done in the style of Mark Currie or Paul Riceour, who examine time in books that contain time but do not seem to be about time. I investigate time in terms of an overall chronotope, and argue that this seems to be one of the past. I argue that McKillip’s works and other fantasy books like hers have a grammar of the past, and that everything in their works is influenced, to a degree, by this grammar. Thematically organised chapters examine sixteen of McKillip’s immersive fantasies. The thesis begins with an investigation of the overall chronotope of McKillip’s books and the influence this has on her works. It then examines “active time”: time which is used in an active way to undo and heal wrongs of the past. McKillip’s use of legends to add depth and age to her stories is explored. Her pastoral works, those with a nostalgic connection with nature, are examined. The sometimes counterpoint of the pastoral, cities, are then investigated and found to be places of influenced by time passing in the form of age and political era. Lastly, several of McKillip’s characters are examined to show how time has affected them and affected their interactions with those around them.

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13

MacPherson, Ashley R. "BED AND BREAKFAST: THE ROLE OF SLEEP AND AFFECT IN BREAKFAST INTAKE". VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5939.

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Breakfast intake is associated with numerous positive physical and mental health outcomes, yet breakfast skipping remains common in adults. Chronotype and sleep show potential as predictors of breakfast intake; however the existing literature has methodological limitations and fails to examine how psychological mechanisms might explain the relation between sleep and breakfast. The current investigation explored the association of means and variability of sleep behaviors (bedtime, midsleep, sleep duration) as predictors of breakfast intake frequency and high-protein breakfast intake frequency. Additionally, the role of positive and negative affect as mediators in the sleep—breakfast association was examined. Hierarchical regressions and PROCESS parallel mediation models were conducted to assess direct and indirect associations. Variability in bedtime was a significant predictor of breakfast intake frequency, with greater variability associated with less frequent intake. Future work is necessary to examine further the association of sleep and breakfast behaviors, and psychological mechanisms in this relation.

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14

Alam, Marilene Farias. "A relevância da cronobiologia no processo saúde-doença : relação do cronotipo com o estilo de vida e saúde". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56686.

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Os indivíduos diferem em suas preferências quanto ao horário para alocar períodos de sono e de atividade. Essas diferenças inter-individuais se devem, parcialmente, ao relógio biológico que controla funções relacionadas à expressão gênica, secreção hormonal, temperatura corporal, funções cognitivas e comportamentais como o ciclo sono-vigília. O presente estudo cronobiológico teve como objetivo principal avaliar em uma amostra populacional de estudantes universitários da região sul do Brasil, a distribuição dos cronotipos e estudar a relação entre cronotipo e as seguintes variáveis: ponto médio de sono nos dias livres e nos dias de atividade (estudo), bem como avaliar a consistência interna, confiabilidade e concordância entre o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) e o Questionário de Cronotipo de Horne e Östberg (HO) para identificar cronotipos. Com a análise discriminante dos parâmetros de sono para o cronotipo vespertino destaca-se a importância de se obter preditores mais fáceis para a tipologia vespertina visto que essa característica tem sido associada a alguns riscos de transtornos comportamentais e mentais. Duzentos e quarenta e quatro estudantes universitários (59.0% mulheres), com idade de 17-35 anos, foram analisados através de um estudo transvesal. O Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) foi usado para avaliar os parâmetros de sono nos dias livres e de trabalho (estudo) e o Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) para avaliar os cronotipos. Os dados foram analisados através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) e de uma análise discriminante. As variáveis que apresentaram os mais altos coeficientes discriminantes foram: o ponto médio de sono nos dias livres (0.89) e o início do sono nos dias livres (0.86). Testando os valores de diagnóstico da fase do ponto médio de sono para identificar o tipo vespertino observou-se que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 76%. Este estudo mostrou uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o cronotipo vespertino com esses parâmetros de sono. Conclui-se, portanto, que estes parâmetros sejam úteis para identificar o cronotipo vespertino podendo ser usados para propósitos de pesquisa e na prática clínica.
Individuals differ in their preferences to allocate the time periods of sleep and activity. These inter-individual differences are due partly to the biological clock that controls functions related to gene expression, hormone secretion, body temperature, cognitive and behavioral functions such as sleep-wake cycle. This chronobiological study aimed to evaluate a sample of university students in southern Brazil, the distribution of chronotypes and to study the relationship between chronotype and the following variables: mid- sleep on free days and days of activity (study), and to assess the internal consistency, reliability and agreement between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne and Östberg (HO) to identify chronotypes. By discriminant analysis of sleep parameters for the evening chronotype highlights the importance of obtaining easier predictors to the evening typology since such characteristic has been associated with some risks of mental and behavioral disorders.Two hundred and forty four undergraduate students (59.0% women), 17- 35 years old, were assessed in a cross-sectional study. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) was used to evaluate sleep parameters on free days and work days and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to assess chronotypes. The data were analyzed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and a discriminant analysis. The variables that presented the highest discriminant coefficients were mid-sleep on free days (0.89) and sleep onset on free days (0.86). Testing the diagnostic values of mid-sleep phase to identify eveningtype it was observed that the area under the ROC curve was 76%. This study showed a good sensitivity and specificity to identify the evening chronotype with these sleep parameters. We conclude that these parameters are useful to identify evening typology and can be used both to research purposes and clinical practice.

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15

Turner, Mitchell. "The influence of sleep-wake behaviour and chronotype on the match-play and physical performance of tennis players". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2591.

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Tennis is one of the world's most popular sports, with matches played at various times during the day and night. The match result is the ultimate indicator of successful performance; however, determining a player's performance may not be that straightforward. Chapter two of this thesis explores the many physical attributes and tennis skills that influence tennis performance. It is well established that tennis skills, such as serves and groundstrokes, are the most important factor for successful tennis performance. While discordant, superior physical attributes, such as strength, power or agility, have been shown to influence tennis performance positively. In addition to skill execution and physical attributes, several studies have shown relationships between match outcomes and various match analytics and activity, such as winners, unforced errors, distance covered and maximum speed. Chapters one and two of this thesis highlight the known influence sleep-wake behaviour (SWB), chronotype, and diurnal variation have on skill execution, physical attributes and match-play outcomes in other sports and how few studies have explored their impact on tennis players. Chapter three of this thesis investigated the relationship between chronotype and SWB, as determined by the Consensus Sleep Diary, on the physical attributes of junior tennis players. It was found that feeling well-rested was related to faster reaction times in a tennis-specific agility test. Chapter four then explored the influence of chronotype and SWB, measured with actigraphy, on match-play outcomes, including analytics and activity, of junior state-grade tennis players. Restlessness during sleep, determined by the sleep fragmentation index, was the only SWB measure to influence match-play outcomes. Chapter five of this thesis further explored the role of chronotype and SWB with the addition of diurnal variation on match-play outcomes in senior tennis players. As was found in junior tennis players, chronotype and SWB had minimal influence on match-play outcomes. However, Diurnal variation was present with an increase in unforced errors and decreased effort and distance covered observed in the evening (8:00 pm) compared to morning (8:00 am) and afternoon (2:00 pm) matches. Finally, chapter six investigated the role of chronotype, SWB and diurnal variation on skill execution, using a novel tennis groundstroke assessment, and physical attributes in senior tennis players. Here it was discovered that maximal serve speed and backhand consistency were lower in the evening compared to morning and afternoon. Additionally, delayed sleep onset times were correlated with slower backhand velocities. Chapter seven highlights the main outcome of this thesis, the influence that diurnal variation had on tennis skill execution and match-play outcomes, with performance negatively affected in the evening. Additionally, SWBs had small influences on match-play outcomes in junior tennis players, likely due to skill execution rather than physical attributes. Chapter eight acknowledges the limitations in sample size and measures used and explains that future research should build upon this existing work and determine if SWB outside the recommended ranges influences tennis performance. The outcomes of this thesis are of practical relevance for players, coaches and tournament organisers when preparing training sessions, developing gameplans or scheduling matches.

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16

Torn, Alison. "Madness and narrative understanding : a comparison of two female firsthand narratives of madness in the pre and post enlightenment periods". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3352.

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This study uses a narrative analytic approach to explore the similarities and differences between pre-Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment firsthand accounts of madness in order to answer the question; what is the relationship between madness, narrative, understanding, identity and recovery? Drawing on the work of Foucault, the research traces the historical and cultural development of conceptualisations of reason and unreason, the rise of psychiatry and the marginalisation of the voice of madness. I argue that this marginalisation is continued in narrative research where the focus is on the stories of the physically ill, rather than madness. The narrative method provides a means of giving space to these marginalised voices and it is Bakhtin's constructs of dialogicism, polyphony, unfinalizability and the chronotope that provide the tools for the narrative analysis of two female English writers; Margery Kempe and Mary Barnes. The analysis highlights three critical issues in relation to firsthand narratives of madness. First, the blurred boundaries between madness and mysticism and the role of metaphor in understanding distressing experiences. Second, the complex, multi-dimensional nature of subjective timespace that challenges the linear assumptions underlying both narrative and recovery, which, I argue, demands a radical reconceptualisation of both constructs. Third, the liminal social positioning within the analysed accounts is closely related to Bakhtin's notion of unfinalizability, a form of being that enables the search for meaning and the transformation of the self. Insights can be gained from this research that may place stories and understanding central in contemporary healthcare.

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17

Arbabi, Talat [Verfasser], Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Dörfler y Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Randler. "The Influence of Chronotype and Intelligence on Academic Achievement in Primary School / Talat Arbabi. Betreuer: Tobias Dörfler. Gutachter: Christoph Randler". Heidelberg : Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1094273163/34.

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18

Martin, Jeanne Sophie. "Relation entre le chronotype, le sommeil, la fatique et l'exposition à la lumière chez les jeunes adultes travailleurs aux études". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30045/30045.pdf.

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L'objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de présenter les résultats d’une étude effectuée sur 97 étudiants âgés de 19 à 21 ans qui occupent un emploi rémunéré en cours d’année scolaire afin d'évaluer la relation entre le chronotype, l'exposition à la lumière, la fatigue reliée au travail et les problèmes de sommeil. La problématique de recherche découle des préoccupations relatives au fait que les jeunes sont de plus en plus nombreux à cumuler études et travail et qu’un grand nombre doit rogner dans les heures de sommeil pour pouvoir remplir l’ensemble de leurs obligations. Or, la deuxième décennie de la vie est une période de changements importants dans la régulation du sommeil et des rythmes circadiens. On observe dès le début de la puberté une propension à se coucher et à se lever de plus en plus tard, même si les besoins de sommeil demeurent inchangés. Ces changements sont dus à des facteurs physiologiques et sociaux et peuvent mener à l'accumulation d’une dette de sommeil prédisposant le jeune à de la somnolence diurne et à de la fatigue excessive. Il est donc permis de penser que l’intensification du cumul études-travail augmente le risque de présenter une dette de sommeil et, par le fait même, de présenter des symptômes associés à la privation de sommeil. Dans cette étude, le chronotype (ou « préférence circadienne ») est évalué comme facteur d’influence sur les problèmes de sommeil des étudiants travailleurs. De fait, plusieurs publications soulignent que les étudiants, majoritairement des chronotypes du soir (donc ayant une préférence circadienne plus tardive), ont plus de problèmes de sommeil et de fonctionnement pendant la journée (somnolence, fatigue, etc.) que les autres étudiants. Le niveau d’exposition des sujets à la lumière environnementale est également évalué; la lumière est en effet le facteur exogène le plus influent sur la fluctuation et l’entraînement des rythmes circadiens. En résumé, nos résultats suggèrent que les jeunes adultes sont en privation de sommeil lorsqu’ils cumulent études et emploi. Parallèlement, les résultats indiquent que le fait d’être un chronotype du soir, pour un jeune étudiant travailleur, est lié à une qualité de sommeil moindre, à un niveau de fatigue chronique reliée au travail plus élevé et à des patrons d’exposition à la lumière moins des autres chronotypes, notamment une plus faible exposition à la lumière durant le matin et l’après-midi.
The objective of this master thesis was to evaluate the relationship between chronotype, exposure to light, work-related fatigue and sleep problems in 97 young adults aged 19-21 years who combine their studies with participation in paid work. The research question is based on the fact that several students combine school and work and that many of them report cutting on sleep in order to complete their daily tasks and activities efficiently. Also, the transition to adulthood brings significant changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms. Although sleep needs reportedly remain unchanged throughout adolescence, the onset of puberty is characterized by a propensity to delay wake times and bed times. These changes are caused by biological and social processes and can lead to the build-up of a sleep debt and, consequently, sleepiness and fatigue. One may thus advance that an intensification of school and work activities for this population may increase this sleep debt and concomitant symptoms of sleep deprivation. In this study, the chronotype (or "circadian preference") is evaluated as a factor that can influence sleep problems of student workers. Several publications have highlighted that students who have evening chronotype (or having a later circadian preference) have more problems related to sleep and daytime functioning than other students. It is therefore relevant to assess chronotype in student workers for its potential protective or deleterious effect on sleep and fatigue. The level of environmental light exposure was also evaluated, since light is the most important exogenous synchronizer of the circadian system. In summary, the results of this study underline that young adults are likely to exhibit a significant sleep debt when they work while studying. Furthermore, the results indicate that student workers with an evening chronotype is associated with lower sleep quality, higher level of work-related chronic fatigue and distinct patterns of light exposure such as lower light exposure during the morning and the afternoon.

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19

Arbabi, Talat Verfasser], Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Dörfler y Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Randler. "The Influence of Chronotype and Intelligence on Academic Achievement in Primary School / Talat Arbabi. Betreuer: Tobias Dörfler. Gutachter: Christoph Randler". Heidelberg : Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:he76-opus4-1684.

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20

Rahafar, Arash [Verfasser] y Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Randler. "Prediction of School Achievement by Conscientiousness, Test Anxiety, Gender, and Intelligence : The Unique Role of Chronotype / Arash Rahafar ; Betreuer: Christoph Randler". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1196700346/34.

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21

Milhão, Danielle Alves. "Comparação do efeito do turno de atividade física no consumo alimentar de esportistas". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88431.

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Introdução: O horário de realização de atividades, nos seres humanos, pode influenciar fatores fisiológicos, comportamentais e sociais. Podendo interferir, então, em questões relacionadas à atividade física e consumo alimentar. Objetivos: Identificar características acerca da atividade física e alimentação em esportistas que treinavam pela manhã e à noite. Métodos: Foi realizado através da aplicação de questionários (cronotipo, atividade física habitual e recordatório alimentar de vinte e quatro horas) e aferição de medidas antropométricas (peso e altura). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre a matutinidade e a prevalência de indivíduos treinando pela manhã, maior escore total de atividade física, e maior consumo de quilocalorias e proteínas pela manhã. Conclusão: Os achados sugerem que a tipologia circadiana está envolvida com a preferência pela prática de exercícios em determinados turnos, e tendências no consumo energético e proteico, além do nível de atividade física. Mas ainda são necessárias mais pesquisas na crescente área da cronobiologia associada à nutrição e exercícios.
Background: The time of conducting activities, in humans, may influence physiological, behavioral and social factors. And may interfere, then, on physical activity and food intake issues. Objective: Identify characteristics about physical activity and feeding in sportspeople who trained in the morning and the evening. Methods: Was conducted through the use of questionnaires (chronotype, habitual physical activity and twenty-four hours food recall) and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). Results: Positive correlations were found between morningness and morning training, higher total score of physical activity, and higher intake of kilocalories and protein in the morning. Conclusion: The findings suggests that the circadian typology is involved with preference for exercises practicing in certain shifts, and trends in energy and protein intake, beyond the physical activity level. But still more research is needed in the growing area of chronobiology associated with nutrition and exercise.

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22

Matera, Joana Leonie [Verfasser] y Till [Akademischer Betreuer] Roenneberg. "Chronobiology meets work life : chronotype-dependent nap behaviour and light exposure on work- and free days / Joana Leonie Matera. Betreuer: Till Roenneberg". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079477489/34.

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23

Hittle, Beverly M. "Elusive Sleep: Healthcare Workers, Shift Work, and Implications for Worker Health and Patient Safety". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1562059911010694.

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24

Jessen, Anna. "Tageszeitabhängige Leistungsschwankungen in der Verarbeitung anaphorischer Bezüge". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17011.

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Jeder Mensch hat eine eigene, innere Uhr, die nicht immer synchron mit dem Tageslicht verläuft. Im Volksmund wird von „Eulen“ (Spätaufstehern) und „Lerchen“ (Frühaufstehern) gesprochen. Diese innere Uhr ist genetisch und beeinflusst zahlreiche Aspekte unseres Verhaltens, z.B. unsere präferierten Schlafenszeiten, sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit, sämtliche Organfunktionen und auch kognitive Leistungen. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass auch die Sprachverarbeitung dem Einfluss der inneren Uhr unterliegt. Sprachliche Leistungen (Produktion und Verarbeitung) zählen zu den höheren kognitiven Funktionen und sind bisher selten auf rhythmische bzw. tageszeitliche Schwankungen wissenschaftlich untersucht worden. Daher ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, solche Schwankungen in der sprachlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurde die Verarbeitung der anaphorischen Referenz gewählt. Zentrale Theorien aus der Linguistik beschäftigen sich mit der anaphorischen Referenz (Centering Theory, Optimality Theory in the Centering Theory, Accessibility Theory). Den meisten dieser Theorien ist gemeinsam, dass die Auswahl einer Anapher einem gewissen Ökonomieprinzip unterliegt: Wenn der Referent, auf den verwiesen werden soll, leicht zugänglich ist, dann sollte es sich um eine strukturell einfache Anapher handeln, z.B. um ein Personalpronomen. Demonstrativpronomen, oder die so genannten d-Pronomen (der, die, das), sowie Eigennamen, sind komplexere Anaphern und sollten verwendet werden, wenn der Referent weniger leicht zugänglich ist. Dieser Unterschied der Anaphern wurde auf seine tageszeitlichen Schwankungen in insgesamt 3 Experimenten untersucht: einer Feldstudie mit Schichtarbeitern, die in regelmäßigen Abständen während ihres Schichtdienstes Reaktionszeitaufgaben absolvierten und 2 EKP-Experimenten, die an zwei verschiedenen Tageszeiten durchgeführt wurden und so Aufschluss über tageszeitliche Unterschiede in der Hirnaktivität bei der Verarbeitung anaphorischer Referenzen geben sollen.
Everyone has an inner clock, which is not always synchronized with daytime and nighttime. The individual differences of the inner clock are genetically determined and can vary by up to 8 hours: “extreme larks wake up when extreme owls go to sleep” (Roenneberg, 2003). Many aspects of human life are influenced by circadian rhythms, e.g. physical performance, sleep/wake patterns, cell and organ functions and cognitive performance. Language processing, being a higher order cognitive function, is therefore also assumed to change over the course of the day. To date there are not many studies examining language performance and its diurnal variations. The goal of this thesis, then, is to study such variations in language processing with psycholinguistic methods, looking at the phenomenon of anaphoric reference processing. Many important linguistic theories address the question of how an anaphoric reference is processed (Centering Theory, Optimality Theory in the Centering Theory, Accessibility Theory). Most of these theories have an assumption of underlying economy in common: if the referent is easily accessible, the anaphor should be of a simple type, e.g. a personal pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns, such as the German d-pronouns (der, die, das), noun phrases and names are more complex anaphors which bear more information than a simple pronoun and should therefore refer to a less easily accessible antecedent. With three experiments this difference in anaphor type is examined for its diurnal changes: one behavioral field study in which shift workers were regularly tested during their shifts; and two ERP-experiments conducted at two different times of day. The ERP experiments demonstrate the diurnal changes in brain activity during anaphoric processing.

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25

You, Min. "Compétences cognitives et émotionnelles en vue d'une réussite académique chez les étudiants chinois et français de niveau licence en France". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC003/document.

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Dans cette thèse, l’objectif est de comprendre les relations entre d’un côté la réussite académique (la performance académique) et le stress perçu subjectif, et d’un autre côté l’influence des différences individuelles (l’intelligence émotionnelle, les traits de personnalité et le chrono-type) sur la réussite académique, également les interactions entre ces différences individuelles et le stress perçu subjectif. 1) L’étude préliminaire est conduite pour clarifier la relation entre l’intelligence émotionnelle et la stratégie de coping chez les étudiants Chinois expatriés en France; 2) ensuite notre première étude a pour objectif de comprendre les différents éléments liés à la expatriation des étudiants Chinois en France : les causes et critères de la réussite d’expatriation subjective, les différentes sources de stress qu’ils ont rencontrées ainsi que leurs stratégies de faire face pendant leur expatriation sont interrogées; 3) avec les éléments ressortis de notre première étude, nous avons pu construire un questionnaire de la réussite d’expatriation subjective pour les étudiants Chinois en France. L’idée de départ est de valider ce questionnaire en comparant avec les autres paramètres des différences individuelles (Intelligence émotionnelle, intelligence culturelle, et de chrono-type). Malheureusement la passation de l’ensemble de ces questionnaires a pris une longueur de temps qui explique que peu de participants sont allés jusqu’au bout, cela ne nous permet pas finalement de valider ce questionnaire de la réussite d’expatriation. 4) Enfin, nous essayons de comprendre chez la population générale, c’est-à-dire les étudiants Français, les relations entre la réussite académique et les différences individuelles
In this thesis, the objective is to understand the relationships between academic success (academic performance) and subjective perceived stress on the one hand, and the influence of individual differences (emotional intelligence, personality traits and chrono-type) on academic success on the other hand, as well as the interactions between these individual differences and subjective perceived stress. 1) Preliminary study is conducted to clarify the relationship between emotional intelligence and coping strategy among Chinese students expatriated in France; 2) our first study aims to understand the different elements related to the expatriation of Chinese students in France: the causes and criteria of subjective expatriation success, the different sources of stress they encountered as well as their strategies to cope during their expatriation are interviewed; 3) With the elements emerging from our first study, we were able to construct a questionnaire on subjective expatriation success for Chinese students in France. The initial idea is to validate this questionnaire by comparing individual differences (emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence, and chrono-type) with other parameters. Unfortunately, the completion of all these questionnaires took a long time, which explains why few participants completed them, which does not allow us to validate this questionnaire of expatriation success. 4) Finally, we try to understand the relationship between academic success and individual differences among the general population, i.e. French students

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26

Freitas, Pablo Antonio Maia de. "DistÃrbios RespiratÃrios do Sono: AvaliaÃÃo das AlteraÃÃes do Sono, Sintomas Depressivos e Co-Morbidades". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=437.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that has serious repercussions for health and everyday life. Sleep changes, such as insomnia and daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux and other comorbidities have been associated with OSA. However, the etiology of these symptoms remains unclear. Particularly, the use of medications and habits such as alcohol consumption, coffee drinking and smoking may influence sleep and other clinical values. Sleep apnea severity, obesity, age, use of alcohol, nicotine and associated comorbid diseases are some of the factors that may be integrated in a complex pattern as determinants of depressive symptoms and EDS in OSA. The aim of this study was to evaluate about depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), comorbidity severity, morning-evening preference and pharmacotherapy in OSA. This was a cross-sectional study of 140 consecutive patients referred for polysomnography with clinical suspicion of OSA syndrome. After full night polyssomnography, they were diagnosed as snorers (N=14;<5/h), mild OSA (N=41; from 5 to 15/h), moderate OSA (N=37; from 15 to 30/h) and severe OSA (N=48; >de 30/h). Clinical data, alcohol consumption, coffee drinking, smoking, pharmacotherapy, polyssomnography data and results from behavior scales evaluated by the Epworth sleepiness scale, Hamilton depressive symptoms scale, Horne Osberg scale of chronotype and the cumulative comorbidity severity index (CCSI) were analyzed. Most cases were of male gender and diagnosed as moderate or severe OSA. OSA severity was directly related to body mass index (BMI) and to age. Daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms and the chronotype was not different between groups. Excessive daytime sleepiness was found in 40% of cases and was not related to any of the studied variables. Most common medications on use were sedatives and beta-blockers. Patients with depressive symptoms used more sedatives (P=0,003) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (P=0,001). Smoking was more frequent in younger patients and in those with an evening preference (P=0,003). Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated to the use of platelet inhibitors (P=0,02). Minimal oxygen saturation was lower in those on use of beta-blockers (P= 0,04). In general, patients tended to be evening types and cases with depressive symptoms also had an evening preference (P=0,03). Older patients showed greater CCSI (P=0,000), greater AHI (P=0,005), lower oxygen saturation (P=0,001), increased sleep latency (P= 0,003), lower sleep efficiency (P=0,000) and greater amount of periodic leg movements (PLM) (P=0,039). AHI was inversely related to oxygen saturation (P=0,000) and to sleep efficiency (P=0,003) and was directly related to PLM (P=0,003). Depressive symptoms and hypertension were frequent and related to a greater CCSI scores. Alcohol consumption was also related to a greater CCSI. Female gender, BMI, chronotype, and the presence of PLM were associated with depressive symptoms. A trend of association between alcohol consumption (P=0,08), smoking (P= 0,05) and depressive symptoms was observed. In conclusion, depressive symptoms and arterial hypertension were common and influenced the comorbidity severity in these OSA patients. Obesity and EDS were common and in general, patients showed an evening preference. Female gender, greater BMI, evening preference, and periodic leg movements influenced the presence of depressive symptoms and these patients used more used more sedatives and SSRI.
A sÃndrome da apnÃia/hipopnÃia do sono obstrutiva (SAHSO) Ã um dos problemas noturnos mais comuns em seres humanos e tem sÃrias repercussÃes sobre o dia a dia do indivÃduo. AlteraÃÃes do ciclo-sono vigÃlia, transtornos do humor, hipertensÃo arterial, refluxo gastroesofÃgico e outras comorbidades tÃm sido associados Ã SAHSO. Os fatores que influenciam a presenÃa de sintomas depressivos, alteraÃÃes do cronotipo, co-morbidades associadas e o uso de agentes medicamentosos nÃo sÃo, ainda, bem conhecidos. Em um estudo transversal, nÃs avaliamos 140 pacientes encaminhados com distÃrbio respiratÃrio do sono que apÃs a polissonografia foram diagnosticados como ronco primÃrio (N=14; <5 eventos/hora), SAHSO leve (N=41; entre 5 e 15 eventos/hora), SAHSO moderada (N=37; entre 15 e 30 eventos/hora) e SAHSO grave (N=48; >de 30 eventos/hora). Os resultados dos dados clÃnicos, dos resultados obtidos atravÃs das escalas de sonolÃncia de Epworth, cronotipo de Horne e Ostberg, depressÃo de Hamilton (17 itens), o Ãndice cumulativo de co-morbidades (ICC), o consumo de cafÃ, Ãlcool, tabagismo e o uso de medicamentos, alÃm dos achados na polissonografia foram analisados. A maior parte dos pacientes apresentaram SAHSO moderada e grave e eram do sexo masculino. A gravidade da SAHSO foi diretamente proporcional ao IMC e a idade. O grau de sonolÃncia, os sintomas depressivos e o cronotipo nÃo foram diferentes entre os grupos classificados pelo diagnÃstico. SonolÃncia diurna foi encontrada em 40% dos casos e nÃo se relacionou aos fatores estudados. Os medicamentos mais usados foram os benzodiazepÃnicos, seguidos dos beta-bloqueadores. Os pacientes com sintomas depressivos usavam mais benzodiazepÃnicos (P=0,003) e inibidores seletivos da recaptaÃÃo de serotonina (ISRS) (P=0,001). Os fumantes eram mais jovens e apresentavam cronotipo mais vespertino (P=0,003). O Ãndice de apnÃia-hipopnÃia (IAH) foi mais elevado em pacientes em uso de anti-agregantes plaquetÃrios (P=0,02). A saturaÃÃo arterial mÃnima de oxigÃnio foi menor em indivÃduos que estavam em uso de beta-bloqueadores (P= 0,04). De maneira geral, observou-se uma maior preferÃncia vespertina nos pacientes com SAHSO. Os casos com sintomas depressivos apresentavam uma maior preferÃncia vespertina (P=0,03). Pacientes mais idosos tinham maior ICC (P=0,000), maior IAH (P=0,005), menor saturaÃÃo arterial de oxigÃnio (P=0,001), maior latÃncia de sono (P= 0,003), menor eficiÃncia do sono (P=0,000) e maior quantidade de movimentos periÃdicos de extremidades (MPE) (P=0,039). O IAH relacionou-se inversamente com a saturaÃÃo arterial de oxigÃnio (P=0,000) e com a eficiÃncia do sono (P=0,003) e diretamente com a quantidade de MPE (P=0,003). Sintomas depressivos e hipertensÃo arterial foram freqÃentes nesse estudo e tiveram relaÃÃo com o ICC que tambÃm se relacionou ao consumo freqÃente de Ãlcool. Os fatores que se associaram Ã presenÃa de sintomas depressivos foram o sexo feminino, o IMC, o cronotipo e a presenÃa de MPE. Observou-se uma tendÃncia de associaÃÃo entre o uso de Ãlcool (P=0,08) e o tabagismo (P= 0,05) com a presenÃa de sintomas depressivos. Em conclusÃo, sintomas depressivos e hipertensÃo arterial foram freqÃentes nesse estudo e tiveram relaÃÃo com o Ãndice cumulativo de co-morbidades. O sexo feminino, maior IMC, cronotipo vespertino e MPE associaram-se a presenÃa de sintomas depressivos e esses pacientes utilizavam mais benzodiazepÃnicos e ISRS. SonolÃncia e obesidade foram comuns.

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Carvalho, Felipe Gutiérrez. "Análises de mediação e moderação na inter-relação de bem-estar psicológico com parâmetros de sono, autoeficácia percebida e rotinas de trabalho". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148838.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A associação entre saúde e fatores como parâmetros de sono, autoeficácia percebida, e rotinas de trabalho é bem estabelecida, e relacionada a importantes desfechos clínicos. Contudo, não constam na literatura estudos que analisem associações entre todos esses fatores, tampouco a inter-relação destes entre si. OBJETIVO: Investigar a inter-relação de bem-estar psicológico com parâmetros de sono, níveis de autoeficácia percebida e rotinas de trabalho. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado no Vale do Taquari-RS, Brasil, com 987 indivíduos (66,9% mulheres; idade média=43,9 anos). A atividade de trabalho predominante foi ligada à agricultura (46%), e a maior parte dos indivíduos exercia atividades de trabalho sete dias por semana (69,1%). Foram utilizadas as escalas World Health Organization five-item well-being index (WHO-5), Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ), a Escala de Autoeficácia Percebida (General Self-Efficacy Scale – GSE), além de questionários de dados demográficos e de rotinas de trabalho. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio de regressão linear hierárquica, e testes de modelos de mediação e de moderação. RESULTADOS: A análise de moderação demonstrou interação do horário de término do trabalho sobre a relação entre o horário de início do sono e o bem-estar psicológico (R=0,147; F=23,77; P<0,001). O modelo de regressão hierárquica final, incluindo a análise de moderação, demonstrou associação de bem-estar psicológico com sexo (B=-28,554; P=0,004), horário de início do sono (B=-10,132; P=0,011), autoeficácia (B=0,174; P<0,001) e com a variável de interação entre horário de início do sono e horário de término do trabalho (B=-3,460; P=0,030). A análise de mediação não mostrou efeitos indiretos estatisticamente significativos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo final mostrou que, quando controlada para o efeito de moderação, a relação entre rotinas de trabalho e bem-estar psicológico é dependente da interação com parâmetros de sono individuais. Nossos achados chamam a atenção para a importância da autoeficácia percebida e da interação entre ritmos individuais e ritmos de trabalho sobre desfechos relacionados ao bem-estar psicológico.
BACKGROUND: The importance of sleep-wake patterns, self-efficacy and work related parameters, in relation to health outcomes, is well established. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies analyzing the inter-relationship between these factors. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the inter-relationship between psychological well-being and sleep-wake patterns, general self-efficacy and work routine parameters. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in a rural area of Brazil. A sample of 987 individuals (66.9% women; mean age = 43.9 years) was analyzed. Most participants were farmers (46%), and most worked 7 days a week (69.1%). The World Health Organization Five-item Well-being Index (WHO-5) was used to assess our outcome, and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), and a demographic and work routine questionnaire were used to assess the variables of interest. To better understand the inter-relationship between variables and outcome, mediation and moderation models were tested. RESULTS: The moderation model showed an effect of work end time on the relationship between sleep onset time and psychological well-being (R²=0.147; F=23.77; P<0.001). The final regression model showed an association of psychological well-being with sex (B=-28.554; P=0.004), sleep onset time (B=-10.132; P=0.011), self-efficacy (B=0.174; P<0.001), and with the interaction variable between sleep onset time and work end time (B=-3.460; P=0.030). The mediation model showed no statistically significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our final model showed that, when controlled for the moderation effect, the relationship between worse psychological well-being and later work end times is significant only when there is interaction to sleep onset times. These findings draw the attention to the importance of the perceived self-efficacy alone and the interaction between sleep-wake and work routine rhythms in relation to psychological well-being.

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Porcheret, Kate L. "Sleep and sleep timing in relation to light and emotional processing". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b759244a-c339-4d9f-bd03-e150a5fa1887.

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Sleep is a complex process: the timing of sleep is regulated by two systems (the sleep homeostat and the circadian clock) and there are many potential functions of sleep. The aim of this thesis was to investigate: the impact of light on the regulation of sleep timing (study 1) and the role of sleep in emotional processing (study 2). Study 1 used natural variations in environmental light levels at different geographical locations, to examine the influence of daily light irradiance on sleep timing and chronotype using the Munich chronotype questionnaire (MCTQ). 6443 students were included in this study from six universities from the northern and southern hemispheres. Students in southern hemisphere cities had earlier sleep timings than those in the northern cities. Daily irradiance was higher in the southern hemisphere cities. The amount of time spent outside, age and sex, but not daily irradiance, influenced sleep timings. Study 2 explored the impact of an analogue traumatic event (trauma film) in students who were either sleep deprived or not sleep deprived on intrusive memories ("flashbacks"), sleep physiology and the impact of an increased risk of a mood disorder on this relationship. In this study the sleep deprived participants (n=19) reported fewer intrusive memories to the trauma film than those not sleep deprived (n=22). A change in sleep physiology was observed in the first sleep period following the trauma film, which was more pronounced in the sleep deprived group: increased levels of arousal, REM density and activity in the occipital region. Only three participants at-risk of a mood disorder completed study 2: their data are presented as case studies. In conclusion this research has demonstrated that differences in sleep timings exist between cities in the southern and northern hemispheres and has confirmed that many factors can influence sleep timing. It has also been demonstrated that following a highly emotional event not sleeping may have a beneficial effect, which has implications for the treatment of people after trauma.

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Noorani, Yaseen. "Estrangement and Selfhood in the Classical Concept of Waṭan". BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621297.

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The modern Arabic term for national homeland, waṭan, derives its sense from the related yet semantically different usage of this term in classical Arabic, particularly in classical Arabic poetry. In modern usage, waṭan refers to a politically defined, visually memorialized territory whose expanse is cognized abstractly rather than through personal experience. The modern waṭan is the geopolitical locus of national identity. The classical notion of waṭan, however, is rarely given much geographical content, although it usually designates a relatively localized area on the scale of a neighborhood, town, or village. More important than geographical content is the subjective meaning of the waṭan, in the sense of its essential place in the psyche of an individual. The waṭan (also mawṭin, awṭān), both in poetry and other types of classical writing, is strongly associated with the childhood/youth and primary love attachments of the speaker. This sense of waṭan is thus temporally defined as much as spatially, and as such can be seen as an archetypal instance of the Bakhtinian chronotope, one intrinsically associated with nostalgia and estrangement. The waṭan, as the site of the classical self’s former plenitude, is by definition lost or transfigured and unrecoverable, becoming an attachment that must be relinquished for the sake of virtue and glory. This paper argues that the bivalency of the classical waṭan chronotope, recoverable through analysis of poetic and literary texts, allows us to understand the space and time of the self in classical Arabic literature and how this self differs from that presupposed by modern ideals of patriotism.

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Guzzo, Lia Alves Simões Matuzaki [UNIFESP]. "Caracterização do padrão do ciclo vigília-sono, avaliado pela actimetria, em uma amostra da população da cidade de São Paulo". Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2010. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9175.

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Há poucos estudos que caracterizam o padrão do ciclo vigília-sono (CVS) na população geral, particularmente de grandes metrópoles. Nesse contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar: o CVS em uma amostra da população de São Paulo; as características do CVS de acordo com o cronotipo; e a concordância entre uma noite de polissonografia (PSG) com a actimetria, registradas simultaneamente. Métodos: Voluntários de um estudo com base populacional (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), estratificado por sexo, idade (20-80 anos) e classe sócio-econômica, utilizaram actímetro (Actwach-64®) e preencheram diários de sono por um período mínimo de três dias consecutivos. Dados sócio-demográficos, de saúde e de sono foram coletados a partir de questionários e uma PSG completa foi realizada. Resultados: De uma amostra de 1101 voluntários selecionados para representar a população adulta da cidade de São Paulo, 359 utilizaram adequadamente o actímetro, dos quais 60% eram mulheres. A idade média foi 43 ± 14 anos e a duração média de sono observada foi de 365 ± 57 min. A maioria dos participantes apresentou padrão monofásico de sono (92%), 25 (7%) bifásico e 3 (1%) polifásico. Pela análise de cluster, os indivíduos foram agrupados em três grupos: matutino (61%), apresentou horário de inicio de sono em torno de 22:00h e tempo total de sono (TTS) médio de 374 ± 52 minutos; vespertino (32%), apresentou horário de início de sono em torno de 2:00h e TTS = 349 ± 66 minutos; e o terceiro grupo (7%) apresentou um padrão variável para o início do sono e TTS = 362 ± 58 minutos. Houve moderada correlação entre a PSG e a actimetria para o TTS (r=0,67) (p<0,001) e fraca correlação para a eficiência do sono (r=0,41) (p<0,001), latência do sono (r=0,2) (p<0,001) e vigília após o início do sono (r=0,26) (p<0,001). Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a população avaliada apresentou predominantemente padrão monofásico de sono. Baseada na escolha das variáveis: horário de dormir, TTS, eficiência do sono e latência de sono, a actimetria foi eficaz em identificar perfil da população de acordo com o cronotipo. Embora tenham sido observadas diferenças entre a actimetria e a polissonografia, os resultados evidenciaram a adequação da actimetria para estudos do CVS.
Introduction: There are few studies evaluating the characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle (SWC) patterns in the general population. The aims of this study was to evaluate the SWC in a sample of the São Paulo city population; to assess the characteristics of SWC according to the chronotype; and to compare the polysomnography (PSG) and actimetry simultaneously recorded. Methods: Volunteers were selected from a population based study (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), stratified by gender, age (20-80 years-old) and socioeconomic status. SWC was measured for at least three consecutive days using actimetry (Actwach-64®) and sleep diary. Social-demographic, health and sleep habits and complaints data were gathered from the questionnaires and a full-night PSG was performed. Results: Out of a sample of 1101 volunteers selected to represent the adult population of São Paulo, 359 volunteers wore the actimetry properly and 60% were women. The mean age was 43 ± 14 years and the mean total sleep time (TST) was 365 ± 57 minutes. The most of the participants presented monophasic pattern of sleep (92%), 7% had biphasic pattern and 1% had poliphasic pattern. According to a Two-step Cluster analysis, volunteers were included into three groups: morningness (61%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset around 10:00 PM and TST was 374 ± 52 minutes; eveningness (32%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset at 2:00 AM and TST was 349 ± 66 minutes; and the other group (7%), who had no defined sleep onset time and TST was 362 ± 58 minutes. We observed a moderate correlation between PSG and actimetry for TST (r=0.7) (p<0.001), and a weak correlation for sleep efficiency (r=0.4) (p<0.001), sleep latency (r=0.2) (p<0,001) and wake after sleep onset (r=0.3) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that the evaluated population presented mostly monophasic sleep pattern. Based on the selection of the variables (sleep onset time, TST, sleep efficiency and sleep latency) the actimetry was reliable to establish the profile of the population according to chronotype. Although differences between the actimetry and the PSG have been observed, the results support the use of actimetry to evaluate the sleep episodes.
TEDE

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Kühnle, Tim. "Quantitative Analysis of Human Chronotypes". Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-51686.

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Carmona, Luciane Ruiz 1976. "Stress no cotidiano da equipe de enfermagem e sua correlação com o cronotipo". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313447.

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Orientador: Milva Maria Figueiredo De Martino
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como propósito classificar o cronótipo dos funcionários da equipe de enfermagem, de acordo com o turno de trabalho, e identificar a presença de stress e suas correlações com o cronótipo e horário de trabalho. Foi realizado em um hospital na cidade de Limeira, SP. Participaram da pesquisa 87 sujeitos, dos diferentes setores e turnos de trabalho. A amostra foi constituída por sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 19 e 51 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram: Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL), e Questionário de Indivíduos Matutinos e Vespertinos (HO). Os resultados do ISSL mostraram que 48 sujeitos (55,2%) apresentavam sintomas de stress, e destes, 40 sujeitos (83,3%) encontravam-se na fase de Resistência, com predomínio de sintomas psicológicos. O HO mostrou que 42 sujeitos (48,3%) foram classificados como do tipo Indiferente, estando estes alocados, principalmente, no turno noturno. Quanto à adequação no turno de trabalho, de acordo com o cronótipo, verificou-se que 65 sujeitos (74,7%) estavam adequados, e destes 36 (55,38%) apresentavam sintomas de stress, houve correlação significativa (Teste Exato de Fisher p=0.035). Houve diferença significativa quando comparado o tempo de trabalho na instituição e a incidência do stress, com os sujeitos com estress possuindo maior tempo de trabalho (Teste Exato de Fisher p=0.003). Conclui-se que a maioria dos sujeitos estava adequada ao turno de trabalho, de acordo com seu cronótipo. Porém, mesmo nestes, o stress foi observado em grande porcentagem da amostra, levando-nos a confirmar os dados obtidos em outras pesquisas quanto ao caráter estressante da profissão de enfermagem
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to classify the chronotype of the nursing team, according to the work shift, as well as to identify the presence of stress and its correlations with chronotype and time of work. It was performed in the hospital in the city of Limeira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eighty-seven subjects from different departments and work shifts participated in the research. The sample was constituted by male and female subjects, with ages between 19 and 51 years old. The instruments utilized for the data collection were: Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory (LSSI) and A self-assesment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms (HO). The LSSI results showed that 48 subjects (55.2%) presented stress symptoms, and among them, 40 subjects (83.3%) were in the Resistance phase, with predominance of psychological symptoms. The HO showed that 42 subjects (48.3%) were classified as Indifferent type, being placed mainly in the night shift. Concerning the adequacy to the work shift, in accordance with the chronotype, we verified that 65 subjects (74.7%) were adequate, and among them 36 (55.38%) presented stress symptoms ¿ there was a significant correlation (Fisher¿s Exact Test, p=0.035). There was a significant difference when they were compared according to the time of work at the institution and the incidence of stress, subjects with stress had more time of work (Fisher¿s Exact Test (p=0.003). We concluded that most subjects were adequate to the work shift, according to their own chronotype; however, it was observed stress in a great percentage of the sample, confirming the data obtained in other researches regarding the stressing character of the nursing profession
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem

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Sousa, Grazielle Aurelina Fraga de. "Desempenho de estudantes universitários em testes matutinos e vespertinos para avaliação da memória episódica e operacional". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314129.

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Orientador: Elenice Aparecida de Moraes Ferrari
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este estudo investigou se o desempenho de estudantes universitários, em testes de memória episódica e operacional, varia em função do horário e do intervalo de tempo em que são realizados os testes de evocação. Na Fase 1, o Questionário Cronotipo foi utilizado para classificar o tipo cronobiológico. Dos 396 alunos avaliados, 59% foram classificados como intermediários, 35% como vespertinos e 6% como matutinos. Na Fase 2, foi avaliada uma amostra de 43 alunos, de ambos os sexos, classificados como intermediários, com 20,12 ± 2,18 anos de idade, falantes nativos de Português, sem histórico de distúrbios do sono ou uso de drogas psicoativas. Foram constituídos quatro grupos de acordo com os horários das sessões de treino/teste imediato e teste tardio: GMN - treino pela manhã e teste à noite, após 12horas; GMM - treino pela manhã e teste pela manhã, após 24 horas; GNM - treino à noite e teste pela manhã, após 12 horas; GNN - treino à noite e teste à noite, após 24 horas. Para avaliação da memória episódica e operacional foram utilizados: Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo Verbal de Rey (TAAVR), Teste de Memória Lógica (TML), Teste de Extensão de Dígitos e Teste dos Blocos de Corsi. O Diário de Sono foi usado para avaliar o ciclo vigília-sono e o uso de termistor e de actímetro permitiu avaliar os ritmos de temperatura de punho e atividade motora. Questionários específicos foram utilizados para avaliação da percepção de estresse, ansiedade e estado de humor. Os dados do TAAVR e TML em três diferentes momentos de avaliação (imediato, após 30 minutos e tardio - após 12 ou 24horas) não indicaram efeito do horário ou do intervalo entre os testes de evocação (ANOVA; p > 0,05); no entanto, foi observada uma redução significativa dos escores ao longo dos momentos de avaliação (ANOVA; p < 0,05). Os escores médios obtidos no teste 30 minutos e no teste tardio do TAAVR correlacionaram-se positivamente com a média de duração do sono global (Teste de Spearman, p < 0,05). A média de duração do sono anterior à sessão de teste imediato apresentou correlação positiva com o escore médio do teste tardio do TML (Teste de Spearman, p < 0,05). Não houve efeito de horário ou de sessão sobre os índices do Teste de Extensão de Dígitos, Teste dos Blocos de Corsi e fatores de avaliação do humor (ANOVA; p > 0,05). Os grupos não diferiram quanto ao índice de estresse percebido e características de traço e estado de ansiedade (ANOVA, p > 0,05). O ritmo da temperatura de punho e o ritmo da atividade motora apresentaram relações de fase adequadas para a maioria dos sujeitos avaliados. A distribuição dos cronotipos na população avaliada concorda com os dados descritos para a população brasileira. Os dados indicaram a ausência de efeito do horário sobre o desempenho de indivíduos com cronotipo intermediário e sugerem uma relação entre a duração do sono e a memória episódica verbal. Estas evidências contribuem para o conhecimento sobre a variação do desempenho cognitivo durante a fase de vigília
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate if the performance of undergraduate students in episodic and working memory tests is influenced by the time-of-day and the interval between the retrieval tests. In Phase 1, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was used for assessment of the chonotype in a sample of students. Of 396 students assessed, 59% were classified as intermediate-type, 35% evening-type and 6% morning-type. The Phase 2 was conducted with 43 students classified as intermediatetype, both genders, with 20.12 ± 2.18 years old, native Portuguese speakers, without history of sleep disorders or use of drugs known to influence sleep and memory. These students were allocated in four groups according to the time-of-day of the training and the tests: GMN - trained in the morning (7:30 a.m.) and tested at same day, at night (6:30 p.m.); GMM - trained in the morning (7:30 a.m.) and tested after 24 hours (7:30 a.m.); GNM - trained at night (6:30 p.m.) and tested in the morning of the next day (7:30 a.m.); and the GNN - trained at night (6:30 p.m.) and tested after 24 hours (6:30 p.m.). The Rey Auditory Learning Test (RAVLT), Logical Memory Test (LMT), Corsi Block- Tapping Test and Digit Span Test were used to assess episodic and working memories. The sleep-wake cycle was assessed by sleep-logs and the wrist temperature and motor activity rhythmics was evaluated by thermistor and actigraphy. The levels of perceived stress, state of anxiety and mood were also evaluated. There was no time-of-day effect or interval effect on the retrieval of the RAVLT and LMT in the immediate test, 30 minutes test and delayed test - after 12 or 24 hours (ANOVA, p > 0.05). However, the scores showed a significant decrease across these three assessments (ANOVA p < 0.05). Positive correlation was observed between the mean sleep duration and the mean scores of the RAVLT after 30 minutes and in the delayed test (Spearman Test, p < 0.05). The mean of sleep duration before the immediate test was positively correlated with the LMT score during the delayed test (Spearman Test, p < 0.05). There was no effect of the time-of-day on Digit Span Test, Corsi Block-Tapping Test and mood assessment (ANOVA, p > 0.05). No between-group differences occurred in the level of perceived stress and trait-state anxiety (p > 0.05). The rhythm of wrist temperature and the rhythm of motor activity showed appropriate phase relations for the most part of evaluated subjects. The data indicate absence of time-of-day effect on the performance of intermediate-type individuals and suggest a relationship between memory and the sleep duration. Such evidence contributes to our understanding of the variation in cognitive performance during the wake period
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

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34

Lima, Eliana Maria Gonçalves 1980. "Qualidade de vida no cotidiano de caminhoneiros e sua correlação com o cronotipo". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311328.

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Orientador: Milva Maria Figueiredo De Martino
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: Sonolência e alteração na qualidade de vida (QV) dos caminhoneiros podem ser decorrentes dos horários irregulares e da extensa jornada de trabalho, das quais podem gerar fadiga e alterações no ritmo circadiano. Objetivos: Analisar a qualidade de vida e os cronotipos dos caminhoneiros que trabalham em diferentes turnos; associar a QV segundo os cronotipos e as características do trabalho. Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo, de natureza quantitativa em que participaram 48 motoristas de caminhão que trabalhavam em diferentes turnos de uma empresa de transportes da região sul de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário para identificação de indivíduos matutino e vespertino de Horne e Östberg, o questionário de Qualidade de Vida "WHOQOL-BREF" e ficha de identificação pessoal. As entrevistas foram realizadas na empresa durante o intervalo das viagens. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises estatísticas utilizando os testes do Qui-quadrado (X2), Kolmogorov-Smirnov, coeficiente de correlação Spearman's roh e Mann Whitney, em razão da ausência de distribuição normal das variáveis. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Quanto às características individuais dos caminhoneiros, a maioria era casado, idade média de 37,5 anos, possuíam filhos e tinham entre 9 a 12 anos de estudo. As questões que envolviam o trabalho apontaram que a maioria trabalhava em turno noturno, eram contratados, laboravam mais do que 8 horas diariamente, a média de experiência profissional foi de 13 anos e trafegavam em média 677,5 Km por dia. O cronotipo prevalente foi matutino. A qualidade de vida obteve os piores escores no domínio ambiental e na qualidade de vida geral, enquanto a melhor avaliação foi nos domínios social e físico. As horas trabalhadas (p=0,01) influenciaram no domínio ambiental, em que, quanto menor o escore do domínio ambiental, maiores são as horas trabalhadas. A qualidade de vida geral apresentou correlação com os domínios psicológico (p<0,05) e ambiental (p= 0,01) o que demonstrou que a percepção da QV desses motoristas é influenciada por - questões ambientais e psicológicas. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o cotidiano do trabalho dos caminhoneiros é caracterizado pela longa jornada de trabalho, acima das horas estabelecidas pela CLT, prevalência do trabalho noturno e longas horas na direção. Tais fatores influenciaram de forma negativa na qualidade de vida desses profissionais, com maiores repercussões no domínio ambiental. As preferências cronobiológicas desses profissionais são incompatíveis com os turnos em que estão alocados, pois a maioria daqueles que trabalham no período noturno são matutinos
Abstract: Introduction: Sleepiness and alteration in the life quality (QV) of the truck drivers can be resulting of the irregular schedules and the extensive working hours, of which can generate fatigue and alterations in the circadian rhythm. Objectives: To analyze the truck drivers' life quality and chronotype working in different shifts; associating the life quality according to the chronotypes and the characteristics of work. Method: Exploratory descriptive study, of quantitative nature in which participated 48 truck drivers that were working in different shifts in a transportation enterprise in the south region of Minas Gerais. The following instruments were used: Horne and Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the life quality questionnaire "WHOQOL-BREF" and personal application form. The interviews were carried out at the enterprise during the travel intervals. For so, statistical analysis were carried out using Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test Chi-square (X2), correlation coefficient Spearman's roh and Man Whitney, on account of the absence of normal distribution of the variables. The level of signification adopted was 5 %. Results: About the individual characteristics of the truck drivers, the majority were married, and were over than 37,5 years old, they had children and had studied between 9 to 12 years. The questions that were related to the work showed that bigger percentages worked in night shift, they were hired, they were working more than 8 hours daily, the average of professional experience was 13 years and were driving 677.5 Kilometers(429.7 Miles) daily. The prevalent chronotype was morning.The sleep life quality obtained the worst scores in the environmental power and in life quality in general, while the best evaluation was in the social and physical powers. The worked hours (p=0,01) influenced the environmental power, in which the less the score of the environmental power, bigger are the worked hours. The general life quality presented correlation to the psychological powers (p <0,05) and environmental (p = 0,01) what demonstrated that the QV perception (life quality) of these drivers are influenced by the environmental and psychological matters. Conclusion: It was verified that the daily work of the truck drivers is characterized by the long working day, above the hours established by the Consolidated Labor Laws (CLT), predominance of night work and long driving hours. Such factors influenced in a negative way in the life quality of these professionals, with bigger repercussions in the environmental power. The biggest percentages of the morning chronotype were demonstrated that the truck drivers are allocated in incompatible shifts with their chronobiological preferences
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

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35

Åhs, Hugo. "An Unrecoverable Sleep Deficit : A literary analysis of Adolescents’ sleep loss and the consequences of sleep deficit regarding academic performance". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169852.

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There is a noticeable difference in the debate regarding adolescents’ sleep patterns between the biological clock and society’s clock when we talk about adolescents. Sleep scientists or somnologists, are alarming as more evidence reach the surface that young people are not getting the recommended sleep that is required to perform academically well. Not only are there direct connections between sleep deficit and academic performance, but sleep deficit also takes a critical toll upon their physical and mental health. The problem is that adolescents’ circadian cycle is postponed with a few hours compared to children and adults. This results in a major sleep deficit when adolescents must adjust to societal rhythms and habits – a clock they are not programmed biologically to follow. Adolescents must attend to school in the early morning, when in reality their needs point to that school times in fact should start around 10:00. Society’s view has traditionally been that teenagers are lazy but in fact evidence does prove that it may not be the case. The following essay will therefore serve as an informative update to what has been stated by somnologists and raise awareness regarding adolescents and what happens when they are exposed to a chronic sleep deficit put on them by society.

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Jensen, Elias y Rufus Lindskog. "Morgonidealisering: prediktorer, prevalens och inverkan på välmående". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-93156.

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Ett beteende som vi kan återfinna hos många människor är tendensenatt idealisera tidigt uppstigande genom att tillskriva det positivaegenskaper, något vi valt att benämna morgonidealisering. Deninfluerar våra attityder gentemot såväl morgon- som kvällsmänniskoroch kan bidra till uppfattningar som saknar förankring i verkligheten.I en tvärsnittsstudie där vi samlade in data från enkäter ifyllda avrespondenter som var 15 år eller äldre (N = 246), undersökte vi hurutbrett morgonidealisering är i stickprovet, hur det påverkarvälmående, och huruvida det prediceras av kapitalistisk anda (attman besitter kapitalistiska värderingar), tillmötesgående ochsamvetsgrannhet. Vi fann att morgonidealisering inte har någotsamband med välmående, att samvetsgrannhet och kapitalistisk andapredicerar morgonidealisering till viss del och att morgonidealiseringexisterar i vårt stickprov. Vi bör uppmärksamma attmorgonidealisering existerar för att skydda oss mot den snedvridninggentemot olika kronotyper som den medför. Ett sätt att göra detta äratt upplysa allmänheten om att attityden existerar, att den inte ledertill mer välmående och vilka som är särskilt troliga att anammaattityden
The tendency to idealise getting up early in the morning by attributingit with positive qualities is a behaviour we can observe in a lot ofpeople. We call this behaviour morning idealisation. It permeates ourattitudes toward morning people as well as evening people andcontributes to certain prejudice against both. In a cross-sectionalstudy we gathered data from questionnaires completed by respondentsolder than 15 (N = 246). By analyzing the data we looked into howprevalent morning idealisation is in our sample, how it influenceswellbeing, and to what extent it is influenced by spirit of capitalism,agreeableness and conscientiousness. We found that there is noconnection between morning idealisation and wellbeing, that morningidealisation exists in our sample and that morning idealisation couldpartially be explained by spirit of capitalism and conscientiousness.We should acknowledge the existence of morning idealisation in orderto protect ourselves from biases towards different chronotypes. Oneway to do this is to inform people about the existence of morningidealisation, to show that it doesn’t lead to wellbeing and to show whoare particularly prone to pick up the attitude.

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37

LIU, Jingya. "Chronotope and regional Chinese independent films". Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2010. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/2.

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This thesis aims to re-categorize Chinese independent films from a region-based perspective as a critical response to existing literature on Chinese independent films. This thesis analyzes three independent films made in three different regions of China in order to investigate regional Chinese independent cinema as a recently rising phenomenon: respectively, Jia Zhangke’s Xiaowu (1997) made in Shanxi Province, Ying Liang’s Taking Father Home (Bei yazi de nanhai, 2006) in Sichuan Province, and Robin Weng’s Fujian Blue (Jinbi huihuang, 2007) in Fujian Province. By using Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope (literally time-space) as the fundamental framework and exploring the many aspects of it, I will develop three major theoretical points to study selected regional Chinese independent films: first, chronotope enables the evaluation of texts of Chinese independent films; second, the documentary impulses prevailing Chinese independent films serve as the chronotopic linkage between the world in the film text and the world the film text represents; three, the mediation function as one aspect of chronotope is characterized by the negotiation between regional Chinese independent films and many social relations, for example, filmmakers, casting, audiences. This thesis also explores many issues related to Chinese independent films, for example: How do we value the unique film practice of Chinese independent filmmakers instead of viewing them as a unified whole? How do we relate Chinese independent films as aesthetic practices to the region-specific reality they are embedded in? How can Chinese independent cinema as a social practice play an effective role in society? The exploration of these questions does not only enlighten new research perspectives on Chinese independent films, but also provide reflections on the geographical, cultural and social diversity of Chinese regions.

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38

Mendes, Rúbia Aparecida Pereira de Carvalho 1984. "Variação matutina e vespertina no desempenho em testes de memória e de compreensão de leitura em adolescentes escolares com diferentes cronotipos". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314125.

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Orientador: Elenice Aparecida de Moraes Ferrari
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este estudo investigou a distribuição do cronotipo (matutino, intermediário e vespertino), a sonolência diurna, o desempenho em testes de memória e de compreensão de leitura em estudantes do turno da manhã e da tarde (12 a 17 anos). Na Fase 1, foram utilizados o Questionário de Cronotipo (HO) e o formulário para identificação de queixas de sono (n = 435). Na Fase 2 (n = 81) utilizou-se a Escala de Sonolência de Karolinska (KSS) aplicada imediatamente antes da sessão de testes, que ocorreram em dois horários (7h00 e 16h45), as Escalas de Leitura (EL) e de Desempenho Escolar em Língua Portuguesa (ED), o Teste de Extensão de Dígitos direto e inverso (SPANdir; SPANinv), o Teste dos Blocos de Corsi direto e inverso (CORSIdir; CORSIinv), o Teste de Memória Episódica imediato e tardio (MEI; MET) e o Teste de compreensão da leitura (CLOZE). Os resultados mostraram uma distribuição normal para os diferentes cronotipos, com aumento na vespertinidade em adolescentes mais velhos. As queixas mais freqüentes (Teste qui-quadrado) foram insônia e muita necessidade de sono predominantes em vespertinos, independentemente do turno de estudo. Os adolescentes de cronotipo matutinos estavam menos sonolentos em relação aos vespertinos, em ambos os horários testados, sendo que os testados no horário da tarde estavam menos sonolentos que os da manhã (ANOVA; p < 0,05). A pontuação média na EL e ED classificou os adolescentes em alto nível acadêmico (ANA), média = ou > que 5 (n = 50) e baixo nível acadêmico (BNA), média < que 5 (n = 31). A análise do conjunto de dados de todos os 81 sujeitos (ANA e BNA) mostrou melhor desempenho no teste CORSIinv realizado no horário da tarde (R = -0,5) em adolescentes vespertinos e no teste MET no horário da manhã (R = -0,4) em adolescentes menos sonolentos (Teste de Spearman; p < 0,05). Quando se analisou apenas os sujeitos ANA observou-se melhor desempenho dos adolescentes matutinos nos testes SPANinv realizados no horário da manhã (R = 0,3) e no teste MEI no horário da tarde (R = 0,4). Também foi verificado melhor desempenho em adolescentes menos sonolentos nos testes CORSIinv (R = -0,6) e CLOZE (R = -0,5) realizados no horário da manhã (Teste de Spearman; p < 0,05). Em conjunto, essas análises demonstraram que o cronotipo, a sonolência diurna, o nível de leitura e o desempenho escolar exercem influência no desempenho em testes de memória. Mais ainda, mostram a importância de se avaliar o nível acadêmico do indivíduo para precisar a relação que cronotipo e a sonolência exercem sobre a memória
Abstract: This study investigated the distribution of different chronotypes (morning, indifferent and evening), the diurnal sleepiness, the performance in tests of memory and reading comprehension in students (12-17 years old) of both morning and afternoon school periods. In the Phase 1, we used the Chronotype Questionnaire (HO) and Sleep Complaints form (n = 435). In Phase 2 (n = 81) there has been used the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) immediately before the morning (7am) and afternoon (4:45pm) testing sessions, the Reading (SR) and School Performance in Portuguese Language (SP) Scales, the Digit Span (direct, SPANdir and inverse, SPANinv), Corsi Block (direct, CORSIdir and inverse, CORSIinv), Episodic Memory (immediate, IEM and late, LEM) and the reading comprehension test (Cloze). The results showed a normal distribution of the different chronotypes, with increased eveningness in older adolescents. The most frequent sleep complaints ( x -square test) were the need for longer sleep duration and the insomnia. Those complaints were more frequent in the evening type adolescents, regardless of the school period. The morning type adolescents were less sleepier than the evening type adolescents in both testing times, but during afternoon sessions they were less sleepier than during the morning sessions (ANOVA; p < 0,05). The adolescents were classified in high (HAL, score > 5, n = 50), or low academic level (LAL, score < 5, n = 31), accordingly to their SR and SP average score. The analysis considering all the 81 adolescents (ANA e BNA) indicated that evening type had better performance than the morning type adolescents in the CORSIinv test conducted at the afternoon time (R = -0.5), whereas less sleepy adolescents showed better performance than more sleepy adolescents (R = -0.4) in the MET test during the morning session (Spearman test; p < 0.05). Data analysis of the HAL students only showed that morning type adolescents performed better than evening type adolescents in the SPANinv test conducted in the morning (R = 0.3) and MEI test conducted in the afternoon (R= 0.4). Also the performance in CORSIinv (R = -0.6) and CLOZE tests (R = -0.5) was better in less sleepy than in more sleepy adolescents during the morning sessions (Spearman test; p < 0.05). Together, these results demonstrate that the performance of adolescents in memory tests can be influencied by their chronotype, sleepiness and level of academic performance. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that assessment of the academic level helps to clarify the role that chronotype and sleepiness have on memory
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

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39

Carbajal, Ivan. "An Investlarks and Hearts: Circadian Mismatch and Effort Intensity". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157572/.

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My experiment concerned the influence of chronobiological (circadian) rhythm on fatigue, effort, and cardiovascular (CV) response. It evaluated responses of morning people (Larks) presented an easy or difficult recognition memory task at a time congruent or incongruent with their rhythm. Based on an extension of a conceptual analysis of fatigue influence, my central prediction was that circadian rhythm would combine interactionally with task difficulty to determine effort and associated CV responses. Specifically, effort and associated CV responses were expected to be (1) positively correspondent to task difficulty in the morning (stronger where difficulty is high), but (2) negatively correspondent to difficulty in the evening (stronger where difficulty is low). Preliminary results showed concerning gender effects on difficulty appraisal of the task, thus we examined women and men's data separately. CV findings for women were broadly, but not completely, consistent with predictions. Analyses revealed no group differences in CV response for Lark men.

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Larsen, M. D. H. "The Bakhtinian chronotope : origins, modifications and additions". Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244340.

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Vasconcelos, Suleima Pedroza. "A organização temporal do trabalho e exposição à luz e suas repercussões no ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina de trabalhadores de uma reserva extrativista amazônica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-09022015-084121/.

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Objetivo Investigar a associação dos horários de trabalho e padrões de exposição à luz com ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina em trabalhadores da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Método Estudo transversal realizado no município de Xapuri, Acre, com 340 seringueiros e 148 trabalhadores uma fábrica de preservativos (46 trabalhadores administrativos e 102 operários). Na primeira etapa do estudo foram coletados, por meio de questionários, dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, condições de trabalho, padrões de sono, preferência diurna, perfil cronobiológico (cronotipo), morbidades referidas e relato de dores musculoesqueléticas. Na segunda etapa do estudo, observando critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados 62 trabalhadores (42 seringueiros e 20 operários). Nesta etapa, seringueiros e operários foram acompanhados por 21 dias e 10 dias, respectivamente, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes ao padrão de atividade/repouso (actimetria), exposição à luz e melatonina salivar. Resultados Os resultados da primeira etapa mostraram que os dias de trabalho e folga dos seringueiros são diferentes em relação aos horários de início, fim e duração de sono (p<0,01). Similarmente aos seringueiros, também foram observadas diferenças relativas aos padrões de sono (horários de início e fim), entre os operários, em todos os turnos estudados (matutino, vespertino e noturno), segundo dia de trabalho e dia de folga. A segunda etapa da pesquisa evidenciou que a presença de energia elétrica na residência teve efeito significativo no horário de início e duração de sono e no horário de início da secreção de melatonina dos seringueiros (p<0,01). Os seringueiros mostraram um adiantamento do horário de início da secreção de melatonina, padrão semelhante ao encontrado em parte dos operários, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior tendência à matutinidade. Além disso, os seringueiros foram expostos à intensidade e período de luz (natural e artificial) maiores quando comparados aos trabalhadores da fábrica. Os operários apresentaram maiores escores de sonolência nos turnos matutino e noturno, sendo este último associado à ocorrência de distúrbios de sono e fadiga ao acordar. Conclusão A distinção observada entre os padrões de sono dos trabalhadores, segundo dias de trabalho e folga, tanto para seringueiros quanto trabalhadores da fábrica, sugere a relevância dos horários de trabalho no ciclo vigília-sono da população estudada. A presença de energia elétrica, assim como a exposição à luz (natural e artificial), revelaram papel significativo na expressão do sistema de temporização circadiana dos trabalhadores estudados.
Aim To investigate the association of working hours and light exposure patterns with the wake-sleep cycle and melatonin secretion of workers from the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Xapuri, Acre, involving 340 rubber tappers and 148 condom factory workers (46 administrative workers and 102 shop-floor operatives). The first stage of the study entailed collection, by questionnaire, of data on sociodemographic, life-style, working conditions, sleep patterns, daily preference, chronobiological profile (chronotype), and morbidities and musculoskeletal pains reported. In the second stage of the study, after applying exclusion criteria, a total of 62 workers (42 rubber tappers and 20 factory workers) were selected. In this stage, rubber tapper and factory workers were followed up for 21 days and 10 days, respectively. During the follow-up period, data was collected on activity/rest patterns (actimetry), light exposure, and melatonin levels in saliva. Results The results of the first stage revealed that the work days and days off of rubber tappers differed with regard to start, end and duration of sleep time (p<0.01). Akin to rubber tappers, differences in sleep patterns (start and end times) were also noted among the factory workers, across all shifts studied (morning, evening and night) for work days and days off. The second stage of the study found that having electricity available in the home had a significant effect on the start time and duration of sleep and on the start time of melatonin secretion of the rubber tappers (p<0.01). The rubber tappers exhibited an earlier start time for melatonin secretion, having a similar pattern to that found in some of the factory workers, possibly related to a greater tendency for morningness. In addition, rubber tappers were exposed to greater intensity and periods of light (natural and artificial) compared to the factory workers. The factory workers had higher sleepiness scores during morning and night shifts, with night shifts associated with the occurrence of sleep disturbance and fatigue at waking. Conclusion The differences in the workers´ sleep patterns between work days and days off observed for both rubber tappers and factory workers suggest an influence of working hours on the wake-sleep cycle of the population studied. Presence of electricity, as well as exposure to light (natural and artificial), had an important role in the expression of the circadian rhythm/timing system of the workers studied.

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42

Elmgren, Charlotta. "The Chronotope of Immigration in Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-61587.

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Jeffrey Eugenides‟ Middlesex can be ascribed to many genres, one of which is the novel of immigration. Mikhail Bakhtin has suggested that each genre, indeed any literary motif, can be defined by its own chronotope, literally “time space,” “the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature.” The essay discusses the chronotope of immigration in Middlesex, and looks at how four specific intersections of time and space, embodied by the four houses inhabited by the Stephanides family, contribute to the unfolding of this particular immigration saga. The four houses can thus be seen to represent the key elements of this novel‟s instance of a chronotope of immigration, which brings up concepts such as assimilation, hybridity and “third space.” The essay also examines the relations of central characters to time, space and each other; the upstairs/downstairs and inside/outside dichotomies within each house providing interesting keys to inter-gender and inter-generational alienation within this chronotope of immigration.

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43

Montgomery, Michael Vincent. "Bakhtin's chronotope and the rhetoric of Hollywood film". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185758.

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This dissertation considers Hollywood film locales rhetorically, as the site of many different kinds of community activities and perspectives. In particular, my focus will be on locales and mise-en-scene elements that replicate certain "chronotopic" patterns of time and space organized by our culture in its literature. These special patterns, along with their signifying functions, were first outlined by Mikhail Bakhtin during the period 1937-1938. As a first step, I begin with a broad survey, outlining the salient features of Bakhtin's individual chronotopes ancient and modern, and considering fundamental connections between these chronotopes and classical Hollywood genres of the 1940s. I devote my second chapter to the exploration of other important theoretical bases of Bakhtin's work; in particular, to the belief in the rejuvenating power of folk language and the carnivalesque. My argument is that the "idyllic chronotope" is given the same position of centrality in Bakhtin's discussions of space and time as carnivalesque speech genres are in his discussions of language. The appearance of an "idyllic interlude" in a work of literature or in a film can suddenly throw the rest of the represented world into moralizing "perspective" just as a carnivalesque insult or quip can "degrade" a high-sounding speech. My third theoretical problem will be the reception and processing of the film text. How does the audience of a film apply their socially-formed schema and knowledge of the characters' "situations" to a film text in order to construct meaning? Here I demonstrate how the "high-lighting" of a film text with recognizable chronotopes can help an audience to form judgments about characters and to construct analogies between character situations and situations arising in their own communities. In my fourth and final chapter, I branch out from Bakhtin's models to consider new chronotopes as they may develop during a particular historical decade. Specifically, I examine the representation of the "shopping mall" as it appears throughout a dozen or so 1980s films in order to show how the spatiotemporal worlds suggested by these films can be "opened out" into a study of teen culture and social mores across the decade as a whole.

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44

Levandovski, Rosa Maria. "Perfil cronobiológico em amostra populacional caucasiana : abordagem cronobiológica dos sintomas depressivos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31879.

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As preferências interindividuais de fase circadiana também são denominadas de cronotipo, considerado como um traço pessoal e caracterizado pelas diferenças dos ritmos circadianos. Nos últimos anos o interesse no estudo desta tipologia tem aumentado, sendo de particular relevância para compreender a organização temporal do processo de regulação do organismo. O questionário de Cronotipo de Munique (MCTQ) é um novo método de avaliação do cronotipo que avalia o período médio do sono durante os dias livres e de trabalho. As características individuais cronobiológicas, relacionadas às preferências para alocar as atividades durante o dia, também foram relacionadas aos distúrbios de humor. O presente trabalho foi realizado pelo núcleo de pesquisa de Cronobiologia do Hospital de Clínicas em colaboração coma a Universidade de Munique na Alemanha, tendo por objetivo avaliar em uma amostra populacional do Vale do Taquari a variabilidade interindividual dos cronotipos e sua relação com os níveis de sintomas depressivos. Foi observada uma dependência entre as variáveis de idade e gênero tanto para a distribuição do MCTQ, quanto para a distribuição dos escores da BECK. A distribuição do BECK mostrou uma correlação não linear com o MSF (Pearson = 0,094; p < 0,0001), demonstrando que os sintomas depressivos predominaram na maior parte entre os indivíduos que apresentam um avanço na fase do sono, mas também os tipos matutinos apresentaram uma tendência de maior pontuação na escala BECK. Houve uma diferença no ponto médio do sono entre dias de trabalho e os dias livres, nos diferentes cronotipos. Essa característica foi denominada no presente estudo como jet lag social e mostrou uma correlação positiva tanto com MSF (Spearman r2 = 0,381, p < 0,0001), quanto com BECK (Spearman r2 = 0,297, p < 0,0001). Quanto maior o jet lag social, mais intenso foram os sintomas depressivos, os indivíduos que apresentaram jet lag social entre 0 e 2 horas (N = 3.674) relataram sintomas significativamente menores de depressão do que aqueles que apresentaram 2 a 4 horas (N = 320), ou mais de 4 horas (N = 57, ANOVA: F = 79,36, p < 0,0001). A correlação entre o nível de sintomas depressivos e o jet lag social não ocorreu somente nos grupos vespertinos, mas também entre os tipos intermediários e matutinos (Spearman r2 = 0,233, p < 0,0001; r2 = 0,275, p = 0,0001 e r2 = 0,311, p < 0,0001, respectivamente). Estes resultados sugerem que a relação do cronotipo com o risco de sintomas depressivos pode ser entendida pela exposição destes indivíduos a situações de periodicidade ambiental diferentes da ritmicidade interna do organismo, o que corresponde a um desalinhamento dos ritmos circadianos internos com os externos.
The individual circadian phase preferences, also called chronotype, are an attribute of human beings, which is characterized by differences in circadian rhythms. The interest in the study of individual typology differences has increased in the last years. It is also relevant for understanding the temporal organization of the body’s regulatory process. The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) is a new method developed to assess chronotype based on individual midsleep phase. Individual chronobiology characteristics to allocate activities during the day were also related to mood disorders. This work was carried out by the research group of Chronobiology at Clinicas Hospital in collaboration with the University of Munich in Germany. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interindividual variability of chronotypes and its correlation to the levels of depressive symptoms in a sample of rural population in Vale Taquari. As a result, we observed a dependence between the variables of age and gender distribution of both MCTQ and Beck scores. The distribution of Beck showed a nonlinear correlation with MSF (Pearson = 0.094, p <0.0001), demonstrating that depressive symptoms were prevalent mostly among people who have a sleep phase advance, but also the morning types showed a trend of higher scores on the Beck scale (ANOVA: F = 23:14, p <0.0001). The difference in the midpoint of sleep between workdays and free days was dependent on chronotypes. In this study that was called social jet lag and showed a positive correlation with both MSF (Spearman r2 = 0.381, p <0.0001) and BECK (Spearman r2 = 0.297, p <0.0001). The level of social jet lag was correlated to depressive symptoms. Individuals who had a social jet lag from 0 to 2 hours (N = 3,674) reported significantly less symptoms of depression than those which reported to 2 to 4 hours (N = 320), or more than 4 hours (N = 57, ANOVA: F = 79.36, p <0.0001). The correlation between the level of depressive symptoms and social jet lag did not occur only in the late type, but also between the morning and intermediate types (Spearman r2 = 0.233, p <0.0001, r2 = 0.275, p = 0.0001 and r2 = 0.311, p <0.0001, respectively). These results suggest that the relationship between chronotypes with the risk of depressive symptoms can be understood through the exposure of these individuals to environmental differences in the body's internal rhythm frequency. Additionally it can be suggesting that these changes also correspond to a misalignment of circadian rhythms with internal and external rhythm.

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45

Georgieva, Natalia. "The Chronotope in John Updike's Novel The Centaur". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1334779401.

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46

Klapuri, Tintti [Verfasser]. "Chronotopes of Modernity in Chekhov / Tintti Klapuri". Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187619620/34.

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47

Becker, Katrin. "Emil Kraepelins Beiträge zur Schlafforschung". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-209202.

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Die vorliegende Promotionsarbeit untersucht Emil Kraepelins Oeuvre zwischen 1883 und 1924 hinsichtlich seiner Beiträge zum Schlaf. Neben der Identifizierung und Analyse seiner Äußerungen zur Pathologie, Phänomenologie und Physiologie des Schlafs, werden diese mit einigen Aspekten der modernen Schlafforschung verglichen. Besonders wird zum einen Kraepelins ätiologisch orientierte Einteilung von Schlafstörungen, Schlafhygiene und Behandlungsalgorithmus von Schlafstörungen beleuchtet. Zum anderen wird auf seine Beiträge zu den Chronotypen, die Beschreibung der Morgentyp-Abendtyp-Dimension, und zur Physiologie des Schlafs eingegangen. Durch diese Promotionsarbeit soll Emil Kraepelins Schaffen bezüglich des Schlafs erstmals zur Kenntnis genommen und anerkannt werden, sowie seine Bedeutung für die Psychiatriegeschichte und Chronobiologie aufgezeigt werden.

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48

Newell, Marilee. "The wyvern's tale : a thought experiment in Bakhtinian dual chronotope occupation". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2154.

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The non-fiction introduction to The Wyvern’s Tale: A Thought Experiment in Bakhtinian Dual Chronotope Occupation documents the evolution of the novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, from the ideas that inspired it to its current incarnation as a full-length novel intended for an adult audience. It comprises an explanation of the novel’s main concept, Bakhtinian dual chronotope occupation, as well as an idea-focused account of the creative-writing process. Detailed in the introduction’s theoretical premise is the relationship between Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of chronotope and the carnivalesque and the ideal of the divided union in Chalcedonian Christology. This relationship revolves around the state of existing in two time-spaces at once. The novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, explores this dual existence imaginatively using the setting of parallel worlds – the every-day world and a fictional world called Wyvern – as well as a protagonist, who functions in the fictional world as a Christ-figure. Particular thematic emphasis is placed on differing perceptions of truth and reality, and on the transformative power of costumes. The novel’s outcome, dependent on the reader’s decision as to whether dual chronotope occupation is possible or impossible, is respectively either hopeful or tragic. It attempts to reflect the outcome of the life and death of Christ depending on whether his co-existence as God and man was real or imagined.

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49

Salema, Ricardo Elias. "Hitler in America: a study of chronotope in alternate history novels". Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ECAP-94LKKJ.

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Nos romances 'O homem do castelo alto', de Philip K. Dick, e 'O complô contra a América', de Philip Roth, Adolf Hitler derrota seus oponentes e inicia seu plano de dominação mundial. Nazistas e japoneses governam o mundo e alteram sua organização política e social. Estas são histórias alternativas que ilustram como as consequências políticas e econômicas desta nova organização afeta os indivíduos. A presente dissertação analisará as possibilidades hipotéticas nos romances referentes aos dilemas morais e aos sacrifícios que seriam impostos ao povo americano. A linha teórica está baseada no conceito de cronotopo de Bakhtin, e embasada na visão histórica de Rosenfeld. Será feita uma análise de como a privação da liberdade interfere nos julgamentos morais das personagens e das consequências do regime totalitário nas vidas de uma minoria perseguida.

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50

Macapagal, Katrina Angela R. "The slum chronotope and imaginaries of spatial justice in Philippine urban cinema". Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2017. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/8975.

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This dissertation proposes that Philippine independent urban cinema reveals imaginaries of spatial justice. The works approached as Philippine urban cinema are independently produced and internationally circulated films that heavily feature or reference Philippine slums as setting, with narratives that centre on the lives of the urban poor. The theory of spatial justice as defined by leading urban theorists argues that social justice has spatio-temporal dimensions. Grounded on this foundational premise, this study approaches Philippine urban cinema in its capacity to foreground and represent the complexities of social justice as contextualised in Philippine urban conditions, with local and global trajectories. Alongside the theory of spatial justice, the dissertation draws from Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the “chronotope” (literally meaning time-space) to formulate a theory of the “slum chronotope” as a foundational concept for analysing the ways by which films are able to imagine issues of spatial justice, with emphasis on character configuration and narrative formation. The chapters are structured according to genres and modalities, where other chronotopes that dialogue with the slum chronotope are identified and examined. In the comingof- age chapter, the study locates “chronotopes of passage”; in the melodrama chapter, the study locates “affective chronotopes” configured by the spatial practice of walking; in the Manila noir chapter, the study locates “chronotopes of mobility”; and in the final chapter, the study locates “chronotopes of in/visibility” in the Overseas Filipino Worker genre. This study offers a novel interdisciplinary framework for analysing Philippine urban cinema, and in the process, makes a case for Philippine urban history as crucial grounds for understanding the global urbanisation of poverty.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Chronotype"

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