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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Chromium Oxidation"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 31 de enero de 2023

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1

Ledoux, Xiaver, Michel Vilasi, Stéphane Mathieu, Pierre Jean Pantiex, Pascal Del-Gallo, and Marc Wanger. "Development of Chromium and Aluminum Coatings on Superalloys by Pack-Cementation Technique." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.491.

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Austenitic nickel-iron-chromium based superalloys are materials of choice for high temperature applications as they provide high temperature creep resistance associated with a suitable oxidation behavior in the temperature range of 600-1100°C. However, these properties are not sufficient for applications as Steam Methane Reformer (SMR). As a consequence, aluminum and chromium coatings are developed by the pack-cementation technique to improve their corrosion resistance. The oxidation behavior of the coated samples has been carried out in air at 1050°C. Chromium deposition leads to a layer of b

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2

Dulińska, D., W. Pawlak, and Z. Grzesik. "The Prospects In Designing New Generation Of High Temperature Coatings In Automobile Engines." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0227.

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AbstractThe influence of the chromium layer with the thickness of 1 micrometer sputter-deposited on the X33CrNiMn23-8 and X50CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel surfaces on the oxidation behavior of these steels has been studied at 1173 K in air, using the microthermogravimetric technique. It has been found that coated materials show very good oxidation resistance under isothermal conditions, comparable with that of chromia formers, due to the formation of Cr2O3scales on their surfaces. It has been also demonstrated that the positive effect of chromium addition on the oxidation resistance of investigated stee

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3

Galerie, Alain, Jean Pierre Petit, Yves Wouters, Julie Mougin, Anusara Srisrual, and Peggy Y. Hou. "Water Vapour Effects on the Oxidation of Chromia-Forming Alloys." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.200.

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The electronic properties of chromia scales grown between 800°C and 900°C on chromium metal and chromia-forming ferritic stainless steels were determined using room temperature PhotoElectroChemistry (PEC) experiments and the relative importance of the n- and p-character of the scales could be assessed. According to the thermodynamic previsions of defects structures, the external part of all the scales grown in oxygen exhibits band gap energy around 3.5 eV, with a marked p-type character on chromium and a possibly n-type behaviour on stainless steels. On the contrary, the internal part of the s

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4

Berthod, Patrice, and Lionel Aranda. "Determination of Diffusion Coefficients Using Thermogravimetric Measurements during High Temperature Oxidation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 323-325 (April 2012): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.323-325.289.

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Thermogravimetry measurements associated to concentration profiles allow determining a diffusion coefficient at high temperature of the most oxidable one among the metallic elements belonging to the chemical composition of an alloy. In this work the employed method is described and applied to chromia-forming alloys essentially based on nickel but also to selected cobalt-based and iron-based alloys. More precisely DCrvalues were estimated for chromium diffusing through the carbide-free zones developed during high temperature oxidation. The effects of the base element, of the chromium carbides d

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5

Ozdilek, Zehra. "Teaching the properties of chromium's oxidation states with a case study method." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 16, no. 1 (2015): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4rp00176a.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how a mixed-method case study affects pre-service science teachers' awareness of hexavalent chromium pollution and content knowledge about the properties of chromium's different oxidation states. The study was conducted in Turkey with 55 sophomores during the fall semester of 2013–2014. The students were taught using a case study about chromium's properties, the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used with chromium compounds, the effects of chromium compounds on human health, and the chemical techniques that can be used to remove hexavale

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6

Escudero-Castejon, Lidia, Sergio Sanchez-Segado, Stephen Parirenyatwa, and Animesh Jha. "Formation of Chromium-Containing Molten Salt Phase during Roasting of Chromite Ore with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides." Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmsp-2016-0023.

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AbstractChromium has a wide range of applications including metals and alloys manufacturing, pigments, corrosion resistance coatings and leather tanning. The production of chromium chemicals is based on the oxidative alkali roasting of chromite ores, which leads to the formation of water-soluble alkali chromates. Previous investigations reported that when chromite is roasted with soda-ash, a molten salt containing chromium, which is mainly composed of sodium carbonate and sodium chromate (Na2CO3-Na2CrO4 binary mixture), forms under typical roasting conditions. The physical properties of the li

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7

Oze, Christopher, Norman H. Sleep, Robert G. Coleman, and Scott Fendorf. "Anoxic oxidation of chromium." Geology 44, no. 7 (June 1, 2016): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g37844.1.

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8

Clark, Jeremy N., Douglas R. Glasson, and S. Amarasiri A. Jayaweera. "Oxidation of chromium carbide." Thermochimica Acta 103, no. 1 (July 1986): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)80032-6.

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9

Chandra-ambhorn, Somrerk, Shigenari Hayashi, Laurence Latu-Romain, and Patthranit Wongpromrat. "CHAPTER 4 High Temperature Oxidation of Stainless Steels." Solid State Phenomena 300 (February 2020): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.300.81.

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This chapter is dedicated to the description of high temperature oxidation of both chromia and alumina forming alloys. The defect structures of iron and chromium are firstly reviewed. The effects of elements on stainless steel oxidation behaviour are further addressed. For the chromia-forming stainless steel, the oxidation rate is reduced with the increased silicon content but not in a monotonic manner. Titanium and niobium can reduce breakaway oxidation of Fe–18Cr–10Ni austenitic stainless steel. Titanium can enhance the adhesion of scale to the Fe–18Cr by mechanical keying effect of TiO2 for

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10

Dworzański, Wojciech, Ewelina Cholewińska, Bartosz Fotschki, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Piotr Listos, and Katarzyna Ognik. "Assessment of DNA Methylation and Oxidative Changes in the Heart and Brain of Rats Receiving a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Various Forms of Chromium." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091470.

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The aim of the study was to determine how feeding rats a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium affects DNA methylation and oxidation reactions as well as the histology of heart and brain tissue. The rats received standard diet or high-fat diet and chromium at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in form of chromium (III) picolinate, chromium (III)-methionine, or nano-sized chromium. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), the level of global DNA methylation and the activity of selected DNA repair enzymes were determined in th

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11

Berthod, Patrice, Pierric Lemoine, and Lionel Aranda. "Study of the Behavior in Oxidation at High Temperature of Ni, Co and Fe-Base Alloys Containing Very High Fractions of Carbides." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.871.

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Nine cast alloys reinforced by very high fractions of carbides, Ni-30Cr-xC, Co-30Cr-xC and Fe-30Cr-xC with x varying from 1.2 to 2.0, were tested in oxidation at high temperature between 1,000 and 1,200°C in air for 50 hours. After oxidation, their surfaces and sub-surfaces were characterized. Even for very high carbon contents, the chromia-forming behaviour of the nickel alloys is kept. The oxidation modes of the cobalt alloys and iron alloys are not changed compared to low carbon alloys of these families. The differences of diffusion easiness of chromium in matrix, between nickel alloys, cob

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12

Şen, Şaduman, Ozkan Ozdemir, A. Sukran Demirkıran, and Uğur Şen. "Oxidation Kinetics of Chromium Carbide Coating Produced on AISI 1040 Steel by Thermo-Reactive Deposition Method during High Temperature in Air." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.649.

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Oxidation of chromium carbide coating formed on AISI 1040 steel deposited by thermo-reactive deposition method (TRD) has been realized by two stepped reactions. In the initial part of the reactions in the oxidation process, carbon atoms combined with chromium on the outer part of the coating layer react with the oxygen in air, effectively up to 120 min. After that, the chromium atoms react with oxygen in the air and produce Cr2O3phase on the coating layer. The higher the temperature and the longer the treatment time, the more the Cr2O3phases became. The kinetic study was realized for the react

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13

Schmidt, Diana, and Michael Schütze. "Improved Corrosion Resistance of Superheater Materials in H₂O Containing Environments Using Mn-Diffusion Coatings." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.330.

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The oxidation resistance of ferritic-martensitic 9% chromium steels in water vapour containing atmospheres is not yet satisfactory. The chromia layer provides little protection because water vapour in the atmosphere is known to promote the formation of the volatile chromium species CrO2(OH)2. If a chromium manganese spinel is formed instead, the vapour pressure of the oxy-hydroxide is greatly reduced and evaporation can largely be avoided. Enrichment of the substrate with manganese was achieved using three different processes: using (i) a sputtering technique, (ii) electrochemical deposition b

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14

Royer, Laurent, Stéphane Mathieu, Christophe Liebaut, and Pierre Steinmetz. "Study of the Microstructure and Oxidation Behavior of Chromium Base Alloys Strengthened by NiAl Precipitates." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.117.

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In this study, chromium based alloys containing a hardening NiAl phase are investigated from 1100°C to 1300°C in air. The influence of the NiAl content and of the Al/Ni ratio on microstructure modification and on oxidation behaviour are characterized by metallography and thermogravimetry. Increasing the Al/Ni ratio leads to a higher Al content in the chromium solid solution but does not modify the amount of primary NiAl. At high temperature, and for NiAl content exceeding 16 at%, a duplex oxide layer forms at the surface of the alloys exposed in air, alumina in the inner part, and chromia in t

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15

Uchuskin, Maxim, Igor Trushkov, and Anton Makarov. "Furan Oxidation Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products." Synthesis 50, no. 16 (July 16, 2018): 3059–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610021.

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Recent developments on the transformations of furans under oxidative conditions toward the total synthesis of complex natural compounds are discussed. Reactions and methods are classified according to the type of oxidant used. Comparisons are then made between all the strategies to provide a comprehensive overview. This review covers the most prominent work published from 2011 until 2017.1 Introduction2 Reagents and Methods for Oxidation of the Furan Ring2.1 Singlet Oxygen2.2 Peroxides and Hydroperoxides2.3 Quinones2.4 Halogen-Based Oxidants2.5 Chromium-Based Oxidants3 The Achmatowicz Reaction

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16

Pokhrel, Ganga Raj, and Galaxy Pokhre. "Effect of Chromium on Human-Health: A Review." BMC Journal of Scientific Research 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bmcjsr.v5i1.50669.

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This review presents the health effects of chromium on the living organism based on previous studies. Chromium (Cr) belongs to the d-block element in the modern periodic table. Chromium has a wide range of oxidation states ranging from -2 to +6. Chromium mostly exists in the environment as trivalent (Cr3+) and hexavalent (Cr6+) states. Both trivalent and hexavalent states of chromiums are derived from the industrial effluents. Ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation are the most common routes through which chromium enters the human body. Ion chromatography inductively coupled plasmamass spec

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17

Malati, M. A., and A. Sear. "Oxidations by manganese(III)—II. Oxidation of chromium(III)." Polyhedron 8, no. 13-14 (January 1989): 1874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)80680-4.

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18

Peng, Hao, Jing Guo, Gang Li, Qinzhe Cheng, Yuju Zhou, Zuohua Liu, and Changyuan Tao. "Highly efficient oxidation of chromium (III) with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.056.

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Abstract Many technologies have been proposed to oxidize chromium, such as roasting-water leaching technology and hydrometallurgical methods such as pressure oxidative leaching coupled with oxygen, ozone, permanganate and ferrate, but the problems associated with the high temperature, low overall resource utilization efficiency, high energy consumption, and the environmental pollution, still remain unsolved. This paper focuses on the oxidation process of chromium (III) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an alkaline medium. The effect of parameters including dosage of H2O2, dosage of NaOH, reacti

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19

Hasure, Appasaheb M., and Gavisiddappa S. Gokavi. "Chromium(VI), chromium(V) and chromium(IV) oxidation of 12-tungstocobaltate(II)." Transition Metal Chemistry 29, no. 3 (April 2004): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:tmch.0000020348.76720.17.

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20

Kuhn, Anselm T., and Robert Clarke. "Electrolytic oxidation of chromium salts." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (May 29, 2007): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020260161.

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21

Berthod, Patrice, Dame Assane Kane, and Lionel Aranda. "Oxidation of a 2wt.%Hf–doped (Ta,C)-rich nickel–based alloy between 1100 and 1250°C." Bulletin of Scientific Research 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/bsr2224.

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In this work, an alloy based on nickel, rich in chromium and designed to be reinforced by MC carbides thanks to the presence of 4wt.% Ta and 2wt.% Hf, was elaborated by conventional casting and exposed to air at three temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1250°C, with follow up of the mass changes due to oxidation. The as–cast microstructure is composed of a dendritic matrix and of eutectic carbides of two types. The major type is (Ta,Hf)C carbide and a minor type is chromium carbide. The isothermal mass gains are slow and their kinetics are of a parabolic type at all temperatures. The alloy demon

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22

Dillon, Carolyn T., Peter A. Lay, Antonio M. Bonin, Nicholas E. Dixon, and Yousif Sulfab. "DNA Interactions and Bacterial Mutagenicity of Some Chromium(III) Imine Complexes and their Chromium(V) Analogues. Evidence for Chromium(V) Intermediates in the Genotoxicity of Chromium(III)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 5 (2000): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch00006.

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The in vitro DNA interactions and bacterial mutagenicities of cis-[CrIII(phen)2(OH2)2]3+ and trans-[CrIII(salen)(OH2)2]+ and their CrV analogues are reported. At pH 3.3, cis-[Cr(phen)2(OH2)2]3+ (0.02–2.0 mM) causes negatively supercoiled pUC9 DNA to smear on agarose gels, with substantial precipitation in the well at ≥1.0 mM. Much weaker interactions between CrIII and DNA were apparent at pH 7.4. The interactions between DNA and CrV phen complexes (0.5 mM total Cr, pH 3.3) generated by oxidation of cis-[Cr(phen)2(OH2)2]3+ (for 10–30 min) resulted in almost complete nicking of form I DNA to for

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23

Sumner, Edward R., Anupama Shanmuganathan, Theodora C. Sideri, Sylvia A. Willetts, John E. Houghton, and Simon V. Avery. "Oxidative protein damage causes chromium toxicity in yeast." Microbiology 151, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27945-0.

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Oxidative damage in microbial cells occurs during exposure to the toxic metal chromium, but it is not certain whether such oxidation accounts for the toxicity of Cr. Here, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sod1Δ mutant (defective for the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase) was found to be hypersensitive to Cr(VI) toxicity under aerobic conditions, but this phenotype was suppressed under anaerobic conditions. Studies with cells expressing a Sod1p variant (Sod1H46C) showed that the superoxide dismutase activity rather than the metal-binding function of Sod1p was required for Cr resistance. To help identify the

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24

Cummings, Charles Y., Gary A. Attard, John M. Mitchels, and Frank Marken. "Surface State Trapping and Mobility Revealed by Junction Electrochemistry of Nano-Cr2O3." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 1 (2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11382.

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Hydrous chromium oxide nanoparticles (~15 nm diameter) are assembled from a colloidal solution onto tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates by layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition with aqueous carboxymethyl-cellulose sodium salt binder. Calcination produces purely inorganic mesoporous films (average thickness increase per layer of 1 nm) of chromia Cr2O3. When immersed in aqueous carbonate buffer at pH 10 and investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a chemically reversible oxidation is observed because of a conductive layer at the chromia surface (formed during initial potential cycling). This is

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25

Singh, Veer, Nidhi Singh, Manisha Verma, Rashmi Kamal, Ritesh Tiwari, Mahesh Sanjay Chivate, Sachchida Nand Rai, et al. "Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Protective Role of Antioxidants against Cellular Toxicity." Antioxidants 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122375.

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Hexavalent chromium is a highly soluble environmental contaminant. It is a widespread anthropogenic chromium species that is 100 times more toxic than trivalent chromium. Leather, chrome plating, coal mining and paint industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium in water. Hexavalent chromium is widely recognised as a carcinogen and mutagen in humans and other animals. It is also responsible for multiorgan damage, such as kidney damage, liver failure, heart failure, skin disease and lung dysfunction. The fate of the toxicity of hexavalent chromium depends on its oxidation state. The

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26

Royer, Laurent, Stéphane Mathieu, Christophe Liebaut, and Pierre Steinmetz. "Oxidation and Nitridation of Pure Chromium at Elevated Temperature in Synthetic Air – Effect of Silicon Addition." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 1047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.1047.

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The oxidation and nitridation of pure chromium and of chromium alloys containing 0.5 to 5at% silicon was investigated at 1300°C in several atmospheres. Global methods like thermogravimetry were associated to thickness measurements and microstructural characterisation to evaluate oxidation mechanisms. The contribution of nitridation to weight gain during high temperature exposure is discussed, examining nitride volume fraction. Experiments demonstrate that the presence of nitrogen in the substrate is always consecutive to a breakdown of the oxide layer and does not result from diffusion through

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27

Łącz, Agnieszka, and Ewa Drożdż. "Porous Y and Cr–doped SrTiO3 materials—electrical and redox properties." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 23, no. 10 (September 16, 2019): 2989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04386-3.

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Abstract Highly porous materials in the Sr0.96Y0.04Ti1-xCrxO3 system (where x = 0, 2, 4, 8 mol.%) were obtained by wet synthesis method. The structural and electrical properties of these materials were determined together with the ability to participate in oxidation/reduction reactions, since yttrium is responsible for high electrical conductivity in reducing atmosphere and chromium is a factor affecting the catalytic properties. For the material with the highest assumed amount of chromium, the small content of an additional phase (Cr2O3) was observed. SrTiO3 lattice parameters together with t

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28

Signorella, Sandra, Marcela Rizzotto, Ver�nica Daier, Mar�a I. Frascaroli, Claudia Palopoli, D�bora Martino, Azzedine Bousseksou, and Luis F. Sala. "Comparative study of oxidation by chromium(V) and chromium(VI)." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 8 (1996): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9960001607.

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29

Botavina, M., C. Barzan, A. Piovano, L. Braglia, G. Agostini, G. Martra, and E. Groppo. "Insights into Cr/SiO2 catalysts during dehydrogenation of propane: an operando XAS investigation." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 8 (2017): 1690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00142h.

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In situ and operando XAS spectroscopic methods were applied to monitor the variations in the oxidation state and in the local structure of the chromium sites in a 2.0Cr/SiO<sub>2-DHS</sub> catalyst during propane dehydrogenation under non-oxidative and different oxidative conditions.

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30

Tumolo, Marina, Valeria Ancona, Domenico De Paola, Daniela Losacco, Claudia Campanale, Carmine Massarelli, and Vito Felice Uricchio. "Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155438.

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Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on

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31

Cameron, T. Stanley, Jason AC Clyburne, Pramod K. Dubey, J. Stuart Grossert, K. Ramaiah, J. Ramanatham, and Sergei V. Sereda. "Compounds of chromium(VI): The pyridine chromic anhydride complex, benzimidazolinium dichromate, and three 2-alkyl-1H-benzimida -zolinium dichromates." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-042.

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Pyridine, when allowed to react with chromic anhydride under strictly anhydrous conditions, gives the known, very air-sensitive, crystalline 2:1 Lewis acidbase complex 1. The crystal structure has now been successfully determined. When benzimidazole and three 2-alkyl-1H-benzimidazoles were treated with chromium trioxide in aqueous acetic acid, crystalline dichromate salts (25) were readily formed. These salts consist of dichromate anions linked to the cations by hydrogen bonds of the type NH···O. The chromium atoms have distorted tetrahedral environments, with the CrO distances being typic

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32

Pujilaksono, Bagas. "THE DEGRADATION OF THE PROTECTIVE SCALE ON BINARY FeCr ALLOYS (Fe-2.25Cr, Fe-10Cr, Fe-18Cr AND Fe-25Cr) IN CO2 AND IN CO2 + H2O ENVIRONMENT AT 600oC." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 39, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.39.1.530.

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The oxidation behaviour of the binary alloys Fe-2.25, Fe-10Cr, Fe-18Cr and Fe-25Cr in dry and wet O2 at 600oC is investigated by isothermal exposures of carefully polished samples for up to 168 hours. The oxidized samples are investigated gravimetrically and the oxides formed are studied by X-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used for depth pro􀂿 ling of the thin oxides. The scale surface is imaged by SEM. Cross sections through the scale are analyzed by SEM/EDX for imaging and for measuring the chemical composition. The oxidation behavior of the four FeCr alloys is intermedi

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33

Sole, Kathryn C., Michael B. Mooiman, and Michael E. Brown. "Oxidation kinetics of chromium(III) chloride." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 86, no. 3 (1990): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9908600525.

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34

Meier-Callahan, Alexandre E., Angel J. Di Bilio, Liliya Simkhovich, Atif Mahammed, Israel Goldberg, Harry B. Gray, and Zeev Gross. "Chromium Corroles in Four Oxidation States." Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 26 (December 2001): 6788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic010723z.

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35

Chen, Hong-Ying, and Fu-Hsing Lu. "Oxidation behavior of chromium nitride films." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 4 (December 2006): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.06.039.

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36

Moon, Jae-Jin, Deug-Joong Kim, and Dong-Bok Lee. "High temperature oxidation of chromium nitrides." Metals and Materials International 8, no. 2 (April 2002): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03027020.

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37

Gokavi, G. S., and J. R. Raju. "Chromium(VI) oxidation of thallium(I)." Polyhedron 6, no. 9 (January 1987): 1721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86542-0.

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38

Lee, Dong Bok, and G. Simkovich. "Oxidation of molybdenum-chromium-palladium alloys." Oxidation of Metals 34, no. 1-2 (August 1990): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00664337.

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39

Oryshich, I. V., N. E. Poryadchenko, I. G. Slys’, N. P. Brodnikovskii, and A. V. Golovash. "Air oxidation of chromium-based composites." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 46, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-007-0030-8.

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40

Bondar', E. R. "Kinetics of oxidation of chromium steel." Soviet Materials Science 23, no. 3 (1987): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720897.

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41

Shinata, Y., and Y. Nishi. "NaCl-induced accelerated oxidation of chromium." Oxidation of Metals 26, no. 3-4 (October 1986): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00659184.

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42

Zheng, Tao, and Jing Tao Han. "High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of SUS310S Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.212.

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The oxidation behavior of SUS310S austenitic stainless steels was studied in isothermal conditions at different temperatures between 800oC and 1100oC for 96h in air. The oxidation kinetics was analyzed, the surface and cross-section of the oxide scale grown by oxidation were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffusion (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SUS310S steel has high oxidation resistance at 800oC and with the increase of the temperature, the parabolic rate constants is constantly increasing. Examina

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43

Riffard, F., Henri Buscail, F. Rabaste, Christophe Issartel, and Sébastien Perrier. "Effect of Phosphoric Acid Treatment on Isothermal High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of AISI 304 Stainless Steel at 800°C." Defect and Diffusion Forum 323-325 (April 2012): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.323-325.359.

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Phosphoric acid treatment is used as a way to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of a chromia-forming AISI 304 steel. Chromia-forming steels are excellent candidates to resist to high temperature oxidizing atmospheres because of the formation of protective oxide scales. The oxide scale growth mechanisms are studied by exposing phosphoric acid-treated and untreated 304 steel samples to high temperature conditions in air. The analyses were carried out by means of thermogravimetry, andin situX-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results show that the phosphoric acid treatment d

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44

Signorella, Sandra R., Mabel I. Santoro, Mirta N. Mulero, and Luis F. Sala. "Oxidation of D-gluconic acid by chromium(VI) in perchloric acid." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-061.

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The oxidation of gluconic acid by chromium(VI) in perchloric acid has been found to follow the rate law: −d[CrVI]/dt = (k′1 + k′2[GA])[H+]2[CrVI], where k′1 = (7.1 ± 0.2) × 10−4 M−2 s−1 and k′2 = (9.4 ± 0.2) × 10−2 M−3 s−1. This rate law corresponds to the reaction leading to the formation of 2-ketogluconic acid by C—H cleavage when a 20-fold or higher excess of acid over chromium(VI) is employed. Buildup and decay of chromium(V) intermediates accompany the decay of chromium(VI). Chromium(V) rates of decay are similar or slower than those of chromium(VI), as observed by electron paramagnetic r

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45

KANG, M. "Methylene chloride oxidation on oxidative carbon-supported chromium oxide catalyst." Applied Catalysis A: General 266, no. 2 (July 2004): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.02.041.

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46

Mardwita, Mardwita, Eka Sri Yusmartini, and Nidya Wisudawati. "Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Loadings to The Catalytic Activities of Supported Metal Catalysts in Methane Oxidation." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.1.6320.213-220.

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A series of alumina supported cobalt and chromium catalysts with different metal loadings were prepared by impregnation method. Six types of alumina supported cobalt and chromium catalysts contained 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% loadings were produced and tested in methane oxidation. The catalysts were characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and carbon monoxide chemisorption (CO chemisorption). The XRD results do not confirmed any features of cobalt and chromium metal. The metal sizes for both catalysts were larger in high loading as shown by CO chemisorption results. Methane conversion res

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47

Brylewski, Tomasz, and Kazimierz Przybylski. "Perovskite and Spinel Functional Coatings for SOFC Metallic Interconnects." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.813.

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The oxidation kinetics, electrical properties, microstructure and chromium vaporization effects of the oxide products formed on Fe-25 wt.-%Cr steel uncoated and coated with films of (La,Sr)CrO3, (La,Sr)CoO3, (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3, Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 and MnCo2O4 in air and the Ar-H2-H2O gas mixture at 1023−1173 K for up to 840 h with regard to their application as SOFC metallic interconnect were investigated. To improve poor electrical conductivity of chromia scales and to suppress chromium vaporization from this scale grown on uncoated steel during oxidation, the perovskite and spinel thick films compose

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48

Mamedova, M. T. "EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON OXIDATIVE ETHYLBENZENE DEHYDROGENATION IN THE PRESENCE OF ALUMINUM-CHROMIUM CATALYSTS." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2021-2-69-79.

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In order to create a more efficient process for the production of styrene from ethylbenzene by selective oxidation of the resulting hydrogen, model aluminum-chromium catalysts with different modifier (Cu) contents were prepared, and O2, CO2 and a mixture of CO2:air were used as an oxidant. It has been es-tablished that the process of obtaining of styrene from ethylbenzene on alumochromic catalysts is characterized by a high intensity. Alumochromic catalysts modified by Cu and promoted by 15 mass.% K2CO3 in the presence of carbon dioxide increase the conversion of ethylbenzene by 14%, and the s

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49

Brodnikovskii, N. P., I. V. Oryshich, N. E. Poryadchenko, T. L. Kuznetsova, N. D. Khmelyuk, and E. A. Rokitskaya. "Resistance of titanium– chromium and zirconium–chromium alloys to air oxidation." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 49, no. 7-8 (December 2010): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-010-9257-x.

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50

Komratov, G. N. "Oxidation kinetics of binary chromium-titanium carbide and chromium carbide powders." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 38, no. 9-10 (September 1999): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02676063.

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