Artículos de revistas: "Cholesterol Physiological effect"

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Khudiar, Khalisa Kadim. "Effect of Magnetic Water on Some Physiological Aspects of Adult Male Rabbits". Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36, n.º 0E (4 de abril de 2012): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0e.405.

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The present study was undertaken to search out thebeneficial effect of magnetized water on serumantioxidant, lipid profile and total protein of adult male rabbits. Twenty adult male rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups and were treated daily for 60 days as follows:Group C:Rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitumsupplyofdrinking water (control group),Group MG:Rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitum supply of magnetic water.Fasting blood (for 8-12 hrs) samples were drawn by cardiac puncture technique at different times 0, 30 and 60 days of experiment for measuring the following parameters. Serum glutathione concentration (GSH), lipid profile including serum triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol - (TC), high density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol - (VLDL-C), total serum protein concentrations (TSP). The result revealed that drinking of magnetic water had beneficial effect on some physiological aspects manifested by a significant elevation in serum GSH, HDL-C and total serum proteins concentration. In addition to significant suppression in serums TC, TAG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C concentrations .In conclusion the results of this study pointed to the prevalence of magnetic water upon normal drinking water in all measures issued.

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Ngestiningsih, Dwi, Rejeki Andayani Rahayu y Lusiana Batubara. "Effect of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Supplementation on Plasma Levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol in the Elderly". Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, n.º 2 (10 de octubre de 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v5i2.4679.

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Background: Several various physiological functions in elderly people are diminished due to cell or tissue damage. One of the probable causes are oxidative stress yielded by free radicals.Oxidative stress (ROS) induce lipid peroxidation in endothelial cell membrane, which generates atherosclerotic plaque. In a state of oxidative stress, MDA level will increased. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of SOD supplementation on MDA, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol plasma levels in the elderly.Methods: This study was open label, a randomized control trial. Subjects were elderly people aged > 60 years (median 75, 60-82 ys, male 10 (24,4%)) institutionalized at Social Rehabilitation Unit Pucang Gading Semarang, Indonesia. The treatment group consisted of 16 people, received SOD (GlisodinR) 1 capsule (250 IU) 1 hour before meals, plus exercise scheduled for 8 weeks. The control group consisted of 15 people, received placebo, and exercise. Plasma MDA levels were examined using TBARS method, while total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were examined using CHOD-PAP method.Results: This study show a reduction of plasma MDA levels in the treatment group compare to control group ( p = 0.062 ). A significant reduction of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in the treatment group were found (before 190.00 and 131.47 g/dl, after 182.27 and 121.93 g/dl, p = 0.005 and 0.001).Conclusion: The SOD supplementation significantly reduce Total Cholesterol and LDL level, but not MDA level in the elderly.

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Freeman, Dilys J., Christopher J. Packard, James Shepherd y Dairena Gaffney. "Polymorphisms in the Gene Coding for Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein are Related to Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Transfer Protein Activity". Clinical Science 79, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1990): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0790575.

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1. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity may have a physiological effect on high-density lipoprotein levels. 2. We examined restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene and the apolipoprotein AI gene in a group of 60 unrelated subjects selected from an initial survey of 5000 subjects on the basis of their high-density lipoprotein levels being high or low at the extremes of the distribution. The activities of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lectithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.43) were also determined. Analysis by selection of those with a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (≤ 1.1 for males, ≤ 1.2 for females) gave 32 individuals with 24% B2 alleles. Selection of subjects with a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (≥ 2 mmol/l) gave 17 with 62% B2 alleles. 3. The group with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had higher activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and significantly elevated triacylglycerol levels when compared with the group with high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 4. A further significant finding was the correlation of the Msp1 restriction fragment length polymorphism detected by the apolipoprotein AI gene with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity.

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Ikram, Naila, Shehzada A. A. Babar, Tahir Aslam, Hira Malik, Natasha Zahid y Anas Bin Tariq. "Physiological effect of cholecystectomy on lipid profile of patients with cholelithiasis". International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, n.º 7 (23 de junio de 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20202638.

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Background: The association of cholecystectomy with alterations in lipid profile is well documented. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of cholecystectomy on lipid profile of cholelithiasis patients.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done on 170 patients admitted in general surgery department of Naz Memorial Hospital, Karachi from July 2018 to June 2019. Symptomatic cholelithaisis patients between 18 to 60 years, elective cholecystectomy was included while patients previously on lipid lowering agents, diagnosed renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, cardiac failure, pregnant mothers, hypothyroidism, pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice were excluded. For data analysis, SPSS was used. Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used to compare mean values of pre and post-operative lipid profiles after cholecystectomy keeping p value of <0.05 as significant. Results: 60% of patients were females with majority, 31% patients between 31-40 years while least, i.e. 11% were between 61-70 years. The mean pre-operative and post-operative difference of 52±7.32 mg/dl was seen in total cholesterol levels (p<0.001). The mean difference in high density lipoprotein (HDL) between pre and post-operative was of 13±0.36 mg/dl (p<0.001). The mean difference in low density lipoprotein (LDL) between pre- and post-operative was 61±10.45 mg/dl (p<0.001). The mean difference in triglycerides levels between pre- and post-operative was 46±25.49 mg/dl (p<0.001).Conclusions: Cholecystectomy in gall stone disease patients elicited favorable response in significantly lowering levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides while substantially increasing levels of HDL cholesterol.

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Domingues, Marco M., Bárbara Gomes, Axel Hollmann y Nuno C. Santos. "25-Hydroxycholesterol Effect on Membrane Structure and Mechanical Properties". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 5 (4 de marzo de 2021): 2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052574.

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Cholesterol is responsible for the plasticity of plasma membranes and is involved in physiological and pathophysiological responses. Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated by oxysterols, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol. The presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol at the membrane level has been shown to interfere with several viruses’ entry into their target cells. We used atomic force microscopy to assess the effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol on different properties of supported lipid bilayers with controlled lipid compositions. In particular, we showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol inhibits the lipid-condensing effects of cholesterol, rendering the bilayers less rigid. This study indicates that the inclusion of 25-hydroxycholesterol in plasma membranes or the conversion of part of their cholesterol content into 25-hydroxycholesterol leads to morphological alterations of the sphingomyelin (SM)-enriched domains and promotes lipid packing inhomogeneities. These changes culminate in membrane stiffness variations.

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Reis, S. A., L. L. Conceição, D. D. Rosa, N. P. Siqueira y M. C. G. Peluzio. "Mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of regular consumption of probiotics". Nutrition Research Reviews 30, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2016): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422416000226.

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AbstractCVD affect a large proportion of the world’s population, with dyslipidaemia as the major risk factor. The regular consumption of both probiotic bacteria and yeast has been associated with improvement in the serum lipid profile. Thus, the present review aims to describe and discuss the potential mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of regular consumption of probiotic bacteria and yeast. Regarding the hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic bacteria, the potential mechanisms responsible include: deconjugation of bile salts; modulation of lipid metabolism; and decreased absorption of intestinal cholesterol through co-precipitation of intestinal cholesterol with the deconjugated bile salts, incorporation and assimilation of cholesterol in the cell membrane of the probiotics, intestinal conversion of cholesterol in coprostanol, and inhibition of the expression of the intestinal cholesterol transporter Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) in the enterocytes. The potential mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic yeasts include: deconjugation of bile salts; co-precipitation of intestinal cholesterol with the deconjugated bile salts; incorporation and assimilation of cholesterol in the cell membrane; and inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. The regular consumption of probiotic bacteria and yeast, as a non-pharmaceutical approach to help manage cardiovascular risk, holds promise, according to the beneficial hypocholesterolaemic effects described herein. However, the hypocholesterolaemic effects vary according to the strains used, the physiological state of the host, and the type of diet to which the probiotics are added. Further studies are necessary to fill the gaps with regard to the knowledge related to this topic.

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POST, Sabine M., Jaap TWISK, L. V. D. FITS, Elly C. M. DE WIT, Marco F. M. HOEKMAN, Willem H. MAGER y Hans M. G. PRINCEN. "Lipoprotein cholesterol uptake mediates up-regulation of bile-acid synthesis by increasing cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase but not sterol 27-hydroxylase gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes". Biochemical Journal 341, n.º 2 (8 de julio de 1999): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3410339.

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Lipoproteins may supply substrate for the formation of bile acids, and the amount of hepatic cholesterol can regulate bile-acid synthesis and increase cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression. However, the effect of lipoprotein cholesterol on sterol 27-hydroxylase expression and the role of different lipoproteins in regulating both enzymes are not well established. We studied the effect of different rabbit lipoproteins on cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase in cultured rat hepatocytes. β-Migrating very-low-density lipoprotein (βVLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) caused a significant increase in the intracellular cholesteryl ester content of cells (2.3- and 2-fold, respectively) at a concentration of 200 μg of cholesterol/ml, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 50% v/v), containing no apolipoprotein E (apo E), showed no effect after a 24-h incubation. βVLDL and IDL increased bile-acid synthesis (1.9- and 1.6-fold, respectively) by up-regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity (1.7- and 1.5-fold, respectively). Dose- and time-dependent changes in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels and gene expression underlie the increase in enzyme activity. Incubation of cells with HDL showed no effect. Sterol 27-hydroxylase gene expression was not affected by any of the lipoproteins added. Transient-expression experiments in hepatocytes, transfected with a promoter-reporter construct containing the proximal 348 nucleotides of the rat cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase promoter, showed an enhanced gene transcription (2-fold) with βVLDL, indicating that a sequence important for a cholesterol-induced transcriptional response is located in this part of the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene. The extent of stimulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase is associated with the apo E content of the lipoprotein particle, which is important in the uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol. We conclude that physiological concentrations of cholesterol in apo E-containing lipoproteins increase bile-acid synthesis by stimulating cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene transcription, whereas HDL has no effect and sterol 27-hydroxylase is not affected.

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Seltman, H., W. Diven, M. Rizk, B. J. Noland, R. Chanderbhan, T. J. Scallen, G. Vahouny y A. Sanghvi. "Regulation of bile-acid synthesis. Role of sterol carrier protein2 in the biosynthesis of 7α-hydroxycholesterol". Biochemical Journal 230, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 1985): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2300019.

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Sterol carrier protein2 (SCP2) is known to stimulate utilization of cholesterol in enzymic reactions in which cholesterol is the substrate. Substantial recent experimental evidence indicates that SCP2: activates enzymic conversion of intermediates between lanosterol and cholesterol; stimulates the microsomal conversion of cholesterol into cholesterol ester in rat liver; and enhances mitochondrial utilization of cholesterol for pregnenolone formation in the adrenals. The conversion of cholesterol into 7 α-hydroxycholesterol is the rate-limiting step in bile-acid synthesis. We therefore investigated the effect of SCP2 on this physiologically critical reaction by using a gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry procedure that measures the mass of 7 α-hydroxycholesterol formed. The results show that SCP2 enhances 7 α-hydroxycholesterol formation by rat liver microsomes (microsomal fractions), utilizing either endogenous membrane cholesterol, cholesterol supplied exogenously in serum or in the form of cholesterol/phospholipid liposomes. Microsomes immunotitrated with anti-SCP2 antibody exhibited considerably less capacity to synthesize 7 α-hydroxycholesterol, which was restored to control levels on addition of purified SCP2. These data are consistent with the suggestion that SCP2 may be of physiological significance in the overall metabolism of cholesterol.

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LI, Feng y Y. David HUI. "Synthesis and secretion of the pancreatic-type carboxyl ester lipase by human endothelial cells". Biochemical Journal 329, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 1998): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3290675.

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Human aortic extracts contain significant cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity. The enzymic activity was shown to be activated by trihydroxylated bile salt, but not by dihydroxylated bile salt. Monospecific antibodies prepared against rat pancreatic carboxyl ester lipase (CEL, cholesterol esterase) immunoprecipitated cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity from human aorta, demonstrating that the neutral CEL in aorta is highly similar to and probably identical with the pancreatic enzyme. Reverse transcriptase PCR amplification of mRNA from human aortic endothelial cells revealed de novo synthesis of the pancreatic-type CEL by these cells. Preincubating human aortic endothelial cells with oxidized or native low-density lipoprotein resulted in an 8- and 3-fold increase in CEL activity secreted into the culture medium respectively. A potential physiological role for the endothelial CEL was demonstrated by studies showing its ability to confer partial protection against the cytotoxic effects of lysophosphatidylcholine. The protective effect of CEL is related to its bile-salt-independent lysophospholipase activity. However, CEL hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine can be inhibited by excess cholesterol. Taken together, these results indicate that pancreatic-type CEL is synthesized by cells lining the vessel wall. Moreover, vascular CEL may interact with cholesterol and oxidized lipoproteins to modulate the progression of atherosclerosis.

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Stoll, Peter, Andreas Gutzwiller, Martin Jost, Heiner Schneeberger, Robert Sieber, Hannes B. Staehelin, Christian Steffen y Guenther Ritzel. "Short-term effect of whole milk and milk fermented by Pseudomonas fluorescens on plasma lipids in adult boars". British Journal of Nutrition 66, n.º 1 (julio de 1991): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910016.

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The short-term effects of whole milk and milk fermented by Pseudomonas fluorescens, of the amino acid composition of the diet and of feeding frequency on the level of plasma lipids, were investigated in six 1-year-old adult boars. The experimental diets contained equal amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fat and cholesterol. After an adaptation period of 5 d for each experimental treatment, blood was collected at regular intervals during 48 h and plasma levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol were examined). All variables except HDL-cholesterol showed distinct diurnal fluctuations, which were substantially influenced by feeding frequency. Variations in the amino acid composition of the experimental diets, which were within a physiological range, had no effect on the level of plasma lipids. Plasma lipid levels were significantly lower when the animals received the diets containing milk instead of the diet without milk: cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by 5.6, 5.8 and 10% respectively (pondered means) while HDL-cholesterol remained unaffected. Fermentation of whole milk by P. fluorescens reduced the lipid-lowering effect. Our findings suggest that the intake of diets containing milk results in a lower plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level than the intake of diets with a similar nutrient content which do not contain milk.

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Shand, J. H., D. W. West y D. J. Flint. "Effects of growth hormone on cholesterol metabolism in the lactating rat mammary gland". Journal of Endocrinology 152, n.º 3 (marzo de 1997): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1520447.

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Lactating rats were treated for 48 h with bromocriptine (to inhibit prolactin release) or bromocriptine together with an antiserum to rat GH. Animals given the combined treatment were also supplemented concurrently with bovine GH (bGH) or human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I). The effects of these treatments on the activities of 3-methyl-3-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) and on the microsomal concentrations of non-esterified and esterified cholesterol were measured. Lack of prolactin decreased HMG-CoA reductase but did not affect ACAT, neutral CEH or the concentrations of microsomal cholesterol or cholesteryl esters. In the absence of both hormones, an even greater reduction in HMG-CoA reductase together with increases in ACAT, neutral CEH and both of the microsomal sterols were observed. Concurrent supplementation with either bGH or hIGF-I wholly or partially prevented the effects on HMG-CoA reductase but only bGH was active against the increase in ACAT. Neither bGH nor hIGF-I could prevent the effects of the anti-hormone treatment on neutral CEH, and the changes in ACAT and CEH activities were broadly reflected in the microsomal sterol concentrations. The results indicate that the cessation of lactation brings about rapid changes in the activities of the enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism within the mammary gland with a definite switch from synthesis to storage. Supplementation with bGH alone was sufficient to maintain cholesterol synthesis at control levels and could also significantly inhibit storage of the sterol as its ester. In the absence of GH, hIGF-I partially supported cholesterol synthesis but had no effect on its conversion to the ester. On a whole-tissue basis, enzyme activities could be correlated with the physiological effects of the anti-hormone treatments. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 447–454

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Subbaiah, Papasani Venkata, Xian-Cheng Jiang, Natalia A. Belikova, Buzulagu Aizezi, Zhi Hua Huang y Catherine A. Reardon. "Regulation of plasma cholesterol esterification by sphingomyelin: Effect of physiological variations of plasma sphingomyelin on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1821, n.º 6 (junio de 2012): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.02.007.

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Keating, Eleonora, Luna Rahman, James Francis, Anne Petersen, Fred Possmayer, Ruud Veldhuizen y Nils O. Petersen. "Effect of Cholesterol on the Biophysical and Physiological Properties of a Clinical Pulmonary Surfactant". Biophysical Journal 93, n.º 4 (agosto de 2007): 1391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.099762.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Effect of Hyper and Hypothyroidism on Lipid Profile and Liver Function of Male Rats". Baghdad Science Journal 8, n.º 4 (4 de diciembre de 2011): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.4.926-933.

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This study was designed to investigate the effect of thyroid hormone disturbance on lipids profiles and liver functions. Eighteen mature male rats Rattus norvegicus were divided into three groups. The first and the second groups were injected subcutaneously with thyroxine (T4) and carbimazol (both at 600 µg/kg BW) respectively on alternate days, to produce recurrent periods of hyper and hypothyroidism .The control group which is the third group was injected with physiological saline. The process continued 4 weeks, after that, injection, blood specimens were collected to estimate serum levels of T3 and T4, Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were determined in the serum. In addition to that, we measure GOT, GPT and CPK enzymes activity. The results showed no significant difference in body weight and a significant increase (P

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Azhmuldinov, E. A., Yu N. Chernyshenko y M. G. Titov. "PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ANIMALS UNDER THERMAL STRESS". VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 51, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-26-31.

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A study was conducted of the effect of heat stress on the clinical and physiological state of male rabbits at the age of 5 months with an average live weight of 1551 g. The maximum temperature the animals were exposed to during the experiment was +42 °C. The study results showed a decrease in feed intake and an increase in water consumption, which contributed to a decrease in live weight. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, total plasma protein, globulins and cholesterol increased during the action of this stress factor. It was found that the effect of high ambient temperatures on rabbits negatively affected their physiological functions; the negative effect was reflected by the morphological and biochemical blood parameters.

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Andersson, Kristina E., Tina Immerstrand, Karl Swärd, Björn Bergenståhl, Marie W. Lindholm, Rickard Öste y Per Hellstrand. "Effects of oats on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins in C57BL/6 mice are substrain specific". British Journal of Nutrition 103, n.º 4 (20 de octubre de 2009): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450999211x.

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Cholesterol-lowering effects of oats have been demonstrated in both animals and human subjects. However, the crucial properties of oat-containing diets that determine their health effects need to be further investigated to optimise their use. A mouse model would be a valuable tool, but few such studies have been published to date. We investigated the effects of oat bran on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins in two substrains of C57BL/6 mice. Western diet was made atherogenic by the addition of 0·8 % cholesterol and 0·1 % cholic acid. After 4 weeks on atherogenic diet, total plasma cholesterol had increased from 1·86–2·53 to 3·77–4·40 mmol/l. In C57BL/6NCrl mice, inclusion of 27 and 40 % oat bran reduced total plasma cholesterol by 19 and 24 %, respectively, reduced the shift from HDL to LDL+VLDL and caused increased faecal cholesterol excretion. There was no effect of oat bran on plasma levels of the inflammatory markers fibrinogen, serum amyloid A or TNF-α. Contrary to findings in C57BL/6NCrl mice, there was no sustained effect of oat bran (27 or 40 %) on plasma cholesterol in C57BL/6JBomTac mice after 4 weeks of feeding. Thus, C57BL/6NCrl mice fed an atherogenic diet are a good model for studies of physiological effects of oats, whereas a substrain derived from C57BL/6J, raised in a different breeding environment and likely possessing functional genetic differences from C57BL/6N, is considerably less responsive to oats. The present finding that two substrains of mice respond differently to oats is of practical value, but can also help to elucidate mechanisms of the cholesterol-lowering effect of oats.

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Ali, Alia Hussein. "Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Metracaria chamomela on Some Physiological Parameters in Male Rabbits". Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 39, n.º 2 (24 de diciembre de 2015): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v39i2.173.

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The aim of this study is to explain the effect of Ethanolic extract 70% of Metracaria chamomella on some physiological parameters in male rabbits. Twelve adult male rabbits were used in this study and were divided equally into two groups: First group was control (C) and received normal saline for four weeks, the second group (Treated group) was intubated orally with ethanolic extract of Metracaria chamomella in a dose 70 mg/kg B.W. for four weeks. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture from each animal at the end of experiment. Blood sample was divided into a part for hematological study and a part for biochemical analysis. The value of serum urea, and creatinine were reduced in animals that received Metracaria chamomella extract at dose of 70 mg/ kg B.W. as compared with the control group. Significant decrease in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in Metracaria treated animal as compared with the control group. This study explained that there was significant increase in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin in treated animals as compared with the control group. The value of total cholesterol, serum triacylglycerol, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration were reduced significantly in animal received Metracaria chamomella extract while the high density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated significantly as compared with control group. While the effect of Metracaria chamomella extract on blood picture showed no changes in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value but showed significant decrease in platelet count, and significant increase in white blood cell count as compared with control group. Over all this study explained that Metracaria chamomella extract had Reno protective and hypolipidimic effect in male rabbit.

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Suzuki, Takuya, Shoko Yoshida y Hiroshi Hara. "Physiological concentrations of short-chain fatty acids immediately suppress colonic epithelial permeability". British Journal of Nutrition 100, n.º 2 (agosto de 2008): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508888733.

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Colonic fermentation products, SCFA, have various effects on colonic functions. Here, we found that physiological concentrations of SCFA immediately promote epithelial barrier function in the large intestine. Solutions of mixed and individual SCFA were applied to the caecal walls mounted on Ussing-type chambers. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) increased rapidly and reached a peak 35 % higher than that in the control specimen within 10 min post application of the SCFA mixture (80 acetate, 40 propionate, 20 butyrate (mmol/l)). The Lucifer yellow permeability, a paracellular transport marker, was dose-dependently reduced by the mixed SCFA, acetate and propionate solutions. Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter-1 did not influence the increase in TER with acetate; however, lowering the pH (from 7·5 to 5·5) clearly enhanced the effect of acetate. Non-metabolizable, bromo and chloro derivatives of SCFA also increased TER. These results suggest that passive diffusion of SCFA is dominant and the metabolism of SCFA is not required for the promotive effect of SCFA on barrier function. We also observed that individual SCFA dose-dependently increased TER in T84 and Caco-2 cells, which indicates that SCFA directly stimulate epithelial cells. Depletion of membrane cholesterol and inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Gq protein attenuated the acetate-mediated promotive effect. Finally, we found that the mucosal application of the SCFA mixture dose-dependently suppressed [3H] mannitol transport from the caecal lumen to the mesenteric blood in the anaesthetized rats. We conclude that physiological concentrations of SCFA immediately enhance barrier function of the colonic epithelium through cholesterol-rich microdomain in the plasma membrane.

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Sushmitha K P, Vinod A N y Nalini Ganesan. "Relationship between serum lipid profile and higher physiological level of bilirubin in cardiovascular patients". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n.º 4 (24 de diciembre de 2020): 7391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3924.

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The present study is intended to investigate the protective role of high bilirubin concentration in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to analyse the relationship between serum bilirubin concentration and lipid profile in these patients. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, with early signs and symptoms starts many years earlier leading to myocardial infarction due to many cardiovascular risk factors like abnormal lipid profile. Serum bilirubin levels are determined both genetically and environmentally and vary through one's life. Under its anti-oxidant property, it prevents oxidation of macromolecules from oxidation and prevents the atherosclerotic process. We evaluated 210 individuals with cardiovascular diseases (82% Men) and 190 normal healthy controls (62% Men) within the 25-60 age group. Both groups are divided into two, based on the normal physiological range as the lower normal and upper normal limit. We have observed significant reduction (***p<0. 0001) of CVD risk factors like total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, showing inverse association with serum bilirubin. Concurrently, direct relation with anti-atherogenic HDL cholesterol, which is significantly increased (***p<0. 0001) in CVD patient group and control group with higher bilirubin levels respectively. We also discussed the possible contributing mechanisms that might reduce circulating total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol concentrations in cardiovascular patients. Conclusion-Bilirubin may be an inverse risk factor for cardiovascular disease and findings from our study support the concept that physiologically higher normal levels of bilirubin have a protective effect against patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy people prone to CVD under its anti-oxidant potential.

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Lukina, Anastasia A., Daniar V. Ismailov, Alexander P. Ilyin, Ksenia V. Derina y Elena I. Korotkova. "Voltammetric Sensing System for the Detection of Cholesterol Based on the Ni-Bisurea-Pyrographite Composite". Key Engineering Materials 769 (abril de 2018): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.250.

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Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the human body. High cholesterol level in blood is a marker of CVDs. Therefore, cholesterol determination techniques are necessary for clinical practice. Currently used cholesterol determination techniques involve enzymes or expensive and complicated equipment. Electrochemical techniques are widely spread in test-systems and sensors construction. Novel modification procedure for enzymeless cholesterol determination is suggested in this study. The electrochemical behavior of cholesterol on modified electrode was studied with the usage of cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Obtained concentration range is linear from 0.1 up to 100 mM a conditions close to physiological (pH=6.86) with a quantification limit of 0.01 mM. Besides, the electrode surface morphology and pH-effect were studied. The developed technique is promising for the rapid determination of total cholesterol in blood.

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Rubio, Ramón G., Eduardo Guzmán, Francisco Ortega y Libero Liggieri. "Monolayers of Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Stearate at the Water/Vapor Interface: A Physico-Chemical Study of Components of the Meibum Layer". Colloids and Interfaces 5, n.º 2 (20 de mayo de 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5020030.

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Langmuir monolayers containing different amounts of cholesterol and cholesteryl stearate were studied at two different temperatures (24 °C and 35 °C). The main goal was to contribute towards the understanding of how the variations in the chemical composition may affect the physico-chemical properties of these specific lipid monolayers. The model mixture was chosen considering that cholesteryl esters are present in cell membranes and some other biological systems, including human tear lipids. Therefore, an investigation into the effect of the lipid monolayer composition on their interfacial properties may elucidate some of the fundamental reasons for the deficiencies in cell membranes and tear film functioning in vivo. The experimental results have shown that the molar ratio of the mixture plays a crucial role in the modulation of the Langmuir film properties. The condensing effects of the cholesterol and the interactions between the lipids in the monolayer were the main factors altering the monolayer response to dilatational deformation. The modification of the mixture compositions leads to significant changes in the Langmuir films and the mechanical performance, altering the ability of the monolayer to reduce the surface tension and the viscoelastic properties of the monolayers. This suggests that subtle modifications of the biomembrane composition may significantly alter its physiological function.

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22

Bergelson, Bruce A., Tse-Kuan Yu y Nicholas A. Ruocco. "Effects of Hypercholesterolaemia on Physiological Recruitment of Coronary Vascular Reserve in Swine". Clinical Science 90, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1996): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0900261.

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1. The endothelium participates in the regulation of coronary vascular tone. As evidence exists from studies performed on epicardial vessels that hypercholesterolaemia impairs endothelial function, we tested the hypothesis that hypercholesterolaemia impairs coronary vascular reserve in an intact animal. 2. Domestic swine, maintained on a regular (n = 9) or a 2% high-cholesterol (n = 9) diet for 3 months were instrumented with a catheter in the left atrium for microsphere injection, a catheter in the anterior interventricular vein for venous sampling and an 82% stenosis in the left anterior descending artery. Papaverine was used to determine coronary vascular reserve. Regional coronary flow as reflected by perfusion (microsphere measurement), lactate consumption, oxygen consumption and haemodynamics were obtained at baseline, after 10 mg of papaverine and after atrial pacing at a rate of 120 beats/min and 150 beats/min. 3. Cholesterol was elevated in animals on the high cholesterol diet (350 ± 50 mg/dl versus 99 ± 10 mg/dl, P<0.001). Baseline haemodynamics were similar between groups. Baseline transmural flow and its augmentation with papaverine were comparable in the two groups in the control (circumflex) and stenosed (left anterior descending artery) zones. In both groups, perfusion increased in the control zone in response to increased oxygen demand, whereas in the stenosis zone no increase was observed in either group (P not significant for normal versus high cholesterol diet). Endocardial flow reserve in the stenosis zone was exhausted in both groups. Epicardial flow in the stenosis zone increased significantly in the normal (P<0.02) but not in the hypercholesterolaemic animals (P not significant). 4. The endocardial/epicardial ratio in the control zone at baseline revealed greater endocardial dominance in the normal compared with the hypercholesterolaemic animals (1.35 versus 1.10, P<0.01). With papaverine, similar ratios indicated a similar reserve potential in both groups. During increased oxygen demand, normal animals continued to demonstrate endocardial dominance whereas it diminished in the hypercholesterolaemic group. In the stenosis zone, endocardial blood flow dominated at baseline in the normal animals and to a lesser extent in the hypercholesterolaemic animals (1.30 versus 1.10, P = 0.10). During increased oxygen demand, endocardial dominance decreased significantly in both groups of animals; however, it remained greater than 1.0 only in the normal animals. 5. Exposure to elevated cholesterol levels did not impair an animal's ability to augment coronary blood flow in response to an increase in oxygen demand. In contrast to this lack of effect on recruitment of coronary reserve, regional coronary blood flow was altered in the hypercholesterolaemic animals.

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23

Shapira, Keren E., Marcelo Ehrlich y Yoav I. Henis. "Cholesterol depletion enhances TGF-β Smad signaling by increasing c-Jun expression through a PKR-dependent mechanism". Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, n.º 20 (octubre de 2018): 2494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0175.

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Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays critical roles in numerous physiological and pathological responses. Cholesterol, a major plasma membrane component, can have pronounced effects on signaling responses. Cells continually monitor cholesterol content and activate multilayered transcriptional and translational signaling programs, following perturbations to cholesterol homeostasis (e.g., statins, the commonly used cholesterol-reducing drugs). However, the cross-talk of such programs with ligand-induced signaling responses (e.g., TGF-β signaling) remained unknown. Here, we studied the effects of a mild reduction in free (membrane-associated) cholesterol on distinct components of TGF-β–signaling pathways. Our findings reveal a new regulatory mechanism that enhances TGF-β–signaling responses by acting downstream from receptor activation. Reduced cholesterol results in PKR-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation, which enhances c-Jun translation, leading in turn to higher levels of JNK-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation. Activated c-Jun enhances transcription and expression of Smad2/3. This leads to enhanced sensitivity to TGF-β stimulation, due to increased Smad2/3 expression and phosphorylation. The phospho/total Smad2/3 ratio remains unchanged, indicating that the effect is not due to altered receptor activity. We propose that cholesterol depletion induces overactivation of PKR, JNK, and TGF-β signaling, which together may contribute to the side effects of statins in diverse disease settings.

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24

Piccione, G., S. Casella, P. Pennisi, C. Giannetto, A. Costa y G. Caola. "Monitoring of physiological and blood parameters during perinatal and neonatal period in calves". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62, n.º 1 (febrero de 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352010000100001.

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Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, and the course of some blood parameters were monitored in calves during perinatal and neonatal periods. The study was carried out on eight Limousine calves. From all subjects, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured. Blood samples were taken at the same hour (9am) from the external jugular vein, and then centrifuged and stored until analyses. By means of an UV spectrophotometer, the following blood parameters were assessed for each subject: total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, creatinine, cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydroxybutirate, glutamate pyruvate transaminases (GPT), glutamate oxalacetate transaminases (GOT), direct and total bilirubin, magnesium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, chloride and sodium. The results showed a significant effect of days of life (P<0.05) only on total cholesterol, creatinine and GOT during the first week of life and a significant effect of days of life on rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, total cholesterol, NEFA, creatinina, and GOT during the first month of life. A correlation among individual values for postnatal age (days of life) and heart rate in calves during the first month of life was observed. In conclusion, modifications of studied parameters could be attributed to functional development of calves in neonatal period and contribute to the knowledge of adaptation processes in calf during the first week and the first month of life resulting useful for the diagnosis and treatment of any neonatal diseases.

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25

Ara, Tanzin, Nasim Jahan, Nayma Sultana, Rama Choudhury y Tahmina Yeasmin. "Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Total cholesterol (TC) Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in Healthy Adult Male". Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 10, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2016): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v10i2.27163.

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Background: Ramadan fasting has some effects on anthropometric, metabolic and physiological functions in the healthy subjects.Objective: To observe the effects of Ramadan fasting on serum total cholesterol (TC) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) in healthy adult male.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka between January and December 2013. Sixty healthy adult male aged 24 to 28 years were studied. Serum TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were estimated by enzyme method. Data were collected twice; 1-3 days before Ramadan fasting (BRF) and then during 25th -27th days of Ramadan fasting (ARF) and compared. The statistical analysis was done by paired sample t test.Results: In this study, the mean body weight (BW), BMI, TC, LDL-C levels were significantly (p<0.001) decreased, and HDL-C level was significantly (p<0.001) increased in ARF than BRF.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that Ramadan fasting has some beneficial effects on cholesterol and lipoprotein status in healthy adult male.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2015, December; 10(2): 46-50

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26

Mbemya, Gildas Tetaping, Marie Stéphanie Goka Chekem, Landry Lienou Lienou, Njina Nguedia Sylvain, Jiatsa Nathalie Donfack, Denise Damasceno Guerreiro, Jacques Romain Njimou, Ana Paula Ribeiro Rodrigues y Phélix Bruno Telefo. "Eremomastax speciosa potentializes the PMSG-inducing effect on some physiological and biochemical parameters in PMSG-primed immature rats". Zygote 28, n.º 6 (12 de agosto de 2020): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199420000350.

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SummaryThe present study evaluated the effect of the aqueous extract from leaves of E. speciosa on some physiological and biochemical parameters of reproduction and the onset of puberty in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed immature female rats. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the phenolic compounds in the methanol/methylene chloride (1:1) extract, the ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions and the aqueous residue of E. speciosa. E. speciosa (0, 8, 32 or 64 mg/kg) were administered for 15 days to 24 non-PMSG-primed and 24 primed rats with 0.01 IU of PMSG. At the end of the treatment period, animal were sacrificed and their body, ovarian, uterine weight, ovarian protein or cholesterol level, as well as data on puberty onset were recorded. Of the 16 polyphenolic compounds quantitatively revealed in the extracts and fractions of E. speciosa after HPLC analysis, quercetin, rutin, apigenin and eugenol were the most abundant. Non-primed rats showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the uterine relative weight at the dose of 8 mg/kg when compared with the other treatments. The uterine proteins and the ovarian cholesterol (P < 0.05), respectively, showed a reduction at doses of 64 mg/kg and 32 mg/kg in non-primed rats. However in PMSG-primed rats, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in ovarian cholesterol at 64 mg/kg. In conclusion, E. speciosa potentializes the PMSG-inducing effect on folliculogenesis in PMSG-primed rats.

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27

AL-Moramadhi, S. A. H. "The effect of aqueous extract of Marticaria Chamomilla flowers on some physiological properties in broiler chickens". Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 10, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol10iss1art144.

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This study was conducted on broiler chickens to investigate the effect of Marticaria chamomilla flowers extract on some physiological properties. One day age Fawbro birds (Average weight 55g) were used in this study, they fed ad libtum until 7weeks age. (60 chickes) were divided into three groups (each group has 20 birds ).1-treatment one: administrated orally the aqueous extract of Marticaria chamomilla flowers at concentration 50mg /kg body weight .2-treatment two: administrated orally the aqueous extract of Marticaria chamomilla flowers at concentration 100mg /kg body weight3-control group: administrated distilled water .At the end of experiment blood samples were taken from brachial vein for ten birds of each group for hematological and bio chemical examination ,the following parameters are used:- serum glucose concentration, serum cholesterol concentration ,hemoglobin concentration ,packed cell volume ,body weight and food intake. Results showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in glucose concentration in treatments groups compared with control, and significant decrease (p<0.05) in cholesterol concentration in treatments groups compared with the control. While there was no significant effect on hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, body weight and food intake in treatments groups compared with the control

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28

Attia, Y. A., A. A. Abdalah, H. S. Zeweil, F. Bovera, A. A. Tag El-Din y M. A. Araft. "Effect of inorganic or organic selenium supplementation on productive performance, egg quality and some physiological traits of dual-purpose breeding hens". Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 1 (25 de enero de 2010): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1702-cjas.

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One hundred and twenty (100♀ + 20♂) 30-weeks-old dual-purpose breeding hens of Gimmizah strain were housed in individual cages in a semi-open house. Birds were distributed randomly into five treatments of 20♀ + 4♂. The 1st treatment was fed a control (unsupplemented) diet (17.5% CP and 11.4 MJ per kg diet) containing 0.10 mg Se/kg (low level). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th treatments were fed the control diet supplemented with 0.15 and 0.30 mg Se/kg from inorganic (sodium selenite) and organic (selenomethionine, as Se-yeast Selplex® Alltech, Nicholasville, USA) sources, respectively. The total concentration of Se in experimental diets was 0.25 (medium level) and 0.40 ppm (high level). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period (30–50 weeks of age). Different Se levels of the organic and inorganic form and their interaction did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect egg production percentage, and most of egg quality traits. Egg weight and egg mass significantly (P < 0.002) increased and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P < 0.04) improved due to Se supplementation compared with hens fed the control diet. Piped embryos and spleen percentage significantly (P < 0.05) decreased due to Se supplementation. In addition, the level of organic and inorganic Se and their interaction significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased the plasma cholesterol concentration. Tibia Ca and P percentages and yolk selenium concentration significantly (P < 0.03; P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) increased due to Se supplementation and the greatest increase was recorded by a group fed diet with the high level (0.40) of organic Se. The duodenal and intestinal mucosa of the ileum was negatively affected by the high level of inorganic Se while chickens fed the organic form showed less toxic effects in hepatic and splenic tissues than those receiving the inorganic form. In conclusion, the organic and inorganic Se supplementation at 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg diet, which corresponded to a dietary level of 0.25 and 0.40 mg/kg diet, improved the productive and reproductive performance of Gimmizah breeding hens. A decrease in plasma total cholesterol and an improvement in the bone mineralization were observed. The level of 0.25 mg/kg diet of organic Se was adequate to enrich eggs, which may be recommended for practical application and which would improve the consumer health benefit.

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29

YA, Attia, Abdala AA, Zewei HS, F. Bover, El-Din AA Tag y Araft MA. "Effect of inorganic or organic selenium supplementation on productive performance, egg quality and some physiological traits of dual-purpose breeding hens". Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 11 (14 de diciembre de 2010): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1715-cjas.

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One hundred and twenty (100♀ + 20♂) 30-weeks-old dual-purpose breeding hens of Gimmizah strain were housed in individual cages in a semi-open house. Birds were distributed randomly into five treatments of 20♀ + 4♂. The 1st treatment was fed a control (unsupplemented) diet (17.5% CP and 11.4 MJ per kg diet) containing 0.10 mg Se/kg (low level). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th treatments were fed the control diet supplemented with 0.15 and 0.30 mg Se/kg from inorganic (sodium selenite) and organic (selenomethionine, as Se-yeast Selplex® Alltech, Nicholasville, USA) sources, respectively. The total concentration of Se in experimental diets was 0.25 (medium level) and 0.40 ppm (high level). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period (30–50 weeks of age). Different Se levels of the organic and inorganic form and their interaction did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect egg production percentage, and most of egg quality traits. Egg weight and egg mass significantly (P < 0.002) increased and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P < 0.04) improved due to Se supplementation compared with hens fed the control diet. Piped embryos and spleen percentage significantly (P < 0.05) decreased due to Se supplementation. In addition, the level of organic and inorganic Se and their interaction significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased the plasma cholesterol concentration. Tibia Ca and P percentages and yolk selenium concentration significantly (P < 0.03; P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) increased due to Se supplementation and the greatest increase was recorded by a group fed diet with the high level (0.40) of organic Se. The duodenal and intestinal mucosa of the ileum was negatively affected by the high level of inorganic Se while chickens fed the organic form showed less toxic effects in hepatic and splenic tissues than those receiving the inorganic form. In conclusion, the organic and inorganic Se supplementation at 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg diet, which corresponded to a dietary level of 0.25 and 0.40 mg/kg diet, improved the productive and reproductive performance of Gimmizah breeding hens. A decrease in plasma total cholesterol and an improvement in the bone mineralization were observed. The level of 0.25 mg/kg diet of organic Se was adequate to enrich eggs, which may be recommended for practical application and which would improve the consumer health benefit.

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30

Andersson, Jenny Marie, Carl Grey, Marcus Larsson, Tiago Mendes Ferreira y Emma Sparr. "Effect of cholesterol on the molecular structure and transitions in a clinical-grade lung surfactant extract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 18 (17 de abril de 2017): E3592—E3601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701239114.

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The lipid–protein film covering the interface of the lung alveolar in mammals is vital for proper lung function and its deficiency is related to a range of diseases. Here we present a molecular-level characterization of a clinical-grade porcine lung surfactant extract using a multitechnique approach consisting ofH1–C13solid-state nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and mass spectrometry. The detailed characterization presented for reconstituted membranes of a lung extract demonstrates that the molecular structure of lung surfactant strongly depends on the concentration of cholesterol. If cholesterol makes up about 11% of the total dry weight of lung surfactant, the surfactant extract adopts a single liquid-ordered lamellar phase,Lα(o), at physiological temperatures. ThisLα(o)phase gradually changes into a liquid-disordered lamellar phase,Lα(d), when the temperature is increased by a few degrees. In the absence of cholesterol the system segregates into one lamellar gel phase and oneLα(d)phase. Remarkably, it was possible to measure a large set of order parameter magnitudes|SCH|from the liquid-disordered and -ordered lamellar phases and assign them to specific C–H bonds of the phospholipids in the biological extract with no use of isotopic labeling. These findings with molecular details on lung surfactant mixtures together with the presented NMR methodology may guide further development of pulmonary surfactant pharmaceuticals that better mimic the physiological self-assembly compositions for treatment of pathological states such as respiratory distress syndrome.

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31

Neufeld, Karin J., Cindy L. Lederman, Patrick C. Choy y Ricky Y. K. Man. "The effect of lidocaine on lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cardiac arrhythmias and cellular disturbances". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1985): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-133.

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The production of arrhythmias in the isolated heart by perfusion with lysophosphatidylcholine has been well documented. However, the role of the lysophospholipid as a physiological factor in the generation of cardiac arrhythmias is not clear. In this study, a pharmacological approach was used to delineate the physiological significance of lysophosphatidylcholine during this cardiac dysfunction. Lidocaine (5–20 mg/L) was found to be effective in the protection of the isolated rat heart from the lysophospholipid-induced arrhythmias at pharmacological concentrations. The effect of lidocaine in the protection of lysophospholipid-induced membrane dysfunction was studied with red blood cells. Lidocaine (2 mg/mL) protected red blood cells from hemolysis in the presence of lysophosphatidylcholine. Lidocaine did not inhibit the binding of the lysophospholipid to the red cell membrane, but inhibited hemolysis in a manner similar to cholesterol. The results are consistent with the postulate that lysophosphatidylcholine is a physiological factor in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia.

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32

Drochioi, Ana Simona, Dan Cristian Moraru, Ilie Cristian Drochioi, Magdalena Iorga, Eduard Crauciuc y Evelina Moraru. "The Effect of Antiviral Therapy on Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Viral Hepatitis C". Revista de Chimie 69, n.º 8 (15 de septiembre de 2018): 2025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6466.

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The liver is the main metabolic organ, having complex physiological and biochemical roles, many of these functions being in a close relationship. It is also well known that hepatitis C virus infection is associated with changes in lipid metabolism. This is evident in liver dysfunctions, when liver functions are disturbed simultaneously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of antiviral therapy on serum lipid level in patients with viral hepatitis C before and at the end of the 48 weeks of treatment compared patients treated with Interferon vs Interferon + Ribavirin and relation with sustained virological response, from North East Romania. We evaluated patients hospitalized in Emergency Hospital for Children St. Mary Iasi between 2009-2017. The result of our study show that the mean age of patients from goup 1 was 11.85�3.65 years, vs 11.5�3.1 years in group 2 (p=0.171). We found changes in cholesterol metabolism in both groups of patients, increases in total cholesterol level, 21.43% of patients in the group 1 vs 32.3% in goup 2 (p=0.258) and decreases 17.86% vs 14.7% (p=0.131). At initiation of antiviral therapy mean serum cholesterol level were 155.78�36.30 mg/dL, in group 1 vs 149.88�47.22 mg/dL, for group 2. At 48 weeks of treatment in the both goups revealed significantly decreased of total cholesterol levels 136.46�41.63mg/dL, for group 1 vs 109.26�41.05, for patients in group 2 (p=0.003). Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not show significant changes in the patients of the two groups. Total cholesterol level after antiviral therapy were significantly different between patients who achieved SVR and non SVR (p=0.014), group 1 vs (p=0.001), group 2. Total serum cholesterol level showed significant changes during the antiviral therapy in both monotherapy and combination therapy group.

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33

Ikese, Chris Oche, Simon Terver Ubwa, Sunday Ogakwu Adoga, Stephen Inegedu Audu y Michael Akor. "Evaluation of the effect of a modified proprietary poultry feed on cholesterol excretion in laying birds". Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 30, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2019): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2019-0020.

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Abstract The effect of modified proprietary poultry feed on cholesterol excretion in laying birds was evaluated. The study sort to lower the cholesterol content of eggs at the point of their physiological formation via a modification of the proprietary feed fed to laying poultry birds. This was with a view to lower the net cholesterol content in their eggs, thereby lowering the cholesterol levels available in such eggs for intake upon consumption. A 20% rice bran modification of the proprietary feed was made. Animal subjects were divided into experimental and control groups and the mean total cholesterol in their faecal droppings where determined before and after varying their feeding programs. Whereas the experimental group was fed with the modified feed, the control group was maintained on the unmodified feed. Enzymatic colorimetric method was used for the determination of mean total cholesterol in the dried faecal droppings of each group of birds under investigation. The results showed that the mean total cholesterol excretion before and after the modified feed regimen were 5.97±0.16 mg/g and 9.99±0.47 mg/g respectively and were found to be significantly different when compared using a t-test at p > 0.05 and 49 degree of freedom The results also showed that the modified proprietary poultry feed increased total cholesterol excretion in the faecal droppings of laying birds fed with the modified feed by 67.3%, and this was found to be statistically significant at p > 0.05. Hence, a 20% rice-bran modification of the proprietary feed yields a modified feed with a proven potency in elevating total cholesterol excretion while producing no drastic deviation from the proximate composition of the unmodified proprietary feed and is thus likely to have no adverse effect on the productivity of laying birds.

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34

Jacques, Hélène, Yves Deshaies y Laurent Savoie. "Relationship between dietary tyrosine and plasma cholesterol in the rat". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1988): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-167.

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The present study was undertaken to measure the effects of dietary tyrosine added to fish protein and peanut meal on plasma cholesterol and plasma thyroid hormone levels in the rat. These dietary proteins were chosen because they contain similar amounts of tyrosine but release it at different rates during enzymatic hydrolysis. Casein was chosen as the reference protein. Supplementation was used to obtain tyrosine levels similar to that of casein. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed cholesterol-enriched diets containing 15% protein. After 3 weeks of experimental feeding, total postprandial plasma cholesterol was similar in the casein and peanut meal groups and significantly lower in the fish group. When added to the fish diet, tyrosine caused an increase in plasma cholesterol to a level similar to that of the casein group, whereas supplementation had no effect on plasma cholesterol of rats fed the peanut meal diet. The effects of dietary proteins or of tyrosine supplementation on cholesterol levels of the (density < 1.006 g/mL) lipoprotein fraction were comparable, but not all significant, to those observed on total plasma cholesterol. In addition, casein and fish diets induced significantly higher levels of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and lower levels of plasma thyroxine (T4) than did the peanut meal diet. However, the addition of tyrosine to the fish or the peanut meal diet did not modify the plasma thyroid hormone levels. These results showed that tyrosine supplementation in a physiological amount may increase cholesterol levels in the rat when added to protein, with a slow release of tyrosine during digestion, and that the tyrosine effect was not related to the plasma thyroid hormone levels.

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35

Simon, B. C. y R. A. Cohen. "EDTA influences reactivity of isolated aorta from hypercholesterolemic rabbits". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1992): H1606—H1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.5.h1606.

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The effects of the trace metal chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), on endothelium-dependent reactivity of isolated aorta from normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits were studied. Rings of abdominal aorta were mounted in organ chambers for measurement of isometric force and incubated in physiological salt solution with or without EDTA (26 microM). Aortic rings were obtained from rabbits fed a standard diet or a diet enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and 4% peanut oil for 10 wk. In rabbits fed the standard diet, endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and A23187 were not significantly different in rings incubated in physiological salt solution with or without EDTA. In aortic rings from cholesterol-fed rabbits incubated in physiological salt solution with EDTA, the relaxations caused by either acetylcholine or A23187 were not significantly impaired compared with rings from rabbits fed a standard diet. Only in rings incubated in the absence of EDTA did hypercholesterolemia significantly inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation compared with control rabbits. Relaxations to sodium nitroprusside were not different in rings incubated with or without EDTA in either group. Thus the effect of hypercholesterolemia on endothelium-dependent reactivity of rabbit aorta depends on the in vitro experimental conditions. This study emphasizes the importance of including a metal chelator in physiological solutions used in the in vitro study of blood vessels from hypercholesterolemic animals.

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Attia, Youssef Abd El-Wahab, Abd El-Hamid El-Syed Abd El-Hamid, Maria Cristina de Oliveira, Sameer Attiyah Nagadi, Kamel Ibrahim Kamel, El-Shohat Mohamed Qota y Tarek Abd-Allah Sadaka. "Physiological parameters and productive performance of rabbit does and their offsprings with dietary supplementation of soy lecithin". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2018): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000900012.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplementation with soy lecithin (SL) on the productive performance and blood constituents of rabbit females and their offsprings. A total of 40 rabbits does were distributed into four treatments: control group, no dietary SL inclusion; and three groups with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% SL inclusion in the diets. The inclusion of 1.5% SL increased the count of blood cells and hemoglobin concentrations; 0.5-1.0% SL reduced the total cholesterol levels in the blood, as well as the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the activities of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, but increased the levels of total lipids, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Supplementation with 1.0-1.5% SL resulted in higher milk production and heavier litters. Soy lecithin supplementation at 1% improves the physiological parameters and increases the milk production of rabbit does, also improving the performances of their offsprings.

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Sugiyanto, Raisatun Nisa, Rahmi Khamsita y Ratna Asmah Susidarti. "Ethanolic Extract of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves Improves Blood Cholesterol Profiles and Bone Density in Ovariectomized Rats". Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 3, n.º 3 (31 de octubre de 2012): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev3iss3pp426-431.

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Bone loss and disturbance in the blood cholesterol profiles modulation are two effects caused by menopauses syndromes. As the estrogen concentration in the body decreased drastically, menopause women need the replacement of estrogen to keep the regulation of several physiological functions in the body, such as bone generation and cholesterol regulation in a good condition. Phytoestrogen in Carica papaya leaves, such as quercetin, could be one of the potential agents for the estrogenic effect. The aim of this study is to know the effects of papaya leaf extract (PLE) on the blood cholesterol profiles and bone density in ovariectomized rats. Thirty six female Sprague Dawley rats divided into six groups. The groups were sham-treated ovx (S-OVX), ovariectomized rats (OVX), CMC-Na control (OVX+CMC-Na), positive control (OVX+Estradiol), and the PLE treatment groups dose 750 mg/kgBW (OVX+750mg/kgBW) and dose 1000 mg/kgBW (OVX+1000 mg/kgBW). Administrations of PLE were done in three weeks orally and estradiol administrated intraperitonially. In the end of the treatment, the blood sample of tested animals was collected for the blood cholesterol determination (LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and total cholesterol) and the femur bones were examined for the bone density. Based on the results, PLE dose of 750 mg/kgBW a day in ovariectomized rats showed estrogenic effects in modulating blood cholesterol profile by lowering total cholesterol levels. Meanwhile, PLE dose of 1000 mg/kgBW significantly increased the bone density (p<0.05). Thus, PLE is potential to overcome the negative effects of post-menstrual women especially in the cholesterol blood profiles and bone density.Keywords : Carica papaya, phytoestrogen, bone density, blood cholesterol, ovariectomized rats

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38

Zhang, Bojun, Jay S. Naik, Nikki L. Jernigan, Benjimen R. Walker y Thomas C. Resta. "Reduced membrane cholesterol after chronic hypoxia limits Orai1-mediated pulmonary endothelial Ca2+ entry". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 314, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2018): H359—H369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00540.2017.

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Endothelial dysfunction in chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension is characterized by reduced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and diminished Ca2+-dependent production of endothelium-derived vasodilators. We recently reported that SOCE in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) is tightly regulated by membrane cholesterol and that decreased membrane cholesterol is responsible for impaired SOCE after CH. However, the ion channels involved in cholesterol-sensitive SOCE are unknown. We hypothesized that cholesterol facilitates SOCE in PAECs through the interaction of Orai1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). The role of cholesterol in Orai1-mediated SOCE was initially assessed using CH exposure in rats (4 wk, 380 mmHg) as a physiological stimulus to decrease PAEC cholesterol. The effects of Orai1 inhibition with AnCoA4 on SOCE were examined in isolated PAEC sheets from control and CH rats after cholesterol supplementation, substitution of endogenous cholesterol with epicholesterol (Epichol), or vehicle treatment. Whereas cholesterol restored endothelial SOCE in CH rats, both Epichol and AnCoA4 attenuated SOCE only in normoxic controls. The Orai1 inhibitor had no further effect in cells pretreated with Epichol. Using cultured pulmonary endothelial cells to allow better mechanistic analysis of the molecular components of cholesterol-regulated SOCE, we found that Epichol, AnCoA4, and Orai1 siRNA each inhibited SOCE compared with their respective controls. Epichol had no additional effect after knockdown of Orai1. Furthermore, Epichol substitution significantly reduced STIM1-Orai1 interactions as assessed by a proximity ligation assay. We conclude that membrane cholesterol is required for the STIM1-Orai1 interaction necessary to elicit endothelial SOCE. Furthermore, reduced PAEC membrane cholesterol after CH limits Orai1-mediated SOCE. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research demonstrates a novel contribution of cholesterol to regulate the interaction of Orai1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 required for pulmonary endothelial store-operated Ca2+ entry. The results provide a mechanistic basis for impaired pulmonary endothelial Ca2+ influx after chronic hypoxia that may contribute to pulmonary hypertension.

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39

Perales, Sonia, M. José Alejandre, Rogelio Palomino-Morales, Carolina Torres, Jose Iglesias y Ana Linares. "Effect of Oxysterol-Induced Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Experimental Hypercholesterolemia". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/456208.

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Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) undergo changes related to proliferation and apoptosis in the physiological remodeling of vessels and in diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Recent studies also have demonstrated the vascular cell proliferation and programmed cell death contribute to changes in vascular architecture in normal development and in disease. The present study was designed to investigate the apoptotic pathways induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in SMCs cultures, using an in vivo/in vitro cell model in which SMCs were isolated and culture from chicken exposed to an atherogenic cholesterol-rich diet (SMC-Ch) and/or an antiatherogenic fish oil-rich diet (SMC-Ch-FO). Cells were exposed in vitro to 25-hydroxycholesterol to study levels of apoptosis and apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XLand Bax and the expression of bcl-2 and bcl-xL, genes. The quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the Immunoblotting western blot analysis showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol produces apoptosis in SMCs, mediated by a high increase in Bax protein and Bax gene expression. These changes were more marked in SMC-Ch than in SMC-Ch-FO, indicating that dietary cholesterol produces changes in SMCs that make them more susceptible to 25-hydroxycholesterol-mediated apoptosis. Our results suggest that the replacement of a cholesterol-rich diet with a fish oil-rich diet produces some reversal of cholesterol-induced changes in the apoptotic pathways induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in SMCs cultures, making SMCs more resistant to apoptosis.

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40

Polacek, Georgia N. L. Johnston y Bill DeSola. "Effects of Glycemic Load and Exercise on Overweight/Obesity in College Students". Californian Journal of Health Promotion 4, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2006): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v4i1.735.

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We sought to assess the effect of glycemic load consumption and exercise in healthy college students. Participants (N=10) were screened on physiological measures then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both groups participated in the walking program. Those in the experimental group were given the ADA diet exchange list modified to low glycemic load. At the end of 12 weeks, participants were reassessed. Members of the experimental group saw significant changes in total cholesterol and blood glucose. Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were not significant but some changes were noted. The glycemic load does have a positive effect on blood chemistries and physiological measures.

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41

Wisker, Elisabeth, Thomas F. Schwejzer, Martina Daniel y Walter Feldheim. "Fibre-mediated physiological effects of raw and processed carrots in humans". British Journal of Nutrition 72, n.º 4 (octubre de 1994): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940061.

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Fibre-mediated physiological effects of raw and processed carrots were investigated in twenty-four young women under strict dietary control in two randomized crossover studies. For 3 weeks between 405 and 688 g of either raw frozen, blanched or canned carrots (first study), or raw or raw frozen carrots (second study) were consumed in addition to a low-fibre basal diet. Carrots provided 15 g dietary fibre (DF)/d. Total DF intake was 16.0 to 1.90 g (control periods) and 31 to 34 g (experimental periods). Faecal bulking effects of raw and processed carrots were similar (between 2.4 and 3.7 g additional stool/g carrot fibre in the diet). Faecal excretion of dry matter, fibre, and protein also increased significantly during carrot consumption. Fermentability of carrot fibre constituents was high (91–94%) and independent of processing, in spite of differences in the distribution of soluble and insoluble fibre and in the texture of raw and processed carrots. There was no effect of either type of carrot on serum total and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol or on faecal bile acid excretion.

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42

Souza, L. A., M. M. Hunka, P. C. R. Nery, C. S. Coelho, H. E. C. C. C. Manso y H. C. Manso Filho. "The effect of repeated barrel racing on blood biomarkers and physiological parameters in Quarter Horses". Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170019.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate barrel horses undergoing a field test with one repetition. Quarter-Horses were used (14 males and females; average age: 6.5 years old), and they ran two times for 5 min in the same field. Six different periods were evaluated: rest (T-0), immediately after the first (T-1) and second races (T-2), and after 15 (T-15), 30 (T-30) and 240 min (T-240) of recovery. Heart rate (HR), speed, distance and duration were measured using a HR monitor with GPS during the races. Blood was collected to determinate glucose, lactate, total proteins (TP), albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, uric acid (UA), triglycerides, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), and cortisol concentrations, as well as to perform a haemogram. The results were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests using a P-value of 5%, and they showed a maximum HR>200 bpm after both races. The largest %HR>>170 bpm occurred in the second race (P<0.05). Glucose and lactate concentrations were elevated at T-2 (P<0.05). TP, creatinine, UA and triglycerides concentrations remained elevated at T-1, T-2 and T-30 (P<0.05). TP and creatinine concentrations returned to basal concentrations at T-30 (P>0.05), and UA and triglycerides returned to base concentrations at T-240 (P>0.05). NEFA, cholesterol, GGT and CK concentrations did not change (P>0.05). Cortisol concentrations were higher at T-2 (P<0.05) but at T-240 were similar to T-0 (P>0.05). Red blood cell concentrations and haematocrits had higher values after the second race (P<0.05). These results showed that barrel horses had intense exercise and that two races with a short rest interval between them produced similar metabolic and physiologic adaptations between races, showing that the proposed protocol may be a useful tool for field characterisation of horses’ training and may contribute to the implementation of adequate training and nutritional programs.

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Lai, Chiou-lian, Chung-yao Hsu, Li-min Liou, Hsin-yi Hsieh, Yi-hsing Hsieh y Ching-kuan Liu. "Effect of cholesterol and CYP46 polymorphism on cognitive event-related potentials". Psychophysiology 48, n.º 11 (5 de julio de 2011): 1572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01221.x.

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44

Corrêa, Carline Barroso, Galileu Crovatto Veras, Giselle Paula Silva da Silva, Marcos Ferreira Brabo y Evaldo Martins Silva. "Performance, body composition, and physiological response of tambaqui fed diet with green tea extract". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, n.º 5 (mayo de 2018): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000500002.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, body composition, and physiological state of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fingerlings fed diets containing different levels of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (GTE). A completely randomized design was used with five treatments, different levels of GTE (0.00, 0.05, 0.30, 0.55, and 0.80 g kg-1) and three replicates. The diets were offered to fingerlings twice a day, for 90 days. The increase of dietary GTE levels promoted a positive quadratic effect on body lipids, hepatic lipids, retention of body lipids, glucose, and total triglycerides, and the minimum values of these variables were estimated with 0.61, 0.54, 0.73, 0.60, and 0.30g kg-1 GTE in the diet, respectively. There was a negative quadratic effect of the extract on body protein and hemoglobin with the increased GTE dietary level, and the maximum values of these variables were estimated with 0.59 and 0.46 g kg-1 GTE dietary level, respectively. Total cholesterol levels showed a linear reduction with increased GTE dietary level. The inclusion of GTE in the diet, although not affecting performance, decreases body and hepatic fat; reduces the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; and promotes the increase of body protein of tambaqui fingerlings, improving fish health conditions, during cultivation, and the quality of the final product.

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45

Levental, Ilya, Fitzroy J. Byfield, Pramit Chowdhury, Feng Gai, Tobias Baumgart y Paul A. Janmey. "Cholesterol-dependent phase separation in cell-derived giant plasma-membrane vesicles". Biochemical Journal 424, n.º 2 (11 de noviembre de 2009): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20091283.

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Cell-derived GPMVs (giant plasma-membrane vesicles) enable investigation of lipid phase separation in a system with appropriate biological complexity under physiological conditions, and in the present study were used to investigate the cholesterol-dependence of domain formation and stability. The cholesterol level is directly related to the abundance of the liquid-ordered phase fraction, which is the majority phase in vesicles from untreated cells. Miscibility transition temperature depends on cholesterol and correlates strongly with the presence of detergent-insoluble membrane in cell lysates. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals two distinct diffusing populations in phase-separated cell membrane-derived vesicles whose diffusivities correspond well to diffusivities in both model systems and live cells. The results of the present study extend previous observations in purified lipid systems to the complex environment of the plasma membrane and provide insight into the effect of cholesterol on lipid phase separation and abundance.

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46

Wong, Hong Kin, Quok Cheong Choo y Choy Hoong Chew. "Coconut milk gavage enhanced fecal bile excretion by modulating hepatic Fxr expression but failed to improve fasting serum cholesterol profile in C57BL/6 mice". OCL 27 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020037.

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The consumption of coconut milk has long been regarded as detrimental to cardiovascular health due to its high saturated fatty acid content. Contradictorily, emerging evidences have highlighted that the fatty acids in coconut lipids, which comprise mostly of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), may be beneficial to the regulation of serum cholesterol. To identify the potential health effect of coconut milk on lipid metabolism, this current study employed an intragastric gavage method on C57BL/6 mice to investigate the physiological and molecular alteration in the mice subject after 8 weeks of gavage intervention. The supplementation of coconut milk did not affect the levels of serum triglyceride, but it induced the total serum cholesterol after 2 weeks of treatment. The serum cholesterol level subsequently plateaued, but an increase in bile acid excretion was observed, most likely through the modulation of bile regulating genes, i.e. farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) and Cyp7a1. Despite that, the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio of coconut milk group was comparable to that of the light cream group. In short, coconut milk supplementation promoted cholesterol excretion through the fecal bile route but did not significantly improve the serum cholesterol profile of C57BL/6 mice.

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47

Martin, Gregory G., Barbara P. Atshaves, Kerstin K. Landrock, Danilo Landrock, Stephen M. Storey, Philip N. Howles, Ann B. Kier y Friedhelm Schroeder. "Ablating L-FABP in SCP-2/SCP-x null mice impairs bile acid metabolism and biliary HDL-cholesterol secretion". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, n.º 11 (1 de diciembre de 2014): G1130—G1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00209.2014.

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On the basis of their abilities to bind bile acids and/or cholesterol, the physiological role(s) of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and sterol carrier protein (SCP) 2/SCP-x (SCP-2/SCP-x) gene products in biliary bile acid and cholesterol formation was examined in gene-ablated male mice. L-FABP (LKO) or L-FABP/SCP-2/SCP-x [triple-knockout (TKO)] ablation markedly decreased hepatic bile acid concentration, while SCP-2/SCP-x [double-knockout (DKO)] ablation alone had no effect. In contrast, LKO increased biliary bile acid, while DKO and TKO had no effect on biliary bile acid levels. LKO and DKO also altered biliary bile acid composition to increase bile acid hydrophobicity. Furthermore, LKO and TKO decreased hepatic uptake and biliary secretion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived 22-( N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol (NBD-cholesterol), while DKO alone had no effect. Finally, LKO and, to a lesser extent, DKO decreased most indexes contributing to cholesterol solubility in biliary bile. These results suggest different, but complementary, roles for L-FABP and SCP-2/SCP-x in biliary bile acid and cholesterol formation. L-FABP appears to function more in hepatic retention of bile acids as well as hepatic uptake and biliary secretion of HDL-cholesterol. Conversely, SCP-2/SCP-x may function more in formation and biliary secretion of bile acid, with less impact on hepatic uptake or biliary secretion of HDL-cholesterol.

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48

Lamonja-Vicente, Noemí, Rosalia Dacosta-Aguayo, Jorge López-Olóriz, Laia Prades-Senovilla, Francesca Roig-Coll, Alba Castells-Sánchez, Juan José Soriano-Raya et al. "Sex-Specific Protective Effects of APOE ε2 on Cognitive Performance". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, n.º 1 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa247.

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Abstract Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has an important role in the multiple trajectories of cognitive aging. However, environmental variables and other genes mediate the impact of APOE on cognition. Our main objective was to analyze the effect of APOE genotype on cognition and its interactions and relationships with sex, age, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype in a sample of 648 healthy participants over 50 years of age with a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Our results showed that APOE ε2 carriers performed better in the Verbal Memory (p = .002) and Fluency Domains (p = .001). When we studied the effect of sex, we observed that the beneficial effect of APOE ε2 on the normalized values of these cognitive domains occurred only in females (β = 0.735; 95% confidence interval, 0.396–1.074; p = 3.167·10−5 and β = 0.568; 95% confidence interval, 0.276–0.861; p = 1.853·10−4, respectively). Similarly, the sex-specific effects of APOE ε2 were further observed on lipidic and inflammation biomarkers. In the whole sample, APOE ε2 carriers showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. These differences were found only among females. Furthermore, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol mediated the protective effect of APOE ε2 on cognition in the whole sample and total cholesterol in females, providing candidate physiological mechanisms for the observed genetic effects. Our results show that the neuroprotective role of APOE ε2 in cognition varies with sex and that the lipidic profile partially mediates this protection. Age-related cognitive and functional decline is a continuous biological process with different cognitive trajectories (1). Complex interactions between heritability, environmental influence, and cognitive functions in aging have been highlighted (2). In particular, genetic differences explain around 15%–25% of the variance in life expectancy (3). Therefore, the identification of susceptibility genes and their biological effects on cognitive aging is required to establish interindividual differences in this process and promote early personalized interventions to delay cognitive decline and minimize the financial burden of aging in the health care system.

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Nataliia, PRYTULSKA, MOTUZKA Yuliia y KOSHELNYK Anna. "PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF DRINKS FROM FENUGREEK SEEDS". INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL JOURNAL "COMMODITIES AND MARKETS" 39, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/tr.knute.2021(39)08.

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Background. Today, diabetes is one of the most common diseases with a steady upward trend. In particular in Ukraine it ranks 2nd among endocrine diseases in the number of patients. The annual growth of such patients averages 9.8–11 %. In the treatment of endocrine diseases, dietary nutrition aimed at normalizing metabolismis of great importance. It is recommended to add to the diet special, functionally-oriented foods based on biologically valuable raw materials. The aim of the workis to determine the physiological efficiency of drinks from fenugreek seeds. Materials and methods. The physiological effects of fenugreek seed drinks were determined from clinical trials involving 54 patients with type II diabetes and 40 patients diagnosed with pre-diabetes. Two groups of 32 patients who did not consume the product were also selected. Biochemical methods were used to assess the effect of the product on the correction of condition of patients according to the indicators of the general condition of patients, the indicator of the level of glucose and cholesterol in the blood.The assessment of physical and psycho-emotional states was conducted by a survey. Drink is a plant-based milk analogue from the fenugreek seeds is presented in a ready-to-drink form.Depending on the disease and the condition of the body, participants in clinical trials drank the developed drink daily at 200–400 cm3/day (1–2 times a day at 200 cm3) for 30–60 days together with an individually prescribed treatment package. Results. It was found that patients who consumed a drink of fenugreek seeds in addition to the main diet had a faster normalization of blood glucose levels, more pronounced improvement in physical condition, as well as a reduction in the overall duration of treatment than patients in the control group. There was an improvement in lipid metabolism in patients of both study groups who drank a plant-based milk analogue from fenugreek seeds, and patients have noted that consumption of the developed drink helped to improve the condition of the gastrointestinal tract.This can be explained by the large number of galactomannans in the fenugreek seeds, which promote the secretion of mucous substances during the production of the drink. Conclusion. The new plant-based milk analogue from fenugreek seeds helps to normalize blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and therefore can be recommended for use in dietary and therapeutic diets of people with diabetes and atherosclerosis during treatment and recovery. Taking into accountthe properties of fenugreek seeds, the developed product can be recommended to protect the organs of the gastrointestinal tract in these diseases and in general to normalize metabolism.

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50

Casagrande, Stefania, Rianne Pinxten, Erika Zaid y Marcel Eens. "Positive effect of dietary lutein and cholesterol on the undirected song activity of an opportunistic breeder". PeerJ 4 (6 de octubre de 2016): e2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2512.

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Song is a sexually selected trait that is thought to be an honest signal of the health condition of an individual in many bird species. For species that breed opportunistically, the quantity of food may be a determinant of singing activity. However, it is not yet known whether the quality of food plays an important role in this respect. The aim of the present study was to experimentally investigate the role of two calorie-free nutrients (lutein and cholesterol) in determining the expression of a sexually selected behavior (song rate) and other behaviors (locomotor activity, self-maintenance activity, eating and resting) in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We predicted that males supplemented with lutein and cholesterol would sing at higher rates than controls because both lutein and cholesterol have important health-related physiological functions in birds and birdsong mirrors individual condition. To control for testosterone secretion that may upregulate birdsong, birds were exposed to a decreasing photoperiod. Our results showed that control males down-regulated testosterone in response to a decreasing photoperiod, while birds treated with lutein or cholesterol maintained a constant singing activity. Both lutein- and cholesterol-supplemented groups sang more than control groups by the end of the experiment, indicating that the quality of food can affect undirected song irrespective of circulating testosterone concentrations. None of the other measured behaviors were affected by the treatment, suggesting that, when individuals have full availability of food, sexually selected song traits are more sensitive to the effect of food quality than other behavioral traits. Overall the results support our prediction that undirected song produced by male zebra finches signals access to high-quality food.

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