Artículos de revistas: "China Shock"

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Suprayogi, Bambang y Tarek M. Harchaoui. "China Shocks and Their Employment Effects in Emerging Economies". Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 9, n.º 1 (8 de febrero de 2020): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.13550.

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The impact of “China shocks” on trading partners is a source of a massive supply shock that displaces foreign manufacturing producers, and an important source of demand shock that propelled forward a wide range of foreign sectors. The “common” existing literature mainly focused on the supply shock and its impact, leaving a large span of “China shocks” unexplained. Thus, this article undertake the important task to account for the dual track of “China shocks” and their impacts on a set of emerging economies, for which the evidence remains scanty. Using a global input-output methodology which highlights the job creation from exports and the job destruction aspect of imports, we provide evidence on the employment effect of bilateral trade with China. Our results suggest that considering the net effect of supply and demand related to China shocks mainly lead to negative job demand, and press the ringing bell for the government.JEL Classification: F1, F16, F66How to Cite:Suprayogi, B., & Harchaoui, T. M. (2020). China Shocks and Their Employment Effects in Emerging Economies. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 31-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.13550.

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Selmer, Jan. "Culture shock in China?" International Business Review 8, n.º 5-6 (octubre de 1999): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-5931(99)00018-9.

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Orji, Anthony, Ikenna Paulinus Nwodo, Jonathan E. Ogbuabor y Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji. "Where do real output shocks to Nigeria mainly emanate from? Empirical analysis of Nigeria-China-India-USA economic interactions". Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 32, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 2022): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2022-0004.

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Abstract This study investigated Nigeria's economic interactions with China, India, and the USA with a view to identifying the main source of real output shock to Nigeria in the period 1981Q1-2019Q4. The analysis followed the network approach of Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), which uses the size and direction of normalized generalized forecast error variance decompositions (NGFEVD) of a vector error correction model to track shock propagation among economic entities. The results indicate that China and India are net transmitters of real output shocks to Nigeria. The results also indicate that Nigeria is a net real output shock receiver. The study concludes that Nigerian policymakers should evolve policies that can insulate the economy against real output shock heatwaves from around the world, especially China and India. Such policies should mainly target the diversification of the economy such that crude oil will no longer be the only major source of revenue.

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Ding, Shusheng, Zhipan Yuan, Fan Chen, Xihan Xiong, Zheng Lu y Tianxiang Cui. "Impact persistence of stock market risks in commodity markets: Evidence from China". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 11 (8 de noviembre de 2021): e0259308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259308.

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The risk spillover among financial markets has been noticeably investigated in a burgeoning number of literature. Given those doctrines, we scrutinize the impact persistence of volatility spillover and illiquidity spillover of Chinese commodity markets in this paper. Based on the sample from 2010 to 2020, we reveal that there is a cross-market spillover of volatility and illiquidity in China and also, interactions between volatility and illiquidity in different financial markets are pronounced. More importantly, we demonstrate that different commodity markets have different responsiveness to stock market shocks, which embeds their market characteristics. Specifically, we discover that the majority of the traders in gold market might be hedger and therefore gold market is more sensitive to stock market illiquidity shock and thus the shock impact in persistent. On the other hand, agricultural markets like corn and soybean markets might be dominated by investors and thus those markets respond to the stock market volatility shocks and the shock impact in persistent over 10 periods given the first period of risk shock happening. In fact, different Chinese commodity markets’ responsiveness towards Chinese stock market risk shocks indicates the stock market risk impact persistence in Chinese commodity markets. This result can help policymakers to understand the policy propagation effect according to this risk spillover channel and risk impact persistence mechanism in China.

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Baek, Jeongho y Hong-Youl Kim. "Analyzing the Effects of Oil Price Shocks on the Trade Balance: New Evidence from Korea-China Trade". Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.18.4.202208.111.

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Purpose - The primary contribution of this paper is to investigate the impacts of oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks on three measures of South Korea’s trade balance oil, non-oil, and total trade balance with its top trading partner China. Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to investigate how trade balance is influenced by three types of oil price shocks, we used a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR). Also, Impulse Response Function (IRF) was used to calculate degree of the trade balance response to the oil price shock. Findings - We discover that aggregate demand shocks have the greatest impact on Korea’s trade balances, while oil supply shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on Korea’s trade balances with China appears to rely on the response of the non-oil trade balance. Research Implications - This outcome explains why the roles of the different shock components of crude oil prices should be accounted for when modeling the nexus between oil price shocks and Korea’s balance of trade

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Liao, Pu, Zhihong Dou y Xingxing Guo. "The Effect of Health Shock and Basic Medical Insurance on Family Educational Investment for Children in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2021): 5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105242.

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This paper explores the role of basic medical insurance in protecting family investment in child education. First, this paper establishes a two-phase overlapping generation model to theoretically analyse the impact of basic medical insurance on investment in child education under the influence of the impact of parental health. The results show that health shock reduces parental investment in child education, and medical insurance significantly alleviates the negative impact of parental health shock on investment in child education. Furthermore, this paper establishes a two-way fixed effect regression model based on the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014 and 2016 to empirically test the above results. The results showed that parental health shocks negatively affect investment in child education, and paternal health shock has a more significant impact than maternal health shock. However, medical insurance significantly reduces this negative impact, provides security in investment in child education, and promotes the improvement of human capital.

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Li, Xiaoxiang y Shuhan Zhang. "Does Slack Buffer? Market Performance after Environmental Shock". Sustainability 13, n.º 17 (24 de agosto de 2021): 9493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179493.

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Slack is a resource held by a firm but exceeds its needs. It is crucial for a firm to raise more attention on slack when facing environmental shocks, which are one of the causes of unsustainability. Based on agency theory and behavioral theory, this paper analyzes the buffer effect of slack on market performance under different periods and degrees of environmental shocks. Taking two major earthquakes that occurred in China as the natural experimental background and the listed firms in hit areas as the sample, we find that environmental shock is exposed to acts as a positive contingency for the impact of unabsorbed slack on market performance, and as a negative contingency for absorbed slack’s effect. The severity of environmental shock promotes the unabsorbed slack to act as a buffer in the immediate post-shock period and absorbed slack in the during-shock period. These findings contribute to answering the question of how to configure slack to protect firms and even achieve sustainable development when facing environmental shock.

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Prasetyo, Alvin Sugeng y Mochamad Devis Susandika. "Analisis Respon Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Akibat External Shock Amerika Serikat dan China". e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 8, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v8i1.22902.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the response to Indonesia's economic growth caused by external shocks from the United States and China. The method used is VECM, because it is stationary at I (1) and there is cointegration. The estimation results show that the uncertainty of China's economic policies and the contribution of China's economic growth has a greater effect than the United States on Indonesia's economic growth. The shock of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar was better than the rupiah exchange rate against the RMB. The shock of changes in oil prices was responded negatively by changes in Indonesia's economic growth. In the long term, there are no signs of a movement in response to changes in Indonesia's economic growth towards equilibrium (convergence).

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Raghavan, Mala y Evelyn S. Devadason. "How Resilient Is ASEAN-5 to Trade Shocks? A Comparison of Regional and Global Shocks". Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910120906239.

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This article studies the resilience of the ASEAN region to external shocks amid the unfolding effects of the USA–China trade war. It investigates and compares the effects of regional (ASEAN) and global (USA, China) shocks on ASEAN-5 using a Structural VAR (SVAR) framework. To identify the propagation of economic shocks and spillovers on ASEAN-5, the changing trade links between the economies considered are used to account for time variations spanning the period 1978Q1–2018Q2. Three major results follow from the analyses on trade links and output multiplier effects. First, the response of ASEAN-5 to shocks from the USA and China were more pronounced than regional shocks for the period after the Asian financial crisis. Second, the increasing cumulative impact of China’s shock on ASEAN was congruous to the growing trade links and trade intensities between ASEAN and China. Third, the USA and China were dominant growth drivers for the weaker trade-linked ASEAN partners. Taken together, the results suggest that global shocks matter for the region, and the economic resilience of the region to global shocks depends on indirect effects apart from the direct trade links.

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Autor, David, David Dorn y Gordon Hanson. "On the Persistence of the China Shock". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2021, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2022): 381–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eca.2022.0005.

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Hauptmann, Andreas y Hans-Jörg Schmerer. "German plant closure and the China shock". Applied Economics Letters 27, n.º 19 (8 de enero de 2020): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2019.1707759.

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Asquith, Brian, Sanjana Goswami, David Neumark y Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez. "U.S. job flows and the China shock". Journal of International Economics 118 (mayo de 2019): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.02.002.

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13

Bombardini, Matilde, Bingjing Li y Francesco Trebbi. "Did US Politicians Expect the China Shock?" American Economic Review 113, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 174–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210140.

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Information sets, expectations, and preferences of politicians are fundamental, but unobserved determinants of their policy choices. Employing repeated votes in the US House of Representatives on China’s normal trade relations (NTR) status during the two decades straddling China’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession, we apply a moment inequality approach designed to deliver consistent estimates under weak informational assumptions on the information sets of members of Congress. This methodology offers a robust way to test hypotheses about what information politicians have at the time of their decision and to estimate the weight that constituents, ideology, and other factors have in policy making and voting. (JEL D72, D78, D83, D84, F14, P33)

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Ibironke, Adesola. "Africa’s Trade with China and US: Has COVID-19 Changed the Trends of Trade?" Journal of Economic Impact 3, n.º 2 (26 de julio de 2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei3022101.

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Africa’s trade with China and the US is one of the international issues affecting development in the continent. This paper, therefore, examines the effects of COVID-19 on Africa’s trade with the two countries by investigating whether the pandemic has changed the trends of the trade. The article explores the responses of the individual trade of China and the US with Africa to their own shocks, without and with the pandemic, using the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and monthly data covering 1970m01 (January 1970) to 2020m07 (July 2020). The results show that China’s trade performs better while responding to a shock to America’s trade than America’s trade does while responding to a shock to China’s trade, without and with COVID-19. This finding suggests that China has a stronger trade footing in Africa and that COVID-19 had not changed the trends of Africa’s trade with China and America, even with the impact of the pandemic on China. China’s dominant trade status in Africa is probably due to the country’s large investment and aid in the continent. The key policy focus of Africa on trading with China and the US should therefore be how to achieve optimum trilateral trade thresholds in the face of potential trade-offs.

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Zhang, Ark Fangzhou, Danielle Livneh, Ceren Budak, Lionel Robert y Daniel Romero. "Shocking the Crowd: The Effect of Censorship Shocks on Chinese Wikipedia". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 11, n.º 1 (3 de mayo de 2017): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14895.

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Collaborative crowdsourcing has become a popular approach to organizing work across the globe. Being global also means being vulnerable to shocks — unforeseen events that disrupt crowds — that originate from any country. In this study, we examine changes in collaborative behavior of editors of Chinese Wikipedia that arise due to the 2005 government censorship in mainland China. Using the exogenous variation in the fraction of editors blocked across different articles due to the censorship, we examine the impact of reduction in group size, which we denote as the shock level, on three collaborative behavior measures: volume of activity, centralization, and conflict. We find that activity and conflict drop on articles that face a shock, whereas centralization increases. The impact of a shock on activity increases with shock level, whereas the impact on centralization and conflict is higher for moderate shock levels than for very small or very high shock levels. These findings provide support for threat rigidity theory — originally introduced in the organizational theory literature — in the context of large-scale collaborative crowds.

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Ayesha Qurrat ul Ain. "Transition Shock as Tool of Integration". Central Asia 86, Summer (28 de noviembre de 2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.72.

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This paper aims to apply the recent approaches of intercultural interactions between minority-majority groups upon the historical acculturative phases of Sino-Muslims. Muslims in China departed their ghettos during Yuan/Mongol reign (1279-1368A.D) and got acquainted with Chinese culture at larger scale hence we contend that it was the period of ‘transition shock’ for them, to apply Alder’s phrase; as they were not only familiarized with the Chinese society but also revisited their new identity amidst a new people thus underwent a process of change revising their ‘self-understanding’. This cultural shock later propelled them to ‘integration’ during Ming (1368-1644A.D) thus served as a tool of their integration in China. Taking the Berry’s model of acculturation, we suggest the early Mongol’s was a period of ‘contact’ between the two cultures i.e. Islam and China whereas late Mongol and early Ming was characterized with ‘conflict’ and finally Ming age was the period of ‘adaptation’..

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Li, Liangang, Shuoya Liu, Chen Li, Pingyu Zhang y Kevin Lo. "What Matters for Regional Economic Resilience Amid Multi Shock Situations: Structural or Agency? Evidence from Resource-Based Cities in China". Sustainability 14, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2022): 5701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095701.

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This paper contributes to the study of regional economic resilience by analyzing the characteristics and mechanisms of resilience under different shock situations. The paper focuses on the resistance dimension of resilience and analyzes the mechanisms of influence from structural and agency-based factors. Our findings reflect that the regional economic resilience characteristics of resource-based cities in China in response to the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic vary significantly. We find that the economic resilience has positive spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The regions with strong ability to deal with the shocks can promote resistance in the surrounding regions through their spatial spillover effect. Both structural and agency-based factors play significant roles in regional economic resilience under different shock situations, but the direction of the effect varies significantly. The agency-based factors have a more important role in regional economic resilience. The findings suggest that the nature of different shock situations deserves greater attention in the analysis of regional economic resilience. The mechanisms of structural and agency-based factors may change under different shock situations, and the spatial correlation characteristics of regional economic resilience and the spatial spillover effects should be taken into consideration.

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Yang, Haiwei, Liming Yang, De-Wang Wang, Ji-Fu Wei y Shaoheng He. "Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2017): 1547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4121.

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Zhan, Qian. "Literature analysis of Acanthopanax anaphylactic shock in China". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 5, n.º 4 (octubre de 2015): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.12.003.

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Chen, Shaoqiu, Zitong Gao, Ling Hu, Yi Zuo, Yuanyuan Fu, Meilin Wei, Emory Zitello, Gang Huang y Youping Deng. "Association of Septic Shock with Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan, China". Advances in Virology 2022 (23 de abril de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3178283.

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Purpose. Septic shock is a severe complication of COVID-19 patients. We aim to identify risk factors associated with septic shock and mortality among COVID-19 patients. Methods. A total of 212 COVID-19 confirmed patients in Wuhan were included in this retrospective study. Clinical outcomes were designated as nonseptic shock and septic shock. Log-rank test was conducted to determine any association with clinical progression. A prediction model was established using random forest. Results. The mortality of septic shock and nonshock patients with COVID-19 was 96.7% (29/30) and 3.8% (7/182). Patients taking hypnotics had a much lower chance to develop septic shock (HR = 0.096, p = 0.0014 ). By univariate logistic regression analysis, 40 risk factors were significantly associated with septic shock. Based on multiple regression analysis, eight risk factors were shown to be independent risk factors and these factors were then selected to build a model to predict septic shock with AUC = 0.956. These eight factors included disease severity (HR = 15, p < 0.001 ), age > 65 years (HR = 2.6, p = 0.012 ), temperature > 39.1°C (HR = 2.9, p = 0.047 ), white blood cell count > 10 × 10⁹ (HR = 6.9, p < 0.001 ), neutrophil count > 75 × 10⁹ (HR = 2.4, p = 0.022 ), creatine kinase > 5 U/L (HR = 1.8, p = 0.042 ), glucose > 6.1 mmol/L (HR = 7, p < 0.001 ), and lactate > 2 mmol/L (HR = 22, p < 0.001 ). Conclusions. We found 40 risk factors were significantly associated with septic shock. The model contained eight independent factors that can accurately predict septic shock. The administration of hypnotics could potentially reduce the incidence of septic shock in COVID-19 patients.

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Sun, Yiping, Chengjun Wu, Xiaoming Zhu y Pingguan Bian. "China’s Accession to the WTO as a Shock to Residents’ Health—A Difference-in-Difference Approach". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 22 (9 de noviembre de 2022): 14728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214728.

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The impact of regional trade shocks on population health has been a topic of interest in health economics in recent years. Unfortunately, there are few studies directly discussing the impact of regional trade shocks caused by China’s WTO accession on the health of Chinese residents, which is essential to explore the connection between a country´s opening to international trade and the health of its residents. Taking China’s accession to the WTO as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the micro individual samples of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1993 to 2011, this paper, for the first time, studies the impact of regional tariff uncertainty caused by China’s accession to the WTO on the health of Chinese residents and its mechanisms by adopting the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model. The study finds that compared with the areas initially facing low tariff uncertainty, the areas with high initial tariff uncertainty have a greater negative impact on the health of residents after China acceded to WTO, which means that the trade shock caused damage to the health of residents. After a series of tests on the effectiveness and robustness of DID, this conclusion is still valid. The impact of the trade shock on residents’ health varies with the type of residence, gender, and geographical location, and there is a nonlinear relationship. Further mechanism tests show that the trade shock has worsened the health status of residents through rural migration channels, working hours channels, and pollution emission channels. This study provides micro evidence for objectively evaluating the health effects of trade shock and has important implication for considering the health loss of Chinese residents in the process of trade liberalization.

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Cheng, Jing, Xiao Lin Chang y Tong Chun Li. "Temperature Induced Cracking Analysis for Lushui Pier Using LEFM". Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (noviembre de 2012): 1913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1913.

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The cause of the concrete pier cracks of Lushui Puqi Hydraulic Hinge in China is studied by FEM (finite element method). The transient temperature field and thermal stress during thermal shock are simulated, and the sudden decrease of air temperature is concluded to be the main cause. Then the probabilities of crack propagation during thermal shocks are discussed in detail based on LEFM (linear elastic fracture mechanics), the results show that cracks will propagate during another thermal shock of 10°C or more decrease. Mode I Stress Intensity Factor KI is adopted to describe and evaluate the concrete crack characters. Further discussion is made on the influence of time, temperature decrease and crack depth.

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23

Huang, Wenchuan, Shouming Chen y Luu Thi Nguyen. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Resilience to COVID-19 Crisis: An Empirical Study of Chinese Firms". Sustainability 12, n.º 21 (28 de octubre de 2020): 8970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218970.

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Resilience captures firm capability to adjust to and recover from unexpected shocks in the environment. Being latent and path-dependent, the manifestation of organizational resilience is hard to be directly measured. This article assesses organizational resilience of firms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with pre-shock corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance as a predictor that positively influences the level of organizational resilience to the external shock caused by the pandemic. We develop three theoretical mechanisms based on stakeholder theory, resource-based theory, reputation perspective and means-end chain theory to explain how CSR fulfillment in the past could help firms maintain stability to adapt to and react flexibly to recover from the crisis. We examine the relationship in the context of the systemic shock caused by COVID-19, using a sample of 1597 listed firms in China during the time window from 20 January 2020 to 10 June 2020. We find that companies with higher CSR performance before the shock will experience fewer losses and will take a shorter time to recover from the attack.

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wang, Liying y Yushuang Song. "Optimization of Preventive Maintenance and Replacement Strategies for Nonrenewing Two-Dimensional Warranty Products Experiencing Degradation and External Shocks". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (16 de febrero de 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9524204.

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“Vehicle damage insurance” in China, “Protection Plus Mobile Elite” launched by Samsung, “iPhone Apple Care +” offered by Apple, and so on are special warranty services aiming at external shocks. These warranty terms, named accident insurance, exist widely in the marketplace. Considering the effect of external shocks on degradation, a two-dimensional preventive maintenance and replacement strategy for products, sold with a nonrenewing and two-dimensional rectangle warranty service, is proposed in this paper. Under this strategy, preventive maintenance actions are scheduled based on units of age or usage, which occurs first. There is a reduction in the intensity function after a preventive maintenance action. Each shock before the Nth shock causes a failure of the product or an increase in product failure rate. The product is replaced by a new one on the Nth shock if it survives the N − 1 shocks. From the view of manufacturers, the mean warranty servicing cost over the whole warranty region is obtained by using the renewal theory. Based on direct numerical Riemann–Stieltjes integration, an approximation algorithm of the cost is also given. The mean cost is minimized by the optimization of preventive maintenance interval and the number of shocks N. A numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy. The effects of maintenance cost, the arrival rate of the shocks, and other model parameters on the optimal strategy are also investigated numerically.

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Sun, Zhaojun y Kwangsuk Han. "The Dynamic Effects of Monetary Policy Shock in China". Journal of China Studies 24, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/jcs.2021.24.4.43.

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Li, L. y H. Yang. "First Report of Strawberry necrotic shock virus in China". Plant Disease 95, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2011): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0121.

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Strawberry necrotic shock virus (SNSV) is an economically important viral pathogen that infects Fragaria and Rubus spp. SNSV was first identified in the 1950s and early studies indicated that SNSV was a strain of Tobacco streak virus (TSV). Recently, it was shown that SNSV was a distinct virus based on molecular characterization (2). Currently, SNSV is a tentative member of the Ilarvirus genus in the Bromoviridae family. In 2008, a small sampling survey for SNSV was done in Heilongjiang Province of China, and 15 strawberry samples were collected from symptomless strawberries in a home garden that had more than 5 years of strawberry cultivation history. Total nucleic acid was extracted from strawberry leaflets by modified cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide methods (3). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was operated with the published primer pair CPbeg F/CPend R (2). Amplified DNA fragments with the predicted size were obtained only in one strawberry sample, which was further cloned and sequenced. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ830017) was closely related and highly homologous (89.7 to 98.5% identity) to that of viral isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AY363228-AY363242) from Fragaria and Rubus spp. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene was done with the neighbor-joining method of MEGA 4.0 software. The result showed that all the isolates of SNSV fell into two distinct clades. The Chinese isolate formed one small clade with Japanese isolate 1291. The isolate was also transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa by mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse, and the symptom of chlorotic mottling could be found in C. quinoa and detected by RT-PCR. To determine whether the sample was infected by other strawberry viruses, RT-PCR assays with the published primer pairs SVBVdeta/SVBVdetb, SMoVdeta/SMoVdetb, and SMYEVdeta/SMYEVdetb were also performed for detection of Strawberry vein banding virus, Strawberry mottle virus, and Strawberry mild yellow edge virus using total nucleic acid extracted from the SNSV-positive sample as a template (1). The result indicated that it had been also infected by Strawberry mild yellow edge virus, although no visible symptoms were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SNSV in strawberry in China. Additional work is needed to elucidate the biological characterization and significance of the finding. References: (1) J. R. Thompson et al. J. Virol. Methods 111:85, 2003. (2) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Arch. Virol. 149:2001, 2004. (3) H. Y. Yang et al. Acta Hortic. 764:127, 2007.

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Utami, Nugraheni Dwi. "THE IMPACT OF CHINA SHOCK ON DEINDUSTRIALISATION OVER TIME". AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 4, n.º 02 (12 de mayo de 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v4i02.263.

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This paper analyses the impact of Chinese import competition on deindustrialization measured by real value added and employment share in 61 developed and developing countries over 1970-2010 period. By employing quantile regression with instrumental variables to correct potential endogeneity bias, the results suggest that the main driver of deindustrialization in employment in developed countries is technological change. There is heterogeneous effect of China shock. In developed countries, the effect is destructive in term of both employment and real value added in the lower quantile of distribution, with the higher magnitude for the former. In the higher quantile, complementary effect outweighs detrimental impact. In developing countries, the negative effect of China’s shock on real value-added rises as the increase in the proportion of manufacturing value-added in countries. The destructive effect on employment in developing countries seems to be harder after 1990 period.Keywords: China, competition, deindustrialization

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SONG, SHUNFENG, CHENGSI WANG y JIANGHUAI ZHENG. "INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE, EMPLOYMENT SHOCK, AND LAND CENTRALIZATION IN CHINA". Contemporary Economic Policy 30, n.º 4 (28 de junio de 2011): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00266.x.

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Ji, K. M., Z. K. Zhan, J. J. Chen y Z. G. Liu. "Anaphylactic shock caused by silkworm pupa consumption in China". Allergy 63, n.º 10 (octubre de 2008): 1407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01838.x.

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Keiko Hubbansyah, Aulia y Wurdaningsih. "Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi China Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia". JRB-Jurnal Riset Bisnis 2, n.º 2 (27 de junio de 2019): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35592/jrb.v2i2.404.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of China’s economic growth on the Indonesian economy. In this analysis, the study adapted SVAR with block exogeneity consisting of blocks global variable (China’s economic growth and non-fuel global commodity prices growth) and domestic variable blocks (economic growth, inflation, real interest rates and Indonesia’s exchange rates). Using the data over the period from 1993q1-2017q2, this study found that the shock if China’s economic growth had a major impact on non-fuel global commodity price movements. Additionally, it is also acknowledged that China’s economic growth shock of 1.9 percent causes the Indonesian economy to grow by 0.85 percent. This was due to the appreciation of Rupiah exchange rate againt US Dollar by 1.6 percent, make inflation under control, while inflation in term of rising price index was insignficant

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Feng, Litao, Zhuo Li y Zhihui Zhao. "Extreme Climate Shocks and Green Agricultural Development: Evidence from the 2008 Snow Disaster in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 22 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 12055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212055.

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Extreme climate shocks cause agricultural yield reductions and increase long-term climate risk, altering farmers’ long-term production decisions and affecting green agricultural development (GAD). We take the 2008 snow disaster in China as an extreme climate shock, calculate the GAD index by the entropy weighting method, and use the difference-in-difference method to study the extreme climate shock’s impact on GAD. The results show that: (1) Extreme climate shocks are detrimental to GAD, with the snow disaster decreasing China’s GAD level by 3.07%. (2) The impacts of extreme climate shocks are heterogeneous across climate and economic zones, with greater impact in humid and developed regions. (3) Extreme climate shocks affect GAD mainly by reducing farmers’ willingness to cultivate, and increasing energy consumption, fertilizer, and pesticide input. (4) Extreme climate shocks do not reduce agricultural yields in the long run. Still, they reduce the total value of agricultural production and decrease the quality of agricultural products expressed in terms of unit value. The findings of this study have policy implications for developing countries in coping with extreme climate shocks and promoting GAD.

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Qi, Ming, Danyang Shi, Shaoyi Feng, Pei Wang y Amuji Bridget Nnenna. "Assessing the interconnectedness and systemic risk contagion in the Chinese banking network". International Journal of Emerging Markets 17, n.º 3 (5 de enero de 2022): 889–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2021-1331.

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PurposeIn this paper, the authors use the balance sheet data to investigate the interconnectedness and risk contagion effects in China's banking sector. They firstly study the network structure and centrality of the interbank network. Then, they investigate how and to what extent the credit shock and liquidity shock can lead to the risk propagation in the banking network.Design/methodology/approachReferring to the theoretical framework by Haldane and May (2011), this paper uses the network topology theory to analyze the contagion mechanism of credit shock and liquidity shock. Centrality measures and log-log plot are used to evaluate the interconnectedness of China's banking network.FindingsThe network topology has shown clustering effects of large banks in China's financial network. If the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is in distress, the credit shock has little impact on the Chinese banking sector. However, the liquidity shock has shown more substantial effects than that of the credit shock. The discount rate and the rollover ratio play significant roles in determining the contagion effects. If the credit shock and liquidity shock coincide, the contagion effects will be amplified.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this paper reveal the network structure of China's interbank market and the resilience of banking system to the adverse shock. The findings are valuable for regulators to make policies and supervise the systemic important banks.Originality/valueThe balance sheet data of different types of banks are used to construct a bilateral exposure matrix. Based on the matrix, this paper investigates the knock-on effects of credit shock triggered by the debt default in the interbank market, the knock-on effects of liquidity effects, which is featured by “fire sale” of bank assets, and the contagion effects of combined shocks.

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Xia, Zhongjun. "A Preliminary Study of Culture Shock and Adaptation Tactics for Overseas Chinese Students —from the Perspective of "American Dreams in China"". Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1003.11.

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Culture shock is a common phenomenon in the life of studying abroad. Universally, due to cultural differences in living habits, thinking mode, language level and other fields, Overseas Chinese students may experience four stages of cultural shock, namely euphoria, frustration, adjustment and adaptation, and reverse cultural shock. Each stage will have an impact on their physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary for overseas students who want to go abroad to master some countermeasures to adapt to cultural shock, so as to help them spend their overseas study life more smoothly and experience the least negative impact of cultural shock. Based on the cultural shock phenomenon reflected in the film “American dreams in China”, this paper discusses the causes of cultural shock for Chinese overseas students and cultural adaptation tactics in intercultural communication.

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Xie, Kankan. "Experiencing Southeast Asian Studies in China: A reverse culture shock". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 52, n.º 2 (junio de 2021): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463421000473.

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Southeast Asian Studies (SEAS) in China has experienced significant changes in the past twenty years. China's rising political and economic power has stimulated growing demands for better understanding of the wider world, resulting in the rapid development of area studies in recent years. Although SEAS in China predated the relatively recent notion of ‘area studies’ by at least half a century, the boom in area studies has profoundly transformed the field, most notably by attracting a large number of scholars to conduct policy-relevant research. Not only does the ‘policy turn’ reflect shifts of research paradigms in the field of SEAS, but it is also consistent with some larger trends prevailing in China's higher education sector and rapidly changing society in general. This article shows that SEAS in China has grown even more imbalanced, as indicated by the rapid growth of language programmes, absolute domination of short-term policy research, and further marginalisation of humanistic subjects. To respond, Chinese universities have adopted new approaches to SEAS depending on their distinct disciplinary foundations, language coverage, faculty interests, and local governments’ policy preferences.

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Hu, Weigang, Yan Zhou y Jun Liu. "Evaluation of Hot Money Drivers in China: A Structural VAR Approach". Complexity 2022 (4 de julio de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1066096.

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This paper investigates the drivers of hot money in China. It develops a model based on expectation-variance utility theory in the theoretical analysis section. The model considers a foreign investor who faces the question of how to distribute his wealth between foreign and domestic assets. The model’s analysis suggests that economic variations, such as expected domestic currency appreciation, rise in domestic asset return, drop in foreign asset return, domestic economic growth, decrease in domestic inflation, and rise in foreign asset risk will cause foreign investors to distribute more wealth in domestic assets. Therefore, hot money flows in, and vice versa. In the empirical analysis section, the paper estimates structural VAR models using data from 2000 to 2019 in China. The impulse response functions are consistent with the theoretical predictions: when there is a positive domestic inflation shock, hot money outflows increase (inflows decline) in the current period, but the response is not significant. When there is a positive domestic growth rate shock or positive domestic asset return rate shock, hot money inflows increase (outflows decline) in the current period, and the response reaches its peak in the next period. Furthermore, when there is a positive expected exchange rate shock, hot money outflows increase (inflows decline) in the current period. Of these drivers, the expected exchange rate has the largest impact on hot money, and the domestic growth rate has the most enduring effect.

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Shieh, Chich-Jen. "Effects of culture shock and cross-cultural adaptation on learning satisfaction of mainland China students studying in Taiwan". Revista Internacional de Sociología 72, Extra_2 (9 de mayo de 2014): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ris.2013.08.10.

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Jin, Ling, Jun Hyeok Choi, Saerona Kim y Kwanghee Cho. "Slack Resources, Corporate Performance, and COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 21 (2 de noviembre de 2022): 14354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114354.

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COVID-19 has caused tremendous damage to global economies, and similar health crises are expected to happen again. This study tests whether slack resources would enable companies to prepare for such uncertainties. Specifically, we explored the influence of the COVID-19 patient occurrence on corporate financial performance and the buffering effect of financial slacks using Chinese listed companies’ data during 2021. We also examined whether this effect differs across firms’ financial health and industry. Test results are as follows. First, consistent with the recent studies on pandemics, the degree of COVID-19 prevalence had a negative impact on the Chinese company’s financial performance, and slack resources offset this adverse effect. Second, slack’s buffering effects appeared mostly in financially constrained companies. Third, such effects mostly appeared in industries vulnerable to the COVID-19 shock. In the business environment of 2021, adapted to COVID-19, our main test result seems to mainly come from companies with a greater need for slack. Our tests imply that, despite differences in the degree of accessibility to resources, excess resources help companies overcome the COVID-19 crisis, which means that firms can more efficiently respond to economic shocks such as COVID-19 if they reserve past profits as free resources. This study contributes to the literature in that there is limited research on the slack resources’ buffering effect on the COVID-19 shock and that this study works as a robustness test as it uses data from one of the East Asian regions at a time when the control of COVID-19 was relatively consistent and successful, which can limit the effect of COVID-19 and slacks.

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Tan, Yongfeng, Apurbo Sarkar, Airin Rahman, Lu Qian, Waqar Hussain Memon y Zharkyn Magzhan. "Does External Shock Influence Farmer’s Adoption of Modern Irrigation Technology?—A Case of Gansu Province, China". Land 10, n.º 8 (22 de agosto de 2021): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080882.

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Due to the severe irrigational water scarcity and ever-growing contamination of existing water resources, the potential of improved and innovative irrigation technology has emerged. The risk-taking network may play an essential role in the adoption of modern irrigation technology (MIT). The main goals of the current study were to find the impacts of external shocks on MIT adoption by farmers. For doing so, the study analyzed the mediating effect of economic vulnerability (EV) and the moderating effect of the risk-taking network on farmer’s adaptation of MIT. Economic vulnerability of farmers refers to risks caused by external shocks to the farming system which may affect the farmer’s adoption of MIT. The empirical set-up of the study consists of micro survey data of 509 farmers from the Gansu Province of China. The results show that the external shock has a significant negative impact on adapting MIT by rural farmers. At the same time, EV plays an intermediary effect in increasing the impact of external irrigation on the adaptation of MIT. The intermediary to total effect is 36.57%. The risk-taking network has a moderate effect on the relationship between external shocks, affecting farmers to adopt MIT, while external shocks also increase EV which affects farmers’ adopting MIT. Thus, it can be said that the risk-taking network regulates the direct path of external shocks affecting farmers’ choice to adapt to MIT, and external shocks also affect farmer’s MIT adaptation. The public and private partnerships should be strengthened to facilitate risk minimization. Government should provide subsidies, and financial organizations should also formulate more accessible loans and risk-sharing facilities. The government should expand the support for formal and informal risk-taking network. They should also extend their support for formal and informal risk-taking networks to improve the risk response-ability of vulnerable farmers. The concerned authorities should attach smallholder farmers’ socio-economic structure and reform the existing policies according to their demands. The governmental authorities should also endorse the risk-sharing function of informal institutions.

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Qin, Jin, Ivan T. Kandilov y Roger H. von Haefen. "Air Pollution and Trade: The Case of China". Frontiers of Economics in China 16, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 307–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54605/fec20210205.

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We estimate the effects of trade on air pollution in China. To address endogeneity concerns, we use an instrumental variable strategy that treats the Great Recession as an exogenous shock that differentially affected China’s coastal provinces, which export a greater volume of manufacturing as they are closer to navigable waters. In our empirical analysis, we employ annual data on emissions of sulfur dioxide as well as smoke and dust at the province level from 2003 to 2015 to measure air pollution intensity (the ratio of air pollution to GDP), and we also use fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations data derived from satellite imagery as a robustness check. We find that a decrease in trade intensity (the ratio of trade to GDP) by 10 percentage points (a negative trade shock similar to what occurred during the Great Recession) increases sulfur dioxide emissions intensity by about 38 percentage points. Emissions of the other two air pollutants grow by similar proportions.

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Faryna, Oleksandr y Heli Simola. "How Trade Composition Affects Sensitivity to Foreign Shocks: Applying a Global VAR Model to Ukraine". Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, n.º 247 (26 de marzo de 2019): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2019.247.01.

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This paper studies the transmission of foreign output shocks to real activity in Ukraine through international trade. We employ a global vector auto regressive (GVAR) model that captures about 80% of the world economy and incorporates time-varying trade and financial weights. According to our estimates, a mild recession in the US of a 1% drop in output generates a substantial recession in Ukraine of about 2.2%. A similar drop of output in the euro area and Russia translates to a drop in output of about 1.7% in Ukraine. Finally, the same drop of output in CEE, China, or the CIS leads to an output decline of about 0.4% in Ukraine. Meanwhile, Ukraine’s response to euro area output shock has been steadily increasing over the last couple of decades due to changes in global trade flows. Ukraine’s sensitivity to shocks in the US and euro area is notably strengthened by indirect trade effects, while the response to shocks from emerging economies, i.e., China, CEE, the CIS, and partially Russia, is mainly determined by bilateral trade linkages.

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Su, Longxiang, Xudong Ma, Xi Rui, Huaiwu He, Ye Wang, Guangliang Shan, Yan Kang et al. "Shock in China 2018 (SIC-study): a cross-sectional survey". Annals of Translational Medicine 9, n.º 15 (agosto de 2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-310.

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Pukthuanthong, Kuntara y Thomas Walker. "Venture capital in China: a culture shock for Western investors". Management Decision 45, n.º 4 (8 de mayo de 2007): 708–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740710745999.

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Niu, Yiqi. "The impact of Sino-US trade conflict on Chinese Manufacturing: Evidence from Time Series Model". BCP Business & Management 26 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v26i.1878.

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In April 2018, the trade conflict between China and the United States broke out, and major economic markets in China were hit. As an industry that dominates China's stock market, China's manufacturing industry's index fluctuations are enough to attract attention. It is even related to whether the Chinese government needs to implement corresponding strategies for it. In order to explore the impact of the Sino-US trade conflict on China's manufacturing market, this paper uses GARCH and ARMA-GARCH model to estimate this shock. From the estimation results of exogenous variables, it can be seen that in the long term, the US imposition of tariffs on China has no significant positive impact on the volatility of China's manufacturing industry. These results prove that China's economy still has a considerable degree of anti-risk capability in the long term in the face of external shocks. Therefore, the Chinese government does not need to worry too much about the impact of tariff increases on Chinese manufacturing.

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Xie, Naiming, Ruizhi Wang y Nanlei Chen. "Measurement of shock effect following change of one-child policy based on grey forecasting approach". Kybernetes 47, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2018): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-05-2017-0159.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze general development trend of China’s population and to forecast China’s total population under the change of China’s family planning policy so as to measure shock disturbance effects on China’s population development. Design/methodology/approach China has been the most populous country for hundreds of years. And this state will be sustained in the forthcoming decade. Obviously, China is confronted with greater pressure on controlling total scale of population than any other country. Meanwhile, controlling population will be beneficial for not only China but also the whole world. This paper first analyzes general development trend of China’s population total amount, sex ratio and aging ratio. The mechanism for measurement of the impact effect of a policy shock disturbance is proposed. Linear regression model, exponential curve model and grey Verhulst model are adopted to test accuracy of simulation of China’s total population. Then considering the policy shock disturbance on population, discrete grey model, DGM (1, 1), and grey Verhulst model were adopted to measure how China’s one-child policy affected its total population between 1978 and 2015. And similarly, the grey Verhulst model and scenario analysis of economic developing level were further used to forecast the effect of adjustment from China’s one-child policy to two-child policy. Findings Results show that China has made an outstanding contribution toward controlling population; it was estimated that China prevented nearly 470 million births since the late 1970s to 2015. However, according to the forecast, with the adjustment of the one-child policy, the birth rate will be a little higher, China’s total population was estimated to reach 1,485.59 million in 2025. Although the scale of population will keep increasing, but it is tolerable for China and sex ratio and trend of aging will be relieved obviously. Practical implications The approach constructed in the paper can be used to measure the effect of population change under the policy shock disturbance. It can be used for other policy effect measurement problems under shock events’ disturbance. Originality/value The paper succeeded in studying the mechanism for the measurement of the post-impact effect of a policy and the effect of changes in China’s population following the revision of the one-child policy. The mechanism is useful for solving system forecasting problems and can contribute toward improving the grey decision-making models.

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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Avik Sinha y Muhammad Ibrahim Shah. "Differential impacts of the US–China trade war and the outbreak of COVID-19 on Chinese air quality". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 33, n.º 2 (2 de noviembre de 2021): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-02-2021-0038.

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PurposeOver the last couple of years, the Chinese manufacturing sector was affected by the onset of the US–China trade war and the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In such a scenario air quality in China has encountered a shock, and the impacts of these two incidents are unknown. In this study, the authors analyze the convergence of air quality in China in the presence of multiple structural breaks and how the impacts of these two events are different from each other.Design/methodology/approachIn order to assess the nature of shocks in the presence of multiple structural breaks, unit root tests with multiple structural breaks are employed.FindingsThe results reveal that air quality in China is showing the sign of convergence, and it is consistent across 18 provinces which are worst hit by the outbreak of COVID-19. In the presence of transitory shocks, the impact of COVID-19 outbreak is found to be higher, whereas the impact of the US–China trade war is found to be more persistent. Lastly, the outbreak of COVID-19 has been found to have more impact on pollutants with higher severity of health hazard.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that contributes to the empirical literature in terms of investigating the convergence of overall air pollution and individual air pollutants taking COVID-19 and the trade war into account.

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Liu, Huan y Meng Wang. "Socioeconomic status and ADL disability of the older adults: Cumulative health effects, social outcomes and impact mechanisms". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2022): e0262808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262808.

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Introduction Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the important indicators affecting individual’s social participation and resource allocation, and it also plays an important role in the health shock of individuals. Faced by the trend of aging society, more and more nations across the world began to pay attention to prevent the risk of health shock of old adults. Methods Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013, 2015 and 2018, this study uses path analysis and ologit model to empirically estimate the effects of SES and health shock on the activities of daily living (ADL) disability of old adults. Results As a result, first, it was found that SES has significant impact on the disability of old adults. Specifically, economic conditions (income) plays dominant role. Economic status affects the risk of individual disability mainly through life security and health behavior. Secondly, SES significantly affecting health shock, with education and economic status showing remarkable impact, and there is an apparent group inequality. Furthermore, taking high education group as reference, the probability of good sight or hearing ability of the low education group was only 49.76% and 63.29% of the high education group, respectively, while the rates of no pain and severe illness were 155.50% and 54.69% of the high education group. At last, the estimation of path effect of SES on ADL disability indicates evident group inequality, with health shock plays critical mediating role. Conclusions SES is an important factor influencing residents’ health shock, and health shocks like cerebral thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhage will indirectly lead to the risk of individual ADL disability. Furthermore, among the multi-dimensional indicators of SES, individual income and education are predominant factors affecting health shock and ADL disability, while occupation of pre-retirement have little impact.

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Si, Ruishi, Noshaba Aziz, Mingyue Liu y Qian Lu. "Natural disaster shock, risk aversion and corn farmers’ adoption of degradable mulch film: evidence from Zhangye, China". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-08-2020-0090.

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Purpose Degradable mulch film (DMF) is a potential alternate to polyethylene (PE) mulching. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects and paths of natural disaster shock and risk aversion influencing farmers’ DMF adoption. Design/methodology/approach This research is conducted by collecting cross-sectional data of corn farmers in Zhangye, China. First, by using the Tobit model, the paper attempts to explore the effects of natural disaster shock and risk aversion influencing farmers’ DMF adoption. Second, IV-Tobit model is applied to deal with endogenous problems between risk aversion and DMF adoption. Additionally, the researchers used a moderating model to analyze feasible paths of natural disaster shock and risk aversion impacting farmers’ DMF adoption. Findings The outcomes show that natural disaster shock and risk aversion significantly and positively affect farmers’ DMF adoption. Though risk aversion plays a significant moderating effect in influencing farmers’ DMF adoption by natural disaster shock, the moderating effect has a serious disguising effect. By considering the heterogeneity of risk aversion, the paper further confirms that if the intensity of natural disaster shock is increased by one unit, the intensity of MDF adoption by farmers with high-risk aversion also tends to increase by 15.85%. Originality/value This study is the pioneer one, which is evaluating the intensity of farmers’ DMF adoption from adoption ratio, investment amount, labor input and adoption time. Additionally, the research provides important guidelines for policymakers to motivate medium and low-risk aversion farmers to adopt DMF.

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An, Qi, Jiu Yun Wang y Dong Wang. "The Dynamic Effect of Tax Revenue on Traffic Industry Growth in China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (enero de 2014): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.945.

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This paper applied panel vector auto-regressive (PVAR) technique to analysis the influence of tax revenue on traffic Industry Growth, with 31-provinces panel data over 2007-2011 in China. We obtained the following results. First, the relationship between traffic industry growth and tax is negative in the whole. The impact of the postal services sector on traffic growth is the strongest. Second, the contribution of transportation sector tax for traffic industry growth influence is the biggest, while warehousing sector is the smallest. Third, the response of traffic industry growth to postal services sector tax shock is the strongest, while to transportation sector shock is weak.

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Núñez-García y San Miguel-Pérez, Manuel. "How China escaped shock therapy The market reform debate Routledge, 2021". Revista de Economía Mundial, n.º 62 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.vi62.6870.

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Recensión del mejor estudio realizado hasta la fecha sobre el proceso de transición económica en China en los críticos años de las décadas de 1980 y 1990, desde la economía de inspiración maoísta hasta el sistema precursor del actual.

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Nelidov, V. V. "The “Nixon China Shock” in the Mirror of Japanese Domestic Politics". MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, n.º 6 (1 de enero de 2020): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-6-69-61-77.

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The “Nixon China Shock” (the July 15, 1971 statement by the U.S. President R. Nixon about the recent trip of his National Security Advisor H. Kissinger to the PRC and about the President’s upcoming visit there) became one of the pivotal points in the history of Japanese foreign policy and contributed to Tokyo becoming more independent from Washington in its diplomatic course. Using the case of Japan’s reaction to this event, the article explores the characteristic features of the foreign policy making process in post-war Japan and demonstrates the considerable influence of these features on the character of Japanese foreign policy of the so-called “1955 System” period (the prolonged and continuous dominance of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party in 1955-93). The paper shows the decentralization of the foreign policy making process, expressed in the limited ability of the Prime Minister to determine foreign policy, the presence of considerable internal contradictions in the MoFA of Japan, the factionalism of the ruling party, and the high degree of dependency of the government’s policy course on the public opinion. It proves that these factors were one of the reasons for Japan’s political leadership avoiding decisive actions to normalize relations with the PRC before the “Nixon shock”, cautious that it might damage its relations with the U.S. and unable to discern the signs of upcoming U.S.-Chinese détente, and after this event, vice versa, making every effort to normalize its relations with Beijing as soon as possible, reaching this goal even before their American partners did. Given the historical importance of the “1955 System” for contemporary Japanese politics, the article’s conclusions are significant for the understanding of the logic of Japan’s domestic politics and foreign policy of the entire post-war period.Author declares the absence of conflict of interests.

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