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Literatura académica sobre el tema "China Shock"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 11 de marzo de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "China Shock"

Suprayogi, Bambang y Tarek M. Harchaoui. "China Shocks and Their Employment Effects in Emerging Economies". Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 9, n.º 1 (8 de febrero de 2020): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.13550.

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The impact of “China shocks” on trading partners is a source of a massive supply shock that displaces foreign manufacturing producers, and an important source of demand shock that propelled forward a wide range of foreign sectors. The “common” existing literature mainly focused on the supply shock and its impact, leaving a large span of “China shocks” unexplained. Thus, this article undertake the important task to account for the dual track of “China shocks” and their impacts on a set of emerging economies, for which the evidence remains scanty. Using a global input-output methodology which highlights the job creation from exports and the job destruction aspect of imports, we provide evidence on the employment effect of bilateral trade with China. Our results suggest that considering the net effect of supply and demand related to China shocks mainly lead to negative job demand, and press the ringing bell for the government.JEL Classification: F1, F16, F66How to Cite:Suprayogi, B., & Harchaoui, T. M. (2020). China Shocks and Their Employment Effects in Emerging Economies. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 31-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.13550.

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Selmer, Jan. "Culture shock in China?" International Business Review 8, n.º 5-6 (octubre de 1999): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-5931(99)00018-9.

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Orji, Anthony, Ikenna Paulinus Nwodo, Jonathan E. Ogbuabor y Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji. "Where do real output shocks to Nigeria mainly emanate from? Empirical analysis of Nigeria-China-India-USA economic interactions". Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 32, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 2022): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2022-0004.

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Abstract This study investigated Nigeria's economic interactions with China, India, and the USA with a view to identifying the main source of real output shock to Nigeria in the period 1981Q1-2019Q4. The analysis followed the network approach of Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), which uses the size and direction of normalized generalized forecast error variance decompositions (NGFEVD) of a vector error correction model to track shock propagation among economic entities. The results indicate that China and India are net transmitters of real output shocks to Nigeria. The results also indicate that Nigeria is a net real output shock receiver. The study concludes that Nigerian policymakers should evolve policies that can insulate the economy against real output shock heatwaves from around the world, especially China and India. Such policies should mainly target the diversification of the economy such that crude oil will no longer be the only major source of revenue.

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Ding, Shusheng, Zhipan Yuan, Fan Chen, Xihan Xiong, Zheng Lu y Tianxiang Cui. "Impact persistence of stock market risks in commodity markets: Evidence from China". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 11 (8 de noviembre de 2021): e0259308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259308.

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The risk spillover among financial markets has been noticeably investigated in a burgeoning number of literature. Given those doctrines, we scrutinize the impact persistence of volatility spillover and illiquidity spillover of Chinese commodity markets in this paper. Based on the sample from 2010 to 2020, we reveal that there is a cross-market spillover of volatility and illiquidity in China and also, interactions between volatility and illiquidity in different financial markets are pronounced. More importantly, we demonstrate that different commodity markets have different responsiveness to stock market shocks, which embeds their market characteristics. Specifically, we discover that the majority of the traders in gold market might be hedger and therefore gold market is more sensitive to stock market illiquidity shock and thus the shock impact in persistent. On the other hand, agricultural markets like corn and soybean markets might be dominated by investors and thus those markets respond to the stock market volatility shocks and the shock impact in persistent over 10 periods given the first period of risk shock happening. In fact, different Chinese commodity markets’ responsiveness towards Chinese stock market risk shocks indicates the stock market risk impact persistence in Chinese commodity markets. This result can help policymakers to understand the policy propagation effect according to this risk spillover channel and risk impact persistence mechanism in China.

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Baek, Jeongho y Hong-Youl Kim. "Analyzing the Effects of Oil Price Shocks on the Trade Balance: New Evidence from Korea-China Trade". Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.18.4.202208.111.

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Purpose - The primary contribution of this paper is to investigate the impacts of oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks on three measures of South Korea’s trade balance oil, non-oil, and total trade balance with its top trading partner China. Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to investigate how trade balance is influenced by three types of oil price shocks, we used a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR). Also, Impulse Response Function (IRF) was used to calculate degree of the trade balance response to the oil price shock. Findings - We discover that aggregate demand shocks have the greatest impact on Korea’s trade balances, while oil supply shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on Korea’s trade balances with China appears to rely on the response of the non-oil trade balance. Research Implications - This outcome explains why the roles of the different shock components of crude oil prices should be accounted for when modeling the nexus between oil price shocks and Korea’s balance of trade

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Liao, Pu, Zhihong Dou y Xingxing Guo. "The Effect of Health Shock and Basic Medical Insurance on Family Educational Investment for Children in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2021): 5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105242.

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This paper explores the role of basic medical insurance in protecting family investment in child education. First, this paper establishes a two-phase overlapping generation model to theoretically analyse the impact of basic medical insurance on investment in child education under the influence of the impact of parental health. The results show that health shock reduces parental investment in child education, and medical insurance significantly alleviates the negative impact of parental health shock on investment in child education. Furthermore, this paper establishes a two-way fixed effect regression model based on the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014 and 2016 to empirically test the above results. The results showed that parental health shocks negatively affect investment in child education, and paternal health shock has a more significant impact than maternal health shock. However, medical insurance significantly reduces this negative impact, provides security in investment in child education, and promotes the improvement of human capital.

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Li, Xiaoxiang y Shuhan Zhang. "Does Slack Buffer? Market Performance after Environmental Shock". Sustainability 13, n.º 17 (24 de agosto de 2021): 9493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179493.

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Slack is a resource held by a firm but exceeds its needs. It is crucial for a firm to raise more attention on slack when facing environmental shocks, which are one of the causes of unsustainability. Based on agency theory and behavioral theory, this paper analyzes the buffer effect of slack on market performance under different periods and degrees of environmental shocks. Taking two major earthquakes that occurred in China as the natural experimental background and the listed firms in hit areas as the sample, we find that environmental shock is exposed to acts as a positive contingency for the impact of unabsorbed slack on market performance, and as a negative contingency for absorbed slack’s effect. The severity of environmental shock promotes the unabsorbed slack to act as a buffer in the immediate post-shock period and absorbed slack in the during-shock period. These findings contribute to answering the question of how to configure slack to protect firms and even achieve sustainable development when facing environmental shock.

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Prasetyo, Alvin Sugeng y Mochamad Devis Susandika. "Analisis Respon Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Akibat External Shock Amerika Serikat dan China". e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 8, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v8i1.22902.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the response to Indonesia's economic growth caused by external shocks from the United States and China. The method used is VECM, because it is stationary at I (1) and there is cointegration. The estimation results show that the uncertainty of China's economic policies and the contribution of China's economic growth has a greater effect than the United States on Indonesia's economic growth. The shock of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar was better than the rupiah exchange rate against the RMB. The shock of changes in oil prices was responded negatively by changes in Indonesia's economic growth. In the long term, there are no signs of a movement in response to changes in Indonesia's economic growth towards equilibrium (convergence).

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Raghavan, Mala y Evelyn S. Devadason. "How Resilient Is ASEAN-5 to Trade Shocks? A Comparison of Regional and Global Shocks". Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910120906239.

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This article studies the resilience of the ASEAN region to external shocks amid the unfolding effects of the USA–China trade war. It investigates and compares the effects of regional (ASEAN) and global (USA, China) shocks on ASEAN-5 using a Structural VAR (SVAR) framework. To identify the propagation of economic shocks and spillovers on ASEAN-5, the changing trade links between the economies considered are used to account for time variations spanning the period 1978Q1–2018Q2. Three major results follow from the analyses on trade links and output multiplier effects. First, the response of ASEAN-5 to shocks from the USA and China were more pronounced than regional shocks for the period after the Asian financial crisis. Second, the increasing cumulative impact of China’s shock on ASEAN was congruous to the growing trade links and trade intensities between ASEAN and China. Third, the USA and China were dominant growth drivers for the weaker trade-linked ASEAN partners. Taken together, the results suggest that global shocks matter for the region, and the economic resilience of the region to global shocks depends on indirect effects apart from the direct trade links.

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Autor, David, David Dorn y Gordon Hanson. "On the Persistence of the China Shock". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2021, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2022): 381–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eca.2022.0005.

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Tesis sobre el tema "China Shock"

Huang, Shuo. "Growth, unemployment, and business cycle integration : empirical evidence from China". Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5673.

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This thesis aims to study the macroeconomic performance of China. China has been experiencing rapid economic growth and it has been changing gradually from a planned to a market economy since it initiated the well known “open door policy” combined with a “coastal development strategy” in 1978. However, rapid growth has occurred on the background of increasing regional disparity. Meanwhile, unemployment has increased significantly during last two decades, and has become one of the most pressing problems of the Chinese economy today. Moreover, another major challenge facing the Chinese economy is how to deal with various shocks, and to ensure the sustainability and balance of economic growth in the face of the increasing economic uncertainties associated with its deep reform and integration into the world trade and financial system. Based on the above concerns and literature review, this study, firstly, uses an augmented Solow-Swan model of Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) to assess the role FDI plays in underlying regional differences in economic growth across Chinese provinces over the reform period 1978-2008. My analysis indicates that the augmented Solow growth model appears to provide a good description of regional growth patterns in China over the period 1978-2008 and the data display conditional convergence. After controlling for FDI and other determinants of growth, provinces that were initially poor tend to grow faster and the evidence in favour of conditional convergence becomes even stronger after splitting the data into subsamples. I then focus on the study of the relationship between unemployment and growth at both national level and regional level in order to find out how unemployment affects China’s economic growth and economic reform progress overall. I find that Okun’s relationship does not hold in China universally and, furthermore, the nature of the observed relationship has changed during the transition progress. I argue that there are hump shaped relationships both between growth and unemployment and between the speed of transition and unemployment in China. The results are consistent with several theoretical and empirical studies in the literature. Finally, structural VAR methodology pioneered by Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1993) is used to identify and decompose supply and demand shocks to two variables, (the log of) output (annual real GDP) and (the log of) prices (annual GDP deflator). I then compute and discuss the correlation of such shocks across provinces and show how it has evolved over the four main sub-periods of China’s history. Moreover, I investigate which factors contribute to economic integration or divergence in the Chinese economy.

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Davis, Adrian John. "Culture-shock? : a tale of two Canadian kids in Macau /". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17596877.

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Jiang, Xi. "Représentation, transformation et résolution du choc culturel dans les entreprises à capitaux étrangers en Chine". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20018.

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Au fur et à mesure de la croissance de l’économie chinoise, et de la progression de l’ouverture et de la réforme chinoise, la culture dans les entreprises à capitaux étrangers en Chine n’est plus homogène. Au contraire, de plus en plus d’employés présentant des divergences culturelles travaillent dans ces entreprises implantées sur le marché chinois. Leurs nationalités, langues, comportements et mentalités sont loin d’être identiques, provoquant inévitablement un clash socioculturel qui est beaucoup plus compliqué qu’avant à l’intérieur des entreprises à capitaux étrangers. D’où des problèmes qui entraînent une conséquence néfaste sur le développement de ces entreprises. En revanche, lorsque l’on parle de ce sujet, ce qui vient dans un premier temps à l’esprit, c’est souvent le choc culturel qui existe entre les Asiatiques et leurs collègues issus de l’Europe ou de l’Amérique du Nord, tout en négligeant qu'il existe également des différences culturelles entre les employés asiatiques eux-mêmes, parfois aussi grandes mais souvent beaucoup moins prises en considération aussi bien par les chercheurs scientifiques que par les professionnels. Les Asiatiques sont souvent considérés de manière très simplifiée par beaucoup de chercheurs des sciences sociales et humaines comme une seule catégorie culturelle dans laquelle les valeurs, façons de penser et comportements entre les peuples sont peu différents. Des termes très flous, comme la « culture orientale », ou la « culture asiatique », se trouvent facilement dans des travaux dans la comparaison culturelle. Malgré des raisons historiques et traditionnelles, comme l’influence forte du confucianisme, il existe quand même une diversité culturelle entre les peuples asiatiques. Et surtout la culture est évolutive et dynamique, ces peuples ne cessent de créer et développer leurs propres valeurs, façons de penser et comportements qui sont tous uniques et différents les uns des autres en fonction des circonstances intérieures et extérieures qui transforment les groupes sociaux. Afin de faire ressortir les différences culturelles entre les employés asiatiques au sein des entreprises à capitaux étrangers implantées sur le marché chinois, d’étudier et d’exploiter la transformation de cette diversité et ses représentations dans le travail, et pour essayer de trouver des perspectives permettant de fournir de l’inspiration et des résolutions par rapport aux problèmes originaires de cette divergence culturelle, nous avons choisi une méthodologie de recherche fondée sur des entretiens semi- directifs en profondeur avec des employés asiatiques de profils différents travaillant dans des entreprises à capitaux étrangers en Chine. Selon les résultats que nous avons obtenus au travers des entretiens, nous avons constaté que les différences culturelles existent non seulement entre les employés chinois et leurs voisins asiatiques, à savoir les employés coréens et japonais, mais également entre les employés chinois et les employés des diasporas chinoises, ainsi qu’entre les employés chinois eux-mêmes. Au travail, ces employés ont et manifestent des comportements et façons de penser divers par rapport à l’esprit collectiviste, à la hiérarchie et en face de l’incertitude. Pour conclure, une idée comme l’établissement d’une identité supranationale asiatique, autrement dit le cosmopolitisme asiatique, et les dangers à éviter, comme le nationalisme qui existe depuis longtemps en Asie, sont discutés dans la partie de conclusion
With the growth of the Chinese economy, its opening-up and its reform, culture in the foreign-invested enterprises in China is no longer homogeneous. On the contrary, more and more culturally different people work together in these enterprises operating on the Chinese market. Their nationalities, languages, behaviors and attitudes are far from being identical, causing an inevitable socio-cultural clash which is much more complicated than before within these foreign-invested enterprises. Hence the emergence of problems that lead to adverse consequences for the development of these enterprises.On the other hand, when talking about this, what first comes to mind, is often the cultural clash between Asians and their colleagues from Europe or North America, neglecting, at the same time that there are also cultural differences between Asian employees themselves, which are sometimes equally marked but often much less taken into consideration both by scientific researchers and by professionals.Asians are often considered by many researchers in social sciences, in a very simplified way, as a single category in which cultural values, ways of thinking and behaviors between people are very similar. Some vague terms such as "Oriental culture", or "Asian culture", are easily found in cultural comparison researches. Despite historical and traditional reasons, such as the strong influence of Confucianism, there is still a cultural diversity among Asian people. What’s more, culture is evolving in a dynamic way and these Asian people continue to create and develop, depending on the circumstances that transform internal and external social groups, their own values, ways of thinking and behaviors which are unique and different from one another. To highlight the cultural differences between Asian employees in the foreign-invested enterprises established in the Chinese market, to explore the transformation of this diversity and its representations in the working field, and to try to find prospects allowing to provide inspiration and resolutions to the problems originating from this cultural divergence, we chose a research methodology based on thorough semi-structured interviews with different profiles of Asian employees working in different foreign-invested enterprises in China.According to the results we obtained through these interviews, we found that cultural differences exist not only between Chinese employees and their Asian neighbors, in other words the Korean and Japanese employees, but also between Chinese employees and overseas Chinese employees, and even among Chinese employees themselves. When they are working together, these employees have and show different behaviors and ways of thinking in the field of collectivist mind, hierarchy and when facing uncertainty.In our conclusion, we question the idea of setting up a supranational Asian identity, in other words an Asian cosmopolitanism, and we mention the dangers which have to be avoided, such as the nationalism that has been existing in Asia for a long time

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Shum, Ho-ma Ada y 岑賀美. "Perceptions of school culture: NETS vis-à-visstudents". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31962543.

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Rehn, Mikaela y Sabrina Choudhury. "Från kulturchock till anpassning : Påverkar ett företags storlek, bransch och verksamhetstid svenska utlandstjänstgörandes anpassning till den kinesiska kulturen?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106363.

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Allt fler svenskar är utlandsstationerade i Kina (Sveriges Ambassad 2008) och att anpassa sig till den kinesiska kulturen kan vara påfrestande för en utlandstjänstgörande. Problematiken kring kulturanpassning har lett till att olika teorier testats och utvecklats (Black & Mendenhall 1991). En av de modeller som tagits fram är U-kurvan som beskriver individens anpassningsprocess genom faserna kulturchock och kulturanpassning (Zapf 1991). Individuella faktorer, som exempelvis språkkunskaper och kulturell erfarenhet har varit centrala inom forskningsområdet (Earley & Mosakowski 2004, Shay & Baack 2004) och denna studie undersöker därför företagsrelaterade faktorer då en utlandstjänstgörandes förmåga att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter påverkas av hur pass anpassad individen är till kulturen (Aycan 1997, Jun m. fl. 2001). Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att ta reda på hur en svensk utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess till den kinesiska kulturen påverkas av faktorerna företagsstorlek, bransch och verksamhetstid i Kina.

Materialet till undersökningen har huvudsakligen samlats in genom webbenkäter som skickats ut till utlandstjänstgörande svenskar i Kina. Resultaten visar att det är branschen i vilken den utlandstjänstgörandes företag verkar som har högst påverkan på en utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess. Undersökningen visade även att utlandstjänstgörande i företag med mindre än 50 anställda i detaljindustrin som etablerade sig i Kina under 1990-talet var bäst anpassade till den kinesiska kulturen. Då resultaten från studien presenterades i diagram framgick att i två fall av tre var den bästa anpassningsprocessen den som mest liknade en U-kurva vilket tyder på att den bästa anpassningsprocessen är den då en utlandstjänstgörande går igenom faserna på ett balanserat sätt. Detta är dock ingen slutsats som kan dras av undersökningen eftersom resultaten inte gällde för alla faktorer.

The numbers of Swedish expatriates in China are increasing (Swedish Embassy 2008) and adaption to the Chinese culture can be demanding for an individual. The complexity of cultural adjustments has led to different theories being tested and developed (Black & Mendenhall 1991). One of the models that have been developed is the U-curve, which describes the process of individual adaption through the two phase's culture shock and cultural adaption (Zapf 1991). Factors related to the individual, such as language skills and cultural experience have been central in research of cultural adaption and this study therefore examines company related factors because an individual's ability to perform his/her work tasks is affected by the individual's adjustment to the culture (Aycan 1997, Jun et al. 2001). The purpose of this study is therefore to verify how a Swedish expatriate's process of adaption to the Chinese culture is affected by the company related factors firm size, industry and time of operation in China.

The data of the study has mainly been collected by web surveys which were sent to Swedish expatriates in China. The results show that the industry has the largest influence on the adaption process. The study also showed that expatriates in companies with less than 50 employees in the retail- and manufacturing industry which were established in China during the 1990s, were the ones that were the most adjusted. When the results were presented as diagrams it showed that the best adaption process was the one that most reminded of a U-curve which indicates that the best adaption process occurs when the expatriate passes the phases in balance. However, this is not a conclusion that can be drawn from this study since these results are not valid for all the factors.

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Weber, Isabella Maria. "China's escape from the 'big bang' : the 1980s price reform debate in historical perspective". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271826.

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China’s rise and Russia’s fall shape today’s global political economy. This new great divergence originates from the different policies pursued in the transition from a command economy. Russia applied a ‘big-bang’ doctrine with rapid price liberalisation at its core. In contrast, a policy of experimentalist gradualism manifested in the dual track price system (DTPS) laid the foundations for China’s economic success. But the Chinese reform approach was highly contested in the 1980s and China came close to implementing a big bang. My dissertation sheds light on this critical crossroads by asking on what intellectual grounds China escaped a big bang in price reform; or to turn the question positively, on what intellectual grounds the DTPS was defended against the plans to implement a big bang. To derive an answer, the first part presents the broad historical and theoretical context of the 1980s Chinese price reform debate. In particular, I analyse the ancient Chinese tradition of price regulation, the US price control experience and controversies during and after the Second World War, and the Chinese Communists’ price policies in the Maoist period. Against this background, the second part conducts an in-depth study of the 1980s price reform debate drawing on more than 50 interviews with Chinese and foreign economists, previously unexplored archival evidence and a wealth of Chinese sources. I show that the DTPS emerged from bureaucratic practices and was justified by large-scale empirical research efforts conducted by young intellectuals, who had gained influence through their contribution to rural reform. In contrast, I find that the big bang reform approach was introduced to China by Eastern European émigré scholars and Western economists, and was promoted by a group of Chinese academic economists. I demonstrate how the DTPS was grounded in a pragmatic philosophy of economic policy-making deeply rooted in China’s bureaucratic tradition, which prevailed over the idealist stance underlying the panacea of a big bang.

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PRIVITERA, FRANCESCO. "Essays in Empirical Political Economy". Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201169.

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The work in chapter 1 exploits the timing and public circulation of budget forecasts in Italian municipalities in order to produce empirical evidence of strategic behaviour by mayors on their promised investments. In particular, using a province fixed-effects model, mayors are shown to over-promise investments in election years by 20% more than over the rest of the term. The results are driven by mayors who are not term-limited, and also by those unaffiliated to national parties and with greater levels of education, in line with previous evidence produced over political budget cycles. Moreover, mayors who over-promise more in election years are those who engage in higher pre-electoral increases in investments, thus creating a bridge between traditional po- litical budget cycle and this strategic behaviour. Lastly, I present some suggestive evidence of a positive effect of the strategic behaviour on the probability of re-running and of being re-elected. There has been a recent surge of interest in the link between globalization and the political repercussions caused by increased exposure to low-cost import competition, which has found it to cause increased political polarization and a surge in vote for radical right-wing parties. The second chapter focuses on Italy, which is an interesting case study given its highly-exposed economy, and its multi-party system which includes radical right- and left-wing parties and also populist movements. In order to investigate the political effects caused by the trade shock de- termined by China's exogenous growth in productivity I construct an exhaustive database on the period between 1994 to 2016 and find that, in contrast to the related literature, there is no causal positive effect on the support for radical parties, nor is the rise in populist politics caused by increased exposure to the Chinese trade shock.

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Champalle, Clara. "Cash crops and climate shocks: flexible livelihoods in Southeast Yunnan, China". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114509.

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The rural landscape of the People's Republic of China has changed dramatically from land collectivization in the 1950s to the decollectivization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979. By the mid-1980s each rural household had again become responsible for its own agricultural production, and food security began to improve, even within the most remote areas. To further this agrarian transition, in the late 1990s the central state devised the Western Development Strategy to advance its 'less developed' western regions, within which provincial governments subsidized cash crops. The aim of this thesis is first to examine the importance of cash crops and related subsidies for Han and minority nationality farmer households in Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China; second, to assess how extreme weather events affect these farmers' livelihoods and to investigate the coping mechanisms they employ. To answer this aim I draw on a conceptual framework that incorporates key elements from sustainable livelihoods, food security, and vulnerability and resilience to climate variability literatures. Focusing on four townships in Honghe Prefecture, southeast Yunnan, I completed statistical analyses of quantitative data regarding recent extreme weather events in the region and ethnographic fieldwork, including conversational interviews with farmers and semi-structured interviews with local officials completed in summer 2011. I find that state-sponsored cash crops do not always bring higher financial capital rewards and that cash crop farmers have been increasingly exposed to extreme precipitation and temperatures since the year 2000, which constrain their access to livelihood capitals, essential for (re)investing in cash cropping. In turn, farmers cope with and/or adapt to climate shocks according to their initial livelihood decision-making and the specifics of the event, while also being influenced by their location and ethnicity. In sum, I argue that farmers' vulnerability is rooted in social, temporal and spatial variables, many of which are not being considered by state officials.
Le paysage rural de la République Populaire de Chine s'est considérablement transformé depuis la collectivisation dans les années 50 jusqu'aux réformes de dé-collectivisation instauré par Deng Xiaoping en 1979. Au milieu des années 80, chaque ménage rural est redevenu responsable de sa propre production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire semble s'être améliorée, même dans les régions les plus reculées. Pour intensifier la transition agraire et le développement rural, l'état a commencé à la fin des années 90 à subventionner les cultures commerciales au niveau provincial, à travers sa « Stratégie de développement de l'ouest du pays ». L'objectif de ce mémoire est premièrement d'examiner l'importance des cultures commerciales subventionnées par l'état pour les agriculteurs, particulièrement issus des minorités ethniques (Yi, Hmong, Yao, et Zhuang) et de la majorité Han dans la Préfecture de Honghe, Yunnan; et deuxièmement d'évaluer les effets des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sur leurs moyens d'existence et d'étudier les mécanismes de survie auxquels ils ont recours. Pour remplir cet objectif, j'utilise un cadre théorique incorporant les éléments clés des littératures sur les moyens d'existence durables, la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que la vulnérabilité et la résilience à la variabilité du climat. Mes méthodes comprennent une analyse statistique des données quantitatives des récents phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans la région et un travail ethnographique dans quatre cantons de la Préfecture de Honghe, notamment des entrevues non structurées avec les agriculteurs et semi-structurées avec les cadres locaux au cours de l'été 2011. Je constate que les cultures commerciales subventionnées par l'état ne s'accompagnent pas toujours d'une amélioration du capital financier des agriculteurs et que ces cultures sont de plus en plus exposées à de fortes précipitations et d'extrêmes températures, qui réduisent l'accès aux capitaux de subsistance, nécessaire au réinvestissement dans les cultures commerciales. Par conséquent, les agriculteurs développent des stratégies de survie et/ou d'adaptation selon leurs moyens d'existence choisis et le type de phénomènes climatiques, mais sont également affectés par leur emplacement et leur ethnicité. En somme, je remarque que l'accès des agriculteurs aux ressources est essentiellement fonction de trois variables : sociale, temporelle et spatiale ; celles-ci souvent ignorées par les cadres gouvernementaux.

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Chi, Y.-Ling. "Beyond medical expenditure : estimating the impact of health shocks on the welfare and socio-economic outcomes of Chinese households". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1f77c619-6c99-42fd-8a50-6ad51c66e49b.

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Several reviews have shown that health problems are the single most common adverse event experienced by households in many low- and middle-income countries. There is a great deal of research documenting household health expenditure and its impact on poverty. However, evidence on the costs incurred by households outside of the health care system is at best scattered. The objective of this present study is to document the household response to illness in China using two large-scale panel household surveys and following a 'health shocks' approach. Health shocks are used to address endogeneity concerns associated with the use of alternative traditional health measures. In this manuscript, the impact of health shocks on household socio-economic status and welfare is analysed using a framework encompassing household income, medical expenditure, consumption patterns, coping strategies, and labour force supply. We find that health shocks lead to a significant increase in medical expenditure (significant for all types of shocks), and in the case of a health shock experienced by a household head, to a decrease in income ranging around five per cent of the total household income. This decrease in income is partly explained by a statistically significant reduction in labour force supply (work hours and labour force participation) from individuals who experienced a shock (larger for women and elderly). In addition, for rural-to-urban migrant workers, health shocks are associated with a higher probability of returning. However, spouses also increase their labour force supply in response, which helps avoiding large shortfalls in income. Significant coping strategies include increase in debts and remittances; and in some cases, sale of assets. On consumption, households are mostly able to maintain consumption levels following the occurrence of a health shock (with the exception of food consumption). Nonetheless, we find a significant large negative trailing impact on consumption in subsequent years. This is in line with the literature arguing that households are risk adverse and deploy ineffective coping strategies to avoid immediate shortfalls in consumption, which generate delayed costs in the long run. The results of the analyses carried out in this thesis highlight some of the potential channels of impoverishment due to health shocks, which might be of interest for policy makers, especially in China where a large-scale health system reform is currently taking place.

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Lin, Yuet-yim Veronica y 林月艷. "The fable of economic animals: an empirical study of the impacts of shocks and crises on the Hong Kong real estateindustry". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36224856.

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Libros sobre el tema "China Shock"

Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock! China. Singapore: Times Books International, 1990.

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Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock!: China. Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 1993.

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Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock!: China. Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 1990.

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Wei, Betty Peh-Tʻi. Culture shock!. 3^a ed. Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub., 2001.

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Wei, Betty Peh-Tʻi. Culture shock!. Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 1995.

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Bates, Christopher. Culture shock! Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 2001.

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Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock! Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 2001.

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Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock!. Singapore: Times Books International, 1990.

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Sinclair, Kevin. Culture shock!. Portland, Or: Graphics Arts Center Pub. Co., 1996.

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Bates, Christopher. Culture shock!: Taiwan. Portland, Or: Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co., 1995.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "China Shock"

Mackinnon, Alex y Barnaby Powell. "Strategic Shock". En China Calling, 26–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594203_6.

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Miura, Y., A. Koga, A. Nakamura, X. Hu, J. B. Li, Z. Jiang y K. Takayama. "Possible meteoritic impact structures in China". En Shock Waves, 1067–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27009-6_164.

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Backman, Michael. "Vietnam: The New China?" En Asia Future Shock, 110–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592421_16.

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Hoey, Fintan. "The Nixon China Shock, 1971". En Satō, America and the Cold War, 138–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137457639_8.

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Backman, Michael. "China Builds an Economic Bloc based on Corruption". En Asia Future Shock, 103–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592421_15.

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Backman, Michael. "China to Have the World’s Biggest Number of English Speakers". En Asia Future Shock, 66–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592421_9.

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Raghavan, Mala, Faisal Khan y Evelyn S. Devadason. "China in ASEAN". En China and ASEAN: Pivoting Trade and Shock Transmission, 1–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1618-1_1.

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Hattori, Ryuji y Graham B. Leonard. "The Nixon Shock – moving beyond Satō". En China-Japan Rapprochement and the United States, 23–32. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22785-3.

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Xu, Kang y Hua Tan. "Shock Wave Chemistry and Ultrafine Diamond from Explosives in China". En High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids V, 139–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0011-3_6.

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Ng, Kenny Kwok-Kwan. "The Eternal Return of Mythology: The White (Green) Snake Legend in Maoist China and Colonial Hong Kong". En Chinese Shock of the Anthropocene, 83–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6685-7_5.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "China Shock"

Zhao, Jumin, Shimin Huo, Yanxia Li, Dengao Li, Xinyan Liu y Jie Zhou. "Tide and shock". En the ACM Turing 50th Celebration Conference - China. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3063955.3063970.

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Li, Zhiyong, Wenhui Zhu, Jingyi Cheng, Jun Xi, Dahao Guo y Hongxing Wu. "Measurements of laser-induced shock waves in aluminum targets using PVDF gauges". En Photonics China '96, editado por Shu-Sen Deng y S. C. Wang. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.253120.

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Zhang, Hongtao, Boliang Lu, Shuren Zhang, Yaxin Tang y Chengye Yu. "Effects of laser shock processing on the fatigue life of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy". En Photonics China '96, editado por Shu-Sen Deng y S. C. Wang. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.253158.

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Zhang, Hongtao, Chengye Yu, Hongxing Wu y Dahao Guo. "Effects of laser shock processing on the fatigue crack growth rates of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy". En Photonics China '98, editado por ShuShen Deng y S. C. Wang. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.317893.

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Ning, Zhou, Feng Guang, Zhao Zimo, Yu Kun, Yu Mingqi y Zeng Xiangjun. "Personal Electric Shock Situation Analysis Method for Distribution Network". En 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2018.8592377.

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Song, Huai-Ping, Guan-Jhong Lin y Chung-Ping Chen. "Development of a portable shock wave therapy device using a PIC microcontroller". En 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-china.2017.7991162.

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Cong, Ronggang y Xiaohui Wang. "The analysis of oil shock and monetary policy of China". En 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aimsec.2011.6010862.

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Gao, Youtang, Huang Ding, Jianliang Qiao, Yuan Xu y Jun Niu. "Thermal research of infrared sight signal processing circuit board under temperature shock environment". En Applied Optics and Photonics China (AOPC2015), editado por Shibin Jiang, Lijun Wang, Chun Tang y Yong Cheng. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2202353.

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Xie, Wei, Ming Bao, Xiaodong Li y Xiao-Ping Zhang. "An improved wavelet based shock wave detector". En 2015 IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (ChinaSIP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinasip.2015.7230361.

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Wang, Jinli, Yongmei Liu, Xiaohui Han, Songhuai Du, Li Wang, Juan Su, Guangeng Liu y Haiou Guan. "Denoising of electrical shock fault signal based on empirical mode decomposition thresholding". En 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7576002.

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Informes sobre el tema "China Shock"

Asquith, Brian, Sanjana Goswami, David Neumark y Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez. U.S. Job Flows and the China Shock. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24080.

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Bombardini, Matilde, Bingjing Li y Francesco Trebbi. Did U.S. Politicians Expect the China Shock? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28073.

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Autor, David, David Dorn y Gordon Hanson. On the Persistence of the China Shock. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, octubre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29401.

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Branstetter, Lee, Brian Kovak, Jacqueline Mauro y Ana Venancio. The China Shock and Employment in Portuguese Firms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, septiembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26252.

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Kahn, Lisa, Lindsay Oldenski y Geunyong Park. Racial and Ethnic Inequality and the China Shock. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30646.

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Xu, Yuan, Hong Ma y Robert Feenstra. Magnification of the ‘China Shock’ Through the U.S. Housing Market. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26432.

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Feenstra, Robert y Akira Sasahara. The ‘China Shock’, Exports and U.S. Employment: A Global Input-Output Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24022.

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Dai, Ruochen, Dilip Mookherjee, Yingyue Quan y Xiaobo Zhang. Industrial Clusters, Networks and Resilience to the Covid-19 Shock in China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28000.

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Autor, David, David Dorn y Gordon Hanson. The China Shock: Learning from Labor Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, enero de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21906.

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Paz, Lourenço S. The Impact of the China Shock on the Manufacturing Labor Market in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, diciembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002047.

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